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open-heavens/minerals.csv
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"Mineral Name","Mineral Name (plain)","Valence Chemistry","IMA Chemistry","Valence Chemistry (concise)","IMA Chemistry (concise)","Chemistry Elements","IMA Number","RRUFF IDs","Database ID","Structural Groupname","Crystal Systems","Space Groups","Valence Elements","IMA Mineral Symbol","Paragenetic Modes","Native Element","Color","Color Codes"
"Abellaite","Abellaite","NaPb2+2(CO3)2(OH)","NaPb2(CO3)2(OH)","NaPb_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)","NaPb^2+^_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)","Na Pb C O H","IMA2014-111"," ",6482,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P31c, P63mc","Na Pb^2+ C O H","Abe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Abelloemringerite","Abelloemringerite","Cu2+2Pb2+2Mn3+Mn4+3O11(OH)(H2O)2·H2O","Cu2Pb2Mn3+Mn4+3O11(OH)(H2O)2·H2O","Cu_2_Pb_2_Mn^3+^Mn^4+^_3_O_11_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_2_Mn^3+^Mn^4+^_3_O_11_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_·H_2_O","Cu Pb Mn O H","IMA2025-036"," ",7598,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Imma","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Mn^3+ Mn^4+ O H","Abem",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Abelsonite","Abelsonite","Ni2+C31H32N4","NiC31H32N4","NiC_31_H_32_N_4_","Ni^2+^C_31_H_32_N_4_","Ni C H N","IMA1975-013"," ",777,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ni^2+ C H N","Abl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Pinkish red, Purple, Reddish brown.","#f10c45,#800080,#7f2b0a"
"Abenakiite-(Ce)","Abenakiite-(Ce)","Na26Ce3+6(SiO3)6(PO4)6(CO3)6(S4+O2)O","Na26Ce6(Si6O18)(PO4)6(CO3)6(SO2)O","Na_26_Ce_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(PO_4_)_6_(CO_3_)_6_(SO_2_)O","Na_26_Ce^3+^_6_(SiO_3_)_6_(PO_4_)_6_(CO_3_)_6_(S^4+^O_2_)O","Na Ce Si O P C S","IMA1991-054"," ",778,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Na Ce^3+ Si O P C S^4+","Abk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Abernathyite","Abernathyite","K(U6+O2)As5+O4·3H2O","K(UO2)(AsO4)·3H2O","K(UO_2_)(AsO_4_)·3H_2_O","K(U^6+^O_2_)As^5+^O_4_·3H_2_O","K U O As H"," "," ",779,"Natroautunite","tetragonal","P4/nmm, P4/ncc","K U^6+ O As^5+ H","Abn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Abhurite","Abhurite","Sn2+21O6(OH)14Cl16","Sn2+21O6(OH)14Cl16","Sn^2+^_21_O_6_(OH)_14_Cl_16_","Sn^2+^_21_O_6_(OH)_14_Cl_16_","Sn O H Cl","IMA1983-061"," ",780,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R32","Sn^2+ O H Cl","Abh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Abramovite","Abramovite","Pb2+2Sn4+In3+Bi3+S2-7","Pb2SnInBiS7","Pb_2_SnInBiS_7_","Pb^2+^_2_Sn^4+^In^3+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_7_","Pb Sn In Bi S","IMA2006-016"," ",5327,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sn^4+ In^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Abm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Abswurmbachite","Abswurmbachite","Cu2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)","Cu2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)","Cu^2+^Mn^3+^_6_O_8_(SiO_4_)","Cu^2+^Mn^3+^_6_O_8_(SiO_4_)","Cu Mn O Si","IMA1990-007"," ",781,"Braunite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Cu^2+ Mn^3+ O Si","Abs","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Dark brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Abuite","Abuite","CaAl2(PO4)2F2","CaAl2(PO4)2F2","CaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_","CaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_","Ca Al P O F","IMA2014-084"," ",6382,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Al P O F","Abu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Acanthite","Acanthite","Ag1+2S2-","Ag2S","Ag_2_S","Ag^1+^_2_S^2-^","Ag S"," "," ",782,"Acanthite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ S^2-","Aca","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Lead gray, Gray, Iron black.","#8a7963,#808080,#263145"
"Acetamide","Acetamide","CH3CONH2","CH3CONH2","CH_3_CONH_2_","CH_3_CONH_2_","C H O N","IMA1974-039"," ",783,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3c","C H O N","Ace","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray.","#afafaf,#808080"
"Achalaite","Achalaite","Fe2+Ti4+Nb5+2O8","Fe2+TiNb2O8","Fe^2+^TiNb_2_O_8_","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^Nb^5+^_2_O_8_","Fe Ti Nb O","IMA2013-103"," ",6262,"Columbite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O","Ahl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Achávalite","Achavalite","FeSe","FeSe","FeSe","FeSe","Fe Se"," "," ",5363,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Fe Se","Ahv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","dark grey to black","#363737,#000000"
"Achyrophanite","Achyrophanite","(K,Na)3(Fe3+,Ti4+,Al,Mg)5O2(As5+O4)5","(K,Na)3(Fe3+,Ti,Al,Mg)5O2(AsO4)5","(K,Na)_3_(Fe^3+^,Ti,Al,Mg)_5_O_2_(AsO_4_)_5_","(K,Na)_3_(Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^,Al,Mg)_5_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_5_","K Na Fe Ti Al Mg O As","IMA2018-011"," ",6754,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P2221","K Na Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Al Mg O As^5+","Aph","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","straw-yellow to golden yellow","#f0d696,#ffdf00"
"Acmonidesite","Acmonidesite","(N3-H4,K,Pb2+,Na)9Fe2+4(S6+O4)5Cl8","(NH4,K,Pb,Na)9Fe2+4(SO4)5Cl8","(NH_4_,K,Pb,Na)_9_Fe^2+^_4_(SO_4_)_5_Cl_8_","(N^3-^H_4_,K,Pb^2+^,Na)_9_Fe^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_Cl_8_","N H K Pb Na Fe S O Cl","IMA2013-068"," ",6229,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","C2221","N^3- H K Pb^2+ Na Fe^2+ S^6+ O Cl","Acm","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown","#653700"
"Actinolite","Actinolite","Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4.5-2.5_Fe^2+^_0.5-2.5_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_(Mg_4.5-2.5_Fe^2+^_0.5-2.5_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",784,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Fe^2+ Si O H","Act","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Green black, Gray green, Black.","#00ff00,#373a3a,#86a17d,#000000"
"Acuminite","Acuminite","SrAlF4(OH)·H2O","SrAlF4(OH)·H2O","SrAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","SrAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Sr Al F O H","IMA1986-038"," ",785,"Tikhonenkovite","monoclinic","C2/c","Sr Al F O H","Acu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Adachiite","Adachiite","CaFe2+3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","CaFe2+3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","CaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_5_AlO_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","CaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_5_AlO_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","Ca Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2012-101"," ",6164,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Adc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish–purple to bluish–purple","#76424e,#703be7"
"Adamite","Adamite","Zn2+2As5+O4(OH)","Zn2(AsO4)(OH)","Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)","Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Zn As O H"," "," ",786,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ad","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Green, Violet, Pink, Yellowish green.","#ffff00,#00ff00,#9a0eea,#ffc0cb,#b0dd16"
"Adamsite-(Y)","Adamsite-(Y)","NaY(CO3)2·6H2O","NaY(CO3)2·6H2O","NaY(CO_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","NaY(CO_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","Na Y C O H","IMA1999-020"," ",787,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1, P1","Na Y C O H","Ads-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Pale pink, Pale purple.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#efcddb,#b790d4"
"Adanite","Adanite","Pb2+2(Te4+O3)(S6+O4)","Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4)","Pb_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)(SO_4_)","Pb^2+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)(S^6+^O_4_)","Pb Te O S","IMA2019-088"," ",6938," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O S^6+","Adn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","beige","#e6daa6"
"Addibischoffite","Addibischoffite","Ca2Al6Al6O20","Ca2Al6Al6O20","Ca_2_Al_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca_2_Al_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca Al O","IMA2015-006"," ",6412,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Al O","Add","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Adelite","Adelite","CaMgAs5+O4(OH)","CaMg(AsO4)(OH)","CaMg(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaMgAs^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Mg As O H"," "," ",788,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Ade","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue gray, Green, Gray, Yellow, Light green.","#758da3,#00ff00,#808080,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Admontite","Admontite","MgB6O10·7H2O","MgB6O10·7H2O","MgB_6_O_10_·7H_2_O","MgB_6_O_10_·7H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1978-012"," ",789,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg B O H","Amt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Adolfpateraite","Adolfpateraite","K(U6+O2)(S6+O4)(OH)(H2O)","K(UO2)(SO4)(OH)(H2O)","K(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(OH)(H_2_O)","K(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)(H_2_O)","K U O S H","IMA2011-042"," ",5970,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K U^6+ O S^6+ H","Adp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Sulphur-yellow to greenish yellow","#ccc050,#cdfd02"
"Adranosite","Adranosite","(N3-H4)4NaAl2(S6+O4)4Cl(OH)2","(NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2","(NH_4_)_4_NaAl_2_(SO_4_)_4_Cl(OH)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)_4_NaAl_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_Cl(OH)_2_","N H Na Al S O Cl","IMA2008-057"," ",5717,"Adranosite","tetragonal","I41/acd","N^3- H Na Al S^6+ O Cl","Arn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Adranosite-(Fe)","Adranosite-(Fe)","(N3-H4)4NaFe3+2(S6+O4)4Cl(OH)2","(NH4)4NaFe2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2","(NH_4_)_4_NaFe_2_(SO_4_)_4_Cl(OH)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)_4_NaFe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_Cl(OH)_2_","N H Na Fe S O Cl","IMA2011-006"," ",5936,"Adranosite","tetragonal","I41/acd","N^3- H Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O Cl","Arn-Fe","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Adrianite","Adrianite","Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6","Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6","Ca_12_(Al_4_Mg_3_Si_7_)O_32_Cl_6_","Ca_12_(Al_4_Mg_3_Si_7_)O_32_Cl_6_","Ca Al Mg Si O Cl","IMA2014-028"," ",6322," ","cubic","I43d","Ca Al Mg Si O Cl","Adt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Aegirine","Aegirine","NaFe3+Si2O6","NaFe3+Si2O6","NaFe^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaFe^3+^Si_2_O_6_","Na Fe Si O","IMA1998 s.p."," ",790,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^3+ Si O","Aeg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Green, Greenish black, Reddish brown, Black.","#00ff00,#454445,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Aegirine-augite","Aegirine-augite","(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6","(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6","(Ca,Na)(Fe^3+^,Mg,Fe^2+^)Si_2_O_6_","(Ca,Na)(Fe^3+^,Mg,Fe^2+^)Si_2_O_6_","Ca Na Fe Mg Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",4919,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Na Fe^3+ Mg Fe^2+ Si O","Aeg-Aug","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Dark green, Black, Green, Pale greenish yellow, Greenish gray.","#033500,#000000,#00ff00,#69b076,#96ae8d"
"Aenigmatite","Aenigmatite","Na4(Fe2+10Ti4+2)O4[Si12O36]","Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]","Na_4_[Fe^2+^_10_Ti_2_]O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na_4_(Fe^2+^_10_Ti^4+^_2_)O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na Fe Ti O Si","IMA1967 s.p."," ",791,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O Si","Aen","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Aerinite","Aerinite","(Ca,Na)6(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg,Al)4(Al,Mg)6Si12O36(OH)12(CO3)·12H2O","(Ca,Na)6(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg,Al)4(Al,Mg)6Si12O36(OH)12(CO3)·12H2O","(Ca,Na)_6_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Mg,Al)_4_(Al,Mg)_6_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·12H_2_O","(Ca,Na)_6_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Mg,Al)_4_(Al,Mg)_6_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·12H_2_O","Ca Na Fe Mg Al Si O H C","IMA1988 s.p."," ",792,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3c1","Ca Na Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Mg Al Si O H C","Aer","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Blue, Blue green, Sky blue.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#9fb9e2"
"Aerugite","Aerugite","Ni2+8.5(As5+O4)2As5+O8","Ni8.5(AsO4)2As5+O8","Ni_8.5_(AsO_4_)_2_As^5+^O_8_","Ni^2+^_8.5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_As^5+^O_8_","Ni As O","IMA1965 s.p."," ",4876,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3m","Ni^2+ As^5+ O","Aru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep blue green, Green.","#040273,#00ff00"
"Aeschynite-(Ce)","Aeschynite-(Ce)","Ce3+(Ti4+Nb5+)O6","Ce(TiNb)O6","Ce(TiNb)O_6_","Ce^3+^(Ti^4+^Nb^5+^)O_6_","Ce Ti Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",793,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic",,"Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O","Aes-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Brownish black, Yellow, Black.","#653700,#413936,#ffff00,#000000"
"Aeschynite-(Nd)","Aeschynite-(Nd)","Nd(Ti4+Nb5+)O6","Nd(TiNb)O6","Nd(TiNb)O_6_","Nd(Ti^4+^Nb^5+^)O_6_","Nd Ti Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",794,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic","Pbmn, Pncm","Nd Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O","Aes-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Aeschynite-(Y)","Aeschynite-(Y)","Y(Ti4+Nb5+)O6","Y(TiNb)O6","Y(TiNb)O_6_","Y(Ti^4+^Nb^5+^)O_6_","Y Ti Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",795,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Y Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O","Aes-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black, Brownish black, Brown, Brownish yellow, Yellowish.","#000000,#413936,#653700,#c9b003,#faee66"
"Afghanite","Afghanite","(Na,K)22Ca10(Si24Al24)O96(S6+O4)6Cl6","(Na,K)22Ca10(Si24Al24)O96(SO4)6Cl6","(Na,K)_22_Ca_10_(Si_24_Al_24_)O_96_(SO_4_)_6_Cl_6_","(Na,K)_22_Ca_10_(Si_24_Al_24_)O_96_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_Cl_6_","Na K Ca Si Al O S Cl","IMA1967-041"," ",796,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na K Ca Si Al O S^6+ Cl","Afg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Colorless.","#0000ff,#afafaf"
"Afmite","Afmite","Al3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH)·H2O","Al3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH)·H2O","Al_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Al_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Al O H P","IMA2005-025a"," ",5844," ","triclinic","P1","Al O H P","Afm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to white, weathering to cream or yellowish","#afafaf,#ffffff,#2c201a,#ffffc2,#faee66"
"Afwillite","Afwillite","Ca3(SiO4)(SiO2(OH)2)·2H2O","Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2]·2H2O","Ca_3_[SiO_4_][SiO_2_(OH)_2_]·2H_2_O","Ca_3_(SiO_4_)(SiO_2_(OH)_2_)·2H_2_O","Ca Si O H"," "," ",797,"Spurrite-Afwillite","monoclinic, triclinic","Cc, P1","Ca Si O H","Afw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Agaite","Agaite","Pb2+3Cu2+Te6+O5(OH)2(CO3)","Pb3Cu2+Te6+O5(OH)2(CO3)","Pb_3_Cu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_(OH)_2_(CO_3_)","Pb^2+^_3_Cu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_(OH)_2_(CO_3_)","Pb Cu Te O H C","IMA2011-115"," ",6058,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pca21","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H C","Aga","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Agakhanovite-(Y)","Agakhanovite-(Y)","YCa☐2KBe3Si12O30","YCa☐2KBe3Si12O30","YCa[box]_2_KBe_3_Si_12_O_30_","YCa[box]_2_KBe_3_Si_12_O_30_","Y Ca K Be Si O","IMA2013-090"," ",6248,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Y Ca K Be Si O","Agk-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Agardite-(Ce)","Agardite-(Ce)","Cu2+6Ce3+(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","CeCu2+6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","CeCu^2+^_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Ce^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ce Cu As O H","IMA2003-030"," ",799,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Ce^3+ As^5+ O H","Agr-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Agardite-(La)","Agardite-(La)","Cu2+6La3+(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","LaCu2+6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","LaCu^2+^_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_La^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","La Cu As O H","IMA1980-092"," ",801,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ La^3+ As^5+ O H","Agr-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellowish green, Blue.","#afafaf,#b0dd16,#0000ff"
"Agardite-(Nd)","Agardite-(Nd)","Cu2+6Nd(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","NdCu2+6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","NdCu^2+^_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Nd(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Nd Cu As O H","IMA2010-056"," ",802,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Nd As^5+ O H","Agr-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Sky blue.","#419c03,#9fb9e2"
"Agardite-(Y)","Agardite-(Y)","Cu2+6Y(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","YCu2+6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","YCu^2+^_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Y(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Y Cu As O H","IMA1968-021, IMA1987 s.p."," ",803,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Y As^5+ O H","Agr-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Blue.","#137e6d,#0000ff"
"Agmantinite","Agmantinite","Ag1+2Mn2+Sn4+S2-4","Ag2MnSnS4","Ag_2_MnSnS_4_","Ag^1+^_2_Mn^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Ag Mn Sn S","IMA2014-083"," ",6381,"Wurtzite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","Pn, P21nm","Ag^1+ Mn^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Agm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange–red","#fe4401"
"Agrellite","Agrellite","NaCa2Si4O10F","NaCa2Si4O10F","NaCa_2_Si_4_O_10_F","NaCa_2_Si_4_O_10_F","Na Ca Si O F","IMA1973-032"," ",804,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si O F","Are","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Grayish white, Greenish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9,#d1f1de"
"Agricolaite","Agricolaite","K4(U6+O2)(CO3)3","K4(UO2)(CO3)3","K_4_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_","K_4_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_","K U O C","IMA2009-081"," ",5810,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","K U^6+ O C","Agc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Agrinierite","Agrinierite","K2Ca[(U6+O2)3O3(OH)2]2·5H2O","K2Ca[(UO2)3O3(OH)2]2·5H2O","K_2_Ca[(UO_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_]_2_·5H_2_O","K_2_Ca[(U^6+^O_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_]_2_·5H_2_O","K Ca U O H","IMA1971-046"," ",805,"Compreignacite","orthorhombic","F2mm","K Ca U^6+ O H","Agn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Aguilarite","Aguilarite","Ag1+4Se2-S2-","Ag4SeS","Ag_4_SeS","Ag^1+^_4_Se^2-^S^2-^","Ag Se S"," "," ",806,"Acanthite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P212121, P21/n","Ag^1+ Se^2- S^2-","Agu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Iron gray, Black.","#808080,#7c7f7c,#000000"
"Aheylite","Aheylite","Fe2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","Fe2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","Fe^2+^Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA1984-036"," ",807,"Turquoise","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Ahe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Ahlfeldite","Ahlfeldite","Ni2+Se4+O3·2H2O","Ni(SeO3)·2H2O","Ni(SeO_3_)·2H_2_O","Ni^2+^Se^4+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Ni Se O H"," "," ",808,"Cobaltomenite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ni^2+ Se^4+ O H","Afe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink brown, Apple green, Red.","#67594c,#69b076,#ff0000"
"Ahrensite","Ahrensite","SiFe2+2O4","SiFe2O4","SiFe_2_O_4_","SiFe^2+^_2_O_4_","Si Fe O","IMA2013-028"," ",6189,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Si Fe^2+ O","Ahr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Bluish-green","#10a674"
"Aikinite","Aikinite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+S2-3","CuPbBiS3","CuPbBiS_3_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Pb Bi S"," "," ",809,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Aik","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Grayish black, Reddish brown.","#8a7963,#555152,#7f2b0a"
"Aiolosite","Aiolosite","Na2(Na2Bi3+)(S6+O4)3Cl","Na2(Na2Bi)(SO4)3Cl","Na_2_(Na_2_Bi)(SO_4_)_3_Cl","Na_2_(Na_2_Bi^3+^)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Na Bi S O Cl","IMA2008-015"," ",5674,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Bi^3+ S^6+ O Cl","Aio","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Airdite","Airdite","Sr(V4+O)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Sr(V4+O)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Sr(V^4+^O)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Sr(V^4+^O)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Sr V O P H","IMA2020-046"," ",7052," ","monoclinic","Cc","Sr V^4+ O P H","Air","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," pale green","#69b076"
"Ajoite","Ajoite","K3Cu2+20Al3Si29O76(OH)16·8H2O","K3Cu2+20Al3Si29O76(OH)16·8H2O","K_3_Cu^2+^_20_Al_3_Si_29_O_76_(OH)_16_·8H_2_O","K_3_Cu^2+^_20_Al_3_Si_29_O_76_(OH)_16_·8H_2_O","K Cu Al Si O H"," "," ",810,"Ajoite","triclinic","P1","K Cu^2+ Al Si O H","Aj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Akaganeite","Akaganeite","(Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25·nH2O","(Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25·nH2O","(Fe^3+^,Ni^2+^)_8_(OH,O)_16_Cl_1.25_·nH_2_O","(Fe^3+^,Ni^2+^)_8_(OH,O)_16_Cl_1.25_·nH_2_O","Fe Ni O H Cl","IMA1962-004"," ",811,"Coronadite","monoclinic, tetragonal","I2/m, I4/m, C2/m","Fe^3+ Ni^2+ O H Cl","Akg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Brown, Rusty brown.","#653700,#935848"
"Akaogiite","Akaogiite","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O","IMA2007-058"," ",5657,"Baddeleyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ti^4+ O","Aka","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Akasakaite-(Ce)","Akasakaite-(Ce)","CaCe3+(Al2Mn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe(Al2Mn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe(Al_2_Mn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaCe^3+^(Al_2_Mn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Ce Al Mn Si O H","IMA2025-001"," ",7567,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Ak-Ce",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Akasakaite-(La)","Akasakaite-(La)","CaLa(Al2Mn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Al2Mn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Al_2_Mn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaLa(Al_2_Mn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La Al Mn Si O H","IMA2025-002"," ",7569,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Ak-La",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Akatoreite","Akatoreite","Mn2+9Al2Si8O24(OH)8","Mn2+9Al2Si8O24(OH)8","Mn^2+^_9_Al_2_Si_8_O_24_(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_9_Al_2_Si_8_O_24_(OH)_8_","Mn Al Si O H","IMA1969-015"," ",812,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Akt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange, Brown.","#ffa500,#653700"
"Akdalaite","Akdalaite","Al5O7(OH)","Al5O7(OH)","Al_5_O_7_(OH)","Al_5_O_7_(OH)","Al O H","IMA1969-002"," ",813,"Nolanite","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P63mc, Cmc21, P31c","Al O H","Akd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Åkermanite","Akermanite","Ca2MgSi2O7","Ca2MgSi2O7","Ca_2_MgSi_2_O_7_","Ca_2_MgSi_2_O_7_","Ca Mg Si O"," "," ",814,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Mg Si O","Åk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Akhtenskite","Akhtenskite","Mn4+O2","MnO2","MnO_2_","Mn^4+^O_2_","Mn O","IMA1982-072"," ",815,"Feroxyhyte","hexagonal","P63mc","Mn^4+ O","Akh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Akimotoite","Akimotoite","MgSiO3","MgSiO3","MgSiO_3_","MgSiO_3_","Mg Si O","IMA1997-044"," ",816,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Mg Si O","Aki","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Aklimaite","Aklimaite","Ca4[Si2O5(OH)2](OH)4·5H2O","Ca4[Si2O5(OH)2](OH)4·5H2O","Ca_4_[Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_](OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ca_4_[Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_](OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA2011-050"," ",5978,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Si O H","Akm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless or light-pinkish","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Akopovaite","Akopovaite","Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3","Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3","Al_4_Li_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_3_","Al_4_Li_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_3_","Al Li O H C","IMA2018-095"," ",6825,"Hydrotalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Al Li O H C","Av","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","white or yellowish","#ffffff,#faee66"
"Akrochordite","Akrochordite","Mn2+Mn2+2Mn2+2(As5+O4)2(OH)4(H2O)4","MnMn2Mn2(AsO4)2(OH)4(H2O)4","MnMn_2_Mn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn As O H"," "," ",817,"Akrochordite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Akr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Aksaite","Aksaite","MgB6O7(OH)6·2H2O","MgB6O7(OH)6·2H2O","MgB_6_O_7_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","MgB_6_O_7_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",818,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg B O H","Aks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Gray, Light gray.","#afafaf,#808080,#d8dcd6"
"Aktashite","Aktashite","Cu1+6Hg2+3As3+4S2-12","Cu6Hg3As4S12","Cu_6_Hg_3_As_4_S_12_","Cu^1+^_6_Hg^2+^_3_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Cu Hg As S","IMA2008 s.p."," ",819,"Nowackiite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Ats","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Alabandite","Alabandite","Mn2+S2-","MnS","MnS","Mn^2+^S^2-^","Mn S"," "," ",820,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Mn^2+ S^2-","Abd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Black, Lead gray, Brownish gray.","#000000,#8a7963,#86775f"
"Alacránite","Alacranite","As8S9","As8S9","As_8_S_9_","As_8_S_9_","As S","IMA1985-033"," ",821,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/c","As S","Acr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Orange to pale gray with rose-yellow internal reflections","#ffa500,#fdfdfe"
"Alamosite","Alamosite","Pb2+SiO3","PbSiO3","PbSiO_3_","Pb^2+^SiO_3_","Pb Si O"," "," ",822,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/n","Pb^2+ Si O","Aam","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Alarsite","Alarsite","AlAs5+O4","Al(AsO4)","Al(AsO_4_)","AlAs^5+^O_4_","Al As O","IMA1993-003"," ",823,"Quartz","hexagonal","P3121","Al As^5+ O","Ars","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish, Pale green, Bluish.","#afafaf,#faee66,#69b076,#2976bb"
"Albertiniite","Albertiniite","Fe2+(S4+O3)·3H2O","Fe2+(SO3)·3H2O","Fe^2+^(SO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^(S^4+^O_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA2015-004"," ",6410,"Albertiniite","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^2+ S^4+ O H","Abt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," colorless to yellowish","#afafaf,#faee66"
"Albite","Albite","NaAlSi3O8","Na(AlSi3O8)","Na(AlSi_3_O_8_)","NaAlSi_3_O_8_","Na Al Si O"," "," ",824,"Feldspar","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, C2/m","Na Al Si O","Ab","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White, Gray, Greenish gray, Bluish green, Gray.","#ffffff,#808080,#96ae8d,#10a674,#808080"
"Albrechtschraufite","Albrechtschraufite","Ca4Mg(U6+O2)2(CO3)6F2·17H2O","MgCa4F2[UO2(CO3)3]2·17-18H2O","MgCa_4_F_2_[UO_2_(CO_3_)_3_]_2_·17-18H_2_O","Ca_4_Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_6_F_2_·17H_2_O","Mg Ca F U O C H","IMA1983-078"," ",825,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg U^6+ O C F H","Asf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Alburnite","Alburnite","Ag1+8GeTe2-2S2-4","Ag8GeTe2S4","Ag_8_GeTe_2_S_4_","Ag^1+^_8_GeTe^2-^_2_S^2-^_4_","Ag Ge Te S","IMA2012-073"," ",6132,"Argyrodite","cubic","F43m","Ag^1+ Ge Te^2- S^2-","Alb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Alcantarillaite","Alcantarillaite","[Fe3+0.5(H2O)4][CaAs3+2(Fe3+2.5W6+0.5)(As5+O4)2O7]","[Fe3+0.5(H2O)4][CaAs3+2(Fe3+2.5W6+0.5)(AsO4)2O7]","[Fe^3+^_0.5_(H_2_O)_4_][CaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.5_W^6+^_0.5_)(AsO_4_)_2_O_7_]","[Fe^3+^_0.5_(H_2_O)_4_][CaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.5_W^6+^_0.5_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_O_7_]","Fe H O Ca As W","IMA2019-072"," ",6954,"Walentaite","orthorhombic","Imma","Fe^3+ H O Ca As^3+ W^6+ As^5+","Alc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow","#cfff04"
"Alcaparrosaite","Alcaparrosaite","K3Ti4+Fe3+(S6+O4)4O·2H2O","K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2","K_3_Ti^4+^Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_4_O(H_2_O)_2_","K_3_Ti^4+^Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_4_O·2H_2_O","K Ti Fe S O H","IMA2011-024"," ",5952,"Alcaparrosaite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Ti^4+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Apr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Aldermanite","Aldermanite","[Mg(H2O)6][Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2(OH)6]·H2O","[Mg(H2O)6][Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2(OH)6]·H2O","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_]·H_2_O","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_]·H_2_O","Mg H O Na Al P","IMA1980-044, IMA2020-I, IMA2021"," ",826,"Aldermanite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21/c","Mg H O Na Al P","Adm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Aldomarinoite","Aldomarinoite","Sr2Mn3+(As5+O4)2(OH)","Sr2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH)","Sr_2_Mn^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr_2_Mn^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr Mn As O H","IMA2021-054"," ",7160,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Aldm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange brown","#b16002"
"Aldridgeite","Aldridgeite","(Cd2+,Ca)(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","(Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","(Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","(Cd^2+^,Ca)(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cd Ca Cu Zn S O H","IMA2010-029"," ",5856,"Devilline","monoclinic","C2/c","Cd^2+ Ca Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Adg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Pale blue","#d0fefe"
"Aleksandrovite","Aleksandrovite","KCa7Sn4+2Li3Si12O36F2","KCa7Sn2Li3Si12O36F2","KCa_7_Sn_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_36_F_2_","KCa_7_Sn^4+^_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_36_F_2_","K Ca Sn Li Si O F","IMA2009-004"," ",5736,"Baratovite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Ca Sn^4+ Li Si O F","Asd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Aleksite","Aleksite","Pb2+Bi3+2Te2-2S2-2","PbBi2Te2S2","PbBi_2_Te_2_S_2_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_2_S^2-^_2_","Pb Bi Te S","IMA1977-038"," ",4935,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Alk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Aleutite","Aleutite","[Cu2+5O2](As5+O4)(V5+O4)·(Cu2+0.5☐0.5)Cl","[Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4)·(Cu0.5☐0.5)Cl","[Cu_5_O_2_](AsO_4_)(VO_4_)·(Cu_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Cl","[Cu^2+^_5_O_2_](As^5+^O_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)·(Cu^2+^_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Cl","Cu O As V Cl","IMA2018-014"," ",6757,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ O As^5+ V^5+ Cl","Aeu","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark red","#840000"
"Alexearlite","Alexearlite","Hg2+3(Mo6+O4)S2-2","Hg3(MoO4)S2","Hg_3_(MoO_4_)S_2_","Hg^2+^_3_(Mo^6+^O_4_)S^2-^_2_","Hg Mo O S","IMA2024-039"," ",7553,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Hg^2+ Mo^6+ O S^2-","Alx",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Alexkhomyakovite","Alexkhomyakovite","K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl·6H2O","K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl·6H2O","K_6_(Ca_2_Na)(CO_3_)_5_Cl·6H_2_O","K_6_(Ca_2_Na)(CO_3_)_5_Cl·6H_2_O","K Ca Na C O Cl H","IMA2015-013"," ",6418,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mcm","K Ca Na C O Cl H","Akmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, white or grey","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080"
"Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce)","Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Mn2+(CO3)(Si2O7)","Ce2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)","Ce_2_Mn(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","Ce^3+^_2_Mn^2+^(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","Ce Mn C O Si","IMA2019-118"," ",7002,"Biraite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ Mn^2+ C O Si","Axk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown to dark brown","#653700,#73532a"
"Alexkuznetsovite-(La)","Alexkuznetsovite-(La)","La2Mn2+(CO3)(Si2O7)","La2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)","La_2_Mn(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","La_2_Mn^2+^(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","La Mn C O Si","IMA2019-081"," ",6965,"Biraite","monoclinic","P21/c","La Mn^2+ C O Si","Axk-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown to dark brown","#653700,#73532a"
"Alflarsenite","Alflarsenite","NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH)·2H2O","NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH)·2H2O","NaCa_2_Be_3_Si_4_O_13_(OH)·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Be_3_Si_4_O_13_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na Ca Be Si O H","IMA2008-023"," ",5682," ","monoclinic","P21","Na Ca Be Si O H","Alf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Alforsite","Alforsite","Ba5(PO4)3Cl","Ba5(PO4)3Cl","Ba_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ba_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ba P O Cl","IMA1980-039"," ",827,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ba P O Cl","Afr","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Alfredcasparite","Alfredcasparite","Sr2Ti4+O(Si2O7)","Sr2TiO(Si2O7)","Sr_2_TiO(Si_2_O_7_)","Sr_2_Ti^4+^O(Si_2_O_7_)","Sr Ti O Si","IMA2023-024"," ",7379,"Melilite","tetragonal","P4bm","Sr Ti^4+ O Si","Afc",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Alfredopetrovite","Alfredopetrovite","Al2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Al2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Al_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Al_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Al Se O H","IMA2015-026"," ",6427,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P62c","Al Se^4+ O H","Afd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Alfredstelznerite","Alfredstelznerite","Ca4B16O16(OH)24·19H2O","Ca4(H2O)4[B4O4(OH)6]4(H2O)15","Ca_4_(H_2_O)_4_[B_4_O_4_(OH)_6_]_4_(H_2_O)_15_","Ca_4_B_16_O_16_(OH)_24_·19H_2_O","Ca H O B","IMA2007-050"," ",5650,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pca21","Ca B O H","Asz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Algodonite","Algodonite","Cu1-xAsx (x ≈ 1/7)","Cu1-xAsx (x ≈ 0.15)","Cu_1-x_As_x_ (x ≈ 0.15)","Cu_1-x_As_x_ (x ≈ 1/7)","Cu As"," "," ",828,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu As","Ago","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Silver white, Steel gray, Tarnishes dull bronze.","#808080,#e7e8e3,#43464b,#797b80"
"Alicewilsonite-(YCe)","Alicewilsonite-(YCe)","Na2Sr2YCe3+(CO3)6·3H2O","Na2Sr2YCe(CO3)6·3H2O","Na_2_Sr_2_YCe(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Sr_2_YCe^3+^(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Sr Y Ce C O H","IMA2020-055"," ",7069,"Mckelveyite","triclinic","P1","Na Sr Y Ce^3+ C O H","Aws-YCe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale yellow to yellow, lemon yellow, green yellow, orange-yellow, pale green to green, pale grey to grey, green grey, beige, and colourless","#eecf9e,#ffff00,#cfff04,#c6f808,#fdb915,#69b076,#00ff00,#fdfdfe,#808080,#7ea07a,#e6daa6,#afafaf"
"Alicewilsonite-(YLa)","Alicewilsonite-(YLa)","Na2Sr2YLa(CO3)6·3H2O","Na2Sr2YLa(CO3)6·3H2O","Na_2_Sr_2_YLa(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Sr_2_YLa(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Sr Y La C O H","IMA2021-047"," ",7153,"Mckelveyite","triclinic","P1","Na Sr Y La C O H","Aws-YLa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale pink to colourless","#efcddb,#afafaf"
"Aliettite","Aliettite","Ca0.2Mg6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·4H2O","Ca0.2Mg6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·4H2O","Ca_0.2_Mg_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca_0.2_Mg_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca Mg Si Al O H"," "," ",829,"Corrensite, Clay",,,"Ca Mg Si Al O H","Ali","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Dark green, Buff.","#ffffff,#033500,#f0dc82"
"Allabogdanite","Allabogdanite","(Fe,Ni)2P","(Fe,Ni)2P","(Fe,Ni)_2_P","(Fe,Ni)_2_P","Fe Ni P","IMA2000-038"," ",830,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe Ni P","Abg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Light straw yellow.","#e3dbcd"
"Allactite","Allactite","Mn2+7(As5+O4)2(OH)8","Mn2+7(AsO4)2(OH)8","Mn^2+^_7_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_7_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn As O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4920,"Allactite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ala","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown red, Greenish brown, Purple red, Pink.","#922b05,#696112,#990147,#ffc0cb"
"Allanite-(Ce)","Allanite-(Ce)","CaCe3+Al2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe(Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaCe(Al_2_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaCe^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Ce Al Fe Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",832,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Aln-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Reddish brown, Black.","#653700,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Allanite-(La)","Allanite-(La)","CaLaFe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaLa(Al_2_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaLaFe^2+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La Al Fe Si O H","IMA2003-065"," ",4939,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Aln-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Allanite-(Nd)","Allanite-(Nd)","CaNdAl2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaNd(Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaNd(Al_2_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaNdAl_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Nd Al Fe Si O H","IMA2010-060"," ",5902,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Nd Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Aln-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown to black","#73532a,#000000"
"Allanite-(Sm)","Allanite-(Sm)","CaSm(Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSm(Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSm(Al_2_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaSm(Al_2_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Sm Al Fe Si O H","IMA2023-114"," ",7462,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Sm Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Aln-Sm",,"No","Yellowish-brown","#9b7a01"
"Allanite-(Y)","Allanite-(Y)","CaYAl2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaY(Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaY(Al_2_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaYAl_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Y Al Fe Si O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",833,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Y Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Aln-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Allanpringite","Allanpringite","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA2004-050"," ",5296,"Wavellite","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ P O H","Apg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale brownish yellow.","#b1916e"
"Allantoin","Allantoin","C4H6N4O3","C4H6N4O3","C_4_H_6_N_4_O_3_","C_4_H_6_N_4_O_3_","C H N O","IMA2020-004a"," ",7042," ","monoclinic","P21/c","C H N O","Aan","Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Allargentum","Allargentum","Ag1-xSbx (x=0.09-0.16)","Ag1-xSbx (x ≈ 0.09-0.16)","Ag_1-x_Sb_x_ (x ≈ 0.09-0.16)","Ag_1-x_Sb_x_ (x=0.09-0.16)","Ag Sb","IMA1970 s.p."," ",834,"Allargentum","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ag Sb","All","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Alleghanyite","Alleghanyite","Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mn^2+^_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H"," "," ",835,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Mn^2+ Si O H","Alh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Brown, Bright pink, Grayish pink.","#ffffff,#653700,#ffd1df,#c88d94"
"Allendeite","Allendeite","Sc4Zr4+3O12","Sc4Zr3O12","Sc_4_Zr_3_O_12_","Sc_4_Zr^4+^_3_O_12_","Sc Zr O","IMA2007-027"," ",5629," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc, R3","Sc Zr^4+ O","Aed","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Allochalcoselite","Allochalcoselite","Cu1+Cu2+5Pb2+O2(Se4+O3)2Cl5","Cu1+Cu2+5PbO2(SeO3)2Cl5","Cu^1+^Cu^2+^_5_PbO_2_(SeO_3_)_2_Cl_5_","Cu^1+^Cu^2+^_5_Pb^2+^O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_5_","Cu Pb O Se Cl","IMA2004-025"," ",5282,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Pb^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Acc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Alloclasite","Alloclasite","Co3+(AsS)3-","CoAsS","CoAsS","Co^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Co As S"," "," ",836,"Marcasite","monoclinic","P21","Co^3+ As S","Acl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Allophane","Allophane","Al2O3(SiO2)1.3-2.0·2.5-3.0H2O","Al2O3(SiO2)1.3-2.0·2.5-3.0H2O","Al_2_O_3_(SiO_2_)_1.3-2.0_·2.5-3.0H_2_O","Al_2_O_3_(SiO_2_)_1.3-2.0_·2.5-3.0H_2_O","Al O Si H"," "," ",837,"Allophane",,,"Al O Si H","Alp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White, Green, Blue, Yellow, Brown.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#0000ff,#ffff00,#653700"
"Alloriite","Alloriite","(Na,K,Ca)24(Na,Ca)4Ca4(Si,Al)48O96(S6+O4)4(S4+O3,CO3)2(OH,Cl)2(H2O,OH)4","(Na,K,Ca)24(Na,Ca)4Ca4(Si,Al)48O96(SO4)4(SO3,CO3)2(OH,Cl)2(H2O,OH)4","(Na,K,Ca)_24_(Na,Ca)_4_Ca_4_(Si,Al)_48_O_96_(SO_4_)_4_(SO_3_,CO_3_)_2_(OH,Cl)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_4_","(Na,K,Ca)_24_(Na,Ca)_4_Ca_4_(Si,Al)_48_O_96_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(S^4+^O_3_,CO_3_)_2_(OH,Cl)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_4_","Na K Ca Si Al O S C H Cl","IMA2006-020"," ",5356,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Cancrinite","hexagonal","P31c","Na K Ca Si Al O S^6+ S^4+ C H Cl","Aor","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Alluaivite","Alluaivite","Na19(Ca,Mn2+)6(Ti4+,Nb5+)3Si26O74Cl·2H2O","Na19(Ca,Mn2+)6(Ti,Nb)3Si26O74Cl·2H2O","Na_19_(Ca,Mn^2+^)_6_(Ti,Nb)_3_Si_26_O_74_Cl·2H_2_O","Na_19_(Ca,Mn^2+^)_6_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_3_Si_26_O_74_Cl·2H_2_O","Na Ca Mn Ti Nb Si O Cl H","IMA1988-052"," ",838,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O Cl H","Aav","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish pink, Colorless.","#c27e79,#afafaf"
"Alluaudite","Alluaudite","☐NaMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)3","☐NaMnFe3+2(PO4)3","[box]NaMnFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_","[box]NaMn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Fe P O","IMA1979 s.p."," ",839,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Ald","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish yellow, Green, Yellow, Black.","#c9b003,#00ff00,#ffff00,#000000"
"Almagreraite","Almagreraite","Cu2+Zn2+Mn4+3O8","CuZnMn4+3O8","CuZnMn^4+^_3_O_8_","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_8_","Cu Zn Mn O","IMA2025-025"," ",7583,"Nolanite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Mn^4+ O","Alma",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Almandine","Almandine","Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3","Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3","Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Fe Al Si O"," "," ",840,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Fe^2+ Al Si O","Alm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish red, Red, Black, Black red.","#653700,#9e3623,#ff0000,#000000,#584043"
"Almarudite","Almarudite","K(☐,Na)2(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2[(Be,Al)3Si12]O30","K(☐,Na)2(Mn,Fe,Mg)2[(Be,Al)3Si12]O30","K([box],Na)_2_(Mn,Fe,Mg)_2_[(Be,Al)_3_Si_12_]O_30_","K([box],Na)_2_(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Mg)_2_[(Be,Al)_3_Si_12_]O_30_","K Na Mn Fe Mg Be Al Si O","IMA2002-048"," ",4940,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Mg Be Al Si O","Alr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Almeidaite","Almeidaite","Pb2+Zn2+2(Mn2+,Y)(Ti4+,Fe3+)18O36(OH,O)2","PbZn2(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe3+)18O36(OH,O)2","PbZn_2_(Mn,Y)(Ti,Fe^3+^)_18_O_36_(OH,O)_2_","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(Mn^2+^,Y)(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_36_(OH,O)_2_","Pb Zn Mn Y Ti Fe O H","IMA2013-020"," ",6157,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Y Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O H","Amd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Alnaperbøeite-(Ce)","Alnaperboeite-(Ce)","(CaCe3+2.5Na0.5)Al4(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe2.5Na0.5)(Al4)(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe_2.5_Na_0.5_)(Al_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","(CaCe^3+^_2.5_Na_0.5_)Al_4_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Na Al Si O H","IMA2012-054"," ",6110,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Na Al Si O H","Apbø-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","grayish very pale green","#719f91"
"Alpeite","Alpeite","Ca4Mn3+2Al2(Mn3+Mg)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(V5+O4)(OH)6","Ca4Mn3+2Al2(Mn3+Mg)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(VO4)(OH)6","Ca_4_Mn^3+^_2_Al_2_(Mn^3+^Mg)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(VO_4_)(OH)_6_","Ca_4_Mn^3+^_2_Al_2_(Mn^3+^Mg)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Ca Mn Al Mg Si O V H","IMA2016-072"," ",6600,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Pnmm","Ca Mn^3+ Al Mg Si O V^5+ H","Apt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish red","#9e3623"
"Alpersite","Alpersite","MgS6+O4·7H2O","Mg(SO4)·7H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA2003-040"," ",5245,"Melanterite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg S^6+ O H","Aps","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Alsakharovite-Zn","Alsakharovite-Zn","NaSrKZn2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","NaSrKZn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Na Sr K Zn Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2002-003"," ",841,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","Na Sr K Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Ask-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Pale brown, Colorless.","#ffffff,#b1916e,#afafaf"
"Alstonite","Alstonite","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","Ba Ca C O"," "," ",842,"Alstonite","triclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal","C1, P31m","Ba Ca C O","Asn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Gray, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Altaite","Altaite","Pb2+Te2-","PbTe","PbTe","Pb^2+^Te^2-^","Pb Te"," "," ",843,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Pb^2+ Te^2-","Alt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white, Yellowish tin white, Bronze yellow.","#cfd5db,#fcfc81,#737000"
"Alterite","Alterite","Zn2+2Fe3+4(S6+O4)4((C2)6+O4)2(OH)4·17H2O","Zn2Fe3+4(SO4)4(C2O4)2(OH)4·17H2O","Zn_2_Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_4_(C_2_O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·17H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·17H_2_O","Zn Fe S O C H","IMA2018-070"," ",6741,"Alterite, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O C H","Atr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow-green","#c8fd3d"
"Althausite","Althausite","Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,☐)","Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,☐)","Mg_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,O)(F,[box])","Mg_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,O)(F,[box])","Mg P O H F","IMA1974-050"," ",844,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg P O H F","Ahs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Althupite","Althupite","AlTh4+(U6+O2)7(PO4)4O2(OH)5·15H2O","AlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4O2(OH)5·15H2O","AlTh(UO_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(OH)_5_·15H_2_O","AlTh^4+^(U^6+^O_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(OH)_5_·15H_2_O","Al Th U O P H","IMA1986-003"," ",845,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al Th^4+ U^6+ O P H","Ahp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Altisite","Altisite","Na3K6Ti4+2Al2Si8O26Cl3","Na3K6Ti2Al2Si8O26Cl3","Na_3_K_6_Ti_2_Al_2_Si_8_O_26_Cl_3_","Na_3_K_6_Ti^4+^_2_Al_2_Si_8_O_26_Cl_3_","Na K Ti Al Si O Cl","IMA1993-055"," ",846,"Lemoynite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Ti^4+ Al Si O Cl","Ati","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Aluminite","Aluminite","Al2S6+O4(OH)4·7H2O","Al2(SO4)(OH)4·7H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Al_2_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Al S O H"," "," ",847,"Aluminite","monoclinic","P21/c","Al S^6+ O H","A","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Grayish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9"
"Aluminium","Aluminium","Al","Al","Al","Al","Al","IMA1980-085a"," ",4921,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Al","Al","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Aluminoceladonite","Aluminoceladonite","K(Mg,Fe2+)AlSi4O10(OH)2","K(Mg,Fe2+)Al(Si4O10)(OH)2","K(Mg,Fe^2+^)Al(Si_4_O_10_)(OH)_2_","K(Mg,Fe^2+^)AlSi_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Fe Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",850,"Mica","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2/m, P3112","K Mg Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Acel","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Aluminocerite-(CeCa)","Aluminocerite-(CeCa)","(Ce3+6Ca3)☐Al(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(Ce6Ca3)☐Al(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(Ce_6_Ca_3_)[box]Al(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","(Ce^3+^_6_Ca_3_)[box]Al(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","Ce Ca Al Si O H","IMA2007-060, IMA2023 s.p."," ",5659,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ce^3+ Ca Al Si O H","Acrt-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pale pink to reddish pink","#efcddb,#fe2c54"
"Aluminocopiapite","Aluminocopiapite","(Al,Mg)Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH,O)2·20H2O","(Al,Mg)Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH,O)2·20H2O","(Al,Mg)Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH,O)_2_·20H_2_O","(Al,Mg)Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH,O)_2_·20H_2_O","Al Mg Fe S O H"," "," ",851,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1","Al Mg Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Acpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Aluminocoquimbite","Aluminocoquimbite","Al2Fe3+2(S6+O4)6(H2O)12·9H2O","Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12·9H2O","Al_2_Fe_2_(SO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·9H_2_O","Al_2_Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·9H_2_O","Al Fe S O H","IMA2009-095"," ",5826,"Coquimbite","hexagonal","P31c","Al Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Acoq","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless to pale pink","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Aluminomagnesiohulsite","Aluminomagnesiohulsite","Mg2AlO2(BO3)","Mg2AlO2(BO3)","Mg_2_AlO_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_AlO_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Al O B","IMA2002-038"," ",4925,"Hulsite","monoclinic","P2/m","Mg Al O B","Amhul","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Alumino-oxy-rossmanite","Alumino-oxy-rossmanite","Al3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Al3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Al_3_Al_6_(Si_5_AlO_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Al_3_Al_6_(Si_5_AlO_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Al Si O B H","IMA2020-008b"," ",7080,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Al Si O B H","Aorsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pink","#ffc0cb"
"Aluminopyracmonite","Aluminopyracmonite","(N3-H4)3Al(S6+O4)3","(NH4)3Al(SO4)3","(NH_4_)_3_Al(SO_4_)_3_","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","N H Al S O","IMA2012-075"," ",6128,"Pyracmonite","hexagonal","R3","N^3- H Al S^6+ O","Apyr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Aluminosugilite","Aluminosugilite","KNa2Al2Li3Si12O30","KNa2Al2Li3Si12O30","KNa_2_Al_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_30_","KNa_2_Al_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_30_","K Na Al Li Si O","IMA2018-142"," ",6879,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Al Li Si O","Asug","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish-purple","#d648d7"
"Aluminotaipingite-(CeCa)","Aluminotaipingite-(CeCa)","(Ce3+6Ca3)Al(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3","(Ce6Ca3)Al(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3","(Ce_6_Ca_3_)Al(SiO_4_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)]_4_F_3_","(Ce^3+^_6_Ca_3_)Al(SiO_4_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)]_4_F_3_","Ce Ca Al Si O H F","IMA2022-126"," ",7365,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ce^3+ Ca Al Si O H F","Atpg-CeCa",,"No"," light pink to pink or reddish","#ffd1df,#ffc0cb,#c44240"
"Alum-(K)","Alum-(K)","KAl(S6+O4)2·12H2O","KAl(SO4)2·12H2O","KAl(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","KAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","K Al S O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3698,"Alum","cubic","Pa3","K Al S^6+ O H","Aum-K","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Alum-(Na)","Alum-(Na)","NaAl(S6+O4)2·12H2O","NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O","NaAl(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","NaAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Na Al S O H","IMA2007 s.p"," ",4130,"Alum","cubic","Pa3","Na Al S^6+ O H","Aum-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Alumoåkermanite","Alumoakermanite","(Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)","(Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)","(Ca,Na)_2_(Al,Mg,Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)","(Ca,Na)_2_(Al,Mg,Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)","Ca Na Al Mg Fe Si O","IMA2008-049"," ",5709,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Na Al Mg Fe^2+ Si O","Aåk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light brown","#b5651d"
"Alumoedtollite","Alumoedtollite","K2NaCu2+5AlO2(As5+O4)4","K2NaCu5AlO2(AsO4)4","K_2_NaCu_5_AlO_2_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_2_NaCu^2+^_5_AlO_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Na Cu Al O As","IMA2017-020"," ",6661,"Edtollite","triclinic","P1","K Na Cu^2+ Al O As^5+","Aedt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bronze","#a87900"
"Alumohydrocalcite","Alumohydrocalcite","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·3H2O","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·4H2O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ca Al C O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",856,"Alumohydrocalcite","triclinic","P1","Ca Al C O H","Ahcal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Chalky white, Bluish white, Violet, Light yellow, Gray.","#e5f1ed,#e5dad4,#9a0eea,#fffe7a,#808080"
"Alumoklyuchevskite","Alumoklyuchevskite","K3Cu2+3AlO2(S6+O4)4","K3Cu2+3AlO2(SO4)4","K_3_Cu^2+^_3_AlO_2_(SO_4_)_4_","K_3_Cu^2+^_3_AlO_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","K Cu Al O S","IMA1993-004"," ",857,"Klyuchevskite","monoclinic","I2","K Cu^2+ Al O S^6+","Akyv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Alumolukrahnite","Alumolukrahnite","CaCu2+Al(As5+O4)2(OH)(H2O)","CaCu2+Al(AsO4)2(OH)(H2O)","CaCu^2+^Al(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","CaCu^2+^Al(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","Ca Cu Al As O H","IMA2022-059"," ",7282,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Alkr",,"No","Apple green","#69b076"
"Alumotantite","Alumotantite","AlTa5+O4","AlTaO4","AlTaO_4_","AlTa^5+^O_4_","Al Ta O","IMA1980-025"," ",859,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Al Ta^5+ O","Atan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Alumovesuvianite","Alumovesuvianite","Ca19Al(Al10Mg2)Si18O69(OH)9","Ca19Al(Al10Mg2)Si18O69(OH)9","Ca_19_Al(Al_10_Mg_2_)Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca_19_Al(Al_10_Mg_2_)Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca Al Mg Si O H","IMA2016-014"," ",6543,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/n","Ca Al Mg Si O H","Aves","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Alunite","Alunite","KAl3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6","KAl_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","KAl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","K Al S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",860,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","K Al S^6+ O H","Alu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Gray, Yellowish gray, Reddish gray, Yellowish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#edeeda,#997570,#e9f1d0"
"Alunogen","Alunogen","Al2(S6+O4)3(H2O)12·5H2O","Al2(SO4)3(H2O)12·5H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_12_·5H_2_O","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_12_·5H_2_O","Al S O H"," "," ",861,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al S^6+ O H","Alg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Yellowish white, Reddish white, Yellowish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5,#e9f1d0"
"Alvanite","Alvanite","Zn2+Al4(V5+O3)2(OH)12·2H2O","Zn2+Al4(V5+O3)2(OH)12·2H2O","Zn^2+^Al_4_(V^5+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^Al_4_(V^5+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Zn Al V O H"," "," ",862,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ Al V^5+ O H","Alv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green, Blue black, Black.","#10a674,#24313d,#000000"
"Alvesite","Alvesite","NaKZr4+Si6O15·2H2O","NaKZrSi6O15·2H2O","NaKZrSi_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","NaKZr^4+^Si_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Na K Zr Si O H","IMA2023-069"," ",7411,"Elpidite","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na K Zr^4+ Si O H","Avs",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Alwilkinsite-(Y)","Alwilkinsite-(Y)","Y(U6+O2)3(S6+O4)2O(OH)3(H2O)7·7H2O","Y(UO2)3(SO4)2O(OH)3(H2O)7·7H2O","Y(UO_2_)_3_(SO_4_)_2_O(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_7_·7H_2_O","Y(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_7_·7H_2_O","Y U O S H","IMA2015-097"," ",6495,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Y U^6+ O S^6+ H","Alw-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish-green; lemon yellow","#b0dd16,#cfff04"
"Amableite-(Ce)","Amableite-(Ce)","Na15[(Ce3+1.5Na1.5)Mn2+3]Mn2+2Zr4+3☐Si[Si24O69(OH)3](OH)2·H2O","Na15[(Ce1.5Na1.5)Mn3]Mn2Zr3☐Si[Si24O69(OH)3](OH)2·H2O","Na_15_[(Ce_1.5_Na_1.5_)Mn_3_]Mn_2_Zr_3_[box]Si[Si_24_O_69_(OH)_3_](OH)_2_·H_2_O","Na_15_[(Ce^3+^_1.5_Na_1.5_)Mn^2+^_3_]Mn^2+^_2_Zr^4+^_3_[box]Si[Si_24_O_69_(OH)_3_](OH)_2_·H_2_O","Na Ce Mn Zr Si O H","IMA2023-075"," ",7422,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3, P3","Na Ce^3+ Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H","Ambl-Ce",,"No","yellow, (pale) orangish","#ffff00,#fd8d49"
"Amakinite","Amakinite","Fe2+(OH)2","Fe(OH)2","Fe(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^(OH)_2_","Fe O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",863,"Brucite","hexagonal","R3m, P3m1","Fe^2+ O H","Amk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Yellow green, Light green.","#c8fd3d,#76ff7b"
"Amamoorite","Amamoorite","CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaMn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","CaMn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA2018-105"," ",6832,"Ilvaite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O H","Amo","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black; in thin section intensely orange-red","#000000,#f4c4d0"
"Amarantite","Amarantite","Fe3+2O(S6+O4)2·7H2O","Fe3+2O(SO4)2·7H2O","Fe^3+^_2_O(SO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Fe O S H"," "," ",864,"Amarantite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Ama","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown red, Orange red, Pink, Red.","#922b05,#fe4401,#ffc0cb,#ff0000"
"Amarillite","Amarillite","NaFe3+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","NaFe3+(SO4)2·6H2O","NaFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","NaFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Na Fe S O H"," "," ",865,"Tamarugite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Amr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Amaterasuite","Amaterasuite","Sr4Ti4+6Si4O23(OH)Cl","Sr4Ti6Si4O23(OH)Cl","Sr_4_Ti_6_Si_4_O_23_(OH)Cl","Sr_4_Ti^4+^_6_Si_4_O_23_(OH)Cl","Sr Ti Si O H Cl","IMA2024-056"," ",7509,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Fddd","Sr Ti^4+ Si O H Cl","Asu",,"No","deep–blue to green color","#040273,#465149"
"Amblygonite","Amblygonite","LiAlPO4F","LiAl(PO4)F","LiAl(PO_4_)F","LiAlPO_4_F","Li Al P O F"," "," ",866,"Titanite-Amblygonite","triclinic","C1, P1","Li Al P O F","Aby","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellow, Gray, Bluish gray, Greenish gray.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#808080,#748b97,#96ae8d"
"Ambrinoite","Ambrinoite","[K,(N3-H4)]2(As3+,Sb3+)6(Sb3+,As3+)2S2-13·H2O","[K,(NH4)]2(As,Sb)6(Sb,As)2S13·H2O","[K,(NH_4_)]_2_(As,Sb)_6_(Sb,As)_2_S_13_·H_2_O","[K,(N^3-^H_4_)]_2_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_6_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_2_S^2-^_13_·H_2_O","K N H As Sb S O","IMA2009-071"," ",5801,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","K N^3- H As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2- O","Amb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Cinnabar-red","#730113"
"Ameghinite","Ameghinite","NaB3O3(OH)4","NaB3O3(OH)4","NaB_3_O_3_(OH)_4_","NaB_3_O_3_(OH)_4_","Na B O H","IMA1966-034"," ",867,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Na B O H","Agh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Amesite","Amesite","Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4","Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4","Mg_2_Al(AlSiO_5_)(OH)_4_","Mg_2_Al(AlSiO_5_)(OH)_4_","Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",868,"Clay, Serpentine","triclinic, hexagonal","C1, R3","Mg Al Si O H","Ame","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Light green.","#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Amgaite","Amgaite","Tl3+2Te6+O6","Tl3+2Te6+O6","Tl^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_","Tl^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_","Tl Te O","IMA2021-104"," ",7206,"Malladrite","hexagonal","P321","Tl^3+ Te^6+ O","Amgt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","dark reddish brown to black","#840000,#000000"
"Amicite","Amicite","K2Na2(Si4Al4O16)·5H2O","K2Na2(Al4Si4O16)·5H2O","K_2_Na_2_(Al_4_Si_4_O_16_)·5H_2_O","K_2_Na_2_(Si_4_Al_4_O_16_)·5H_2_O","K Na Al Si O H","IMA1979-011"," ",869,"Gismondine","monoclinic","I2","K Na Si Al O H","Ami","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Aminoffite","Aminoffite","Ca3(BeOH)2Si3O10","Ca3(BeOH)2Si3O10","Ca_3_(BeOH)_2_Si_3_O_10_","Ca_3_(BeOH)_2_Si_3_O_10_","Ca Be O H Si"," "," ",870,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mmm, P42/n","Ca Be O H Si","Amf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Ammineite","Ammineite","Cu2+Cl2(N3-H3)2","CuCl2·2NH3","CuCl_2_·2NH_3_","Cu^2+^Cl_2_(N^3-^H_3_)_2_","Cu Cl N H","IMA2008-032"," ",5692,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Cu^2+ Cl N^3- H","Amm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Deep blue to sky blue","#040273,#9fb9e2"
"Ammonioalunite","Ammonioalunite","N3-H4Al3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","(NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6","(NH_4_)Al_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","N^3-^H_4_Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","N H Al S O","IMA1986-037"," ",871,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","N^3- H Al S^6+ O","Aalu","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Gray white, White.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Ammonioborite","Ammonioborite","(N3-H4)3B15O20(OH)8·4H2O","(NH4)3B15O20(OH)8·4H2O","(NH_4_)_3_B_15_O_20_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_B_15_O_20_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","N H B O"," "," ",872,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","N^3- H B O","Abo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Ammoniojarosite","Ammoniojarosite","N3-H4Fe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","(NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","(NH_4_)Fe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","N^3-^H_4_Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","N H Fe S O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",873,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","N^3- H Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Ajrs","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Ammoniolasalite","Ammoniolasalite","(N3-H4)2Mg2[V5+10O28]·20H2O","[(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20]·[V10O28]","[(NH_4_)_2_Mg_2_(H_2_O)_20_]·[V_10_O_28_]","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·20H_2_O","N H Mg O V","IMA2017-094"," ",6723,"Pascoite","monoclinic","C2/c","N^3- H Mg V^5+ O","Alas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bright orange to orange-yellow","#ff7034,#fdb915"
"Ammonioleucite","Ammonioleucite","(N3-H4)AlSi2O6","(NH4)(AlSi2O6)","(NH_4_)(AlSi_2_O_6_)","(N^3-^H_4_)AlSi_2_O_6_","N H Al Si O","IMA1984-015"," ",874,"Analcime","tetragonal","I41/a","N^3- H Al Si O","Alct","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite","Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite","(N3-H4)2Mg5Fe3+3Al(S6+O4)12·18H2O","(NH4)2Mg5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Mg_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","N H Mg Fe Al S O","IMA2009-040"," ",5769,"Voltaite","cubic","Fd3c","N^3- H Mg Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O","Amvlt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ammoniomathesiusite","Ammoniomathesiusite","(N3-H4)5(U6+O2)4(S6+O4)4(V5+O5)·4H2O","(NH4)5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4H2O","(NH_4_)_5_(UO_2_)_4_(SO_4_)_4_(VO_5_)·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_5_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(V^5+^O_5_)·4H_2_O","N H U O S V","IMA2017-077"," ",6708,"Mathesiusite","tetragonal","P4/n","N^3- H U^6+ O S^6+ V^5+","Amat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","pale yellow to greenish-yellow","#eecf9e,#cdfd02"
"Ammoniotinsleyite","Ammoniotinsleyite","(N3-H4)Al2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","(NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","(NH_4_)Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","N H Al P O","IMA2019-128"," ",7011,"Leucophosphite","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H Al P O","Atin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink to pale violet","#ffc0cb,#c6c3d6"
"Ammoniovoltaite","Ammoniovoltaite","(N3-H4)2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(S6+O4)12(H2O)18","(NH4)2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12(H2O)18","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(SO_4_)_12_(H_2_O)_18_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_(H_2_O)_18_","N H Fe Al S O","IMA2017-022"," ",6663,"Voltaite","cubic","Fd3c","N^3- H Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O","Avlt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Ammoniozippeite","Ammoniozippeite","(N3-H4)2[(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)O2]·H2O","(NH4)2[(UO2)2(SO4)O2]·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_[(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)O_2_]·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_]·H_2_O","N H U O S","IMA2017-073"," ",6705,"Zippeite","orthorhombic","Ccmb","N^3- H U^6+ O S^6+","Azip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Amoraite","Amoraite","Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(S4+O3)·15H2O","Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(SO3)·15H2O","Ca_12_Al_6_(OH)_36_(CO_3_)_2_(SO_3_)·15H_2_O","Ca_12_Al_6_(OH)_36_(CO_3_)_2_(S^4+^O_3_)·15H_2_O","Ca Al O H C S","IMA2023-082"," ",7417,"Hydrotalcite","triclinic","P1","Ca Al O H C S^4+","Amor",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Amstallite","Amstallite","CaAl(Si,Al)4O8(OH)4·(H2O,Cl)","CaAl[(Al,Si)4O8(OH)2](OH)2·(H2O,Cl)","CaAl[(Al,Si)_4_O_8_(OH)_2_](OH)_2_·(H_2_O,Cl)","CaAl(Si,Al)_4_O_8_(OH)_4_·(H_2_O,Cl)","Ca Al Si O H Cl","IMA1986-030"," ",875,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al Si O H Cl","Ams","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Amurselite","Amurselite","(N3-H4)2(U6+O2)5(Se4+O3)3O2(OH)2(H2O)·8H2O","(NH4)2(UO2)5(SeO3)3O2(OH)2(H2O)·8H2O","(NH_4_)_2_(UO_2_)_5_(SeO_3_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)·8H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_5_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)·8H_2_O","N H U O Se","IMA2024-062"," ",7514,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","N^3- H U^6+ O Se^4+","Amu",,"No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Analcime","Analcime","NaAlSi2O6·H2O","Na(AlSi2O6)·H2O","Na(AlSi_2_O_6_)·H_2_O","NaAlSi_2_O_6_·H_2_O","Na Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",876,"Analcime","tetragonal, cubic, orthorhombic, monoclinic, hexagonal","I41/acd, Ia3d, Ibca, I2/a, I41/a, R3","Na Al Si O H","Anl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Grayish white, Greenish white, Yellowish white, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9,#d1f1de,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Anandite","Anandite","BaFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10S2-(OH)","BaFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10S(OH)","BaFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_S(OH)","BaFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_S^2-^(OH)","Ba Fe Si O S H","IMA1966-005"," ",877,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic, orthorhombic","Am, Pnmn","Ba Fe^2+ Si Fe^3+ O S^2- H","Ana","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Anapaite","Anapaite","Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·4H2O","Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·4H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H"," "," ",878,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ P O H","Anp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, Green.","#ffffff,#00ff00"
"Anastasenkoite","Anastasenkoite","CaFe2+P2O7","CaFe2+P2O7","CaFe^2+^P_2_O_7_","CaFe^2+^P_2_O_7_","Ca Fe P O","IMA2020-026"," ",7036,"Anastasenkoite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ P O","Aas","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Anatase","Anatase","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",879,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ti^4+ O","Ant","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Black, Reddish brown, Yellowish brown, Dark blue, Gray.","#000000,#7f2b0a,#9b7a01,#315b7d,#808080"
"Anatolygurbanovite","Anatolygurbanovite","SrCa2Si3O9","SrCa2Si3O9","SrCa_2_Si_3_O_9_","SrCa_2_Si_3_O_9_","Sr Ca Si O","IMA2024-086"," ",7536,"Margarosanite","triclinic","P1","Sr Ca Si O","Agb",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Anatolyite","Anatolyite","Na6(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe3+)3Al(As5+O4)6","Na6(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe3+)3Al(AsO4)6","Na_6_(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_3_Al(AsO_4_)_6_","Na_6_(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_3_Al(As^5+^O_4_)_6_","Na Ca Mg Fe Al As O","IMA2016-040"," ",6568,"Yurmarinite","hexagonal","R3c","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Al As^5+ O","Aly","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale brownish–pinkish","#c27e79"
"Ancylite-(Ce)","Ancylite-(Ce)","Ce3+Sr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","CeSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","CeSr(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Ce^3+^Sr(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Ce Sr C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",880,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn, Pmc21","Ce^3+ Sr C O H","Anc-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Brown red, Colorless, Gray, Gray pink.","#653700,#922b05,#afafaf,#808080,#c3909b"
"Ancylite-(La)","Ancylite-(La)","LaSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","LaSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","LaSr(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","LaSr(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","La Sr C O H","IMA1995-053"," ",881,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","La Sr C O H","Anc-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Yellow, Yellowish brown.","#ffff00,#9b7a01"
"Andalusite","Andalusite","Al2SiO5","Al2SiO5","Al_2_SiO_5_","Al_2_SiO_5_","Al Si O"," "," ",882,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Al Si O","And","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark green, Gray, Brown, Red, Green.","#033500,#808080,#653700,#ff0000,#00ff00"
"Andersonite","Andersonite","Na2Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)3·5-6H2O","Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3·5-6H2O","Na_2_Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·5-6H_2_O","Na_2_Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·5-6H_2_O","Na Ca U O C H"," "," ",883,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca U^6+ O C H","Anr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bright yellow green, Green.","#fffd01,#00ff00"
"Andradite","Andradite","Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3","Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3","Ca_3_Fe^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Fe^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca Fe Si O"," "," ",885,"Garnet","cubic, triclinic","Ia3d, Ia3d, I1","Ca Fe^3+ Si O","Adr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Black, Yellowish brown, Red, Greenish yellow, Gray.","#000000,#9b7a01,#ff0000,#cdfd02,#808080"
"Andreadiniite","Andreadiniite","Cu1+Hg2+Ag1+7Pb2+7Sb3+24S2-48","CuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48","CuHgAg_7_Pb_7_Sb_24_S_48_","Cu^1+^Hg^2+^Ag^1+^_7_Pb^2+^_7_Sb^3+^_24_S^2-^_48_","Cu Hg Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2014-049"," ",6345,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Adi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Andrémeyerite","Andremeyerite","BaFe2+2Si2O7","BaFe2+2(Si2O7)","BaFe^2+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)","BaFe^2+^_2_Si_2_O_7_","Ba Fe Si O","IMA1972-005"," ",886,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, Bmcb","Ba Fe^2+ Si O","Amy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","light emerald-green","#e6e6d0"
"Andreybulakhite","Andreybulakhite","Ni2+((C2)6+O4)·2H2O","Ni(C2O4)·2H2O","Ni(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Ni^2+^((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","Ni C O H","IMA2023-037"," ",7391,"Oxalate, Humboldtine","monoclinic","C2/c","Ni^2+ C O H","Adb",,"No"," colourless to pale green","#afafaf,#69b076"
"Andreyivanovite","Andreyivanovite","FeCrP","FeCrP","FeCrP","FeCrP","Fe Cr P","IMA2006-003"," ",5517,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe Cr P","Aiv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Creamy white.","#f0e9d6"
"Andrianovite","Andrianovite","Na12(K,Sr,Ce3+)3Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O73(O,H2O,OH)5","Na12(K,Sr,Ce)3Ca6Mn3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,H2O,OH)5","Na_12_(K,Sr,Ce)_3_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_Nb(Si_25_O_73_)(O,H_2_O,OH)_5_","Na_12_(K,Sr,Ce^3+^)_3_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_73_(O,H_2_O,OH)_5_","Na K Sr Ce Ca Mn Zr Nb Si O H","IMA2007-008"," ",5601,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Na K Sr Ce^3+ Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Adv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Andrieslombaardite","Andrieslombaardite","Rh3+(SbS)3-","RhSbS","RhSbS","Rh^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Rh Sb S","IMA2022-076"," ",7315,"Cobaltite","cubic","P213","Rh^3+ Sb S","Alo",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Anduoite","Anduoite","RuAs2","RuAs2","RuAs_2_","RuAs_2_","Ru As"," "," ",888," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Ru As","Adu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Andychristyite","Andychristyite","Pb2+Cu2+Te6+O5(H2O)","PbCu2+Te6+O5(H2O)","PbCu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_(H_2_O)","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_(H_2_O)","Pb Cu Te O H","IMA2015-024"," ",6425,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Acs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green","#10a674"
"Andymcdonaldite","Andymcdonaldite","Fe3+2Te6+O6","Fe2TeO6","Fe_2_TeO_6_","Fe^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_","Fe Te O","IMA2018-141"," ",6878,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Fe^3+ Te^6+ O","Amc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish yellow, olive-green, brownish-black","#877254,#8ead2c,#413936"
"Andyrobertsite","Andyrobertsite","KCd2+Cu2+5(As5+O4)4[As5+(OH)2O2]·2H2O","KCdCu5(AsO4)4[As(OH)2O2]·2H2O","KCdCu_5_(AsO_4_)_4_[As(OH)_2_O_2_]·2H_2_O","KCd^2+^Cu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[As^5+^(OH)_2_O_2_]·2H_2_O","K Cd Cu As O H","IMA1997-022"," ",889,"Andyrobertsite","monoclinic","P21/m","K Cd^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Arb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Electric blue.","#7df9ff"
"Angarfite","Angarfite","NaFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)4·4H2O","NaFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)4·4H2O","NaFe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","NaFe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Na Fe P O H","IMA2010-082"," ",5920,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","C2221","Na Fe^3+ P O H","Agf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Orange-brown to red-brown","#b16002,#a52a2f"
"Angastonite","Angastonite","CaMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)4·7H2O","CaMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)4·7H2O","CaMgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","CaMgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Ca Mg Al P O H","IMA2008-008, IMA2022 s.p."," ",5667," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Al P O H","Ags","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Ángelaite","Angelaite","Cu1+2Ag1+Pb2+Bi3+S2-4","Cu2AgPbBiS4","Cu_2_AgPbBiS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA2003-064"," ",5262,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Áge","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray with a brownish tint","#d7d5cb"
"Angelellite","Angelellite","Fe3+4O3(As5+O4)2","Fe3+4O3(AsO4)2","Fe^3+^_4_O_3_(AsO_4_)_2_","Fe^3+^_4_O_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Fe O As","IMA1962 s.p."," ",890,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ O As^5+","Agl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Black brown.","#73532a"
"Anglesite","Anglesite","Pb2+S6+O4","Pb(SO4)","Pb(SO_4_)","Pb^2+^S^6+^O_4_","Pb S O"," "," ",891,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Pb^2+ S^6+ O","Ang","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, Colorless, Green, Gray, Yellow.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080,#ffff00"
"Anhydrite","Anhydrite","CaS6+O4","Ca(SO4)","Ca(SO_4_)","CaS^6+^O_4_","Ca S O"," "," ",892,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","C222, Amma, Bbmm, Bmmb","Ca S^6+ O","Anh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Bluish white, Violet white, Dark gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e5dad4,#e2e3e9,#363737"
"Anhydrokainite","Anhydrokainite","KMgS6+O4Cl","KMg(SO4)Cl","KMg(SO_4_)Cl","KMgS^6+^O_4_Cl","K Mg S O Cl"," "," ",5371,"Chlorothionite","hexagonal","R3","K Mg S^6+ O Cl","Ahk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Anilite","Anilite","Cu7S4","Cu7S4","Cu_7_S_4_","Cu_7_S_4_","Cu S","IMA1968-030"," ",893,"Digenite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu S","Ani","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish gray.","#748b97"
"Ankerite","Ankerite","Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2","Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2","Ca(Fe^2+^,Mg)(CO_3_)_2_","Ca(Fe^2+^,Mg)(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Fe Mg C O"," "," ",895,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Fe^2+ Mg C O","Ank","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Gray, Gray brown, White.","#653700,#c9b003,#808080,#7f7053,#ffffff"
"Ankinovichite","Ankinovichite","Ni2+Al4(V5+O3)2(OH)12·2H2O","NiAl4(V5+O3)2(OH)12·2H2O","NiAl_4_(V^5+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Ni^2+^Al_4_(V^5+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Ni Al V O H","IMA2002-063"," ",5185,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ni^2+ Al V^5+ O H","Akv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light green, Light blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b,#add8e6"
"Annabergite","Annabergite","Ni2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Ni_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni As O H"," "," ",896,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Anb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green, Greenish white, Gray, Yellow green, White.","#69b076,#d1f1de,#808080,#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Anningite-(Ce)","Anningite-(Ce)","(Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(V5+O4)","(Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(VO4)","(Ca_0.5_Ce^4+^_0.5_)(VO_4_)","(Ca_0.5_Ce^4+^_0.5_)(V^5+^O_4_)","Ca Ce V O","IMA2024-060"," ",7524,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ca Ce^4+ V^5+ O","Aig-Ce",,"No","green","#00ff00"
"Annite","Annite","KFe2+3AlSi3O10(OH)2","KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2","KFe^2+^_3_(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_","KFe^2+^_3_AlSi_3_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Fe Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",897,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m, C2/c","K Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Ann","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Reddish brown, Black.","#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Annivite-(Zn)","Annivite-(Zn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)Bi3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Bi4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)Bi_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Bi^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Zn Bi S","IMA2023-124"," ",7480,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Anv-Zn",,"No"," dark grey","#363737"
"Anorpiment","Anorpiment","As3+2S2-3","As2S3","As_2_S_3_","As^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","As S","IMA2011-014"," ",5921,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","As^3+ S^2-","Apm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Anorthite","Anorthite","CaAl2Si2O8","Ca(Al2Si2O8)","Ca(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ca Al Si O"," "," ",898,"Feldspar","triclinic","P1, I1, C1","Ca Al Si O","An","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, White, Red, Reddish gray.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#ff0000,#997570"
"Anorthominasragrite","Anorthominasragrite","V4+O(S6+O4)·5H2O","V4+O(SO4)·5H2O","V^4+^O(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","V O S H","IMA2001-040"," ",4970,"Minasragrite","triclinic","P1, P1","V^4+ O S^6+ H","Amrg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Anorthoroselite","Anorthoroselite","Ca2Co2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Co(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Co(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Co^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Co As O H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",3882,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Rsl-β","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Anorthoyttrialite-(Y)","Anorthoyttrialite-(Y)","Y4(SiO4)(Si3O10)","Y4(SiO4)(Si3O10)","Y_4_(SiO_4_)(Si_3_O_10_)","Y_4_(SiO_4_)(Si_3_O_10_)","Y Si O","IMA2022-135"," ",7348," ","triclinic","P1","Y Si O","Aytt-Y",,"No","colourless or white, yellow or brownish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffff00,#9c6d57"
"Ansermetite","Ansermetite","Mn2+V5+2O6·4H2O","Mn2+V5+2O6·4H2O","Mn^2+^V^5+^_2_O_6_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^V^5+^_2_O_6_·4H_2_O","Mn V O H","IMA2002-017"," ",4971,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Anm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Carmine red.","#ff0038"
"Antarcticite","Antarcticite","CaCl2·6H2O","CaCl2·6H2O","CaCl_2_·6H_2_O","CaCl_2_·6H_2_O","Ca Cl H O","IMA1965-015"," ",900,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P321","Ca Cl H O","Atc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Anthoinite","Anthoinite","AlW6+O3(OH)3","AlWO3(OH)3","AlWO_3_(OH)_3_","AlW^6+^O_3_(OH)_3_","Al W O H"," "," ",901,"Anthoinite","triclinic","I1","Al W^6+ O H","Atn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Anthonyite","Anthonyite","Cu2+(OH)2·3H2O","Cu(OH)2·3H2O","Cu(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Cu O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",902,"Anthonyite",,,"Cu^2+ O H","Aty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Blue, Gray violet.","#0000ff,#9b8e8e"
"Anthophyllite","Anthophyllite","☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mg_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mg_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",903,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg Si O H","Ath","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Greenish gray, Green, Clove brown, Brownish green.","#ffffff,#96ae8d,#00ff00,#766051,#6a6e09"
"Antigorite","Antigorite","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",904,"Serpentine, Clay","monoclinic","Pm, C2/m","Mg Si O H","Atg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Gray, Bluish gray, Brown, Black.","#00ff00,#808080,#748b97,#653700,#000000"
"Antimonselite","Antimonselite","Sb3+2Se2-3","Sb2Se3","Sb_2_Se_3_","Sb^3+^_2_Se^2-^_3_","Sb Se","IMA1992-003"," ",906,"Stibnite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Sb^3+ Se^2-","Atm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Antimony","Antimony","Sb","Sb","Sb","Sb","Sb"," "," ",907,"Arsenic","hexagonal, cubic, tetragonal","R3m, P63/mmc, Pm3m, Fm3m, I4/mmm","Sb","Sb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Light gray, Tin white.","#d8dcd6,#cfd5db"
"Antipinite","Antipinite","KNa3Cu2+2((C2)6+O4)4","KNa3Cu2(C2O4)4","KNa_3_Cu_2_(C_2_O_4_)_4_","KNa_3_Cu^2+^_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_4_","K Na Cu C O","IMA2014-027"," ",6323,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","triclinic","P1","K Na Cu^2+ C O","Atp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Antipovite","Antipovite","Cu2+5O2(PO4)2","Cu5O2(PO4)2","Cu_5_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Cu O P","IMA2022-064"," ",7286," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O P","Antp",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Antlerite","Antlerite","Cu2+3(S6+O4)(OH)4","Cu2+3(SO4)(OH)4","Cu^2+^_3_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu S O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",908,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Atl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Green, Light green, Emerald green, Black, Black green.","#00ff00,#76ff7b,#046307,#000000,#384e49"
"Antofagastaite","Antofagastaite","Na2Ca(S6+O4)2·1.5H2O","Na2Ca(SO4)2·1.5H2O","Na_2_Ca(SO_4_)_2_·1.5H_2_O","Na_2_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·1.5H_2_O","Na Ca S O H","IMA2018-049"," ",6786,"Syngenite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Ca S^6+ O H","Atf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Anyuiite","Anyuiite","AuPb2","AuPb2","AuPb_2_","AuPb_2_","Au Pb","IMA1987-053"," ",909,"Khatyrkite","tetragonal","I4/mcm","Au Pb","Any","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Lead gray, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#a8a8a4"
"Anzaite-(Ce)","Anzaite-(Ce)","Ce3+4Fe2+Ti4+6O18(OH)2","Ce4Fe2+Ti6O18(OH)2","Ce_4_Fe^2+^Ti_6_O_18_(OH)_2_","Ce^3+^_4_Fe^2+^Ti^4+^_6_O_18_(OH)_2_","Ce Fe Ti O H","IMA2013-004"," ",6167,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O H","Anz-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Grey","#808080"
"Apachite","Apachite","Cu2+9Si10O29·11H2O","Cu2+9Si10O29·11H2O","Cu^2+^_9_Si_10_O_29_·11H_2_O","Cu^2+^_9_Si_10_O_29_·11H_2_O","Cu Si O H","IMA1979-022"," ",910,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Si O H","Apa","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Apexite","Apexite","NaMg(PO4)·9H2O","NaMg(PO4)·9H2O","NaMg(PO_4_)·9H_2_O","NaMg(PO_4_)·9H_2_O","Na Mg P O H","IMA2015-002"," ",6408,"Struvite","triclinic","P1","Na Mg P O H","Ape","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Aphthitalite","Aphthitalite","K3Na(S6+O4)2","K3Na(SO4)2","K_3_Na(SO_4_)_2_","K_3_Na(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Na S O"," "," ",911,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3m1","K Na S^6+ O","Att","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Blue, Colorless, Green, Gray, Gray blue.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080,#77a1b5"
"Apjohnite","Apjohnite","Mn2+Al2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","Mn2+Al2(SO4)4·22H2O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Mn Al S O H"," "," ",912,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Apj","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Pale yellow, Pale green, Pale pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#69b076,#efcddb"
"Aplowite","Aplowite","Co2+S6+O4·4H2O","Co(SO4)·4H2O","Co(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Co^2+^S^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Co S O H","IMA1963-009"," ",913,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Co^2+ S^6+ O H","Apw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Apuanite","Apuanite","Fe2+Fe3+4Sb3+4O12S2-","(Fe2+Fe3+2)(Fe3+2Sb3+4)O12S","(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_)(Fe^3+^_2_Sb^3+^_4_)O_12_S","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_4_Sb^3+^_4_O_12_S^2-^","Fe Sb O S","IMA1978-069"," ",914,"Minium","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^3+ O S^2-","Apu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Aqualite","Aqualite","(H3O)8(Na,K,Sr)5Ca6Zr4+3Si26O66(OH)9Cl","(H3O)8(Na,K,Sr)5Ca6Zr3Si26O66(OH)9Cl","(H_3_O)_8_(Na,K,Sr)_5_Ca_6_Zr_3_Si_26_O_66_(OH)_9_Cl","(H_3_O)_8_(Na,K,Sr)_5_Ca_6_Zr^4+^_3_Si_26_O_66_(OH)_9_Cl","H O Na K Sr Ca Zr Si Cl","IMA2002-066"," ",915,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","H O Na K Sr Ca Zr^4+ Si Cl","Aq","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Aradite","Aradite","BaCa6(SiO4)(V5+O4)(V5+O4)2F","BaCa6[(SiO4)(VO4)](VO4)2F","BaCa_6_[(SiO_4_)(VO_4_)](VO_4_)_2_F","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)_2_F","Ba Ca Si O V F","IMA2013-047"," ",6211,"Zadovite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O V^5+ F","Ara","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Aragonite","Aragonite","CaCO3","Ca(CO3)","Ca(CO_3_)","CaCO_3_","Ca C O"," "," ",916,"Aragonite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Ca C O","Arg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Yellowish white, Reddish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Arakiite","Arakiite","Zn2+Mn2+12Fe3+2(As3+O3)(As5+O4)2(OH)23","ZnMn2+12Fe3+2(As3+O3)(As5+O4)2(OH)23","ZnMn^2+^_12_Fe^3+^_2_(As^3+^O_3_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_23_","Zn^2+^Mn^2+^_12_Fe^3+^_2_(As^3+^O_3_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_23_","Zn Mn Fe As O H","IMA1998-062"," ",917,"Hematolite","monoclinic","Cc","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ As^3+ O As^5+ H","Ark","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Reddish brown, Orange brown.","#7f2b0a,#b16002"
"Aramayoite","Aramayoite","Ag1+3Sb3+2(Bi3+,Sb3+)S2-6","Ag3Sb2(Bi,Sb)S6","Ag_3_Sb_2_(Bi,Sb)S_6_","Ag^1+^_3_Sb^3+^_2_(Bi^3+^,Sb^3+^)S^2-^_6_","Ag Sb Bi S"," "," ",918,"Aramayoite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ary","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black, Deep blood red.","#263145,#c57776"
"Arangasite","Arangasite","Al2(S6+O4)(PO4)F·9H2O","Al2(SO4)(PO4)F·9H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)F·9H_2_O","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)F·9H_2_O","Al S O P F H","IMA2012-018"," ",6078,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21, P2/a","Al S^6+ O P F H","Ans","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Arapovite","Arapovite","(K1-x☐x)(Ca,Na)2U4+Si8O20 (x~0.5)","(K1-x☐x)(Ca,Na)2U4+Si8O20 [x ≈ 0.5]","(K_1-x_[box]_x_)(Ca,Na)_2_U^4+^Si_8_O_20_ [x ≈ 0.5]","(K_1-x_[box]_x_)(Ca,Na)_2_U^4+^Si_8_O_20_ (x~0.5)","K Ca Na U Si O","IMA2003-046"," ",5186,"Steacyite","tetragonal","P4/mcc","K Ca Na U^4+ Si O","Apv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Aravaipaite","Aravaipaite","Pb2+3AlF9·H2O","Pb3AlF9·H2O","Pb_3_AlF_9_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_AlF_9_·H_2_O","Pb Al F H O","IMA1988-021"," ",919,"Aravaipaite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P21/n","Pb^2+ Al F H O","Avp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Aravaite","Aravaite","Ba2Ca18(SiO4)6(PO4)3(CO3)F3O","Ba2Ca18(SiO4)6(PO4)3(CO3)F3O","Ba_2_Ca_18_(SiO_4_)_6_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)F_3_O","Ba_2_Ca_18_(SiO_4_)_6_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)F_3_O","Ba Ca Si O P C F","IMA2018-078"," ",6808,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O P C F","Arv","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arcanite","Arcanite","K2S6+O4","K2(SO4)","K_2_(SO_4_)","K_2_S^6+^O_4_","K S O"," "," ",920,"Arcanite","orthorhombic","Pnam","K S^6+ O","Acn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Archerite","Archerite","H2KPO4","H2K(PO4)","H_2_K(PO_4_)","H_2_KPO_4_","H K P O","IMA1975-008"," ",921,"Biphosphammite","tetragonal","I42d","H K P O","Aht","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Beige, White.","#e6daa6,#ffffff"
"Arctite","Arctite","(Na5Ca)Ca6Ba(PO4)6F3","(Na5Ca)Ca6Ba(PO4)6F3","(Na_5_Ca)Ca_6_Ba(PO_4_)_6_F_3_","(Na_5_Ca)Ca_6_Ba(PO_4_)_6_F_3_","Na Ca Ba P O F","IMA1980-049"," ",922,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Ba P O F","Arc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Arcubisite","Arcubisite","Ag6CuBiS4","Ag6CuBiS4","Ag_6_CuBiS_4_","Ag_6_CuBiS_4_","Ag Cu Bi S","IMA1973-009"," ",923,"Not in a structural group",,,"Ag Cu Bi S","Acb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Ardaite","Ardaite","Pb2+17Sb3+15S2-35Cl9","Pb17Sb15S35Cl9","Pb_17_Sb_15_S_35_Cl_9_","Pb^2+^_17_Sb^3+^_15_S^2-^_35_Cl_9_","Pb Sb S Cl","IMA1979-073"," ",924,"Madocite","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- Cl","Ada","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Green gray.","#7ea07a"
"Ardealite","Ardealite","Ca2(PO3OH)(S6+O4)·4H2O","Ca2(PO3OH)(SO4)·4H2O","Ca_2_(PO_3_OH)(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Ca_2_(PO_3_OH)(S^6+^O_4_)·4H_2_O","Ca P O H S"," "," ",925,"Gypsum","monoclinic","Cc","Ca P O H S^6+","Adl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Light yellow, Brown.","#fffe7a,#653700"
"Ardennite-(As)","Ardennite-(As)","Mn2+4Al4(AlMg)(As5+O4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6","Mn2+4Al4(AlMg)(AsO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6","Mn^2+^_4_Al_4_(AlMg)(AsO_4_)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(OH)_6_","Mn^2+^_4_Al_4_(AlMg)(As^5+^O_4_)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(OH)_6_","Mn Al Mg As O Si H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",926,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Pnmm","Mn^2+ Al Mg As^5+ O Si H","Ard-As","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow, Yellow brown, Dark brown, Orange, Black.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#73532a,#ffa500,#000000"
"Ardennite-(V)","Ardennite-(V)","Mn2+4(AlMg)Al4(Si5V5+)O22(OH)6","Mn2+4Al4(AlMg)(VO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6","Mn^2+^_4_Al_4_(AlMg)(VO_4_)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(OH)_6_","Mn^2+^_4_(AlMg)Al_4_(Si_5_V^5+^)O_22_(OH)_6_","Mn Al Mg V O Si H","IMA2005-037"," ",5520,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Pnmm","Mn^2+ Al Mg Si V^5+ O H","Ard-V","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Arfvedsonite","Arfvedsonite","NaNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",927,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Arf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black, Grayish green, Bluish gray.","#000000,#82a67d,#748b97"
"Argandite","Argandite","Mn2+7(V5+O4)2(OH)8","Mn7(VO4)2(OH)8","Mn_7_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_7_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn V O H","IMA2010-021"," ",5850,"Allactite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Agd","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Argentobaumhauerite","Argentobaumhauerite","Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72","Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72","Ag_1.5_Pb_22_As_33.5_S_72_","Ag_1.5_Pb_22_As_33.5_S_72_","Ag Pb As S","IMA1988-051, IMA2015 s.p."," ",1058,"Sartorite","monoclinic, triclinic","P1","Ag Pb As S","Abha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel grey","#43464b"
"Argentodufrénoysite","Argentodufrenoysite","Ag1+3Pb2+26As3+35S2-80","Ag3Pb26As35S80","Ag_3_Pb_26_As_35_S_80_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_26_As^3+^_35_S^2-^_80_","Ag Pb As S","IMA2016-046"," ",6574,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Aduf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argentojarosite","Argentojarosite","Ag1+Fe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","AgFe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ag^1+^Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ag Fe S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",928,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Ag^1+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Agjrs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#653700,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Argentoliveingite","Argentoliveingite","Ag1+xPb2+40-2xAs3+48+xS2-112 (3 < x < 4)","AgxPb40-2xAs48+xS112 (3 < x < 4)","Ag_x_Pb_40-2x_As_48+x_S_112_ (3 < x < 4)","Ag^1+^_x_Pb^2+^_40-2x_As^3+^_48+x_S^2-^_112_ (3 < x < 4)","Ag Pb As S","IMA2016-029"," ",6557,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Aliv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark grey","#363737"
"Argentopearceite","Argentopearceite","[Ag1+9Ag1+S1-4][Ag1+6As3+2S1-7]","[Ag9AgS4][Ag6As2S7]","[Ag_9_AgS_4_][Ag_6_As_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Ag^1+^S^1-^_4_][Ag^1+^_6_As^3+^_2_S^1-^_7_]","Ag S As","IMA2020-049"," ",7054,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P321","Ag^1+ S^1- As^3+","Apea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","steel grey to black","#43464b,#000000"
"Argentopentlandite","Argentopentlandite","Ag(Fe,Ni)8S8","Ag(Fe,Ni)8S8","Ag(Fe,Ni)_8_S_8_","Ag(Fe,Ni)_8_S_8_","Ag Fe Ni S","IMA1970-047"," ",929,"Pentlandite","cubic","Fm3m","Ag Fe Ni S","Apn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Argentopolybasite","Argentopolybasite","[Ag1+9Ag1+S2-4][Ag1+6Sb3+2S2-7]","[Ag9AgS4][Ag6Sb2S7]","[Ag_9_AgS_4_][Ag_6_Sb_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Ag^1+^S^2-^_4_][Ag^1+^_6_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_]","Ag S Sb","IMA2021-119"," ",7223,"Polybasite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P321, C2/c","Ag^1+ S^2- Sb^3+","Aplb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark grey to black","#363737,#000000"
"Argentopyrite","Argentopyrite","Ag1+Fe2+Fe3+S2-3","AgFe2S3","AgFe_2_S_3_","Ag^1+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Fe S"," "," ",930,"Cubanite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Agpy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue, Bronze brown, Green, Yellow, White.","#0000ff,#825e2f,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Argentotennantite-(Fe)","Argentotennantite-(Fe)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)As3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)As_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Fe As S","IMA2023-126"," ",7481,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Atnt-Fe",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argentotennantite-(Zn)","Argentotennantite-(Zn)","Ag1+6Cu1+4Zn2+2As3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)As_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Zn As S","IMA1985-026, IMA2019 s.p."," ",931,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Zn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Atnt-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey black","#373a3a"
"Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd)","Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Cd2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Cd_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cd^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Cd Sb S","IMA2022-053"," ",7273,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Cd^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Attr-Cd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe)","Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Fe Sb S","IMA2016-093, IMA2019 s.p."," ",5374,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Attr-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg)","Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Hg2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Hg_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Hg^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Hg Sb S","IMA2020-079"," ",7094,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Attr-Hg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn)","Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S13","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Cu Zn Sb S","IMA2020-069"," ",7085,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Attr-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Argesite","Argesite","(N3-H4)7Bi3+3Cl16","(NH4)7Bi3Cl16","(NH_4_)_7_Bi_3_Cl_16_","(N^3-^H_4_)_7_Bi^3+^_3_Cl_16_","N H Bi Cl","IMA2011-072"," ",6015,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3c","N^3- H Bi^3+ Cl","Age","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Argutite","Argutite","GeO2","GeO2","GeO_2_","GeO_2_","Ge O","IMA1980-067"," ",932,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Ge O","Agt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Argyrodite","Argyrodite","Ag1+8Ge4+S2-6","Ag8GeS6","Ag_8_GeS_6_","Ag^1+^_8_Ge^4+^S^2-^_6_","Ag Ge S"," "," ",933,"Argyrodite","orthorhombic","Pna21","Ag^1+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Agy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Steel gray.","#000000,#43464b"
"Arhbarite","Arhbarite","Cu2+2MgAs5+O4(OH)3","Cu2Mg(AsO4)(OH)3","Cu_2_Mg(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_MgAs^5+^O_4_(OH)_3_","Cu Mg As O H","IMA1981-044"," ",934,"Gilmarite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Mg As^5+ O H","Arh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Ariegilatite","Ariegilatite","BaCa12(SiO4)4(PO4)2F2O","BaCa12(SiO4)4(PO4)2F2O","BaCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_O","BaCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_O","Ba Ca Si O P F","IMA2016-100"," ",6627,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O P F","Agi","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Arisite-(Ce)","Arisite-(Ce)","NaCe3+2(CO3)2[(CO3)1-xF2x]F","NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F","NaCe_2_(CO_3_)_2_[F_2x_(CO_3_)_1-x_]F","NaCe^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_2_[(CO_3_)_1-x_F_2x_]F","Na Ce C O F","IMA2009-013"," ",5742,"Arisite","hexagonal","P6m2","Na Ce^3+ C O F","Ari-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Beige, beige-yellow, light lemon yellow to pinkish","#e6daa6,#feff32,#201b20,#d46a7e"
"Arisite-(La)","Arisite-(La)","NaLa2(CO3)2[(CO3)1-xF2x]F","NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F","NaLa_2_(CO_3_)_2_[F_2x_(CO_3_)_1-x_]F","NaLa_2_(CO_3_)_2_[(CO_3_)_1-x_F_2x_]F","Na La C O F","IMA2009-019"," ",5748,"Arisite","hexagonal","P6m2","Na La C O F","Ari-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Beige, beige-yellow, light lemon-yellow, pinkish","#e6daa6,#feff32,#e0c3a2,#d46a7e"
"Aristarainite","Aristarainite","Na2Mg[B6O8(OH)4]2·4H2O","Na2Mg[B6O8(OH)4]2·4H2O","Na_2_Mg[B_6_O_8_(OH)_4_]_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Mg[B_6_O_8_(OH)_4_]_2_·4H_2_O","Na Mg B O H","IMA1973-029"," ",935,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Mg B O H","Ais","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Armalcolite","Armalcolite","(Mg,Fe2+)Ti4+2O5","(Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5","(Mg,Fe^2+^)Ti_2_O_5_","(Mg,Fe^2+^)Ti^4+^_2_O_5_","Mg Fe Ti O","IMA1970-006"," ",936,"Pseudobrookite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Mg Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Arm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Armangite","Armangite","Mn2+26As3+18O50(CO3)(OH)4","Mn2+26[As3+6(OH)4O14][As3+6O18]2(CO3)","Mn^2+^_26_[As^3+^_6_(OH)_4_O_14_][As^3+^_6_O_18_]_2_(CO_3_)","Mn^2+^_26_As^3+^_18_O_50_(CO_3_)(OH)_4_","Mn As O H C"," "," ",937,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3","Mn^2+ As^3+ O C H","Amg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Armbrusterite","Armbrusterite","Na6K5Mn3+Mn2+14[Si9O22]4(OH)10·4H2O","Na6K5Mn3+Mn2+14(Si9O22)4(OH)10·4H2O","Na_6_K_5_Mn^3+^Mn^2+^_14_(Si_9_O_22_)_4_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Na_6_K_5_Mn^3+^Mn^2+^_14_[Si_9_O_22_]_4_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Na K Mn Si O H","IMA2005-035"," ",5354,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Mn^3+ Mn^2+ Si O H","Abr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Armellinoite-(Ce)","Armellinoite-(Ce)","Ca4Ce4+(As5+O4)4·H2O","Ca4Ce4+(AsO4)4·H2O","Ca_4_Ce^4+^(AsO_4_)_4_·H_2_O","Ca_4_Ce^4+^(As^5+^O_4_)_4_·H_2_O","Ca Ce As O H","IMA2018-094"," ",6823,"Pottsite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca Ce^4+ As^5+ O H","Aml-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow to brown–yellow; also honey-yellow, canary-yellow, yellow-greenish, yellow-brown","#eecf9e,#dd9966,#e6c562,#f1f1e6,#c8fd3d,#ae8b0c"
"Armenite","Armenite","BaCa2(Al6Si9)O30·2H2O","BaCa2(Al6Si9)O30·2H2O","BaCa_2_(Al_6_Si_9_)O_30_·2H_2_O","BaCa_2_(Al_6_Si_9_)O_30_·2H_2_O","Ba Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",938,"Milarite","orthorhombic","Pnna, Pnc2","Ba Ca Al Si O H","Amn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Gray green, White.","#afafaf,#86a17d,#ffffff"
"Armstrongite","Armstrongite","CaZr4+Si6O15·2H2O","CaZr(Si6O15)·2H2O","CaZr(Si_6_O_15_)·2H_2_O","CaZr^4+^Si_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Ca Zr Si O H","IMA1972-018"," ",939,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m, C2","Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Asg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Reddish brown.","#b5651d,#7f2b0a"
"Arrheniusite-(Ce)","Arrheniusite-(Ce)","CaMg[(Ce3+7Y3)Ca5](SiO4)3(Si3B3O18)(As5+O4)(BO3)F11","CaMg[(Ce7Y3)Ca5](SiO4)3(Si3B3O18)(AsO4)(BO3)F11","CaMg[(Ce_7_Y_3_)Ca_5_](SiO_4_)_3_(Si_3_B_3_O_18_)(AsO_4_)(BO_3_)F_11_","CaMg[(Ce^3+^_7_Y_3_)Ca_5_](SiO_4_)_3_(Si_3_B_3_O_18_)(As^5+^O_4_)(BO_3_)F_11_","Ca Mg Ce Y Si O B As F","IMA2019-086"," ",6973,"Okanoganite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Mg Ce^3+ Y Si O B As^5+ F","Arr-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Arrojadite-(BaNa)","Arrojadite-(BaNa)","BaNa3(NaCa)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","BaNa3(NaCa)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","BaNa_3_(NaCa)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","BaNa_3_(NaCa)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Ba Na Ca Fe Al P O H","IMA2014-071"," ",6373,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","C2/c, Cc","Ba Na Ca Fe^2+ Al P O H","Ajd-BaNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish, yellowish","#40a368,#faee66"
"Arrojadite-(KFe)","Arrojadite-(KFe)","(KNa)Fe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","(KNa)Fe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","(KNa)Fe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","(KNa)Fe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","K Na Fe Ca Al P O H","IMA2005 s.p."," ",5339,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","A2/a, C2/c, B2/b","K Na Fe^2+ Ca Al P O H","Ajd-KFe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Olive-green","#8ead2c"
"Arrojadite-(KNa)","Arrojadite-(KNa)","KNa3(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","KNa3(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","KNa_3_(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","KNa_3_(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","K Na Ca Fe Al P O H","IMA2005-047"," ",940,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","A2/a, Cc","K Na Ca Fe^2+ Al P O H","Ajd-KNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Arrojadite-(PbFe)","Arrojadite-(PbFe)","Pb2+Fe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","PbFe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","PbFe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Fe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Pb Fe Ca Na Al P O H","IMA2005-056"," ",5341,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Ca Na Al P O H","Ajd-PbFe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale honey.","#f5d6aa"
"Arrojadite-(SrFe)","Arrojadite-(SrFe)","SrFe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","SrFe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","SrFe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","SrFe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Sr Fe Ca Na Al P O H","IMA2005-032"," ",5340,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","Sr Fe^2+ Ca Na Al P O H","Ajd-SrFe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow to yellowish red","#ffff00,#edeeda"
"Arsenatrotitanite","Arsenatrotitanite","NaTi4+(As5+O4)O","NaTi(AsO4)O","NaTi(AsO_4_)O","NaTi^4+^(As^5+^O_4_)O","Na Ti As O","IMA2016-015"," ",6591,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ti^4+ As^5+ O","Anttn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","brownish red, pale pinkish-reddish, almost colourless","#9e3623,#f10c45,#afafaf"
"Arsenbrackebuschite","Arsenbrackebuschite","Pb2+2(Fe3+,Zn2+)(As5+O4)2(OH,H2O)","Pb2(Fe3+,Zn)(AsO4)2(OH,H2O)","Pb_2_(Fe^3+^,Zn)(AsO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)","Pb^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Zn^2+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)","Pb Fe Zn As O H","IMA1977-014"," ",941,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Abbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Honey yellow.","#ca9456"
"Arsendescloizite","Arsendescloizite","Pb2+Zn2+As5+O4(OH)","PbZn(AsO4)(OH)","PbZn(AsO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Zn As O H","IMA1979-030"," ",942,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Adcz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, Dark green.","#fffe7a,#033500"
"Arsenic","Arsenic","As","As","As","As","As"," "," ",943,"Arsenic","hexagonal","R3m","As","As","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","Yes","Lead gray, Gray, White.","#8a7963,#808080,#ffffff"
"Arseniopleite","Arseniopleite","NaCaMn2+Mn2+2(As5+O4)3","NaCaMnMn2(AsO4)3","NaCaMnMn_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCaMn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mn As O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",944,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","I2/a","Na Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O","Apl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Cherry, Reddish brown.","#cf0234,#7f2b0a"
"Arseniosiderite","Arseniosiderite","Ca2Fe3+3O2(As5+O4)3·3H2O","Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3·3H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(AsO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca Fe O As H"," "," ",945,"Arseniosiderite","monoclinic","A2/a, Aa","Ca Fe^3+ O As^5+ H","Assd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze brown, Yellow, Yellow brown, Dark brown, Black.","#825e2f,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#73532a,#000000"
"Arsenmarcobaldiite","Arsenmarcobaldiite","Pb2+12(As3+3.2Sb3+2.8)S2-21","Pb12(As3.2Sb2.8)Σ6S21","Pb_12_(As_3.2_Sb_2.8_)_Σ6_S_21_","Pb^2+^_12_(As^3+^_3.2_Sb^3+^_2.8_)S^2-^_21_","Pb As Sb S","IMA2016-045"," ",6573,"Geocronite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Amcb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Arsenmedaite","Arsenmedaite","Mn2+6As5+Si5O18(OH)","Mn2+6As5+Si5O18(OH)","Mn^2+^_6_As^5+^Si_5_O_18_(OH)","Mn^2+^_6_As^5+^Si_5_O_18_(OH)","Mn As Si O H","IMA2016-099"," ",6626,"Medaite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ As^5+ Si O H","Amed","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange-reddish","#fe4401"
"Arsenoclasite","Arsenoclasite","Mn2+5(As5+O4)2(OH)4","Mn2+5(AsO4)2(OH)4","Mn^2+^_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn As O H"," "," ",946,"Arsenoclasite","orthorhombic","P212121","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Asc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Orange brown, Red.","#b16002,#ff0000"
"Arsenocrandallite","Arsenocrandallite","CaAl3(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","CaAl_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","CaAl_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ca Al As O H","IMA1980-060"," ",947,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Al As^5+ O H","Acdl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue green.","#0000ff,#137e6d"
"Arsenoflorencite-(Ce)","Arsenoflorencite-(Ce)","Ce3+Al3(As5+O4)2(OH)6","CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6","CeAl_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce^3+^Al_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce Al As O H","IMA1985-053"," ",948,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ce^3+ Al As^5+ O H","Aflo-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pale brown, Colorless.","#ffffff,#b1916e,#afafaf"
"Arsenoflorencite-(La)","Arsenoflorencite-(La)","La3+Al3(As5+O4)2(OH)6","LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6","LaAl_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","La^3+^Al_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","La Al As O H","IMA2009-078"," ",5807,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","La^3+ Al As^5+ O H","Aflo-La","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Arsenogoldfieldite","Arsenogoldfieldite","Cu1+6Cu1+6(As3+2Te4+2)S2-13","Cu6Cu6(As2Te2)S13","Cu_6_Cu_6_(As_2_Te_2_)S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_Cu^1+^_6_(As^3+^_2_Te^4+^_2_)S^2-^_13_","Cu As Te S","IMA2022-084"," ",7304,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ As^3+ Te^4+ S^2-","Asgf",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenogorceixite","Arsenogorceixite","BaAl3As5+O4(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","BaAl_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","BaAl_3_As^5+^O_4_(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ba Al As O H","IMA1989-055"," ",949,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Al As^5+ O H","Agcx","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Yellow, Bluish, Colorless.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#2976bb,#afafaf"
"Arsenogoyazite","Arsenogoyazite","SrAl3(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","SrAl_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","SrAl_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Sr Al As O H","IMA1983-043"," ",950,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Al As^5+ O H","Agoy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Greenish white, Gray green, Yellow, Light green.","#d1f1de,#86a17d,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Arsenohauchecornite","Arsenohauchecornite","Ni18Bi3AsS16","Ni18Bi3AsS16","Ni_18_Bi_3_AsS_16_","Ni_18_Bi_3_AsS_16_","Ni Bi As S","IMA1978 s.p."," ",951,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal","P4/mmm, I4/mmm","Ni Bi As S","Ahau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Arsenohopeite","Arsenohopeite","Zn2+3(As5+O4)2·4H2O","Zn3(AsO4)2·4H2O","Zn_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA2010-069"," ",5908,"Hopeite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ahop","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenolamprite","Arsenolamprite","As","As","As","As","As"," "," ",952,"Arsenolamprite","orthorhombic","Bmab","As","Asl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","Yes","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Arsenolite","Arsenolite","As3+2O3","As2O3","As_2_O_3_","As^3+^_2_O_3_","As O"," "," ",953,"Arsenolite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","As^3+ O","Aso","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, White, Light yellow, Red.","#0000ff,#ffffff,#fffe7a,#ff0000"
"Arsenopalladinite","Arsenopalladinite","Pd8As3","Pd8As3","Pd_8_As_3_","Pd_8_As_3_","Pd As","IMA1973-002a"," ",954,"Stillwaterite","triclinic","P1","Pd As","Apdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Arsenopyrite","Arsenopyrite","Fe3+(AsS)3-","FeAsS","FeAsS","Fe^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Fe As S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",955,"Arsenopyrite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, C21/d, P21/c, B21/d","Fe^3+ As S","Apy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Tin white, Light steel gray.","#cfd5db,#b0c4de"
"Arsenotučekite","Arsenotucekite","Ni18Sb3AsS16","Ni18Sb3AsS16","Ni_18_Sb_3_AsS_16_","Ni_18_Sb_3_AsS_16_","Ni Sb As S","IMA2019-135"," ",7018,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ni Sb As S","Atuč","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenoústalečite","Arsenoustalecite","Cu1+6Cu1+6(As3+2Te4+2)Se2-13","Cu6Cu6(As2Te2)Se13","Cu_6_Cu_6_(As_2_Te_2_)Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_Cu^1+^_6_(As^3+^_2_Te^4+^_2_)Se^2-^_13_","Cu As Te Se","IMA2022-116"," ",7338,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ As^3+ Te^4+ Se^2-","Aúč",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenovanmeersscheite","Arsenovanmeersscheite","U6+(U6+O2)3(As5+O4)2(OH)6·4H2O","U(UO2)3(AsO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","U(UO_2_)_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","U^6+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","U O As H","IMA2006-018"," ",5573," ","orthorhombic","P21mn","U^6+ O As^5+ H","Avms","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenoveszelyite","Arsenoveszelyite","Cu2+2Zn2+(As5+O4)(OH)3·2H2O","Cu2Zn(AsO4)(OH)3·2H2O","Cu_2_Zn(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Zn As O H","IMA2021-076a"," ",7202,"Veszelyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Avsz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenowagnerite","Arsenowagnerite","Mg2As5+O4F","Mg2(AsO4)F","Mg_2_(AsO_4_)F","Mg_2_As^5+^O_4_F","Mg As O F","IMA2014-100"," ",6398,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg As^5+ O F","Awag","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenquatrandorite","Arsenquatrandorite","Ag1+17.6Pb2+12.8Sb3+38.1As3+11.5S2-96","Ag17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96","Ag_17.6_Pb_12.8_Sb_38.1_As_11.5_S_96_","Ag^1+^_17.6_Pb^2+^_12.8_Sb^3+^_38.1_As^3+^_11.5_S^2-^_96_","Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2012-087"," ",6150,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Aado","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsentsumebite","Arsentsumebite","Pb2+2Cu2+(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)","Pb2Cu(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)","Pb_2_Cu(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)","Pb Cu As O S H"," "," ",958,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Atsu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Emerald green.","#c8fd3d,#046307"
"Arsenudinaite","Arsenudinaite","NaMg4(As5+O4)3","NaMg4(AsO4)3","NaMg_4_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaMg_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Mg As O","IMA2018-067"," ",6799,"Jeffbenite","tetragonal","I42d","Na Mg As^5+ O","Audn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Arsenuranospathite","Arsenuranospathite","Al(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2F·20H2O","Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F·20H2O","Al(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_F·20H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_F·20H_2_O","Al U O As F H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",959," ","orthorhombic, tetragonal","Pmmm, P42/n, P4/nnc, Pnn2","Al U^6+ O As^5+ F H","Aush","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Arsenuranylite","Arsenuranylite","Ca(U6+O2)4(As5+O4)2(OH)4·6H2O","Ca(UO2)4(AsO4)2(OH)4·6H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca U O As H"," "," ",960,"Phosphuranylite","orthorhombic","Bmmb","Ca U^6+ O As^5+ H","Auy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Yellow.","#ffa500,#ffff00"
"Arsiccioite","Arsiccioite","Ag1+Hg2+2Tl1+As3+2S2-6","AgHg2TlAs2S6","AgHg_2_TlAs_2_S_6_","Ag^1+^Hg^2+^_2_Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Ag Hg Tl As S","IMA2013-058"," ",6220,"Routhierite","tetragonal","I42m","Ag^1+ Hg^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Asi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red","#ff0000"
"Arsmirandite","Arsmirandite","Na18Cu2+12Fe3+O8(As5+O4)8Cl5","Na18Cu12Fe3+O8(AsO4)8Cl5","Na_18_Cu_12_Fe^3+^O_8_(AsO_4_)_8_Cl_5_","Na_18_Cu^2+^_12_Fe^3+^O_8_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_Cl_5_","Na Cu Fe O As Cl","IMA2014-081"," ",6379,"Arsmirandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O As^5+ Cl","Asm","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark greyish green to olive-greenish black","#363737,#454445"
"Arthurite","Arthurite","Cu2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CuFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu Fe As O H","IMA1964-002"," ",961,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Atu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green, Emerald green.","#69b076,#046307"
"Artinite","Artinite","Mg2CO3(OH)2·3H2O","Mg2(CO3)(OH)2·3H2O","Mg_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Mg_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Mg C O H"," "," ",962,"Artinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg C O H","Art","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Artroeite","Artroeite","Pb2+AlF3(OH)2","PbAlF3(OH)2","PbAlF_3_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^AlF_3_(OH)_2_","Pb Al F O H","IMA1993-031"," ",963," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Al F O H","Ate","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Artsmithite","Artsmithite","Hg1+4Al(PO4)1.74(OH)1.78","Hg1+4Al(PO4)1.74(OH)1.78","Hg^1+^_4_Al(PO_4_)_1.74_(OH)_1.78_","Hg^1+^_4_Al(PO_4_)_1.74_(OH)_1.78_","Hg Al P O H","IMA2002-039"," ",964," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Hg^1+ Al P O H","Ash","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Arupite","Arupite","Ni2+3(PO4)2·8H2O","Ni3(PO4)2·8H2O","Ni_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni P O H","IMA1988-008"," ",965,"Vivianite","monoclinic","I2/m, C2/m","Ni^2+ P O H","Arp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Turquoise blue.","#0000ff,#00ffef"
"Arzamastsevite","Arzamastsevite","K6Al5Si6O20(OH)4Cl","K6Al5Si6O20(OH)4Cl","K_6_Al_5_Si_6_O_20_(OH)_4_Cl","K_6_Al_5_Si_6_O_20_(OH)_4_Cl","K Al Si O H Cl","IMA2024-085"," ",7560,"Edingtonite","tetragonal","I42m","K Al Si O H Cl","Azm",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Arzrunite","Arzrunite","Pb2+2Cu2+4S6+O4(OH)4Cl6·2H2O","Pb2Cu4(SO4)(OH)4Cl6·2H2O","Pb_2_Cu_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_Cl_6_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_Cl_6_·2H_2_O","Pb Cu S O H Cl"," "," ",5379," ",,,"Pb^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Arz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Bluish green.","#0000ff,#10a674"
"Asagiite","Asagiite","Ni2+Cu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·6H2O","NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·6H2O","NiCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Ni Cu S O H","IMA2022-065"," ",7287,"Ktenasite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ni^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Asa",,"No","Pale blue-green (unique enough to impart its name)","#a2adb1,#f5e7e3"
"Asbecasite","Asbecasite","Ca3Ti4+As3+6Be2Si2O20","Ca3TiAs6Be2Si2O20","Ca_3_TiAs_6_Be_2_Si_2_O_20_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^As^3+^_6_Be_2_Si_2_O_20_","Ca Ti As Be Si O","IMA1965-037"," ",967,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3c1","Ca Ti^4+ As^3+ Be Si O","Abc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon, Brownish.","#fff700,#9c6d57"
"Asbolane","Asbolane","Mn4+(O,OH)2·(Co3+,Ni2+,Mg,Ca)x(OH)2x·nH2O","Mn4+(O,OH)2·(Co,Ni,Mg,Ca)x(OH)2x·nH2O","Mn^4+^(O,OH)_2_·(Co,Ni,Mg,Ca)_x_(OH)_2x_·nH_2_O","Mn^4+^(O,OH)_2_·(Co^3+^,Ni^2+^,Mg,Ca)_x_(OH)_2x_·nH_2_O","Mn O H Co Ni Mg Ca"," "," ",968,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal",,"Mn^4+ O H Co^3+ Ni^2+ Mg Ca","Asb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Aschamalmite","Aschamalmite","Pb2+6-3xBi3+2+xS2-9","Pb6-3xBi2+xS9","Pb_6-3x_Bi_2+x_S_9_","Pb^2+^_6-3x_Bi^3+^_2+x_S^2-^_9_","Pb Bi S","IMA1982-089"," ",969,"Lillianite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ahm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray.","#8a7963,#808080"
"Åsgruvanite-(Ce)","Asgruvanite-(Ce)","Ce3+16Ca5Al(SiO4)6(As3+O3)8(CO3)2Cl4F3(OH)2","Ce16Ca5Al(SiO4)6(AsO3)8(CO3)2Cl4F3(OH)2","Ce_16_Ca_5_Al(SiO_4_)_6_(AsO_3_)_8_(CO_3_)_2_Cl_4_F_3_(OH)_2_","Ce^3+^_16_Ca_5_Al(SiO_4_)_6_(As^3+^O_3_)_8_(CO_3_)_2_Cl_4_F_3_(OH)_2_","Ce Ca Al Si O As C Cl F H","IMA2025-004"," ",7571,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3m1","Ce^3+ Ca Al Si O As^3+ C Cl F H","Åsg-Ce",,"No","greyish green to nearly colourless","#82a67d,#afafaf"
"Ashburtonite","Ashburtonite","HPb2+4Cu2+4(Si4O12)(HCO3)4(OH)4Cl","HCu4Pb4Si4O12(HCO3)4(OH)4Cl","HCu_4_Pb_4_Si_4_O_12_(HCO_3_)_4_(OH)_4_Cl","HPb^2+^_4_Cu^2+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)(HCO_3_)_4_(OH)_4_Cl","H Cu Pb Si O C Cl","IMA1990-033"," ",970,"Cerchiaraite","tetragonal","I4/m","H Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Si O C Cl","Ahb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Ashcroftine-(Y)","Ashcroftine-(Y)","K5Na5Y12Si28O70(OH)2(CO3)8·8H2O","K5Na5Y12Si28O70(OH)2(CO3)8·8H2O","K_5_Na_5_Y_12_Si_28_O_70_(OH)_2_(CO_3_)_8_·8H_2_O","K_5_Na_5_Y_12_Si_28_O_70_(OH)_2_(CO_3_)_8_·8H_2_O","K Na Y Si O H C","IMA1987 s.p."," ",971,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Na Y Si O H C","Acf-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light violet, Pink, Pinkish brown, Deep violet.","#d6b4fc,#ffc0cb,#b17261,#330066"
"Ashoverite","Ashoverite","Zn2+(OH)2","Zn(OH)2","Zn(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^(OH)_2_","Zn O H","IMA1986-008"," ",972," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Zn^2+ O H","Aov","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Asimowite","Asimowite","Fe2+2SiO4","Fe2SiO4","Fe_2_SiO_4_","Fe^2+^_2_SiO_4_","Fe Si O","IMA2018-102"," ",6831,"Wadsleyite","orthorhombic","Imma","Fe^2+ Si O","Amw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Asisite","Asisite","Pb2+7SiO8Cl2","Pb7SiO8Cl2","Pb_7_SiO_8_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_7_SiO_8_Cl_2_","Pb Si O Cl","IMA1987-003"," ",973,"Asisite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ Si O Cl","Ass","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green yellow, Yellow.","#c6f808,#ffff00"
"Åskagenite-(Nd)","Askagenite-(Nd)","Mn2+Nd(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O2","Mn2+Nd(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O2","Mn^2+^Nd(Al_2_Fe^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O_2_","Mn^2+^Nd(Al_2_Fe^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O_2_","Mn Nd Al Fe Si O","IMA2009-073"," ",5803,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Nd Al Fe^3+ Si O","Åsk-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Aspedamite","Aspedamite","☐12(Fe3+,Fe2+)3Nb5+4[Th4+(Nb5+,Fe3+)12O42][(H2O),(OH)]12","☐12(Fe3+,Fe2+)3Nb4[Th(Nb,Fe3+)12O42][(H2O),(OH)]12","[box]_12_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_3_Nb_4_[Th(Nb,Fe^3+^)_12_O_42_][(H_2_O),(OH)]_12_","[box]_12_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_3_Nb^5+^_4_[Th^4+^(Nb^5+^,Fe^3+^)_12_O_42_][(H_2_O),(OH)]_12_","Fe Nb Th O H","IMA2011-056"," ",6000,"Menezesite","cubic","Im3","Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Th^4+ O H","Apd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish orange to deep red","#cb7723,#9a0200"
"Aspidolite","Aspidolite","NaMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","NaMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","NaMg_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","NaMg_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Si Al O H","IMA2004-049"," ",974,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, C1","Na Mg Si Al O H","Asp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light brown, White, Greenish, Red.","#b5651d,#ffffff,#40a368,#ff0000"
"Asselbornite","Asselbornite","Pb2+(U6+O2)4(Bi3+O)3(As5+O4)2(OH)7·4H2O","Pb(UO2)4(BiO)3(AsO4)2(OH)7·4H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_4_(BiO)_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(Bi^3+^O)_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·4H_2_O","Pb U O Bi As H","IMA1980-087"," ",975," ","cubic","Im3m","Pb^2+ U^6+ O Bi^3+ As^5+ H","Asbn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Lemon yellow.","#653700,#cfff04"
"Astrocyanite-(Ce)","Astrocyanite-(Ce)","Cu2+2Ce3+2(U6+O2)(CO3)5(OH)2·1.5H2O","Cu2Ce2(UO2)(CO3)5(OH)2·1.5H2O","Cu_2_Ce_2_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_5_(OH)_2_·1.5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Ce^3+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_5_(OH)_2_·1.5H_2_O","Cu Ce U O C H","IMA1989-032"," ",976," ","hexagonal",,"Cu^2+ Ce^3+ U^6+ O C H","Acy-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Bright blue, Blue green.","#0000ff,#0165fc,#137e6d"
"Astrophyllite","Astrophyllite","K2NaFe2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K2NaFe2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K Na Fe Ti Si O H F"," "," ",977,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1, A1","K Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Ast","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Brownish red, Bronze yellow, Gold yellow.","#653700,#9e3623,#737000,#fbe870"
"Atacamite","Atacamite","Cu2+2Cl(OH)3","Cu2Cl(OH)3","Cu_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu Cl O H"," "," ",978,"Atacamite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Cu^2+ Cl O H","Ata","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Green, Yellow, Yellow green, Black green.","#00ff00,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#384e49"
"Atelestite","Atelestite","Bi3+2O(As5+O4)(OH)","Bi2O(AsO4)(OH)","Bi_2_O(AsO_4_)(OH)","Bi^3+^_2_O(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Bi O As H"," "," ",979,"Atelestite","monoclinic","P21/c","Bi^3+ O As^5+ H","Ale","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green, Light yellow, Black.","#00ff00,#fffe7a,#000000"
"Atelisite-(Y)","Atelisite-(Y)","Y4Si3O8(OH)8","Y4Si3O8(OH)8","Y_4_Si_3_O_8_(OH)_8_","Y_4_Si_3_O_8_(OH)_8_","Y Si O H","IMA2010-065"," ",5923,"Zircon","tetragonal","I42d","Y Si O H","Ael-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Atencioite","Atencioite","Ca2Fe2+3Mg2Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Fe2+3Mg2Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^_3_Mg_2_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^_3_Mg_2_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Fe Mg Be P O H","IMA2004-041"," ",5291,"Roscherite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Mg Be P O H","Aco","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish brown.","#696112"
"Athabascaite","Athabascaite","Cu5Se4","Cu5Se4","Cu_5_Se_4_","Cu_5_Se_4_","Cu Se","IMA1969-022"," ",980," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu Se","Atb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Gray white.","#758da3,#d7d5cb"
"Atheneite","Atheneite","Pd2(As0.75Hg0.25)","Pd2(As0.75Hg0.25)","Pd_2_(As_0.75_Hg_0.25_)","Pd_2_(As_0.75_Hg_0.25_)","Pd As Hg","IMA1973-050"," ",981,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P6/mmm, P62m","Pd As Hg","Ah","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Atlasovite","Atlasovite","Cu2+6Fe3+Bi3+O4(S6+O4)5·KCl","Cu2+6Fe3+Bi3+O4(SO4)5·KCl","Cu^2+^_6_Fe^3+^Bi^3+^O_4_(SO_4_)_5_·KCl","Cu^2+^_6_Fe^3+^Bi^3+^O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_·KCl","Cu Fe Bi O S K Cl","IMA1986-029"," ",982," ","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ Bi^3+ O S^6+ K Cl","Atv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Atokite","Atokite","Pd3Sn","Pd3Sn","Pd_3_Sn","Pd_3_Sn","Pd Sn","IMA1974-041"," ",983,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Fm3m, Pm3m, Pm3m","Pd Sn","Ato","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Attakolite","Attakolite","CaMn2+Al4(HSiO4)(PO4)3(OH)4","CaMn2+Al4(HSiO4)(PO4)3(OH)4","CaMn^2+^Al_4_(HSiO_4_)(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_","CaMn^2+^Al_4_(HSiO_4_)(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_","Ca Mn Al H Si O P","IMA1992 s.p."," ",984," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mn^2+ Al H Si O P","Ako","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pink, Pale red.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#752745"
"Attikaite","Attikaite","Ca3Cu2+2Al2(As5+O4)4(OH)4·2H2O","Ca3Cu2Al2(AsO4)4(OH)4·2H2O","Ca_3_Cu_2_Al_2_(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca_3_Cu^2+^_2_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca Cu Al As O H","IMA2006-017"," ",5357," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Atk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue, Greenish blue.","#add8e6,#0b8b87"
"Aubertite","Aubertite","Cu2+Al(S6+O4)2Cl·14H2O","Cu2+Al(SO4)2Cl·14H2O","Cu^2+^Al(SO_4_)_2_Cl·14H_2_O","Cu^2+^Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl·14H_2_O","Cu Al S O Cl H","IMA1978-051"," ",985,"Aubertite","triclinic","P1, P1","Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O Cl H","Aub","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Azure, Blue.","#007fff,#0000ff"
"Auerbakhite","Auerbakhite","Mn2+Tl1+2As3+2S2-5","MnTl2As2S5","MnTl_2_As_2_S_5_","Mn^2+^Tl^1+^_2_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Mn Tl As S","IMA2020-047"," ",7053," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Mn^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Aue","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bright red","#ff000d"
"Augelite","Augelite","Al2PO4(OH)3","Al2(PO4)(OH)3","Al_2_(PO_4_)(OH)_3_","Al_2_PO_4_(OH)_3_","Al P O H"," "," ",986," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Al P O H","Aul","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellow green, White, Light blue.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Augite","Augite","(Ca,Mg,Fe2+)2Si2O6","(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6","(Ca,Mg,Fe)_2_Si_2_O_6_","(Ca,Mg,Fe^2+^)_2_Si_2_O_6_","Ca Mg Fe Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",987,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg Fe^2+ Si O","Aug","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brown green, Green, Light brown, Dark brown, Black.","#706c11,#00ff00,#b5651d,#73532a,#000000"
"Auriacusite","Auriacusite","Fe3+Cu2+(As5+O4)O","Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O","Fe^3+^Cu^2+^(AsO_4_)O","Fe^3+^Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)O","Fe Cu As O","IMA2009-037"," ",5764,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Fe^3+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Aur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","ochreous yellow","#ffa700"
"Aurichalcite","Aurichalcite","(Zn2+,Cu2+)5(CO3)2(OH)6","(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6","(Zn,Cu)_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","(Zn^2+^,Cu^2+^)_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Zn Cu C O H"," "," ",988," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Zn^2+ Cu^2+ C O H","Ach","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, Sky blue, Greenish blue.","#69b076,#9fb9e2,#0b8b87"
"Auricupride","Auricupride","Cu3Au","Cu3Au","Cu_3_Au","Cu_3_Au","Cu Au"," "," ",989,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Cu Au","Auc","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Bronze, Copper.","#a87900,#b87333"
"Aurihydrargyrumite","Aurihydrargyrumite","Au6Hg5","Au6Hg5","Au_6_Hg_5_","Au_6_Hg_5_","Au Hg","IMA2017-003"," ",6646," ","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Au Hg","Ahg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Aurivilliusite","Aurivilliusite","Hg1+Hg2+OI1-","Hg1+Hg2+OI","Hg^1+^Hg^2+^OI","Hg^1+^Hg^2+^OI^1-^","Hg O I","IMA2002-022"," ",5192," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ O I^1-","Avl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark gray black.","#363737"
"Auropearceite","Auropearceite","[Ag1+9Au1+S2-4][Ag1+6As3+2S2-7]","[Ag9AuS4][Ag6As2S7]","[Ag_9_AuS_4_][Ag_6_As_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Au^1+^S^2-^_4_][Ag^1+^_6_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_]","Ag Au S As","IMA2024-025"," ",7549,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P321","Ag^1+ Au^1+ S^2- As^3+","Aupea",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Auropolybasite","Auropolybasite","[Ag1+9Au1+S2-4][Ag1+6Sb3+2S2-7]","[Ag9AuS4][Ag6Sb2S7]","[Ag_9_AuS_4_][Ag_6_Sb_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Au^1+^S^2-^_4_][Ag^1+^_6_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_]","Ag Au S Sb","IMA2024-006"," ",7473,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P321","Ag^1+ Au^1+ S^2- Sb^3+","Auplb",,"No","dark grey to black","#363737,#000000"
"Aurorite","Aurorite","Mn2+Mn4+3O7·3H2O","Mn2+Mn4+3O7·3H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Mn O H","IMA1966-031"," ",990," ","hexagonal","R3","Mn^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Aro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish black, Black.","#555152,#000000"
"Auroselenide","Auroselenide","AuSe","AuSe","AuSe","AuSe","Au Se","IMA2022-052"," ",7272," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Au Se","Ause",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Aurostibite","Aurostibite","AuSb2","AuSb2","AuSb_2_","AuSb_2_","Au Sb"," "," ",991,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Au Sb","Ausb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Austinite","Austinite","CaZn2+As5+O4(OH)","CaZn(AsO4)(OH)","CaZn(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaZn^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Zn As O H"," "," ",992,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Aus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, Yellowish white, White.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Autunite","Autunite","Ca(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·10-12H2O","Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·10-12H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·10-12H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·10-12H_2_O","Ca U O P H"," "," ",993,"Autunite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca U^6+ O P H","Aut","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Yellow, Pale yellow, Lemon yellow, Greenish yellow, Pale green.","#ffff00,#eecf9e,#cfff04,#cdfd02,#69b076"
"Avdeevite","Avdeevite","NaAl4(Be5Li)(Si6O18)2(H2O)1-2","NaAl4(Be5Li)(Si6O18)2(H2O)1-2","NaAl_4_(Be_5_Li)(Si_6_O_18_)_2_(H_2_O)_1-2_","NaAl_4_(Be_5_Li)(Si_6_O_18_)_2_(H_2_O)_1-2_","Na Al Be Li Si O H","IMA2018-109"," ",6843,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Na Al Be Li Si O H","Avd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pink","#ffc0cb"
"Avdoninite","Avdoninite","K2Cu2+5Cl8(OH)4·2H2O","K2Cu5Cl8(OH)4·2H2O","K_2_Cu_5_Cl_8_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K_2_Cu^2+^_5_Cl_8_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K Cu Cl O H","IMA2005-046a"," ",5318," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Cu^2+ Cl O H","Avn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Averievite","Averievite","Cu2+5O2(V5+O4)2·Cu2+Cl2","Cu5O2(VO4)2·CuCl2","Cu_5_O_2_(VO_4_)_2_·CuCl_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·Cu^2+^Cl_2_","Cu O V Cl","IMA1995-027"," ",994," ","hexagonal","P3","Cu^2+ O V^5+ Cl","Avv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Avicennite","Avicennite","Tl3+2O3","Tl2O3","Tl_2_O_3_","Tl^3+^_2_O_3_","Tl O"," "," ",995,"Bixbyite","cubic","Ia3, I213","Tl^3+ O","Avc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Avogadrite","Avogadrite","KBF4","KBF4","KBF_4_","KBF_4_","K B F"," "," ",996,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","K B F","Avg","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Reddish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#c44240"
"Awaruite","Awaruite","Ni3Fe","Ni3Fe","Ni_3_Fe","Ni_3_Fe","Ni Fe"," "," ",997,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Fm3m, Pm3m","Ni Fe","Awr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray white, Silver white, Tin white.","#d7d5cb,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Axelite","Axelite","Na14Cu2+7(As5+O4)8F2Cl2","Na14Cu7(AsO4)8F2Cl2","Na_14_Cu_7_(AsO_4_)_8_F_2_Cl_2_","Na_14_Cu^2+^_7_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_F_2_Cl_2_","Na Cu As O F Cl","IMA2017-015a"," ",6676,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P4bm","Na Cu^2+ As^5+ O F Cl","Axe","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Axinite-(Fe)","Axinite-(Fe)","Ca4Fe2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca4Fe2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca_4_Fe^2+^_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca_4_Fe^2+^_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca Fe Al B Si O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",1880,"Axinite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Al B Si O H","Ax-Fe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Purplish blue, Gray, Greenish yellow.","#653700,#6140ef,#808080,#cdfd02"
"Axinite-(Mg)","Axinite-(Mg)","Ca4Mg2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca4Mg2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca_4_Mg_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca_4_Mg_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca Mg Al B Si O H","IMA1975-025"," ",2930,"Axinite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Al B Si O H","Ax-Mg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Purplish blue, Gray, Greenish yellow.","#653700,#6140ef,#808080,#cdfd02"
"Axinite-(Mn)","Axinite-(Mn)","Ca4Mn2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca4Mn2+2Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca_4_Mn^2+^_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca_4_Mn^2+^_2_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca Mn Al B Si O H","IMA2004 s.p."," ",2992,"Axinite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Al B Si O H","Ax-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellowish, Pale violet, Reddish.","#653700,#afafaf,#faee66,#c6c3d6,#c44240"
"Azoproite","Azoproite","Mg2((Ti4+,Mg),Fe3+)O2BO3","Mg2[(Ti,Mg),Fe3+]O2(BO3)","Mg_2_[(Ti,Mg),Fe^3+^]O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_((Ti^4+^,Mg),Fe^3+^)O_2_BO_3_","Mg Ti Fe O B","IMA1970-021"," ",998,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Mg Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O B","Azo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Azurite","Azurite","Cu2+3(CO3)2(OH)2","Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2","Cu_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu C O H"," "," ",999,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ C O H","Azu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Azure blue, Blue, Light blue, Dark blue.","#4d91c6,#0000ff,#add8e6,#315b7d"
"Babánekite","Babanekite","Cu2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Cu3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA2012-007"," ",6063,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Bbá","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pinkish to peach-colored","#d46a7e,#fce2d8"
"Babefphite","Babefphite","BaBePO4F","BaBe(PO4)F","BaBe(PO_4_)F","BaBePO_4_F","Ba Be P O F","IMA1966-003"," ",1000," ","tetragonal, orthorhombic, triclinic","Fdd2, F1","Ba Be P O F","Bbf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Babingtonite","Babingtonite","Ca2Fe2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH)","Ca2Fe2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH)","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Ca Fe Si O H"," "," ",1001,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1, P1","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Bab","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Greenish black, Black.","#413936,#454445,#000000"
"Babkinite","Babkinite","Pb2Bi2(S,Se)3","Pb2Bi2(S,Se)3","Pb_2_Bi_2_(S,Se)_3_","Pb_2_Bi_2_(S,Se)_3_","Pb Bi S Se","IMA1994-030"," ",1002,"Tetradymite","hexagonal",,"Pb Bi S Se","Bbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silvery gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Babunaite-(Nd)","Babunaite-(Nd)","Nd(As5+O4)","Nd(AsO4)","Nd(AsO_4_)","Nd(As^5+^O_4_)","Nd As O","IMA2025-032"," ",7590,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Nd As^5+ O","Bbu-Nd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bacaferrite","Bacaferrite","BaCaFe3+4O8","BaCaFe4O8","BaCaFe_4_O_8_","BaCaFe^3+^_4_O_8_","Ba Ca Fe O","IMA2023-109"," ",7456,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P31m","Ba Ca Fe^3+ O","Bcf",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Backite","Backite","Pb2+2AlTe6+O6Cl","Pb2AlTeO6Cl","Pb_2_AlTeO_6_Cl","Pb^2+^_2_AlTe^6+^O_6_Cl","Pb Al Te O Cl","IMA2013-113"," ",6272,"Backite","hexagonal","P312","Pb^2+ Al Te^6+ O Cl","Bac","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark to pale blue-grey","#1b2431,#a2adb1"
"Badakhshanite-(Y)","Badakhshanite-(Y)","Y2Mn2+4Al(Si2B7BeO24)","Y2Mn4Al(Si2B7BeO24)","Y_2_Mn_4_Al(Si_2_B_7_BeO_24_)","Y_2_Mn^2+^_4_Al(Si_2_B_7_BeO_24_)","Y Mn Al Si B Be O","IMA2018-085"," ",6815,"Perettiite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pmna","Y Mn^2+ Al Si B Be O","Bad-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow-brown","#ae8b0c"
"Badalovite","Badalovite","NaNaMg(MgFe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaMg(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaMg(MgFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaMg(MgFe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Mg Fe As O","IMA2016-053"," ",6581,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mg Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Bdl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Green, grey, yellow, colorless","#00ff00,#808080,#ffff00,#afafaf"
"Baddeleyite","Baddeleyite","Zr4+O2","ZrO2","ZrO_2_","Zr^4+^O_2_","Zr O"," "," ",1003,"Baddeleyite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, Pbc21","Zr^4+ O","Bdy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish black, Colorless, Green, Greenish brown.","#653700,#413936,#afafaf,#00ff00,#696112"
"Badengzhuite","Badengzhuite","TiP","TiP","TiP","TiP","Ti P","IMA2019-076"," ",6961," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ti P","Bdz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bafertisite","Bafertisite","Ba2Fe2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2","Ba2Fe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2","Ba_2_Fe^2+^_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F_2_","Ba_2_Fe^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F_2_","Ba Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",1004,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Cm","Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Bft","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Red, Yellowish red, Light brown.","#ff0000,#edeeda,#b5651d"
"Baghdadite","Baghdadite","Ca3Zr4+(Si2O7)O2","Ca6Zr2(Si2O7)2O4","Ca_6_Zr_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_","Ca_3_Zr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)O_2_","Ca Zr Si O","IMA1982-075"," ",1005,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Ca Zr^4+ Si O","Bgd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Bahariyaite","Bahariyaite","K(MnO4)1-","KMnO4","KMnO_4_","K(MnO_4_)^1-^","K Mn O","IMA2020-022"," ",7044,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Mn O","Bah","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bahianite","Bahianite","Al5Sb5+3O14(OH)2","Al5Sb5+3O14(OH)2","Al_5_Sb^5+^_3_O_14_(OH)_2_","Al_5_Sb^5+^_3_O_14_(OH)_2_","Al Sb O H","IMA1974-027"," ",1006," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Al Sb^5+ O H","Bhi","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Violet, Cream white, Light brown.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#f2eee2,#b5651d"
"Baiamareite","Baiamareite","Ag1+4Pb2+12Fe2+4Sb3+20S2-48","Ag4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48","Ag_4_Pb_12_Fe_4_Sb_20_S_48_","Ag^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_12_Fe^2+^_4_Sb^3+^_20_S^2-^_48_","Ag Pb Fe Sb S","IMA2023-044"," ",7394,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Bmt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Baileychlore","Baileychlore","(Zn2+,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","(Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","(Zn,Fe^2+^,Al,Mg)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","(Zn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Al,Mg)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","Zn Fe Al Mg Si O H","IMA1986-056"," ",1007,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic","Ib, C1","Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Al Mg Si O H","Blc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Dark green.","#c8fd3d,#033500"
"Bainbridgeite-(NdCe)","Bainbridgeite-(NdCe)","Na2Ba2NdCe3+(CO3)6·3H2O","Na2Ba2NdCe(CO3)6·3H2O","Na_2_Ba_2_NdCe(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Ba_2_NdCe^3+^(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Ba Nd Ce C O H","IMA2023-018"," ",7374,"Mckelveyite","triclinic","P1","Na Ba Nd Ce^3+ C O H","Bbg-NdCe",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bainbridgeite-(YCe)","Bainbridgeite-(YCe)","Na2Ba2YCe3+(CO3)6·3H2O","Na2Ba2YCe(CO3)6·3H2O","Na_2_Ba_2_YCe(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Ba_2_YCe^3+^(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Ba Y Ce C O H","IMA2020-065"," ",7078,"Mckelveyite","triclinic","P1","Na Ba Y Ce^3+ C O H","Bbg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale yellow to yellow, orange-yellow, orange, grey to almost black, bluish grey, green-grey, green, or even white","#eecf9e,#ffff00,#fdb915,#ffa500,#808080,#c2ebd1,#748b97,#7ea07a,#00ff00,#795d34"
"Bairdite","Bairdite","Pb2+2Cu2+4Te6+2O10(OH)2(S6+O4)·H2O","Pb2Cu2+4Te6+2O10(OH)2(SO4)·H2O","Pb_2_Cu^2+^_4_Te^6+^_2_O_10_(OH)_2_(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_4_Te^6+^_2_O_10_(OH)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)·H_2_O","Pb Cu Te O H S","IMA2012-061"," ",6117,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H S^6+","Bai","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lime green","#8ead2c"
"Bakakinite","Bakakinite","Ca2V5+2O7","Ca2V2O7","Ca_2_V_2_O_7_","Ca_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Ca V O","IMA2022-046"," ",7266,"Anastasenkoite","triclinic","P1","Ca V^5+ O","Bkkn",,"No"," colourless or pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Bakhchisaraitsevite","Bakhchisaraitsevite","Na2Mg5(PO4)4·7H2O","Na2Mg5(PO4)4·7H2O","Na_2_Mg_5_(PO_4_)_4_·7H_2_O","Na_2_Mg_5_(PO_4_)_4_·7H_2_O","Na Mg P O H","IMA1999-005"," ",1009," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Mg P O H","Bkc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish white, Greenish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Baksanite","Baksanite","Bi6Te2S3","Bi6Te2S3","Bi_6_Te_2_S_3_","Bi_6_Te_2_S_3_","Bi Te S","IMA1992-042"," ",1010,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te S","Bks","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Balangeroite","Balangeroite","Mg21Si8O27(OH)20","Mg21Si8O27(OH)20","Mg_21_Si_8_O_27_(OH)_20_","Mg_21_Si_8_O_27_(OH)_20_","Mg Si O H","IMA1982-002"," ",1011," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic","P2/n, P1","Mg Si O H","Bal","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Brownish yellow, Dark brown.","#c9b003,#73532a"
"Balestraite","Balestraite","KLi2V5+Si4O12","KLi2V5+Si4O12","KLi_2_V^5+^Si_4_O_12_","KLi_2_V^5+^Si_4_O_12_","K Li V Si O","IMA2013-080"," ",6239,"Mica","monoclinic","C2","K Li V^5+ Si O","Bls","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Balićžunićite","Baliczunicite","Bi3+2O(S6+O4)2","Bi2O(SO4)2","Bi_2_O(SO_4_)_2_","Bi^3+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Bi O S","IMA2012-098"," ",6161," ","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ O S^6+","Bžć","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","colourless, white, pale brown","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Balipholite","Balipholite","LiBaMg2Al3(Si2O6)2(OH)8","LiBaMg2Al3(Si2O6)2(OH)8","LiBaMg_2_Al_3_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(OH)_8_","LiBaMg_2_Al_3_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(OH)_8_","Li Ba Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",1012,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","Li Ba Mg Al Si O H","Blp","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Balkanite","Balkanite","Ag5Cu9HgS8","Ag5Cu9HgS8","Ag_5_Cu_9_HgS_8_","Ag_5_Cu_9_HgS_8_","Ag Cu Hg S","IMA1971-009"," ",1013," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pmmm, P2/m","Ag Cu Hg S","Bkn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Balliranoite","Balliranoite","(Na,K)6Ca2(Si6Al6O24)Cl2(CO3)","(Na,K)6Ca2(Si6Al6O24)Cl2(CO3)","(Na,K)_6_Ca_2_(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)Cl_2_(CO_3_)","(Na,K)_6_Ca_2_(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)Cl_2_(CO_3_)","Na K Ca Si Al O Cl C","IMA2008-065"," ",5725,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63","Na K Ca Si Al O Cl C","Blr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Balyakinite","Balyakinite","Cu2+Te4+O3","Cu2+(Te4+O3)","Cu^2+^(Te^4+^O_3_)","Cu^2+^Te^4+^O_3_","Cu Te O","IMA1980-001"," ",1014," ","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O","Byk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Gray green.","#137e6d,#86a17d"
"Bambollaite","Bambollaite","Cu(Se,Te)2","Cu(Se,Te)2","Cu(Se,Te)_2_","Cu(Se,Te)_2_","Cu Se Te","IMA1965-014"," ",1015," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Cu Se Te","Bmb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish gray, Gray.","#86775f,#808080"
"Bamfordite","Bamfordite","Fe3+Mo6+2O6(OH)3·H2O","Fe3+Mo2O6(OH)3·H2O","Fe^3+^Mo_2_O_6_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Fe^3+^Mo^6+^_2_O_6_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Fe Mo O H","IMA1996-059"," ",1016," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ Mo^6+ O H","Bfd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellowish green.","#00ff00,#b0dd16"
"Banalsite","Banalsite","Na2BaAl4Si4O16","Na2BaAl4Si4O16","Na_2_BaAl_4_Si_4_O_16_","Na_2_BaAl_4_Si_4_O_16_","Na Ba Al Si O"," "," ",1017," ","orthorhombic","Iba2, Ibam","Na Ba Al Si O","Bns","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Bandylite","Bandylite","Cu2+B(OH)4Cl","CuB(OH)4Cl","CuB(OH)_4_Cl","Cu^2+^B(OH)_4_Cl","Cu B O H Cl"," "," ",1018," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm, P4/n","Cu^2+ B O H Cl","Bny","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Bannermanite","Bannermanite","(Na,K)xV4+xV5+6-xO15 (0.5","(Na,K)xV4+xV5+6-xO15 (0.5","(Na,K)_x_V^4+^_x_V^5+^_6-x_O_15_ (0.5","(Na,K)_x_V^4+^_x_V^5+^_6-x_O_15_ (0.5","Na K V O","IMA1980-010"," ",1019," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K V^4+ V^5+ O","Bnm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Bannisterite","Bannisterite","(Ca,K,Na)(Mn2+,Fe2+)10(Si,Al)16O38(OH)8·nH2O","(Ca,K,Na)(Mn2+,Fe2+)10(Si,Al)16O38(OH)8·nH2O","(Ca,K,Na)(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_10_(Si,Al)_16_O_38_(OH)_8_·nH_2_O","(Ca,K,Na)(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_10_(Si,Al)_16_O_38_(OH)_8_·nH_2_O","Ca K Na Mn Fe Si Al O H","IMA1967-005"," ",4972,"Stilpnomelane, Clay","monoclinic","A2/a","Ca K Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Ban","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Baotite","Baotite","Ba4(Ti4+,Nb5+,W6+)8O16(SiO3)4Cl","Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl","Ba_4_(Ti,Nb,W)_8_O_16_(SiO_3_)_4_Cl","Ba_4_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^,W^6+^)_8_O_16_(SiO_3_)_4_Cl","Ba Ti Nb W O Si Cl","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1020,"Baotite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ W^6+ O Si Cl","Bao","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Light brown, Black.","#b5651d,#000000"
"Barahonaite-(Al)","Barahonaite-(Al)","(Ca,Cu2+,Na,Fe3+,Al)12Al2(As5+O4)8(OH,Cl)x·nH2O","(Ca,Cu,Na,Fe3+,Al)12Al2(AsO4)8(OH,Cl)x·nH2O","(Ca,Cu,Na,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_Al_2_(AsO_4_)_8_(OH,Cl)_x_·nH_2_O","(Ca,Cu^2+^,Na,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_(OH,Cl)_x_·nH_2_O","Ca Cu Na Fe Al As O H Cl","IMA2006-051"," ",5592," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Cu^2+ Na Fe^3+ Al As^5+ O H Cl","Bho-Al","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue.","#d0fefe"
"Barahonaite-(Fe)","Barahonaite-(Fe)","(Ca,Cu2+,Na,Fe3+,Al)12Fe3+2(As5+O4)8(OH,Cl)x·nH2O","(Ca,Cu,Na,Fe3+,Al)12Fe3+2(AsO4)8(OH,Cl)x·nH2O","(Ca,Cu,Na,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_8_(OH,Cl)_x_·nH_2_O","(Ca,Cu^2+^,Na,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_(OH,Cl)_x_·nH_2_O","Ca Cu Na Fe Al As O H Cl","IMA2006-052"," ",5593," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Cu^2+ Na Fe^3+ Al As^5+ O H Cl","Bho-Fe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Bararite","Bararite","(N3-H4)2SiF6","(NH4)2SiF6","(NH_4_)_2_SiF_6_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_SiF_6_","N H Si F"," "," ",1021," ","hexagonal","R3m, P3m1","N^3- H Si F","Brr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Baratovite","Baratovite","KLi3Ca7Ti4+2(SiO3)12F2","KLi3Ca7Ti2(SiO3)12F2","KLi_3_Ca_7_Ti_2_(SiO_3_)_12_F_2_","KLi_3_Ca_7_Ti^4+^_2_(SiO_3_)_12_F_2_","K Li Ca Ti Si O F","IMA1974-055"," ",1022,"Baratovite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Li Ca Ti^4+ Si O F","Btv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Barberiite","Barberiite","N3-H4BF4","(NH4)BF4","(NH_4_)BF_4_","N^3-^H_4_BF_4_","N H B F","IMA1993-008"," ",1023,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","N^3- H B F","Bbi","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Barbosalite","Barbosalite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe P O H"," "," ",1025,"Lazulite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Bsa","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green blue, Greenish black, Black.","#137e6d,#42b395,#454445,#000000"
"Barentsite","Barentsite","Na7Al(CO3)2(HCO3)2F4","Na7Al(HCO3)2(CO3)2F4","Na_7_Al(HCO_3_)_2_(CO_3_)_2_F_4_","Na_7_Al(CO_3_)_2_(HCO_3_)_2_F_4_","Na Al H C O F","IMA1982-101"," ",1026," ","triclinic","P1","Na Al C O H F","Brts","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Bariandite","Bariandite","Al0.6(V5+,V4+)8O20·9H2O","Al0.6(V5+,V4+)8O20·9H2O","Al_0.6_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_8_O_20_·9H_2_O","Al_0.6_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_8_O_20_·9H_2_O","Al V O H","IMA1970-043"," ",1027,"Straczekite","monoclinic","C2/c","Al V^5+ V^4+ O H","Brd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue black.","#24313d"
"Barićite","Baricite","(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2·8H2O","(Mg,Fe)3(PO4)2·8H2O","(Mg,Fe)_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","(Mg,Fe^2+^)_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg Fe P O H","IMA1975-027"," ",1028,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Fe^2+ P O H","Bć","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue, medium blue, colorless","#d0fefe,#0000cd,#afafaf"
"Barikaite","Barikaite","Ag1+3Pb2+10(Sb3+8As3+11)S2-40","Ag3Pb10(Sb8As11)Σ19S40","Ag_3_Pb_10_(Sb_8_As_11_)_Σ19_S_40_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_10_(Sb^3+^_8_As^3+^_11_)S^2-^_40_","Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2012-055"," ",6111,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Bka","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","greyish black","#555152"
"Barioferrite","Barioferrite","BaFe3+12O19","BaFe3+12O19","BaFe^3+^_12_O_19_","BaFe^3+^_12_O_19_","Ba Fe O","IMA2009-030"," ",5757,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ba Fe^3+ O","Baf","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Bariolakargiite","Bariolakargiite","BaZr4+O3","BaZrO3","BaZrO_3_","BaZr^4+^O_3_","Ba Zr O","IMA2025-009"," ",7574,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Ba Zr^4+ O","Blak",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bario-olgite","Bario-olgite","Na(Na,Sr,Ce3+)2Ba(PO4)2","Na(Na,Sr,Ce)2Ba(PO4)2","Na(Na,Sr,Ce)_2_Ba(PO_4_)_2_","Na(Na,Sr,Ce^3+^)_2_Ba(PO_4_)_2_","Na Sr Ce Ba P O","IMA2003-002"," ",5183,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal, tetragonal","P3, I42d","Na Sr Ce^3+ Ba P O","Bolg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Bario-orthojoaquinite","Bario-orthojoaquinite","Ba4Fe2+2Ti4+2O2(SiO3)8·H2O","Ba4Fe2+2Ti2O2(SiO3)8·H2O","Ba_4_Fe^2+^_2_Ti_2_O_2_(SiO_3_)_8_·H_2_O","Ba_4_Fe^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_2_(SiO_3_)_8_·H_2_O","Ba Fe Ti O Si H","IMA1979-081"," ",1029,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic","Ccmm","Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O Si H","Bojq","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow, Yellowish brown.","#ffff00,#9b7a01"
"Barioperovskite","Barioperovskite","BaTi4+O3","BaTiO3","BaTiO_3_","BaTi^4+^O_3_","Ba Ti O","IMA2006-040"," ",5518,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Amm2","Ba Ti^4+ O","Bprv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bariopharmacoalumite","Bariopharmacoalumite","Ba0.5Al4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·4H2O","Ba0.5Al4[(AsO4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","Ba_0.5_Al_4_[(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Ba_0.5_Al_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ba Al As O H","IMA2010-041"," ",5871,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic, tetragonal","P43m, I42m","Ba Al As^5+ O H","Bpal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Bariopharmacosiderite","Bariopharmacosiderite","Ba0.5Fe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Ba_0.5_Fe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ba_0.5_Fe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ba Fe As O H","IMA1994 s.p."," ",1035,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic, tetragonal","P43m, P42m","Ba Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Bpsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Bariosincosite","Bariosincosite","Ba(V4+O)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Ba(VO)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Ba(VO)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ba(V^4+^O)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ba V O P H","IMA1998-047"," ",1032,"Meta-autunite","tetragonal, monoclinic","Pn","Ba V^4+ O P H","Bscs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, Pale bluish green.","#69b076,#dfafa4"
"Barkovite","Barkovite","Ni1.5Sn","Ni1.5Sn","Ni_1.5_Sn","Ni_1.5_Sn","Ni Sn","IMA2024-095"," ",7562,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ni Sn","Bark",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Barlowite","Barlowite","Cu2+4BrF(OH)6","Cu4BrF(OH)6","Cu_4_BrF(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_BrF(OH)_6_","Cu Br F O H","IMA2010-020"," ",5849,"Claringbullite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu^2+ Br F O H","Blw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Barnesite","Barnesite","Na2V5+6O16·3H2O","Na2V5+6O16·3H2O","Na_2_V^5+^_6_O_16_·3H_2_O","Na_2_V^5+^_6_O_16_·3H_2_O","Na V O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1036,"Hewettite","monoclinic","P21","Na V^5+ O H","Bar","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown red, Dark red.","#922b05,#840000"
"Barquillite","Barquillite","Cu1+2(Cd2+,Fe2+)Ge4+S2-4","Cu2(Cd,Fe)GeS4","Cu_2_(Cd,Fe)GeS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_(Cd^2+^,Fe^2+^)Ge^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Cd Fe Ge S","IMA1996-050"," ",1037,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Cd^2+ Fe^2+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Bql","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Barrerite","Barrerite","Na2(Al2Si7)O18·6H2O","Na2(Si7Al2)O18·6H2O","Na_2_(Si_7_Al_2_)O_18_·6H_2_O","Na_2_(Al_2_Si_7_)O_18_·6H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1974-017"," ",1038,"Stilbite","orthorhombic","Fmmm, Amma","Na Al Si O H","Bre","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","White, Pink.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Barringerite","Barringerite","(Fe,Ni)2P","(Fe,Ni)2P","(Fe,Ni)_2_P","(Fe,Ni)_2_P","Fe Ni P","IMA1968-037"," ",1039,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P62m, P321","Fe Ni P","Bgr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Barroisite","Barroisite","☐NaCa[Mg3Al2](Si7Al)O22(OH)2","☐(NaCa)(Mg3Al2)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","[box](NaCa)(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]NaCa[Mg_3_Al_2_](Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1041,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Brs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Barronite","Barronite","(☐0.5Ba0.5)(U6+O2)2Si5O12(OH)·2H2O","(☐0.5Ba0.5)(UO2)2Si5O12(OH)·2H2O","([box]_0.5_Ba_0.5_)(UO_2_)_2_Si_5_O_12_(OH)·2H_2_O","([box]_0.5_Ba_0.5_)(U^6+^O_2_)_2_Si_5_O_12_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ba U O Si H","IMA2024-053"," ",7507," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba U^6+ O Si H","Barr",,"No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Barrotite","Barrotite","Cu2+9Al(HSiO4)2(S6+O4)(HAs5+O4)0.5(OH)12·8H2O","Cu9Al(HSiO4)2[(SO4)(HAsO4)0.5](OH)12·8H2O","Cu_9_Al(HSiO_4_)_2_[(SO_4_)(HAsO_4_)_0.5_](OH)_12_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^_9_Al(HSiO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(HAs^5+^O_4_)_0.5_(OH)_12_·8H_2_O","Cu Al H Si O S As","IMA2011-063a"," ",6156,"Chalcophyllite","hexagonal","P31","Cu^2+ Al H Si O S^6+ As^5+","Bro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Intense blue","#682d63"
"Barrydawsonite-(Y)","Barrydawsonite-(Y)","Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O9H","Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O9H","Na_1.5_Y_0.5_CaSi_3_O_9_H","Na_1.5_Y_0.5_CaSi_3_O_9_H","Na Y Ca Si O H","IMA2014-042"," ",6337,"Pectolite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Y Ca Si O H","Bdw-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Barstowite","Barstowite","Pb2+4CO3Cl6·H2O","Pb4(CO3)Cl6·H2O","Pb_4_(CO_3_)Cl_6_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_4_CO_3_Cl_6_·H_2_O","Pb C O Cl H","IMA1989-057"," ",1042," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ C O Cl H","Bsw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bartelkeite","Bartelkeite","Pb2+Fe2+Ge(Ge2O7)(OH)2·H2O","PbFe2+Ge(Ge2O7)(OH)2·H2O","PbFe^2+^Ge(Ge_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Fe^2+^Ge(Ge_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Pb Fe Ge O H","IMA1979-029"," ",1043,"Lawsonite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Ge O H","Btk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Bartonite","Bartonite","K6Fe20S26S","K6Fe20S26S","K_6_Fe_20_S_26_S","K_6_Fe_20_S_26_S","K Fe S","IMA1977-039"," ",1044,"Djerfisherite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Fe S","Btn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black brown.","#73532a"
"Barwoodite","Barwoodite","Mn2+6(Nb5+,☐)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6","Mn2+6(Nb5+,☐)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6","Mn^2+^_6_(Nb^5+^,[box])_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(O,OH)_6_","Mn^2+^_6_(Nb^5+^,[box])_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(O,OH)_6_","Mn Nb Si O H","IMA2017-046"," ",6678,"Welinite","hexagonal","P3","Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Bwo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish red","#9e3623"
"Barylite","Barylite","BaBe2Si2O7","BaBe2Si2O7","BaBe_2_Si_2_O_7_","BaBe_2_Si_2_O_7_","Ba Be Si O","IMA2014 s.p."," ",1045," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pmn21, Pnma, Pn21a, Pm","Ba Be Si O","By","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish, Colorless, White.","#2976bb,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Barysilite","Barysilite","Pb2+8Mn2+(Si2O7)3","Pb8Mn(Si2O7)3","Pb_8_Mn(Si_2_O_7_)_3_","Pb^2+^_8_Mn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)_3_","Pb Mn Si O"," "," ",1046," ","hexagonal","R3c","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Si O","Bsl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Gray.","#ffffff,#808080"
"Baryte","Baryte","BaS6+O4","Ba(SO4)","Ba(SO_4_)","BaS^6+^O_4_","Ba S O","IMA1971 s.p."," ",1033,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Ba S^6+ O","Brt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Barytocalcite","Barytocalcite","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","Ba Ca C O"," "," ",1047," ","monoclinic","P21, P21/m","Ba Ca C O","Bcal","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White, Yellow, Gray, Greenish gray.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#808080,#96ae8d"
"Barytolamprophyllite","Barytolamprophyllite","(BaK)Ti4+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(BaK)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(BaK)Ti_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","(BaK)Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba K Ti Na Si O H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",1048,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba K Ti^4+ Na Si O H","Blmp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Golden brown, Dark brown.","#b27a01,#73532a"
"Bassanite","Bassanite","CaS6+O4·0.5H2O","Ca(SO4)·0.5H2O","Ca(SO_4_)·0.5H_2_O","CaS^6+^O_4_·0.5H_2_O","Ca S O H"," "," ",1050,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal, monoclinic","I2, P3121, P3221, C2, B2","Ca S^6+ O H","Bss","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Snow white.","#afafaf,#eeffee"
"Bassetite","Bassetite","Fe2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2(H2O)10","Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2(H2O)10","Fe^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_10_","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_10_","Fe U O P H"," "," ",1051," ","monoclinic, tetragonal","P21/m, P21/n","Fe^2+ U^6+ O P H","Bas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Brownish yellow, Greenish brown, Yellow, Olive green.","#a87900,#c9b003,#696112,#ffff00,#8ead2c"
"Bassoite","Bassoite","SrV4+3O7·4H2O","SrV4+3O7·4H2O","SrV^4+^_3_O_7_·4H_2_O","SrV^4+^_3_O_7_·4H_2_O","Sr V O H","IMA2011-028"," ",5956,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr V^4+ O H","Bso","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black","#000000"
"Bastnäsite-(Ce)","Bastnasite-(Ce)","Ce3+CO3F","Ce(CO3)F","Ce(CO_3_)F","Ce^3+^CO_3_F","Ce C O F","IMA1966 s.p."," ",4888,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P62c","Ce^3+ C O F","Bsn-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Yellow, reddish-brown; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light","#ffff00,#7f2b0a,#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Bastnäsite-(La)","Bastnasite-(La)","LaCO3F","La(CO3)F","La(CO_3_)F","LaCO_3_F","La C O F","IMA1966 s.p."," ",1053,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P62c, P62m","La C O F","Bsn-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bastnäsite-(Nd)","Bastnasite-(Nd)","NdCO3F","Nd(CO3)F","Nd(CO_3_)F","NdCO_3_F","Nd C O F","IMA2011-062"," ",6006,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P62c","Nd C O F","Bsn-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pale purplish pink to colourless","#b790d4,#afafaf"
"Bastnäsite-(Y)","Bastnasite-(Y)","YCO3F","Y(CO3)F","Y(CO_3_)F","YCO_3_F","Y C O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1054,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal",,"Y C O F","Bsn-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Translucent brick-red","#ffedef"
"Batagayite","Batagayite","CaZn2+2(Zn2+,Cu2+)6(PO4)4[PO3(OH)]3·12H2O","CaZn2(Zn,Cu)6(PO4)4[PO3(OH)]3·12H2O","CaZn_2_(Zn,Cu)_6_(PO_4_)_4_[PO_3_(OH)]_3_·12H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_(Zn^2+^,Cu^2+^)_6_(PO_4_)_4_[PO_3_(OH)]_3_·12H_2_O","Ca Zn Cu P O H","IMA2017-002"," ",6645,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21","Ca Zn^2+ Cu^2+ P O H","Btg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Batievaite-(Y)","Batievaite-(Y)","Ca2Y2[(H2O)2☐]Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ca2Y2[(H2O)2☐]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ca_2_Y_2_[(H_2_O)_2_[box]]Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca_2_Y_2_[(H_2_O)_2_[box]]Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca Y H O Ti Si","IMA2015-016"," ",6422,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1","Ca Y H O Ti^4+ Si","Bvt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale cream","#b8d7a6"
"Batiferrite","Batiferrite","BaTi4+2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19","BaTi2Fe3+8Fe2+2O19","BaTi_2_Fe^3+^_8_Fe^2+^_2_O_19_","BaTi^4+^_2_Fe^3+^_8_Fe^2+^_2_O_19_","Ba Ti Fe O","IMA1997-038"," ",1055,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ba Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O","Bfe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Batisite","Batisite","Na2BaTi4+2(Si4O12)O2","Na2BaTi2O2(Si2O6)2","Na_2_BaTi_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_","Na_2_BaTi^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_","Na Ba Ti O Si","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1056,"Batisite","orthorhombic","Ima2, Imcm","Na Ba Ti^4+ Si O","Bat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown pink, Yellow brown, Dark brown.","#f2aeb1,#ae8b0c,#73532a"
"Batisivite","Batisivite","BaTi4+6(V3+,Cr3+)8(Si2O7)O22","BaTi6(V,Cr)8(Si2O7)O22","BaTi_6_(V,Cr)_8_(Si_2_O_7_)O_22_","BaTi^4+^_6_(V^3+^,Cr^3+^)_8_(Si_2_O_7_)O_22_","Ba Ti V Cr Si O","IMA2006-054"," ",5582," ","triclinic, monoclinic","P1","Ba Ti^4+ V^3+ Cr^3+ Si O","Bsv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","black","#000000"
"Batoniite","Batoniite","Al8(S6+O4)5(OH)14(H2O)18·5H2O","Al8(SO4)5(OH)14(H2O)18·5H2O","Al_8_(SO_4_)_5_(OH)_14_(H_2_O)_18_·5H_2_O","Al_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_(OH)_14_(H_2_O)_18_·5H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA2023-008"," ",7363,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al S^6+ O H","Bato",,"No","white to colorless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Baumhauerite II","Baumhauerite II","Pb2+3As3+4S2-9","Pb3As4S9","Pb_3_As_4_S_9_","Pb^2+^_3_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_9_","Pb As S"," "," ",5382,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Bha II","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Baumhauerite","Baumhauerite","Pb2+12As3+16S2-36","Pb12As16S36","Pb_12_As_16_S_36_","Pb^2+^_12_As^3+^_16_S^2-^_36_","Pb As S"," "," ",1057,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1, P1","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Bha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Baumoite","Baumoite","Ba0.5[(U6+O2)3O8Mo6+2(OH)3](H2O)3","Ba0.5[(UO2)3O8Mo2(OH)3](H2O)3","Ba_0.5_[(UO_2_)_3_O_8_Mo_2_(OH)_3_](H_2_O)_3_","Ba_0.5_[(U^6+^O_2_)_3_O_8_Mo^6+^_2_(OH)_3_](H_2_O)_3_","Ba U O Mo H","IMA2017-054"," ",6679,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic",,"Ba U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Bam","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to orange yellow","#ffff00,#fdb915"
"Baumstarkite","Baumstarkite","Ag3Sb3S6","Ag3Sb3S6","Ag_3_Sb_3_S_6_","Ag_3_Sb_3_S_6_","Ag Sb S","IMA1999-049"," ",1059,"Aramayoite","triclinic","P1","Ag Sb S","Bum","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black, Grayish black.","#263145,#555152"
"Bauranoite","Bauranoite","BaU6+2O7·4-5H2O","BaU2O7·4-5H2O","BaU_2_O_7_·4-5H_2_O","BaU^6+^_2_O_7_·4-5H_2_O","Ba U O H","IMA1971-052"," ",1060,"Wölsendorfite",,,"Ba U^6+ O H","Bau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Bavenite","Bavenite","Ca4Be2+xAl2-xSi9O26-x(OH)2+x (x = 0 to 1)","Ca4Be2+xAl2-xSi9O26-x(OH)2+x (x = 0 to 1)","Ca_4_Be_2+x_Al_2-x_Si_9_O_26-x_(OH)_2+x_ (x = 0 to 1)","Ca_4_Be_2+x_Al_2-x_Si_9_O_26-x_(OH)_2+x_ (x = 0 to 1)","Ca Be Al Si O H","IMA2015 s.p."," ",1061," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca Be Al Si O H","Bvn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Green, Pink, Brown.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#ffc0cb,#653700"
"Bavsiite","Bavsiite","Ba2V4+2O2[Si4O12]","Ba2V2O2[Si4O12]","Ba_2_V_2_O_2_[Si_4_O_12_]","Ba_2_V^4+^_2_O_2_[Si_4_O_12_]","Ba V O Si","IMA2014-019"," ",6325," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Ba V^4+ O Si","Bav","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Sky-blue","#9fb9e2"
"Bayanoboite-(Y)","Bayanoboite-(Y)","Ba2Y(CO3)2F3","Ba2Y(CO3)2F3","Ba_2_Y(CO_3_)_2_F_3_","Ba_2_Y(CO_3_)_2_F_3_","Ba Y C O F","IMA2023-084"," ",7424,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ba Y C O F","Byb-Y",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bayerite","Bayerite","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)_3_","Al(OH)_3_","Al O H"," "," ",1062," ","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/a","Al O H","Byr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bayldonite","Bayldonite","Cu2+3Pb2+O(As5+O3OH)2(OH)2","Cu3PbO(AsO3OH)2(OH)2","Cu_3_PbO(AsO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Pb^2+^O(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Pb O As H"," "," ",1063," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ O As^5+ H","Bay","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Yellow green, Dark green.","#419c03,#c8fd3d,#033500"
"Bayleyite","Bayleyite","Mg2(U6+O2)(CO3)3·18H2O","Mg2(UO2)(CO3)3·18H2O","Mg_2_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·18H_2_O","Mg_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·18H_2_O","Mg U O C H"," "," ",1064," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Mg U^6+ O C H","Byy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Pale yellow, Yellowish white.","#ffff00,#eecf9e,#e9f1d0"
"Baylissite","Baylissite","K2Mg(CO3)2·4H2O","K2Mg(CO3)2·4H2O","K_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","K_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","K Mg C O H","IMA1975-024"," ",1065," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/n","K Mg C O H","Byl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Bazhenovite","Bazhenovite","Ca8(S5)2-(S6+O3S2-)(OH)12·20H2O","Ca8S5(S2O3)(OH)12·20H2O","Ca_8_S_5_(S_2_O_3_)(OH)_12_·20H_2_O","Ca_8_(S_5_)^2-^(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)(OH)_12_·20H_2_O","Ca S O H","IMA1986-053"," ",1066," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca S S^6+ O S^2- H","Baz","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Light yellow, Orange.","#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Bazirite","Bazirite","BaZr4+Si3O9","BaZrSi3O9","BaZrSi_3_O_9_","BaZr^4+^Si_3_O_9_","Ba Zr Si O","IMA1976-053"," ",1067,"Benitoite","hexagonal","P6c2","Ba Zr^4+ Si O","Bzr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Bazzite","Bazzite","Be3(Sc,Fe3+,Mg)2Si6O18·Na0.32·nH2O","Be3(Sc,Fe3+,Mg)2Si6O18·Na0.32·nH2O","Be_3_(Sc,Fe^3+^,Mg)_2_Si_6_O_18_·Na_0.32_·nH_2_O","Be_3_(Sc,Fe^3+^,Mg)_2_Si_6_O_18_·Na_0.32_·nH_2_O","Be Sc Fe Mg Si O Na H"," "," ",1068,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Be Sc Fe^3+ Mg Si O Na H","Bz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Azure blue, Dark blue.","#4d91c6,#315b7d"
"Bearsite","Bearsite","Be2As5+O4(OH)·4H2O","Be2(AsO4)(OH)·4H2O","Be_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)·4H_2_O","Be_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)·4H_2_O","Be As O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1069," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Be As^5+ O H","Bea","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Bearthite","Bearthite","Ca2Al(PO4)2OH","Ca2Al(PO4)2(OH)","Ca_2_Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ca_2_Al(PO_4_)_2_OH","Ca Al P O H","IMA1986-050"," ",1070,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Al P O H","Bth","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow, Colorless.","#ffff00,#afafaf"
"Beaverite-(Cu)","Beaverite-(Cu)","Pb2+Cu2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe^3+^_2_Cu)(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Fe Cu S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1071,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Bvr-Cu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Beaverite-(Zn)","Beaverite-(Zn)","Pb2+Zn2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe^3+^_2_Zn)(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Fe Zn S O H","IMA2010-086"," ",5928,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Bvr-Zn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow to yellow","#c9b003,#ffff00"
"Bechererite","Bechererite","Zn2+7Cu2+(OH)13[SiO(OH)3S6+O4]","Zn7Cu(OH)13[SiO(OH)3(SO4)]","Zn_7_Cu(OH)_13_[SiO(OH)_3_(SO_4_)]","Zn^2+^_7_Cu^2+^(OH)_13_[SiO(OH)_3_S^6+^O_4_]","Zn Cu O H Si S","IMA1994-005"," ",1072," ","hexagonal","P3, P3","Zn^2+ Cu^2+ O H Si S^6+","Bec","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Beckettite","Beckettite","Ca2V3+6Al6O20","Ca2V6Al6O20","Ca_2_V_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca_2_V^3+^_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca V Al O","IMA2015-001"," ",6407,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca V^3+ Al O","Bek","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Becquerelite","Becquerelite","Ca(U6+O2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O","Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ca U O H"," "," ",1073," ","orthorhombic, hexagonal","Pn21a, P3","Ca U^6+ O H","Bqr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Golden yellow, Orange, Lemon.","#c9b003,#ffdf00,#ffa500,#fff700"
"Bederite","Bederite","Ca2Mn2+4Fe3+2(PO4)6·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+4Fe3+2(PO4)6·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1998-007"," ",1074,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Bdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Very dark brown, Black.","#3a4859,#000000"
"Beershevaite","Beershevaite","CaFe3+3(PO4)3O","CaFe3+3(PO4)3O","CaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_O","CaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_O","Ca Fe P O","IMA2020-095a"," ",7120," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Fe^3+ P O","Bee","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Béhierite","Behierite","TaBO4","Ta(BO4)","Ta(BO_4_)","TaBO_4_","Ta B O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1075,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ta B O","Béh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greyish pink; pale lilac; colorless to white","#c88d94,#d8b5bf,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Behoite","Behoite","Be(OH)2","Be(OH)2","Be(OH)_2_","Be(OH)_2_","Be O H","IMA1969-031"," ",1076,"Cristobalite","orthorhombic","P212121","Be O H","Beh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Pale brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Běhounekite","Behounekite","U4+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","U(SO4)2(H2O)4","U(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","U^4+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","U S O H","IMA2010-046"," ",5875," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","U^4+ S^6+ O H","Bhn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Beidellite","Beidellite","(Na,Ca)0.3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O","(Na,Ca)0.3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O","(Na,Ca)_0.3_Al_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","(Na,Ca)_0.3_Al_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",1077,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Na Ca Al Si O H","Bei","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Gray, Reddish white, Brownish white, Pale yellow.","#ffffff,#808080,#fff8d5,#d1f1de,#eecf9e"
"Belakovskiite","Belakovskiite","Na7(U6+O2)(S6+O4)4(S6+O3OH)·3H2O","Na7(UO2)(SO4)4(SO3OH)(H2O)3","Na_7_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_4_(SO_3_OH)(H_2_O)_3_","Na_7_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_3_OH)·3H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2013-075"," ",6234,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Bkk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow green","#c8fd3d"
"Belendorffite","Belendorffite","Cu7Hg6","Cu7Hg6","Cu_7_Hg_6_","Cu_7_Hg_6_","Cu Hg","IMA1989-024"," ",1078," ","hexagonal","R3m","Cu Hg","Bdf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White, Yellow, Blackish brown.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#453b32"
"Belkovite","Belkovite","Ba3Nb5+6(Si2O7)2O12","Ba3Nb6(Si2O7)2O12","Ba_3_Nb_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_12_","Ba_3_Nb^5+^_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_12_","Ba Nb Si O","IMA1989-053"," ",1079," ","hexagonal","P62m","Ba Nb^5+ Si O","Bkv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Bellbergite","Bellbergite","(K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4(Si,Al)36O72·30H2O","(K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4(Si,Al)36O72·30H2O","(K,Ba,Sr)_2_Sr_2_Ca_2_(Ca,Na)_4_(Si,Al)_36_O_72_·30H_2_O","(K,Ba,Sr)_2_Sr_2_Ca_2_(Ca,Na)_4_(Si,Al)_36_O_72_·30H_2_O","K Ba Sr Ca Na Si Al O H","IMA1990-057"," ",1080," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Ba Sr Ca Na Si Al O H","Blb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bellidoite","Bellidoite","Cu2Se","Cu2Se","Cu_2_Se","Cu_2_Se","Cu Se","IMA1970-050"," ",1081," ","tetragonal","P42/n, P42/nnm","Cu Se","Bld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Bellingerite","Bellingerite","Cu2+3(I5+O3)6·2H2O","Cu3(IO3)6·2H2O","Cu_3_(IO_3_)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_(I^5+^O_3_)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu I O H"," "," ",1082," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ I^5+ O H","Blg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Belloite","Belloite","Cu2+(OH)Cl","Cu(OH)Cl","Cu(OH)Cl","Cu^2+^(OH)Cl","Cu O H Cl","IMA1998-054"," ",1083," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ O H Cl","Bll","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish green, Olive green.","#b0dd16,#8ead2c"
"Belmonteite","Belmonteite","CaMn2+2(As5+O4)2(H2O)6·H2O","CaMn2(AsO4)2(H2O)6·H2O","CaMn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_6_·H_2_O","CaMn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_6_·H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H","IMA2024-040"," ",7554,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmca","Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Bmo",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Belogubite","Belogubite","Cu2+Zn2+(S6+O4)2·10H2O","CuZn(SO4)2·10H2O","CuZn(SO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Cu Zn S O H","IMA2018-005"," ",6750,"Chalcanthite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Bgb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Belomarinaite","Belomarinaite","KNa(S6+O4)","KNa(SO4)","KNa(SO_4_)","KNa(S^6+^O_4_)","K Na S O","IMA2017-069a"," ",6747,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3m1","K Na S^6+ O","Bmr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale blue to green","#d0fefe,#00ff00"
"Belousovite","Belousovite","KZn2+(S6+O4)Cl","KZn(SO4)Cl","KZn(SO_4_)Cl","KZn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)Cl","K Zn S O Cl","IMA2016-047"," ",6575,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Zn^2+ S^6+ O Cl","Busv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Belovite-(Ce)","Belovite-(Ce)","NaCe3+Sr3(PO4)3F","NaCeSr3(PO4)3F","NaCeSr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","NaCe^3+^Sr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Na Ce Sr P O F"," "," ",5074,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ce^3+ Sr P O F","Blv-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Honey yellow.","#ca9456"
"Belovite-(La)","Belovite-(La)","NaLaSr3(PO4)3F","NaLaSr3(PO4)3F","NaLaSr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","NaLaSr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Na La Sr P O F","IMA1995-023"," ",1084,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3","Na La Sr P O F","Blv-La","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Belyankinite","Belyankinite","Ca1-2(Ti4+,Zr4+,Nb5+)5O12·9H2O","Ca1-2(Ti,Zr,Nb)5O12·9H2O (?)","Ca_1-2_(Ti,Zr,Nb)_5_O_12_·9H_2_O (?)","Ca_1-2_(Ti^4+^,Zr^4+^,Nb^5+^)_5_O_12_·9H_2_O","Ca Ti Zr Nb O H"," "," ",5383," ",,,"Ca Ti^4+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ O H","Byn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Brownish yellow.","#ffff00,#c9b003"
"Bementite","Bementite","Mn2+7Si6O15(OH)8","Mn7Si6O15(OH)8","Mn_7_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_7_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_","Mn Si O H","IMA1963 s.p."," ",1085,"Clay","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Si O H","Bem","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Gray, Yellow, Yellow brown, Pink.","#653700,#808080,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffc0cb"
"Benauite","Benauite","SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","SrFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","SrFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Sr Fe P O H","IMA1995-001"," ",1086,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Fe^3+ P O H","Bnu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Brown.","#ffff00,#653700"
"Benavidesite","Benavidesite","Pb2+4Mn2+Sb3+6S2-14","Pb4MnSb6S14","Pb_4_MnSb_6_S_14_","Pb^2+^_4_Mn^2+^Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_14_","Pb Mn Sb S","IMA1980-073"," ",1087," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Bnv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray.","#8a7963,#808080"
"Bendadaite","Bendadaite","Fe2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA1998-053a"," ",5599,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Bdd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blackish green to dark brownish","#5d6161,#73532a"
"Benitoite","Benitoite","BaTi4+Si3O9","BaTiSi3O9","BaTiSi_3_O_9_","BaTi^4+^Si_3_O_9_","Ba Ti Si O"," "," ",1088,"Benitoite","hexagonal","P6c2","Ba Ti^4+ Si O","Bni","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Purple, Pink, White, Colorless.","#0000ff,#800080,#ffc0cb,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Benjaminite","Benjaminite","Ag3Bi7S12","Ag3Bi7S12","Ag_3_Bi_7_S_12_","Ag_3_Bi_7_S_12_","Ag Bi S","IMA1975-003a"," ",1089,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag Bi S","Bnj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish yellow, Copper.","#877254,#b87333"
"Benleonardite","Benleonardite","Ag1+15Cu1+(Sb3+,As3+)2S2-7Te2-4","Ag15Cu(Sb,As)2S7Te4","Ag_15_Cu(Sb,As)_2_S_7_Te_4_","Ag^1+^_15_Cu^1+^(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_2_S^2-^_7_Te^2-^_4_","Ag Cu Sb As S Te","IMA1985-043"," ",1090,"Polybasite","tetragonal, hexagonal","P3m1","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2- Te^2-","Bln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Bennesherite","Bennesherite","Ba2Fe2+Si2O7","Ba2Fe2+Si2O7","Ba_2_Fe^2+^Si_2_O_7_","Ba_2_Fe^2+^Si_2_O_7_","Ba Fe Si O","IMA2019-068"," ",6953,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ba Fe^2+ Si O","Bnh","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Light yellow to lemon-colored","#fffe7a,#ffee11"
"Benstonite","Benstonite","Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13","Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13","Ba_6_Ca_6_Mg(CO_3_)_13_","Ba_6_Ca_6_Mg(CO_3_)_13_","Ba Ca Mg C O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1091," ","hexagonal","R3","Ba Ca Mg C O","Ben","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Snow white, Yellow brown, White, Light yellow.","#eeffee,#ae8b0c,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Bentorite","Bentorite","Ca6Cr3+2(S6+O4)3(OH)12·26H2O","Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O","Ca_6_Cr_2_(SO_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca_6_Cr^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca Cr S O H","IMA1979-042"," ",1092,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63/mmc, P31c","Ca Cr^3+ S^6+ O H","Bto","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Violet, Light violet.","#9a0eea,#d6b4fc"
"Benyacarite","Benyacarite","(H2O)2Mn2+2(Ti4+2Fe3+)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","(H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe3+)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","(H_2_O)_2_Mn_2_(Ti_2_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","(H_2_O)_2_Mn^2+^_2_(Ti^4+^_2_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O Mn Ti Fe P F","IMA1995-002"," ",1093,"Paulkerrite","orthorhombic","Pbca","H O Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ P F","Byc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Colorless, Yellowish white, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#cdfd02"
"Beraunite","Beraunite","Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4·6H2O","Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4·6H2O","Fe^3+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_O(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_O(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA2021 s.p."," ",1094,"Beraunite","monoclinic","C2/c, Cc","Fe^3+ P O H","Bru","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Green, Greenish brown, Gray green, Dark greenish brown, Dark red.","#00ff00,#696112,#86a17d,#033500,#840000"
"Berborite","Berborite","Be2BO3(OH)·H2O","Be2(BO3)(OH)·H2O","Be_2_(BO_3_)(OH)·H_2_O","Be_2_BO_3_(OH)·H_2_O","Be B O H","IMA1967-004"," ",1095," ","hexagonal","P321, P3, P63, P3c1","Be B O H","Bbo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Berdesinskiite","Berdesinskiite","V3+2Ti4+O5","V3+2TiO5","V^3+^_2_TiO_5_","V^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","V Ti O","IMA1980-036"," ",1096,"Berdesinskiite","monoclinic","C2/c","V^3+ Ti^4+ O","Bds","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Black, Reddish brown.","#000000,#7f2b0a"
"Berezanskite","Berezanskite","KTi4+2(Li3Si12)O30","KTi2Li3Si12O30","KTi_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_30_","KTi^4+^_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Ti Li Si O","IMA1996-041"," ",1097,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Ti^4+ Li Si O","Bzk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Bergenite","Bergenite","Ca2Ba4(U6+O2)9O6(PO4)6·16H2O","Ca2Ba4(UO2)9O6(PO4)6·16H2O","Ca_2_Ba_4_(UO_2_)_9_O_6_(PO_4_)_6_·16H_2_O","Ca_2_Ba_4_(U^6+^O_2_)_9_O_6_(PO_4_)_6_·16H_2_O","Ca Ba U O P H"," "," ",1098,"Phosphuranylite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Ba U^6+ O P H","Bgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Bergslagite","Bergslagite","CaBe(As5+O4)(OH)","CaBe(AsO4)(OH)","CaBe(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaBe(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Ca Be As O H","IMA1983-021"," ",1099,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Be As^5+ O H","Bgl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Berlinite","Berlinite","AlPO4","Al(PO4)","Al(PO_4_)","AlPO_4_","Al P O"," "," ",1100,"Quartz","hexagonal","P3221, P3121","Al P O","Ber","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray pink, Light pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#c3909b,#ffd1df"
"Bermanite","Bermanite","Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn P O H"," "," ",1101,"Arthurite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ P O H","Brm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light red, Dark reddish brown.","#ff7f7f,#840000"
"Bernalite","Bernalite","Fe3+(OH)3","Fe(OH)3","Fe(OH)_3_","Fe^3+^(OH)_3_","Fe O H","IMA1991-032"," ",1102,"Perovskite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","Immm","Fe^3+ O H","Bnl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow green, Dark bottle green.","#c8fd3d,#315b7d"
"Bernardevansite","Bernardevansite","Al2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Al2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Al_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Al_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Al Se O H","IMA2022-057"," ",7239,"Mandarinoite","monoclinic","P21/c","Al Se^4+ O H","Bev","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Bernardite","Bernardite","Tl1+As3+5S2-8","TlAs5S8","TlAs_5_S_8_","Tl^1+^As^3+^_5_S^2-^_8_","Tl As S","IMA1987-052"," ",1103," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Bnd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Bernarlottiite","Bernarlottiite","Pb2+12(As3+10Sb3+6)S2-36","Pb12(As10Sb6)S36","Pb_12_(As_10_Sb_6_)S_36_","Pb^2+^_12_(As^3+^_10_Sb^3+^_6_)S^2-^_36_","Pb As Sb S","IMA2013-133"," ",6292," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Bl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-gray","#8a7963"
"Berndlehmannite","Berndlehmannite","Cu2+(Cr3+V3+)S2-4","Cu(CrV)S4","Cu(CrV)S_4_","Cu^2+^(Cr^3+^V^3+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Cr V S","IMA2024-005"," ",7443,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Cu^2+ Cr^3+ V^3+ S^2-","Blm",,"No","black","#000000"
"Berndtite","Berndtite","Sn4+S2-2","SnS2","SnS_2_","Sn^4+^S^2-^_2_","Sn S","IMA1968 s.p."," ",1104,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Sn^4+ S^2-","Bti","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish yellow, Yellow brown.","#877254,#ae8b0c"
"Berryite","Berryite","Cu1+3Ag1+2Pb2+3Bi3+7S2-16","Cu3Ag2Pb3Bi7S16","Cu_3_Ag_2_Pb_3_Bi_7_S_16_","Cu^1+^_3_Ag^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^_7_S^2-^_16_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1965-013"," ",1105,"Meneghinite","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Bry","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Gray.","#758da3,#808080"
"Berthierine","Berthierine","(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Fe Al Si O H"," "," ",1106,"Clay, Serpentine","orthorhombic, hexagonal","P63cm","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Brh","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Brown green, Green yellow, Dark green.","#706c11,#c6f808,#033500"
"Berthierite","Berthierite","Fe2+Sb3+2S2-4","FeSb2S4","FeSb_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Sb S"," "," ",1107,"Berthierite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Btr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark steel gray, Dark brownish gray.","#014d4e,#73532a"
"Bertossaite","Bertossaite","Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Li2CaAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Li_2_CaAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Li_2_CaAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Li Ca Al P O H","IMA1965-038"," ",1108,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Imcb","Li Ca Al P O H","Bts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Bertrandite","Bertrandite","Be4Si2O7(OH)2","Be4Si2O7(OH)2","Be_4_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_","Be_4_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_","Be Si O H"," "," ",1109,"Hemimorphite","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Be Si O H","Btd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale yellow.","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Beryl","Beryl","Be3Al2Si6O18","Be3Al2Si6O18","Be_3_Al_2_Si_6_O_18_","Be_3_Al_2_Si_6_O_18_","Be Al Si O"," "," ",1110,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Be Al Si O","Brl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Blue, Yellow, Colorless, Pink.","#00ff00,#0000ff,#ffff00,#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Beryllite","Beryllite","Be3SiO4(OH)2·H2O","Be3(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Be_3_(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Be_3_SiO_4_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Be Si O H"," "," ",1111," ",,,"Be Si O H","Byt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Beryllocordierite-Na","Beryllocordierite-Na","NaMg4(Al5Be)(AlSi5O18)2·2H2O","NaMg4(Al5Be)(AlSi5O18)2·2H2O","NaMg_4_(Al_5_Be)(AlSi_5_O_18_)_2_·2H_2_O","NaMg_4_(Al_5_Be)(AlSi_5_O_18_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Mg Al Be Si O H","IMA2022-108"," ",7332,"Beryl","orthorhombic","Cccm","Na Mg Al Be Si O H","Bcrd-Na",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Beryllonite","Beryllonite","NaBePO4","NaBe(PO4)","NaBe(PO_4_)","NaBePO_4_","Na Be P O"," "," ",1112,"Beryllonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Be P O","Bel","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Beryllosachanbińskiite-Na","Beryllosachanbinskiite-Na","NaMn2+4(Al5Be)(AlSi5O18)2·2H2O","NaMn4(Al5Be)(AlSi5O18)2·2H2O","NaMn_4_(Al_5_Be)(AlSi_5_O_18_)_2_·2H_2_O","NaMn^2+^_4_(Al_5_Be)(AlSi_5_O_18_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Mn Al Be Si O H","IMA2022-109"," ",7333,"Beryl","orthorhombic","Cccm","Na Mn^2+ Al Be Si O H","Bsnb-Na",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Berzelianite","Berzelianite","Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12)","Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12)","Cu_2-x_Se (x ≈ 0.12)","Cu_2-x_Se (x ≈ 0.12)","Cu Se"," "," ",1113," ","cubic","F43m, Fm3m, F23","Cu Se","Brz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Bluish gray, Gray, Black.","#748b97,#808080,#000000"
"Berzeliite","Berzeliite","NaCa2Mg2(As5+O4)3","(NaCa2)Mg2(AsO4)3","(NaCa_2_)Mg_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCa_2_Mg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mg As O"," "," ",1114,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Na Ca Mg As^5+ O","Bze","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange, Sulfur yellow.","#ffa500,#ccc050"
"Beshtauite","Beshtauite","(N3-H4)2(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2·2H2O","(NH4)2(UO2)(SO4)2·2H2O","(NH_4_)_2_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","N H U O S","IMA2012-051"," ",6107,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H U^6+ O S^6+","Bes","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Light green","#76ff7b"
"Betekhtinite","Betekhtinite","(Cu,Fe)21Pb2S15","(Cu,Fe)21Pb2S15","(Cu,Fe)_21_Pb_2_S_15_","(Cu,Fe)_21_Pb_2_S_15_","Cu Fe Pb S"," "," ",1116," ","orthorhombic","Immm","Cu Fe Pb S","Bkh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Betpakdalite-CaCa","Betpakdalite-CaCa","[Ca2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O36(OH)]","[Ca2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O36(OH)]","[Ca_2_(H_2_O)_17_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_36_(OH)]","[Ca_2_(H_2_O)_17_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_36_(OH)]","Ca H O Mo As Fe","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1117,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca H O Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Bpd-CaCa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow with greenish tint","#cfff04"
"Betpakdalite-CaMg","Betpakdalite-CaMg","[Ca2(H2O)17Mg(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O36(OH)]","[Ca2(H2O)17Mg(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O36(OH)]","[Ca_2_(H_2_O)_17_Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_36_(OH)]","[Ca_2_(H_2_O)_17_Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_36_(OH)]","Ca H O Mg Mo As Fe","IMA2011-034"," ",5962,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca H O Mg Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Bpd-CaMg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Betpakdalite-FeFe","Betpakdalite-FeFe","[Fe3+2(H2O)15(OH)2Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo6+8As3+2Fe3+3O37]","[Fe3+2(H2O)15(OH)2Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O37]","[Fe^3+^_2_(H_2_O)_15_(OH)_2_Fe^3+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_As_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_37_]","[Fe^3+^_2_(H_2_O)_15_(OH)_2_Fe^3+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^3+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_37_]","Fe H O Mo As","IMA2017-011"," ",6652,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ H O Mo^6+ As^3+","Bpd-FeFe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Betpakdalite-NaCa","Betpakdalite-NaCa","[Na2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_17_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_17_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","Na H O Ca Mo As Fe","IMA1971-057"," ",4132,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na H O Ca Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Bpd-NaCa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow","#cfff04"
"Betpakdalite-NaNa","Betpakdalite-NaNa","[Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O33(OH)4]","[Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O33(OH)4]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_16_Na(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_33_(OH)_4_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_16_Na(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_33_(OH)_4_]","Na H O Mo As Fe","IMA2011-078"," ",6018,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na H O Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Bpd-NaNa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Bettertonite","Bettertonite","Al6(As5+O4)3(OH)9·16H2O","Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)5·11H2O","Al_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_5_·11H_2_O","Al_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_9_·16H_2_O","Al As O H","IMA2014-074"," ",6372,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Al As^5+ O H","Bet","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Betzite","Betzite","Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)Cl4","Na6Ca2(Al6Si6O24)Cl4","Na_6_Ca_2_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)Cl_4_","Na_6_Ca_2_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)Cl_4_","Na Ca Al Si O Cl","IMA2021-037"," ",7146,"Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63","Na Ca Al Si O Cl","Bzt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Beudantite","Beudantite","Pb2+Fe3+3(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6","PbFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb Fe As O S H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1118,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Bdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Green, Yellow, Dark green, Orange.","#653700,#00ff00,#ffff00,#033500,#ffa500"
"Beusite","Beusite","Mn2+Mn2+2(PO4)2","Mn2+Mn2+2(PO4)2","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Mn P O","IMA1968-012"," ",1119,"Graftonite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ P O","Beu","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Beusite-(Ca)","Beusite-(Ca)","CaMn2+2(PO4)2","CaMn2+2(PO4)2","CaMn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","CaMn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Mn P O","IMA2017-051"," ",6680,"Graftonite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mn^2+ P O","Beu-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale-brown","#b1916e"
"Beyerite","Beyerite","CaBi3+2O2(CO3)2","CaBi2O2(CO3)2","CaBi_2_O_2_(CO_3_)_2_","CaBi^3+^_2_O_2_(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Bi O C"," "," ",1120,"Bismutite","orthorhombic","Immm","Ca Bi^3+ O C","Bey","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Gray green, Yellow, Yellowish white, White.","#808080,#86a17d,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Bezsmertnovite","Bezsmertnovite","(Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb)","(Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb)","(Au,Ag)_4_Cu(Te,Pb)","(Au,Ag)_4_Cu(Te,Pb)","Au Ag Cu Te Pb","IMA1979-014"," ",1121," ","orthorhombic",,"Au Ag Cu Te Pb","Bez","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Golden yellow.","#a87900,#ffdf00"
"Biachellaite","Biachellaite","(Na,Ca,K)8(Si6Al6O24)(S6+O4)2(OH)0.5·H2O","(Na,Ca,K)8(Si6Al6O24)(SO4)2(OH)0.5·H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_0.5_·H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_0.5_·H_2_O","Na Ca K Si Al O S H","IMA2007-044"," ",5646,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Cancrinite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ca K Si Al O S^6+ H","Bcl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Biagioniite","Biagioniite","Tl2SbS2","Tl2SbS2","Tl_2_SbS_2_","Tl_2_SbS_2_","Tl Sb S","IMA2019-120"," ",7003,"Dervillite","monoclinic","Pc, Pb","Tl Sb S","Bgi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Bianchiniite","Bianchiniite","Ba2(Ti4+V3+)(As3+2O5)2OF","Ba2(TiV)(As2O5)2OF","Ba_2_(TiV)(As_2_O_5_)_2_OF","Ba_2_(Ti^4+^V^3+^)(As^3+^_2_O_5_)_2_OF","Ba Ti V As O F","IMA2019-022"," ",6910,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mcm","Ba Ti^4+ V^3+ As^3+ O F","Bcn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","brown","#653700"
"Bianchite","Bianchite","Zn2+S6+O4·6H2O","Zn(SO4)·6H2O","Zn(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Zn S O H"," "," ",1122,"Hexahydrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Bnc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellowish white, White, Light blue.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Bicapite","Bicapite","[KNa2Mg2(H2O)25][H2PV5+12O40(V5+O)2]","[KNa2Mg2(H2O)25][H2PV5+12O40(V5+O)2]","[KNa_2_Mg_2_(H_2_O)_25_][H_2_PV^5+^_12_O_40_(V^5+^O)_2_]","[KNa_2_Mg_2_(H_2_O)_25_][H_2_PV^5+^_12_O_40_(V^5+^O)_2_]","K Na Mg H O P V","IMA2018-048"," ",6785," ","tetragonal","I4/m","K Na Mg H O P V^5+","Bic","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No"," dark red-brown, often appearing black","#4a2125,#d2c785"
"Bicchulite","Bicchulite","Ca2Al2SiO6(OH)2","Ca2Al2SiO6(OH)2","Ca_2_Al_2_SiO_6_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_Al_2_SiO_6_(OH)_2_","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1973-006"," ",1123,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic","I43m","Ca Al Si O H","Bch","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Bideauxite","Bideauxite","Ag1+Pb2+2F2Cl3","AgPb2F2Cl3","AgPb_2_F_2_Cl_3_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_2_F_2_Cl_3_","Ag Pb F Cl","IMA1969-038"," ",1124," ","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ F Cl","Bdx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pale lavender.","#afafaf,#dcd0ff"
"Bieberite","Bieberite","Co2+S6+O4·7H2O","Co(SO4)·7H2O","Co(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Co^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Co S O H"," "," ",1125,"Melanterite","monoclinic","P21/c","Co^2+ S^6+ O H","Bie","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pinkish red, Flesh pink.","#f10c45,#f8cbc4"
"Biehlite","Biehlite","Sb3+2Mo6+O6","Sb3+2MoO6","Sb^3+^_2_MoO_6_","Sb^3+^_2_Mo^6+^O_6_","Sb Mo O","IMA1999-019a"," ",4974," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Sb^3+ Mo^6+ O","Bhl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Bigcreekite","Bigcreekite","BaSi2O5·4H2O","BaSi2O5·4H2O","BaSi_2_O_5_·4H_2_O","BaSi_2_O_5_·4H_2_O","Ba Si O H","IMA1999-015"," ",1126," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba Si O H","Big","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bijvoetite-(Y)","Bijvoetite-(Y)","Y8(U6+O2)16O8(CO3)16(OH)8·39H2O","Y8(UO2)16O8(CO3)16(OH)8·39H2O","Y_8_(UO_2_)_16_O_8_(CO_3_)_16_(OH)_8_·39H_2_O","Y_8_(U^6+^O_2_)_16_O_8_(CO_3_)_16_(OH)_8_·39H_2_O","Y U O C H","IMA1981-035, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1127," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","B2","Y U^6+ O C H","Bij-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sulfur yellow.","#ccc050"
"Bikitaite","Bikitaite","LiAlSi2O6·H2O","LiAlSi2O6·H2O","LiAlSi_2_O_6_·H_2_O","LiAlSi_2_O_6_·H_2_O","Li Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1128," ","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/m, P1, P21","Li Al Si O H","Bik","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bilibinskite","Bilibinskite","PbAu3Cu2Te2","PbAu3Cu2Te2","PbAu_3_Cu_2_Te_2_","PbAu_3_Cu_2_Te_2_","Pb Au Cu Te","IMA1977-024"," ",1129," ","cubic",,"Pb Au Cu Te","Bb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze brown, Light brown, Pink brown.","#825e2f,#b5651d,#67594c"
"Bílinite","Bilinite","Fe2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4·22H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",1130,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Bli","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White to yellowish","#ffffff,#faee66"
"Billietite","Billietite","Ba(U6+O2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O","Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ba U O H"," "," ",1131," ","orthorhombic","Pbn21","Ba U^6+ O H","Bil","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Golden yellow.","#ae8b0c,#ffdf00"
"Billingsleyite","Billingsleyite","Ag7AsS6","Ag7AsS6","Ag_7_AsS_6_","Ag_7_AsS_6_","Ag As S","IMA1967-012"," ",1132," ","cubic","P213","Ag As S","Bgy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Billwiseite","Billwiseite","Sb3+5Nb5+3W6+O18","Sb3+5Nb3WO18","Sb^3+^_5_Nb_3_WO_18_","Sb^3+^_5_Nb^5+^_3_W^6+^O_18_","Sb Nb W O","IMA2010-053"," ",5922,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Sb^3+ Nb^5+ W^6+ O","Bwi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale yellow (with a tinge of green),","#eecf9e"
"Bimbowrieite","Bimbowrieite","NaMgFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMgFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMgFe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","NaMgFe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Mg Fe P O H","IMA2020-006"," ",7023,"Dufrénite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Bbw","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","dark olive green to greenish brown","#373e02,#696112"
"Bindheimite","Bindheimite","Pb2+2Sb5+2O7","Pb2Sb5+2O7","Pb_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb^2+^_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb Sb O","IMA2013 s.p."," ",1133,"Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Pb^2+ Sb^5+ O","Bhe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow, Green, Brownish white, Grayish white.","#ffff00,#cdfd02,#00ff00,#d1f1de,#d6dee9"
"Biphosphammite","Biphosphammite","H2(N3-H4)PO4","(NH4)H2(PO4)","(NH_4_)H_2_(PO_4_)","H_2_(N^3-^H_4_)PO_4_","N H P O"," "," ",1134,"Biphosphammite","tetragonal","I42d","H N^3- P O","Bpam","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Gray white.","#653700,#afafaf,#d7d5cb"
"Biraite-(Ce)","Biraite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Fe2+Si2O7(CO3)","Ce2Fe2+(Si2O7)(CO3)","Ce_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(CO_3_)","Ce^3+^_2_Fe^2+^Si_2_O_7_(CO_3_)","Ce Fe Si O C","IMA2003-037"," ",5243,"Biraite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ Fe^2+ Si O C","Bia-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Biraite-(La)","Biraite-(La)","La2Fe2+(CO3)(Si2O7)","La2Fe2+(CO3)(Si2O7)","La_2_Fe^2+^(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","La_2_Fe^2+^(CO_3_)(Si_2_O_7_)","La Fe C O Si","IMA2020-020"," ",7031,"Biraite","monoclinic","P21/c","La Fe^2+ C O Si","Bia-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown to dark brown","#653700,#73532a"
"Birchite","Birchite","Cd2+2Cu2+2(PO4)2S6+O4·5H2O","Cd2Cu2(PO4)2(SO4)·5H2O","Cd_2_Cu_2_(PO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","Cd^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_S^6+^O_4_·5H_2_O","Cd Cu P O S H","IMA2006-048"," ",5600," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cd^2+ Cu^2+ P O S^6+ H","Bc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue.","#d0fefe"
"Biringuccite","Biringuccite","Na2B5O8(OH)·H2O","Na2B5O8(OH)·H2O","Na_2_B_5_O_8_(OH)·H_2_O","Na_2_B_5_O_8_(OH)·H_2_O","Na B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1135," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na B O H","Bgc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Birnessite","Birnessite","(Na,Ca,K)0.6(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4·1.5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)0.6(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4·1.5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_0.6_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)_2_O_4_·1.5H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_0.6_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)_2_O_4_·1.5H_2_O","Na Ca K Mn O H"," "," ",1136," ","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, P1, C1","Na Ca K Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O H","Bir","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Birunite","Birunite","Ca18(SiO3)8.5(CO3)8.5S6+O4·15H2O","Ca18(SiO3)8.5(CO3)8.5(SO4)·15H2O","Ca_18_(SiO_3_)_8.5_(CO_3_)_8.5_(SO_4_)·15H_2_O","Ca_18_(SiO_3_)_8.5_(CO_3_)_8.5_S^6+^O_4_·15H_2_O","Ca Si O C S H"," "," ",5384,"Ettringite",,,"Ca Si O C S^6+ H","Brn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Bischofite","Bischofite","MgCl2·6H2O","MgCl2·6H2O","MgCl_2_·6H_2_O","MgCl_2_·6H_2_O","Mg Cl H O"," "," ",1137," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Cl H O","Bsf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bismite","Bismite","Bi3+2O3","Bi2O3","Bi_2_O_3_","Bi^3+^_2_O_3_","Bi O"," "," ",1138," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Bi^3+ O","Bis","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green yellow, Gray green, Yellow.","#c6f808,#86a17d,#ffff00"
"Bismoclite","Bismoclite","Bi3+OCl","BiOCl","BiOCl","Bi^3+^OCl","Bi O Cl"," "," ",1139,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Bi^3+ O Cl","Bmc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Colorless, Gray, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#653700,#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Bismuth","Bismuth","Bi","Bi","Bi","Bi","Bi"," "," ",1140,"Arsenic","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","Bi","Bi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Silver white, Pinkish white, Red.","#e7e8e3,#fff1fa,#ff0000"
"Bismuthinite","Bismuthinite","Bi3+2S2-3","Bi2S3","Bi_2_S_3_","Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","Bi S"," "," ",1141,"Stibnite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Bi^3+ S^2-","Bin","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Gray, Silver white, Tin white.","#808080,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Bismutite","Bismutite","Bi3+2O2(CO3)","Bi2O2(CO3)","Bi_2_O_2_(CO_3_)","Bi^3+^_2_O_2_(CO_3_)","Bi O C"," "," ",1142,"Bismutite","orthorhombic","Imm2","Bi^3+ O C","Bit","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Green, Gray, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#00ff00,#808080,#ffff00"
"Bismutocolumbite","Bismutocolumbite","Bi3+Nb5+O4","BiNbO4","BiNbO_4_","Bi^3+^Nb^5+^O_4_","Bi Nb O","IMA1991-003"," ",1143," ","orthorhombic","Pnna","Bi^3+ Nb^5+ O","Bclb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Bismutoferrite","Bismutoferrite","Fe3+2Bi3+(SiO4)2(OH)","Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH)","Fe^3+^_2_Bi(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","Fe^3+^_2_Bi^3+^(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","Fe Bi Si O H"," "," ",1144,"Kaolinite","monoclinic","Cm","Fe^3+ Bi^3+ Si O H","Bif","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Green, Light yellow.","#00ff00,#fffe7a"
"Bismutohauchecornite","Bismutohauchecornite","Ni9Bi2S8","Ni9Bi2S8","Ni_9_Bi_2_S_8_","Ni_9_Bi_2_S_8_","Ni Bi S","IMA1978 s.p."," ",1145,"Hauchecornite",,,"Ni Bi S","Bhau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Bismutostibiconite","Bismutostibiconite","(Bi3+,Fe3+,☐)2Sb5+2O7","(Bi,Fe3+,☐)2Sb5+2O7","(Bi,Fe^3+^,[box])_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","(Bi^3+^,Fe^3+^,[box])_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Bi Fe Sb O","IMA1981-065, IMA2013 s.p."," ",1148,"Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ Sb^5+ O","Bsbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish brown, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#00ff00,#696112,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Bismutotantalite","Bismutotantalite","Bi3+Ta5+O4","BiTaO4","BiTaO_4_","Bi^3+^Ta^5+^O_4_","Bi Ta O"," "," ",1149," ","orthorhombic","Pcnn","Bi^3+ Ta^5+ O","Bttl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light brown, Black.","#b5651d,#000000"
"Bitikleite","Bitikleite","Ca3Sn4+Sb5+Al3O12","Ca3(SbSn)(AlO4)3","Ca_3_(SbSn)(AlO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Sn^4+^Sb^5+^Al_3_O_12_","Ca Sb Sn Al O","IMA2009-052"," ",5781,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca Sn^4+ Sb^5+ Al O","Bkl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Light yellow or colorless","#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Bityite","Bityite","CaLiAl2(Si2BeAl)O10(OH)2","CaLiAl2(Si2BeAl)O10(OH)2","CaLiAl_2_(Si_2_BeAl)O_10_(OH)_2_","CaLiAl_2_(Si_2_BeAl)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Li Al Si Be O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",1150,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","Cc","Ca Li Al Si Be O H","Bty","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown white, Colorless, Yellow, Pearl white.","#eeebe3,#afafaf,#ffff00,#f3f2ed"
"Bixbyite-(Fe)","Bixbyite-(Fe)","Fe3+2O3","Fe3+2O3","Fe^3+^_2_O_3_","Fe^3+^_2_O_3_","Fe O","IMA2021 s.p."," ",7237,"Bixbyite","cubic","Ia3","Fe^3+ O","Bxb-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bixbyite-(Mn)","Bixbyite-(Mn)","Mn3+2O3","Mn3+2O3","Mn^3+^_2_O_3_","Mn^3+^_2_O_3_","Mn O","IMA2021 s.p."," ",1151,"Bixbyite","cubic","Ia3, I213","Mn^3+ O","Bxb-Mn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Bjarebyite","Bjarebyite","BaMn2+2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMn2+2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMn^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","BaMn^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ba Mn Al P O H","IMA1972-022"," ",1152,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Mn^2+ Al P O H","Bj","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Blakeite","Blakeite","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3 (?)","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_ (?)","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_","Fe Te O"," "," ",5385," ",,,"Fe^3+ Te^4+ O","Bak","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Dark reddish brown.","#653700,#840000"
"Blatonite","Blatonite","(U6+O2)CO3·H2O","(UO2)(CO3)·H2O","(UO_2_)(CO_3_)·H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)CO_3_·H_2_O","U O C H","IMA1997-025"," ",1153," ",,,"U^6+ O C H","Blt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Blatterite","Blatterite","Sb5+3Mn3+9Mn2+35(BO3)16O32","Sb5+3Mn3+9Mn2+35(BO3)16O32","Sb^5+^_3_Mn^3+^_9_Mn^2+^_35_(BO_3_)_16_O_32_","Sb^5+^_3_Mn^3+^_9_Mn^2+^_35_(BO_3_)_16_O_32_","Sb Mn B O","IMA1984-038"," ",1154," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Sb^5+ Mn^3+ Mn^2+ B O","Bla","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Bleasdaleite","Bleasdaleite","Ca2Cu2+5(Bi3+,Cu2+)(PO4)4(H2O,OH,Cl)13","Ca2Cu5(Bi,Cu)(PO4)4(H2O,OH,Cl)13","Ca_2_Cu_5_(Bi,Cu)(PO_4_)_4_(H_2_O,OH,Cl)_13_","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_5_(Bi^3+^,Cu^2+^)(PO_4_)_4_(H_2_O,OH,Cl)_13_","Ca Cu Bi P O H Cl","IMA1998-003a"," ",1155," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Cu^2+ Bi^3+ P O H Cl","Ble","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Honey brown, Dark brown.","#816e5c,#73532a"
"Blixite","Blixite","Pb2+8O5(OH)2Cl4","Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4","Pb_8_O_5_(OH)_2_Cl_4_","Pb^2+^_8_O_5_(OH)_2_Cl_4_","Pb O H Cl","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1156," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ O H Cl","Blx","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light green, Light yellow, Orange.","#76ff7b,#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Blödite","Blodite","Na2Mg(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_2_Mg(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Mg S O H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",4887,"Blödite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Mg S^6+ O H","Blö","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colourless, bluish-green, reddish; colourless in transmitted light.","#afafaf,#10a674,#c44240,#afafaf"
"Blossite","Blossite","Cu2+2V5+2O7","Cu2V5+2O7","Cu_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Cu^2+^_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Cu V O","IMA1986-002"," ",1158," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Cu^2+ V^5+ O","Blo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Bluebellite","Bluebellite","Cu2+6(I5+O3)(OH)10Cl","Cu6(IO3)(OH)10Cl","Cu_6_(IO_3_)(OH)_10_Cl","Cu^2+^_6_(I^5+^O_3_)(OH)_10_Cl","Cu I O H Cl","IMA2013-121"," ",6281," ","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ I^5+ O H Cl","Bbl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright bluish-green","#65fe08"
"Bluelizardite","Bluelizardite","Na7(U6+O2)(S6+O4)4Cl·2H2O","Na7(UO2)(SO4)4Cl(H2O)2","Na_7_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_4_Cl(H_2_O)_2_","Na_7_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_Cl·2H_2_O","Na U O S Cl H","IMA2013-062"," ",6227,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Na U^6+ O S^6+ Cl H","Blz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Blueridgeite","Blueridgeite","[Pb2+8Zn2+3Cu2+(OH)16](S6+O4)2(S6+O3S2-)2·2H2O","[Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)2(S2O3)2·2H2O","[Pb_8_Zn_3_Cu^2+^(OH)_16_](SO_4_)_2_(S_2_O_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_8_Zn^2+^_3_Cu^2+^(OH)_16_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Zn Cu O H S","IMA2024-071"," ",7522,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Cu^2+ O H S^6+ S^2-","Blrg",,"No","pale to deep blue","#fff9d0,#040273"
"Bluestreakite","Bluestreakite","K4Mg2[(V4+2V5+8)O28]·14H2O","K4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28)·14H2O","K_4_Mg_2_(V^4+^_2_V^5+^_8_O_28_)·14H_2_O","K_4_Mg_2_[(V^4+^_2_V^5+^_8_)O_28_]·14H_2_O","K Mg V O H","IMA2014-047"," ",6343,"Pascoite","monoclinic","P21/n","K Mg V^4+ V^5+ O H","Blu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Dark greenish blue","#033500"
"Bobcookite","Bobcookite","NaAl(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)4·18H2O","NaAl(UO2)2(SO4)4·18H2O","NaAl(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_4_·18H_2_O","NaAl(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·18H_2_O","Na Al U O S H","IMA2014-030"," ",6320,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Al U^6+ O S^6+ H","Bbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Lime green to greenish-yellow","#8ead2c,#cdfd02"
"Bobfergusonite","Bobfergusonite","☐Na2Mn2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6","☐Na2Mn2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6","[box]Na_2_Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_6_","[box]Na_2_Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_6_","Na Mn Fe Al P O","IMA1984-072a"," ",1159,"Alluaudite-Bobfergusonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O","Bfg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish brown, Reddish brown.","#696112,#7f2b0a"
"Bobfinchite","Bobfinchite","Na[(U6+O2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O","Na[(UO2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O","Na[(UO_2_)_8_O_3_(OH)_11_]·10H_2_O","Na[(U^6+^O_2_)_8_O_3_(OH)_11_]·10H_2_O","Na U O H","IMA2020-082"," ",7098,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na U^6+ O H","Bfc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Bobierrite","Bobierrite","Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O","Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg P O H"," "," ",1160,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m, C2/c","Mg P O H","Bob","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff"
"Bobjonesite","Bobjonesite","V4+OS6+O4·3H2O","V4+O(SO4)·3H2O","V^4+^O(SO_4_)·3H_2_O","V^4+^OS^6+^O_4_·3H_2_O","V O S H","IMA2000-045"," ",1161," ","monoclinic","P21/n","V^4+ O S^6+ H","Bjon","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue, Bright blue.","#d0fefe,#0165fc"
"Bobkingite","Bobkingite","Cu2+5Cl2(OH)8·2H2O","Cu5Cl2(OH)8·2H2O","Cu_5_Cl_2_(OH)_8_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_Cl_2_(OH)_8_·2H_2_O","Cu Cl O H","IMA2000-029"," ",1162," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Cl O H","Bkg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue.","#d0fefe"
"Bobmeyerite","Bobmeyerite","Pb2+4(Al3Cu2+)(Si4O12)(S6+0.5Si0.5O4)(OH)7Cl·3H2O","Pb4(Al3Cu)(Si4O12)(S0.5Si0.5O4)(OH)7Cl(H2O)3","Pb_4_(Al_3_Cu)(Si_4_O_12_)(S_0.5_Si_0.5_O_4_)(OH)_7_Cl(H_2_O)_3_","Pb^2+^_4_(Al_3_Cu^2+^)(Si_4_O_12_)(S^6+^_0.5_Si_0.5_O_4_)(OH)_7_Cl·3H_2_O","Pb Al Cu Si O S H Cl","IMA2012-019"," ",6079,"Cerchiaraite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Pb^2+ Al Cu^2+ Si O S^6+ H Cl","Bmy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bobshannonite","Bobshannonite","Na2KBa(Mn2+,Na)8(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2","Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2","Na_2_KBa(Mn,Na)_8_(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O_4_(OH)_4_(O,F)_2_","Na_2_KBa(Mn^2+^,Na)_8_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O_4_(OH)_4_(O,F)_2_","Na K Ba Mn Nb Ti Si O H F","IMA2014-052"," ",6349,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","triclinic","P1, C1","Na K Ba Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Bsha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No"," very pale brown to orange brown","#927288,#b16002"
"Bobtraillite","Bobtraillite","(Na,☐)12(☐,Na)12Sr12Zr4+14(Si3O9)10[Si2BO7(OH)2]6·12H2O","(Na,☐)12(☐,Na)12Sr12Zr14(Si3O9)10[Si2BO7(OH)2]6·12H2O","(Na,[box])_12_([box],Na)_12_Sr_12_Zr_14_(Si_3_O_9_)_10_[Si_2_BO_7_(OH)_2_]_6_·12H_2_O","(Na,[box])_12_([box],Na)_12_Sr_12_Zr^4+^_14_(Si_3_O_9_)_10_[Si_2_BO_7_(OH)_2_]_6_·12H_2_O","Na Sr Zr Si O B H","IMA2001-041"," ",1163," ","hexagonal","P3c1","Na Sr Zr^4+ Si O B H","Bta","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Pale green, Brown.","#808080,#69b076,#653700"
"Bodieite","Bodieite","Bi3+2(Te4+O3)2(S6+O4)","Bi3+2(Te4+O3)2(SO4)","Bi^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(SO_4_)","Bi^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)","Bi Te O S","IMA2017-117"," ",6744,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/a","Bi^3+ Te^4+ O S^6+","Bod","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, yellow, or green","#afafaf,#ffff00,#1c6a51"
"Boevskite","Boevskite","Pb2+4(Te4+O3)2(S6+O4)(S6+O3S2-)","Pb4(TeO3)2(SO4)(S2O3)","Pb_4_(TeO_3_)_2_(SO_4_)(S_2_O_3_)","Pb^2+^_4_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)","Pb Te O S","IMA2024-041"," ",7555,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O S^6+ S^2-","Boe",,"No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Bogdanovite","Bogdanovite","(Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe)","(Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe)","(Au,Te,Pb)_3_(Cu,Fe)","(Au,Te,Pb)_3_(Cu,Fe)","Au Te Pb Cu Fe","IMA1978-019"," ",1165,"Auricupride","cubic","Pm3m","Au Te Pb Cu Fe","Bog","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Bronze brown, Bluish black.","#653700,#825e2f,#413f44"
"Bøggildite","Boggildite","Na2Sr2Al2(PO4)F9","Na2Sr2Al2(PO4)F9","Na_2_Sr_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)F_9_","Na_2_Sr_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)F_9_","Na Sr Al P O F"," "," ",1166," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Sr Al P O F","Bgg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Translucent flesh red","#ffe9e1"
"Boggsite","Boggsite","Na3Ca8(Si77Al19)O192·70H2O","Na3Ca8(Si77Al19)O192·70H2O","Na_3_Ca_8_(Si_77_Al_19_)O_192_·70H_2_O","Na_3_Ca_8_(Si_77_Al_19_)O_192_·70H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1989-009"," ",1167," ","orthorhombic","Imma","Na Ca Si Al O H","Bgs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bøgvadite","Bogvadite","Na2Ba2SrAl4F20","Na2Ba2SrAl4F20","Na_2_Ba_2_SrAl_4_F_20_","Na_2_Ba_2_SrAl_4_F_20_","Na Ba Sr Al F","IMA1987-029"," ",1168," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21/n","Na Ba Sr Al F","Bgv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Bohdanowiczite","Bohdanowiczite","Ag1+Bi3+Se2-2","AgBiSe2","AgBiSe_2_","Ag^1+^Bi^3+^Se^2-^_2_","Ag Bi Se","IMA1978 s.p."," ",1169," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Ag^1+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Boh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Böhmite","Bohmite","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","Al O H"," "," ",1164,"Lepidocrocite","orthorhombic","Cmcm, Bbmm, Amam, Cmc21","Al O H","Bhm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, pale greyish brown; yellowish or reddish when impure; colourless in thin section","#ffffff,#fdfdfe,#faee66,#fff8d5,#afafaf"
"Bohseite","Bohseite","Ca4Be3+xAl1-xSi9O25-x(OH)3+x (x = 0 to 1)","Ca4Be3+xAl1-xSi9O25-x(OH)3+x (x = 0 to 1)","Ca_4_Be_3+x_Al_1-x_Si_9_O_25-x_(OH)_3+x_ (x = 0 to 1)","Ca_4_Be_3+x_Al_1-x_Si_9_O_25-x_(OH)_3+x_ (x = 0 to 1)","Ca Be Al Si O H","IMA2010-026, IMA2015 s.p."," ",5854,"Bavenite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca Be Al Si O H","Bhs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bohuslavite","Bohuslavite","Fe3+4(PO4)3(S6+O4)(OH)·nH2O (15≤n≤24)","Fe3+4(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)·nH2O (15≤n≤24)","Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_3_(SO_4_)(OH)·nH_2_O (15≤n≤24)","Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·nH_2_O (15≤n≤24)","Fe P O S H","IMA2018-074a"," ",6876,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1, P1","Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Bhv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to pinkish to lilac under incandescent light; white to yellowish under sunlight.","#afafaf,#d46a7e,#ba9b97,#ffffff,#edeeda"
"Bojarite","Bojarite","Cu2+3(N3C2H2)1-3(OH)Cl2·6H2O","Cu3(N3C2H2)3(OH)Cl2·6H2O","Cu_3_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)_3_(OH)Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)^1-^_3_(OH)Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Cu N C H O Cl","IMA2020-037"," ",7048,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Fd3c","Cu^2+ N C H O Cl","Boj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Bokite","Bokite","(Al,Fe3+)1.3(V5+,V4+,Fe3+)8O20·7.5H2O","(Al,Fe)1.3(V5+,V4+,Fe3+)8O20·7.5H2O","(Al,Fe)_1.3_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^3+^)_8_O_20_·7.5H_2_O","(Al,Fe^3+^)_1.3_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^3+^)_8_O_20_·7.5H_2_O","Al Fe V O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1170,"Straczekite","monoclinic","C2/m","Al Fe^3+ V^5+ V^4+ O H","Bkt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Boleite","Boleite","KAg1+9Pb2+26Cu2+24Cl62(OH)48","KAg9Pb26Cu24Cl62(OH)48","KAg_9_Pb_26_Cu_24_Cl_62_(OH)_48_","KAg^1+^_9_Pb^2+^_26_Cu^2+^_24_Cl_62_(OH)_48_","K Ag Pb Cu Cl O H"," "," ",1171," ","cubic","Pm3m, Pm3m","K Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Cl O H","Bol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Indigo blue, Light blue.","#3a18b1,#add8e6"
"Bolivarite","Bolivarite","Al2PO4(OH)3·4H2O","Al2(PO4)(OH)3·4H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Al_2_PO_4_(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Al P O H"," "," ",5388," ",,,"Al P O H","Bva","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish white, Yellow green.","#d1f1de,#c8fd3d"
"Bolotinaite","Bolotinaite","(Na7☐)(Al6Si6O24)F·4H2O","(Na7☐)(Al6Si6O24)F·4H2O","(Na_7_[box])(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)F·4H_2_O","(Na_7_[box])(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)F·4H_2_O","Na Al Si O F H","IMA2021-088"," ",7194,"Sodalite","cubic","I43m","Na Al Si O F H","Bltn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale yellow to pinkish","#eecf9e,#d46a7e"
"Boltwoodite","Boltwoodite","K0.63Na0.37[(U6+O2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)1.5","K0.63Na0.37[(UO2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)1.5","K_0.63_Na_0.37_[(UO_2_)(SiO_3_OH)](H_2_O)_1.5_","K_0.63_Na_0.37_[(U^6+^O_2_)(SiO_3_OH)](H_2_O)_1.5_","K Na U O Si H"," "," ",1172," ","monoclinic","P21, P21/m","K Na U^6+ O Si H","Bwd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Bonaccordite","Bonaccordite","Ni2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Ni2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Ni_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Ni^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Ni Fe O B","IMA1974-019"," ",1173,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Ni^2+ Fe^3+ O B","Bna","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Bonaccorsiite","Bonaccorsiite","KK2Na3(Al6Si36)O84","KK2Na3(Al6Si36)O84","KK_2_Na_3_(Al_6_Si_36_)O_84_","KK_2_Na_3_(Al_6_Si_36_)O_84_","K Na Al Si O","IMA2025-028"," ",7596,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Al Si O","Bcs",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bonacinaite","Bonacinaite","Sc(As5+O4)·2H2O","Sc(AsO4)·2H2O","Sc(AsO_4_)·2H_2_O","Sc(As^5+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","Sc As O H","IMA2018-056"," ",6790,"Phosphosiderite","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/n, ?1","Sc As^5+ O H","Bci","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," colourless (with faint to distinct violet tints)","#afafaf,#5b4276"
"Bonattite","Bonattite","Cu2+S6+O4·3H2O","Cu(SO4)·3H2O","Cu(SO_4_)·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_·3H_2_O","Cu S O H"," "," ",1174," ","monoclinic","Cc","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Bon","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Bonazziite","Bonazziite","As4S4","As4S4","As_4_S_4_","As_4_S_4_","As S","IMA2013-141"," ",6295," ","monoclinic","C2/c","As S","Bzz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Bonshtedtite","Bonshtedtite","Na3Fe2+(PO4)(CO3)","Na3Fe2+(PO4)(CO3)","Na_3_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na_3_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na Fe P O C","IMA1981-026a"," ",1175,"Bradleyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Fe^2+ P O C","Bsd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, Rose, Yellowish, Greenish.","#afafaf,#ff007f,#faee66,#40a368"
"Boojumite","Boojumite","Pb2+8O4(OH)2(S6+O3S2-)3","Pb8O4(OH)2(S2O3)3","Pb_8_O_4_(OH)_2_(S_2_O_3_)_3_","Pb^2+^_8_O_4_(OH)_2_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_3_","Pb O H S","IMA2022-028"," ",7256,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ O H S^6+ S^2-","Bjm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Boothite","Boothite","Cu2+S6+O4·7H2O","Cu(SO4)·7H2O","Cu(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Cu S O H"," "," ",1176,"Melanterite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Boo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Boracite","Boracite","Mg3B7O13Cl","Mg3B7O13Cl","Mg_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mg_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mg B O Cl"," "," ",1177,"Boracite","orthorhombic, cubic","Pca21, F43c","Mg B O Cl","Boc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Blue green, Colorless, Gray, Yellow, White.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Boralsilite","Boralsilite","Al16B6O30(Si2O7)","Al16B6O30(Si2O7)","Al_16_B_6_O_30_(Si_2_O_7_)","Al_16_B_6_O_30_(Si_2_O_7_)","Al B O Si","IMA1996-029"," ",1178," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Al B O Si","Bor","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Borax","Borax","Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O","Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O","Na_2_B_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·8H_2_O","Na_2_B_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·8H_2_O","Na B O H"," "," ",1179," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na B O H","Brx","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Blue, Colorless, Green, Gray, Gray white.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Borcarite","Borcarite","Ca4MgB4O6(CO3)2(OH)6","Ca4MgB4O6(CO3)2(OH)6","Ca_4_MgB_4_O_6_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ca_4_MgB_4_O_6_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ca Mg B O C H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",1180," ","monoclinic","C2/m, A2/m","Ca Mg B O C H","Bcr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Colorless, Green, Greenish blue.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#00ff00,#0b8b87"
"Borisenkoite","Borisenkoite","Cu2+3[(V5+,As5+)O4]2","Cu3[(V,As)O4]2","Cu_3_[(V,As)O_4_]_2_","Cu^2+^_3_[(V^5+^,As^5+^)O_4_]_2_","Cu V As O","IMA2015-113"," ",6511,"Lammerite-β","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ V^5+ As^5+ O","Bsk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Red-brown, golden-brown or brown","#a52a2f,#b27a01,#653700"
"Bornemanite","Bornemanite","Na6(Na☐)Ba2Ti4+2Nb5+2(Na5☐)Ti4+2(Si2O7)4(PO4)2O4(OH)2F2","Na6(Na☐)Ba2Ti2Nb2(Na5☐)Ti2(Si2O7)4(PO4)2O4(OH)2F2","Na_6_(Na[box])Ba_2_Ti_2_Nb_2_(Na_5_[box])Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_2_F_2_","Na_6_(Na[box])Ba_2_Ti^4+^_2_Nb^5+^_2_(Na_5_[box])Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_2_F_2_","Na Ba Ti Nb Si O P H F","IMA1973-053"," ",1182,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","orthorhombic, triclinic, monoclinic","P1, Ib","Na Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O P H F","Bma","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Bornhardtite","Bornhardtite","Co2+Co3+2Se2-4","Co2+Co3+2Se4","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_Se_4_","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_Se^2-^_4_","Co Se"," "," ",5076,"Spinel","cubic",,"Co^2+ Co^3+ Se^2-","Bhd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Copper, Pink.","#b87333,#ffc0cb"
"Bornite","Bornite","Cu1+5Fe3+S2-4","Cu5FeS4","Cu_5_FeS_4_","Cu^1+^_5_Fe^3+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1183," ","cubic, orthorhombic, hexagonal","F23, Pbca, Fm3m, F43m, R3m","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Bn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Copper red, Bronze brown, Purple.","#cb6d51,#825e2f,#800080"
"Borocookeite","Borocookeite","LiAl4(Si3B)O10(OH)8","LiAl4(Si3B)O10(OH)8","LiAl_4_(Si_3_B)O_10_(OH)_8_","LiAl_4_(Si_3_B)O_10_(OH)_8_","Li Al Si B O H","IMA2000-013"," ",1184,"Clay, Chlorite","monoclinic","Cc","Li Al Si B O H","Bckt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light pinkish gray.","#ffd1df"
"Borodaevite","Borodaevite","Ag4.83Fe0.21Pb0.45(Bi,Sb)8.84S16","Ag4.83Fe0.21Pb0.45(Bi,Sb)8.84S16","Ag_4.83_Fe_0.21_Pb_0.45_(Bi,Sb)_8.84_S_16_","Ag_4.83_Fe_0.21_Pb_0.45_(Bi,Sb)_8.84_S_16_","Ag Fe Pb Bi Sb S","IMA1991-037"," ",1185," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag Fe Pb Bi Sb S","Bdv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Boromullite","Boromullite","Al9BSi2O19","Al9BSi2O19","Al_9_BSi_2_O_19_","Al_9_BSi_2_O_19_","Al B Si O","IMA2007-021"," ",5587," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Al B Si O","Bmul","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Boromuscovite","Boromuscovite","KAl2(Si3B)O10(OH)2","KAl2(Si3B)O10(OH)2","KAl_2_(Si_3_B)O_10_(OH)_2_","KAl_2_(Si_3_B)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Al Si B O H","IMA1989-027"," ",1186,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c, C2/m","K Al Si B O H","Bms","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Beige white.","#ffffff,#f6f2f1"
"Borovskite","Borovskite","Pd3SbTe4","Pd3SbTe4","Pd_3_SbTe_4_","Pd_3_SbTe_4_","Pd Sb Te","IMA1972-032"," ",1187," ","cubic",,"Pd Sb Te","Bvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Bortnikovite","Bortnikovite","Pd4Cu3Zn","Pd4Cu3Zn","Pd_4_Cu_3_Zn","Pd_4_Cu_3_Zn","Pd Cu Zn","IMA2006-027"," ",5583," ","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pd Cu Zn","Bnk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Steel white.","#f0ebe0"
"Bortolanite","Bortolanite","Ca2(Ca1.5Zr4+0.5)Na(NaCa)Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(Ca1.5Zr0.5)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(Ca_1.5_Zr_0.5_)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(Ca_1.5_Zr^4+^_0.5_)Na(NaCa)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Zr Na Ti Si O F","IMA2021-040a"," ",7187,"Seidozerite","triclinic","P1","Ca Zr^4+ Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Btln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale-yellow to brown","#eecf9e,#653700"
"Borzęckiite","Borzeckiite","Pb2+(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·3H2O","Pb(UO2)3(SeO3)2O2·3H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_3_(SeO_3_)_2_O_2_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·3H_2_O","Pb U O Se H","IMA2018-146a"," ",7277,"Guilleminite","orthorhombic","P21nm","Pb^2+ U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Bzc",,"No","pale orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Boscardinite","Boscardinite","Tl1+Pb2+4(Sb3+7As3+2)S2-18","TlPb4(Sb7As2)Σ=9S18","TlPb_4_(Sb_7_As_2_)_Σ=9_S_18_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^_4_(Sb^3+^_7_As^3+^_2_)S^2-^_18_","Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA2010-079"," ",5925,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Bcd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey","#8a7963"
"Bosiite","Bosiite","NaFe3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Fe Al Mg Si O B H","IMA2014-094"," ",6392,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^3+ Al Mg Si O B H","Bos","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark brown to black","#73532a,#000000"
"Bosoite","Bosoite","SiO2·nCxH2x+2","SiO2·nCxH2x+2","SiO_2_·nC_x_H_2x+2_","SiO_2_·nC_x_H_2x+2_","Si O C H","IMA2014-023"," ",6328," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm","Si O C H","Bs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Bostwickite","Bostwickite","CaMn3+6Si3O16·7H2O","CaMn3+6Si3O16·7H2O","CaMn^3+^_6_Si_3_O_16_·7H_2_O","CaMn^3+^_6_Si_3_O_16_·7H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1982-073"," ",1188," ",,,"Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Btw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Botallackite","Botallackite","Cu2+2Cl(OH)3","Cu2Cl(OH)3","Cu_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu Cl O H"," "," ",1189,"Atacamite","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^2+ Cl O H","Blk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue green, Green, Light blue green, Light green.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Botryogen","Botryogen","MgFe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·7H2O","MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·7H2O","MgFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","MgFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Mg Fe S O H"," "," ",1190,"Botryogen","monoclinic","P21/n","Mg Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Byg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Hyacinth red, Ocher yellow.","#a75536,#ecc100"
"Bottinoite","Bottinoite","Ni2+Sb5+2(OH)12·6H2O","NiSb5+2(OH)12·6H2O","NiSb^5+^_2_(OH)_12_·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^Sb^5+^_2_(OH)_12_·6H_2_O","Ni Sb O H","IMA1991-029"," ",1191," ","hexagonal","P3","Ni^2+ Sb^5+ O H","Bot","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Greenish blue, Light blue, Green.","#0b8b87,#add8e6,#00ff00"
"Botuobinskite","Botuobinskite","SrFe2+(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2[O36(OH)2]","SrFe2+(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2[O36(OH)2]","SrFe^2+^(Ti^4+^_12_Cr^3+^_6_)Mg_2_[O_36_(OH)_2_]","SrFe^2+^(Ti^4+^_12_Cr^3+^_6_)Mg_2_[O_36_(OH)_2_]","Sr Fe Ti Cr Mg O H","IMA2018-143a"," ",7056,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Mg O H","Btb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Jet black","#353337"
"Bouazzerite","Bouazzerite","Bi3+6(Mg,Co2+)11Fe3+14(As5+O4)18O12(OH)4·86H2O","Bi6(Mg,Co)11Fe14(AsO4)18O12(OH)4·86H2O","Bi_6_(Mg,Co)_11_Fe_14_(AsO_4_)_18_O_12_(OH)_4_·86H_2_O","Bi^3+^_6_(Mg,Co^2+^)_11_Fe^3+^_14_(As^5+^O_4_)_18_O_12_(OH)_4_·86H_2_O","Bi Mg Co Fe As O H","IMA2005-042"," ",5522," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ Mg Co^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Boz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green.","#69b076"
"Boulangerite","Boulangerite","Pb2+5Sb3+4S2-11","Pb5Sb4S11","Pb_5_Sb_4_S_11_","Pb^2+^_5_Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_11_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",1192," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pbnm, Pnam, Bb21m, P21/a","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Bou","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Blue gray, Gray.","#8a7963,#758da3,#808080"
"Bounahasite","Bounahasite","Cu1+Cu2+2(OH)3Cl2","Cu1+Cu2+2(OH)3Cl2","Cu^1+^Cu^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl_2_","Cu^1+^Cu^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl_2_","Cu O H Cl","IMA2021-114"," ",7218,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ O H Cl","Bnhs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Bournonite","Bournonite","Cu1+Pb2+Sb3+S2-3","CuPbSbS3","CuPbSbS_3_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Pb Sb S"," "," ",1193,"Bournonite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Bnn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black, Steel gray.","#808080,#000000,#43464b"
"Bouškaite","Bouskaite","(Mo6+O2)2O(S6+O3OH)2(H2O)2·2H2O","(MoO2)2O(SO3OH)2(H2O)2·2H2O","(MoO_2_)_2_O(SO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_·2H_2_O","(Mo^6+^O_2_)_2_O(S^6+^O_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_·2H_2_O","Mo O S H","IMA2018-055a"," ",6859,"Bouškaite","triclinic","P1","Mo^6+ O S^6+ H","Bok","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to light beige","#afafaf,#e5deca"
"Boussingaultite","Boussingaultite","(N3-H4)2Mg(S6+O4)2·6H2O","(NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Mg(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","N H Mg S O"," "," ",1194,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/a","N^3- H Mg S^6+ O","Bsg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow pink, Light yellow, Pink.","#afafaf,#ccaa4d,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Bowieite","Bowieite","Rh3+2S2-3","Rh2S3","Rh_2_S_3_","Rh^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","Rh S","IMA1980-022"," ",1195,"Bowieite","orthorhombic","Pnca, Pbcn","Rh^3+ S^2-","Bow","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray, Pale gray, Pale brownish gray.","#808080,#fdfdfe,#b1916e"
"Bowlesite","Bowlesite","PtSnS","PtSnS","PtSnS","PtSnS","Pt Sn S","IMA2019-079"," ",6963,"Cobaltite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Pt Sn S","Bwl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Boyleite","Boyleite","Zn2+S6+O4·4H2O","Zn(SO4)·4H2O","Zn(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA1977-026"," ",1196,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Boy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Braccoite","Braccoite","NaMn2+5[Si5O14(OH)](As5+O3OH)","NaMn2+5[Si5O14(OH)](AsO3)(OH)","NaMn^2+^_5_[Si_5_O_14_(OH)](AsO_3_)(OH)","NaMn^2+^_5_[Si_5_O_14_(OH)](As^5+^O_3_OH)","Na Mn Si O H As","IMA2013-093"," ",6251,"Saneroite","triclinic, unknown","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si O H As^5+","Bcc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown-red","#922b05"
"Bracewellite","Bracewellite","Cr3+O(OH)","CrO(OH)","CrO(OH)","Cr^3+^O(OH)","Cr O H","IMA1967-035"," ",1198,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Cr^3+ O H","Bwe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown, Black.","#840000,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Brackebuschite","Brackebuschite","Pb2+2Mn3+(V5+O4)2(OH)","Pb2Mn3+(VO4)2(OH)","Pb_2_Mn^3+^(VO_4_)_2_(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Pb Mn V O H"," "," ",1199,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m, B21/m","Pb^2+ Mn^3+ V^5+ O H","Bbs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Bradaczekite","Bradaczekite","NaCu2+Cu2+Cu2+2(As5+O4)3","NaCuCuCu2(AsO4)3","NaCuCuCu_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCu^2+^Cu^2+^Cu^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Cu As O","IMA2000-002"," ",1200,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Bdc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Bradleyite","Bradleyite","Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3)","Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3)","Na_3_Mg(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na_3_Mg(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na Mg P O C"," "," ",1201,"Bradleyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Mg P O C","Bd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Gray, Colorless, White.","#808080,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Braggite","Braggite","PdPt3S4","PdPt3S4","PdPt_3_S_4_","PdPt_3_S_4_","Pd Pt S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",1202," ","tetragonal","P42/m","Pd Pt S","Bg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Braithwaiteite","Braithwaiteite","NaCu2+5(Ti4+Sb5+)O2(As5+O4)4[As5+O3(OH)]2·8H2O","NaCu2+5(Sb5+Ti4+)O2(AsO4)4[AsO3(OH)]2·8H2O","NaCu^2+^_5_(Sb^5+^Ti^4+^)O_2_(AsO_4_)_4_[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_·8H_2_O","NaCu^2+^_5_(Ti^4+^Sb^5+^)O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_·8H_2_O","Na Cu Sb Ti O As H","IMA2006-050"," ",5611," ","triclinic","P1","Na Cu^2+ Ti^4+ Sb^5+ O As^5+ H","Bwt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Braitschite-(Ce)","Braitschite-(Ce)","Ca6.15Na0.85Ce3+2[B6O7(OH)3(O,OH)3]4·H2O","Ca6.15Na0.85REE2.08[B6O7(OH)3(O,OH)3]4·H2O","Ca_6.15_Na_0.85_REE_2.08_[B_6_O_7_(OH)_3_(O,OH)_3_]_4_·H_2_O","Ca_6.15_Na_0.85_Ce^3+^_2_[B_6_O_7_(OH)_3_(O,OH)_3_]_4_·H_2_O","Ca Na REE B O H","IMA1967-029, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1203," ","hexagonal","P6/m","Ca Na Ce^3+ B O H","Btc-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Branchite","Branchite","C20H34","C20H34","C_20_H_34_","C_20_H_34_","C H","IMA2021 s.p."," ",5310," ","triclinic","P1","C H","Bran","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","white, grey, yellowish grey, colourless","#ffffff,#808080,#edeeda,#afafaf"
"Brandãoite","Brandaoite","BeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4·H2O","BeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4·H2O","BeAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","BeAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","Be Al P O H","IMA2016-071a"," ",6681,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Be Al P O H","Bdã","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Brandholzite","Brandholzite","MgSb5+2(OH)12·6H2O","MgSb2(OH)12·6H2O","MgSb_2_(OH)_12_·6H_2_O","MgSb^5+^_2_(OH)_12_·6H_2_O","Mg Sb O H","IMA1998-017"," ",1204," ","hexagonal","P3, P31m","Mg Sb^5+ O H","Bdh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Brandtite","Brandtite","Ca2Mn2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H"," "," ",1205,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Bdt","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Brannerite","Brannerite","U4+Ti4+2O6","UTi2O6","UTi_2_O_6_","U^4+^Ti^4+^_2_O_6_","U Ti O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1206,"Brannerite","monoclinic","C2/m","U^4+ Ti^4+ O","Bnr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Brown green, Yellow, Yellow brown, Black.","#653700,#706c11,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#000000"
"Brannockite","Brannockite","KSn4+2(Li3Si12)O30","KSn2(Li3Si12)O30","KSn_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","KSn^4+^_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Sn Li Si O","IMA1972-029"," ",1207,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Sn^4+ Li Si O","Bra","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Brassite","Brassite","Mg(As5+O3OH)·4H2O","Mg(AsO3OH)·4H2O","Mg(AsO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Mg(As^5+^O_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Mg As O H","IMA1973-047"," ",1208," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg As^5+ O H","Bsi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Brattforsite","Brattforsite","Mn2+19As3+12O36Cl2","Mn19As12O36Cl2","Mn_19_As_12_O_36_Cl_2_","Mn^2+^_19_As^3+^_12_O_36_Cl_2_","Mn As O Cl","IMA2019-127"," ",7010,"Magnussonite","monoclinic","I2/a","Mn^2+ As^3+ O Cl","Bf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange to reddish-brown","#ffa500,#7f2b0a"
"Braunerite","Braunerite","K2Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)3·6H2O","K2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3·6H2O","K_2_Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","K_2_Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","K Ca U O C H","IMA2015-123"," ",6524,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Ca U^6+ O C H","Bun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Braunite","Braunite","Mn2+Mn3+6SiO12","Mn2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_6_O_8_(SiO_4_)","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_6_SiO_12_","Mn O Si"," "," ",1209,"Braunite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O","Bnt","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, steel-grey","#413936,#43464b"
"Brazilianite","Brazilianite","NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4","NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Na Al P O H"," "," ",1210,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Al P O H","Bzl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Greenish yellow, Yellow green, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#cdfd02,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a"
"Bredigite","Bredigite","Ca7Mg(SiO4)4","Ca7Mg(SiO4)4","Ca_7_Mg(SiO_4_)_4_","Ca_7_Mg(SiO_4_)_4_","Ca Mg Si O"," "," ",1211," ","orthorhombic","P2nn","Ca Mg Si O","Bdi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Gray.","#afafaf,#808080"
"Breithauptite","Breithauptite","NiSb","NiSb","NiSb","NiSb","Ni Sb"," "," ",1212,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Ni Sb","Bhp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Copper red, Light brown red.","#cb6d51,#b5651d"
"Brendelite","Brendelite","(Bi3+,Pb2+)2(Fe3+,Fe2+)O2(OH)PO4","(Bi,Pb)2(Fe3+,Fe2+)O2(OH)(PO4)","(Bi,Pb)_2_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)O_2_(OH)(PO_4_)","(Bi^3+^,Pb^2+^)_2_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)O_2_(OH)PO_4_","Bi Pb Fe O H P","IMA1997-001"," ",1213," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Bi^3+ Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O H P","Bde","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Black, Dark brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Brenkite","Brenkite","Ca2(CO3)F2","Ca2(CO3)F2","Ca_2_(CO_3_)F_2_","Ca_2_(CO_3_)F_2_","Ca C O F","IMA1977-036"," ",1214," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ca C O F","Bki","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Brewsterite-Ba","Brewsterite-Ba","Ba(Al2Si6)O16·5H2O","Ba(Al2Si6)O16·5H2O","Ba(Al_2_Si_6_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Ba(Al_2_Si_6_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Ba Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1215,"Brewsterite","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/m, P1","Ba Al Si O H","Brw-Ba","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Colorless, Pale pink.","#ffffff,#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Brewsterite-Sr","Brewsterite-Sr","Sr(Al2Si6)O16·5H2O","Sr(Al2Si6)O16·5H2O","Sr(Al_2_Si_6_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Sr(Al_2_Si_6_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Sr Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1216,"Brewsterite","monoclinic, triclinic","P1, P21/m","Sr Al Si O H","Brw-Sr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Yellowish white, Gray..","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#808080"
"Breyite","Breyite","Ca3Si3O9","Ca3Si3O9","Ca_3_Si_3_O_9_","Ca_3_Si_3_O_9_","Ca Si O","IMA2018-062"," ",6796,"Margarosanite","triclinic","P1, P1","Ca Si O","Byi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Brezinaite","Brezinaite","Cr2+Cr3+2S2-4","Cr3S4","Cr_3_S_4_","Cr^2+^Cr^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Cr S","IMA1969-004"," ",1217,"Wilkmanite","monoclinic","I2/m","Cr^2+ Cr^3+ S^2-","Bzn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Brownish gray, Gray.","#86775f,#808080"
"Brianite","Brianite","Na2CaMg(PO4)2","Na2CaMg(PO4)2","Na_2_CaMg(PO_4_)_2_","Na_2_CaMg(PO_4_)_2_","Na Ca Mg P O","IMA1966-030"," ",1218,"Aphthitalite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P222, P21/a, P21/c","Na Ca Mg P O","Bne","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Brianroulstonite","Brianroulstonite","Ca3B5O6(OH)7Cl2·8H2O","Ca3B5O6(OH)7Cl2·8H2O","Ca_3_B_5_O_6_(OH)_7_Cl_2_·8H_2_O","Ca_3_B_5_O_6_(OH)_7_Cl_2_·8H_2_O","Ca B O H Cl","IMA1996-009"," ",1219,"Brianroulstonite","monoclinic","Pa","Ca B O H Cl","Brsn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Brianyoungite","Brianyoungite","Zn2+3CO3(OH)4","Zn3(CO3)(OH)4","Zn_3_(CO_3_)(OH)_4_","Zn^2+^_3_CO_3_(OH)_4_","Zn C O H","IMA1991-053"," ",1220," ","monoclinic",,"Zn^2+ C O H","Byo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Briartite","Briartite","Cu1+2Fe2+Ge4+S2-4","Cu2FeGeS4","Cu_2_FeGeS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Fe^2+^Ge^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Ge S","IMA1965-018"," ",1221,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Btt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Blue gray, Gray, Iron gray.","#758da3,#808080,#7c7f7c"
"Bridgesite-(Ce)","Bridgesite-(Ce)","CaCe3+2Cu2+6(S6+O4)4(OH)12·8H2O","CaCe2Cu6(SO4)4(OH)12·8H2O","CaCe_2_Cu_6_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)_12_·8H_2_O","CaCe^3+^_2_Cu^2+^_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_12_·8H_2_O","Ca Ce Cu S O H","IMA2019-034"," ",6956,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Ce^3+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Bdg-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","blue","#0000ff"
"Bridgmanite","Bridgmanite","MgSiO3","MgSiO3","MgSiO_3_","MgSiO_3_","Mg Si O","IMA2014-017"," ",6334,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm, Pbmm","Mg Si O","Bdm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Brindleyite","Brindleyite","(Ni2+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Ni,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Ni^2+^,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Ni Al Si O H","IMA1975-009a"," ",1222,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic, tetragonal",,"Ni^2+ Al Si O H","Bly","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Brinrobertsite","Brinrobertsite","(Na,K,Ca)0.3(Al,Fe3+,Mg)4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·3.5H2O","(Na,K,Ca)0.3(Al,Fe,Mg)4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·3.5H2O","(Na,K,Ca)_0.3_(Al,Fe,Mg)_4_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·3.5H_2_O","(Na,K,Ca)_0.3_(Al,Fe^3+^,Mg)_4_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·3.5H_2_O","Na K Ca Al Fe Mg Si O H","IMA1997-040"," ",1223,"Corrensite, Clay","monoclinic",,"Na K Ca Al Fe^3+ Mg Si O H","Brb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Yellowish gray.","#808080,#edeeda"
"Britholite-(Ce)","Britholite-(Ce)","Ca2Ce3+3(SiO4)3OH","(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3(OH)","(Ce,Ca)_5_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)","Ca_2_Ce^3+^_3_(SiO_4_)_3_OH","Ce Ca Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1224,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63, P21","Ca Ce^3+ Si O H","Bri-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Greenish brown, Yellow, Resin brown, Black.","#653700,#696112,#ffff00,#935848,#000000"
"Britholite-(Y)","Britholite-(Y)","Ca2Y3(SiO4)3OH","(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3(OH)","(Y,Ca)_5_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)","Ca_2_Y_3_(SiO_4_)_3_OH","Y Ca Si O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",1225,"Apatite","monoclinic","P21","Ca Y Si O H","Bri-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Reddish brown, Black.","#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Britvinite","Britvinite","Pb2+14Mg9Si10O28(BO3)4(CO3)2F2(OH)12","Pb14Mg9(Si10O28)(BO3)4(CO3)2(OH)12F2","Pb_14_Mg_9_(Si_10_O_28_)(BO_3_)_4_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_12_F_2_","Pb^2+^_14_Mg_9_Si_10_O_28_(BO_3_)_4_(CO_3_)_2_F_2_(OH)_12_","Pb Mg Si O B C H F","IMA2006-031"," ",5359,"Molybdophyllite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Mg Si O B C F H","Bv","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow, Colorless.","#eecf9e,#afafaf"
"Brizziite","Brizziite","NaSb5+O3","NaSbO3","NaSbO_3_","NaSb^5+^O_3_","Na Sb O","IMA1993-044"," ",1226,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Na Sb^5+ O","Bzi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, light pink or yellow in aggregates","#afafaf,#ffd1df,#ddedbd"
"Brochantite","Brochantite","Cu2+4S6+O4(OH)6","Cu4(SO4)(OH)6","Cu_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_","Cu S O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",1228,"Brochantite","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/a","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Bct","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Green, Emerald green, Black.","#00ff00,#046307,#000000"
"Brockite","Brockite","(Ca,Th4+,Ce4+)PO4·H2O","(Ca,Th,Ce)(PO4)·H2O","(Ca,Th,Ce)(PO_4_)·H_2_O","(Ca,Th^4+^,Ce^4+^)PO_4_·H_2_O","Ca Th Ce P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1229,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P6222","Ca Th^4+ Ce^4+ P O H","Bck","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Light yellow, Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#ffffff,#fffe7a,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Brodtkorbite","Brodtkorbite","Cu1+2Hg2+Se2-2","Cu2HgSe2","Cu_2_HgSe_2_","Cu^1+^_2_Hg^2+^Se^2-^_2_","Cu Hg Se","IMA1999-023"," ",1230," ","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/c","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Se^2-","Bdk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Bromargyrite","Bromargyrite","Ag1+Br","AgBr","AgBr","Ag^1+^Br","Ag Br","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1231,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ag^1+ Br","Bag","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown, Gray green, Grayish yellow, Yellow, Olive green.","#696112,#86a17d,#877254,#ffff00,#8ead2c"
"Bromellite","Bromellite","BeO","BeO","BeO","BeO","Be O"," "," ",1232," ","hexagonal","P63mc","Be O","Bmel","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Brontesite","Brontesite","(N3-H4)3Pb2+Cl5","(NH4)3PbCl5","(NH_4_)_3_PbCl_5_","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Pb^2+^Cl_5_","N H Pb Cl","IMA2008-039"," ",5705," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","N^3- H Pb^2+ Cl","Bte","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Brookite","Brookite","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O"," "," ",1233,"Brookite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ti^4+ O","Brk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark reddish brown, Orange.","#653700,#b5651d,#73532a,#840000,#ffa500"
"Browneite","Browneite","Mn2+S2-","MnS","MnS","Mn^2+^S^2-^","Mn S","IMA2012-008"," ",6064,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Mn^2+ S^2-","Bw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Yellowish brown","#9b7a01"
"Brownleeite","Brownleeite","MnSi","MnSi","MnSi","MnSi","Mn Si","IMA2008-011"," ",5670,"Brownleeite","cubic","P213","Mn Si","Bwn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Brownmillerite","Brownmillerite","Ca2Fe3+AlO5","Ca2Fe3+AlO5","Ca_2_Fe^3+^AlO_5_","Ca_2_Fe^3+^AlO_5_","Ca Fe Al O","IMA1963-017"," ",1234,"Brownmillerite, Perovskite","orthorhombic","I2mb, Ibm2","Ca Fe^3+ Al O","Bmlr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Brucite","Brucite","Mg(OH)2","Mg(OH)2","Mg(OH)_2_","Mg(OH)_2_","Mg O H"," "," ",1235,"Brucite","hexagonal","P3m1","Mg O H","Brc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Blue, Gray, Gray blue, Yellow, White.","#0000ff,#808080,#77a1b5,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Brüggenite","Bruggenite","Ca(I5+O3)2·H2O","Ca(IO3)2·H2O","Ca(IO_3_)_2_·H_2_O","Ca(I^5+^O_3_)_2_·H_2_O","Ca I O H","IMA1970-040"," ",1236," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca I^5+ O H","Brü","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless to bright yellow.","#afafaf,#fffd01"
"Brugnatellite","Brugnatellite","Mg6Fe3+CO3(OH)13·4H2O","Mg6Fe3+(CO3)(OH)13·4H2O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^(CO_3_)(OH)_13_·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^CO_3_(OH)_13_·4H_2_O","Mg Fe C O H"," "," ",1237,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Mg Fe^3+ C O H","Bug","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Brown white, Brownish pink, Yellow brown, Pink.","#eeebe3,#c27e79,#ae8b0c,#ffc0cb"
"Brumadoite","Brumadoite","Cu2+3Te6+O4(OH)4·5H2O","Cu3(Te6+O4)(OH)4·5H2O","Cu_3_(Te^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Cu Te O H","IMA2008-028"," ",5686," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Bmd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Brunogeierite","Brunogeierite","Fe2+2GeO4","Fe2+2Ge4+O4","Fe^2+^_2_Ge^4+^O_4_","Fe^2+^_2_GeO_4_","Fe Ge O","IMA1972-004"," ",1238,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ Ge O","Bng","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Brunovskyite","Brunovskyite","NaZr4+Si2O6(OH)","NaZrSi2O6(OH)","NaZrSi_2_O_6_(OH)","NaZr^4+^Si_2_O_6_(OH)","Na Zr Si O H","IMA2025-089"," ",7538," ","triclinic","P1","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Bvs",,"No","milk colored","#dcb6b5"
"Brushite","Brushite","Ca(PO3OH)·2H2O","Ca(PO3OH)·2H2O","Ca(PO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Ca(PO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Ca P O H"," "," ",1239,"Gypsum","monoclinic","Ia","Ca P O H","Bsh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Brusnitsynite","Brusnitsynite","Mn2+3Cu1+Pb2+As3+3Sb3+2S2-12","Mn3CuPbAs3Sb2S12","Mn_3_CuPbAs_3_Sb_2_S_12_","Mn^2+^_3_Cu^1+^Pb^2+^As^3+^_3_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_12_","Mn Cu Pb As Sb S","IMA2025-010"," ",7575,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Brus",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bubnovaite","Bubnovaite","K2Na8Ca(S6+O4)6","K2Na8Ca(SO4)6","K_2_Na_8_Ca(SO_4_)_6_","K_2_Na_8_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_6_","K Na Ca S O","IMA2014-108"," ",6406,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P31c","K Na Ca S^6+ O","Bub","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light-blue , colorless","#add8e6,#afafaf"
"Buchwaldite","Buchwaldite","NaCaPO4","NaCa(PO4)","NaCa(PO_4_)","NaCaPO_4_","Na Ca P O","IMA1975-041"," ",1240,"Aphthitalite","orthorhombic","Pmn21, Pn21a","Na Ca P O","Bwa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Buckhornite","Buckhornite","(Pb2BiS3)(AuTe2)","(Pb2BiS3)(AuTe2)","(Pb_2_BiS_3_)(AuTe_2_)","(Pb_2_BiS_3_)(AuTe_2_)","Pb Bi S Au Te","IMA1988-022"," ",1241,"Buckhornite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Pb Bi S Au Te","Bhr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Buddingtonite","Buddingtonite","(N3-H4)AlSi3O8","(NH4)(AlSi3)O8","(NH_4_)(AlSi_3_)O_8_","(N^3-^H_4_)AlSi_3_O_8_","N H Al Si O","IMA1963-001"," ",1242,"Feldspar","monoclinic","C2/m","N^3- H Al Si O","Bud","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Bukovite","Bukovite","(Cu1+3Fe3+)Tl1+2Se2-4","(Cu3Fe)Tl2Se4","(Cu_3_Fe)Tl_2_Se_4_","(Cu^1+^_3_Fe^3+^)Tl^1+^_2_Se^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Tl Se","IMA1970-029"," ",1244,"Bukovite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Tl^1+ Se^2-","Bko","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray brown, Black.","#7f7053,#000000"
"Bukovskýite","Bukovskyite","Fe3+2(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)·7H2O","Fe3+2(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)·7H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)·7H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·7H_2_O","Fe As O S H","IMA1967-022"," ",1245," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Buk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale yellowish-green to grayish-green","#c2ff89,#82a67d"
"Bulachite","Bulachite","Al6(As5+O4)3(OH)9(H2O)4·2H2O","Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4·2H2O","Al_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","Al_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","Al As O H","IMA1982-081"," ",1246,"Bulachite","orthorhombic",,"Al As^5+ O H","Buh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Bulgakite","Bulgakite","Li2(Ca,Na)Fe2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)(H2O)2","Li2(Ca,Na)Fe2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)(H2O)2","Li_2_(Ca,Na)Fe^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)(H_2_O)_2_","Li_2_(Ca,Na)Fe^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)(H_2_O)_2_","Li Ca Na Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA2014-041"," ",6336,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","Li Ca Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Bgk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish orange","#cb7723"
"Bultfonteinite","Bultfonteinite","Ca2[SiO3(OH)]F·H2O","Ca2SiO3(OH)F·H2O","Ca_2_SiO_3_(OH)F·H_2_O","Ca_2_[SiO_3_(OH)]F·H_2_O","Ca Si O H F"," "," ",1247,"Spurrite-Afwillite","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H F","Bul","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Bunnoite","Bunnoite","Mn2+6AlSi6O18(OH)3","Mn2+6AlSi6O18(OH)3","Mn^2+^_6_AlSi_6_O_18_(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^_6_AlSi_6_O_18_(OH)_3_","Mn Al Si O H","IMA2014-054"," ",6351,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Bno","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bunsenite","Bunsenite","Ni2+O","NiO","NiO","Ni^2+^O","Ni O"," "," ",1248,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ni^2+ O","Bse","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark yellow green, Pistachio green.","#e7bf8e,#a9d39e"
"Burangaite","Burangaite","NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaFe^2+^Al_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","NaFe^2+^Al_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Fe Al P O H","IMA1976-013"," ",1249,"Dufrénite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^2+ Al P O H","Brg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Greenish blue.","#0000ff,#0b8b87"
"Burbankite","Burbankite","(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce3+)3(CO3)5","(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5","(Na,Ca)_3_(Sr,Ba,Ce)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","(Na,Ca)_3_(Sr,Ba,Ce^3+^)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ca Sr Ba Ce C O"," "," ",1250,"Burbankite","hexagonal","P63/mmc, P63mc","Na Ca Sr Ba Ce^3+ C O","Bbn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Grayish yellow, Orange, Pink.","#afafaf,#877254,#ffa500,#ffc0cb"
"Burckhardtite","Burckhardtite","Pb2+2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6","Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)(AlSi3O8)O6","Pb_2_(Fe^3+^Te^6+^)(AlSi_3_O_8_)O_6_","Pb^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^Te^6+^)[AlSi_3_O_8_]O_6_","Pb Fe Te Al Si O","IMA1976-052"," ",1251," ","monoclinic, hexagonal","P31m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Te^6+ Al Si O","Bkd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Violet red, Carmine red, Pink.","#a50055,#ff0038,#ffc0cb"
"Burgessite","Burgessite","Co2+2(H2O)4(As5+O3OH)2·H2O","Co2(H2O)4[AsO3(OH)]2(H2O)","Co_2_(H_2_O)_4_[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_(H_2_O)","Co^2+^_2_(H_2_O)_4_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","Co H O As","IMA2007-055"," ",5655,"Burgessite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P2122, P21/n","Co^2+ H O As^5+","Bge","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Purplish pink.","#df4ec8"
"Burkeite","Burkeite","Na4(S6+O4)(CO3)","Na4(SO4)(CO3)","Na_4_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)","Na S O C"," "," ",1252," ","orthorhombic","Pmnm","Na S^6+ O C","Bke","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Gray, Gray white, White, Light brown, Pink.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#b5651d,#ffc0cb"
"Burnettite","Burnettite","CaV3+AlSiO6","CaVAlSiO6","CaVAlSiO_6_","CaV^3+^AlSiO_6_","Ca V Al Si O","IMA2013-054"," ",6217,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca V^3+ Al Si O","Bnet","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Burnsite","Burnsite","KCd2+Cu2+7O2(Se4+O3)2Cl9","KCdCu7O2(SeO3)2Cl9","KCdCu_7_O_2_(SeO_3_)_2_Cl_9_","KCd^2+^Cu^2+^_7_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_9_","K Cd Cu O Se Cl","IMA2000-050"," ",1253," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Cd^2+ Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Bur","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Burovaite-Ca","Burovaite-Ca","(Na,K)4Ca2(Ti4+,Nb5+)8[Si4O12]4(OH,O)8·12H2O","(Na,K)4Ca2(Ti,Nb)8[Si4O12]4(OH,O)8·12H2O","(Na,K)_4_Ca_2_(Ti,Nb)_8_[Si_4_O_12_]_4_(OH,O)_8_·12H_2_O","(Na,K)_4_Ca_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_8_[Si_4_O_12_]_4_(OH,O)_8_·12H_2_O","Na K Ca Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2008-001"," ",5661,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Ca Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Brv-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White","#ffffff"
"Burpalite","Burpalite","Na2CaZr4+(Si2O7)F2","Na4Ca2Zr2(Si2O7)2F4","Na_4_Ca_2_Zr_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_4_","Na_2_CaZr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)F_2_","Na Ca Zr Si O F","IMA1988-036"," ",1254,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O F","Brp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Yellowish.","#afafaf,#faee66"
"Burroite","Burroite","(N3-H4)2Ca2[V5+10O28]·15H2O","Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28)·15H2O","Ca_2_(NH_4_)_2_(V_10_O_28_)·15H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ca_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·15H_2_O","Ca N H V O","IMA2016-079"," ",6605,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Ca V^5+ O","Burr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Burtite","Burtite","CaSn4+(OH)6","CaSn4+(OH)6","CaSn^4+^(OH)_6_","CaSn^4+^(OH)_6_","Ca Sn O H","IMA1980-078"," ",1256,"Perovskite","cubic","Pn3","Ca Sn^4+ O H","Bu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Buryatite","Buryatite","Ca3(Si,Fe3+,Al)S6+O4B(OH)4(OH,O)6·12H2O","Ca3(Si,Fe3+,Al)(SO4)B(OH)4(OH,O)6·12H2O","Ca_3_(Si,Fe^3+^,Al)(SO_4_)B(OH)_4_(OH,O)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_(Si,Fe^3+^,Al)S^6+^O_4_B(OH)_4_(OH,O)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Si Fe Al S O B H","IMA2000-021"," ",1257,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P31c","Ca Si Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O B H","Buy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Light violet gray.","#d6b4fc"
"Buseckite","Buseckite","(Fe2+,Zn2+,Mn2+)S2-","(Fe,Zn,Mn)S","(Fe,Zn,Mn)S","(Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^,Mn^2+^)S^2-^","Fe Zn Mn S","IMA2011-070"," ",6013,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Mn^2+ S^2-","Bsc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Black","#000000"
"Buserite","Buserite","Na4Mn3+6Mn4+8O27·21H2O","Na4Mn14O27·21H2O (?)","Na_4_Mn_14_O_27_·21H_2_O (?)","Na_4_Mn^3+^_6_Mn^4+^_8_O_27_·21H_2_O","Na Mn O H","IMA1970-024"," ",5319," ",,,"Na Mn^3+ Mn^4+ O H","Bsr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Bushmakinite","Bushmakinite","Pb2+2Al(PO4)(V5+O4)(OH)","Pb2Al(PO4)(VO4)(OH)","Pb_2_Al(PO_4_)(VO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Al(PO_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Pb Al P O V H","IMA2001-031"," ",1258,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Al P O V^5+ H","Bmk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow.","#fffd01"
"Bussenite","Bussenite","(Na,☐)2Ba4(Fe2+,Na)2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(CO3)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2F2","(Na,☐)2Ba4(Fe2+,Na)2Ti2(Si2O7)2(CO3)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2F2","(Na,[box])_2_Ba_4_(Fe^2+^,Na)_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(CO_3_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_F_2_","(Na,[box])_2_Ba_4_(Fe^2+^,Na)_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(CO_3_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_F_2_","Na Ba Fe Ti Si O C H F","IMA2000-035"," ",1259,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","triclinic","P1, P1","Na Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O C H F","Bus","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish brown.","#9b7a01"
"Bussyite-(Ce)","Bussyite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,REE)3(Na,H2O)6Mn2+Si9Be5(O,OH)30F4","(Ce,REE)3(Na,H2O)6MnSi9Be5(O,OH)30F4","(Ce,REE)_3_(Na,H_2_O)_6_MnSi_9_Be_5_(O,OH)_30_F_4_","(Ce^3+^,REE)_3_(Na,H_2_O)_6_Mn^2+^Si_9_Be_5_(O,OH)_30_F_4_","Ce REE Na H O Mn Si Be F","IMA2007-039"," ",5641,"Bussyite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ce^3+ REE Na H O Mn^2+ Si Be F","Bsy-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale pinkish orange.","#efcddb"
"Bussyite-(Y)","Bussyite-(Y)","(Y,REE,Ca)3(Na,Ca)6Mn2+Si9Be5(O,F,OH)34","(Y,REE,Ca)3(Na,Ca)6MnSi9Be5(O,F,OH)34","(Y,REE,Ca)_3_(Na,Ca)_6_MnSi_9_Be_5_(O,F,OH)_34_","(Y,REE,Ca)_3_(Na,Ca)_6_Mn^2+^Si_9_Be_5_(O,F,OH)_34_","Y REE Ca Na Mn Si Be O F H","IMA2014-060"," ",6357,"Bussyite","monoclinic","C2","Y REE Ca Na Mn^2+ Si Be O F H","Bsy-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Bustamite","Bustamite","Mn2+2Ca2Mn2+Ca(Si3O9)2","Mn2Ca2MnCa(Si3O9)2","Mn_2_Ca_2_MnCa(Si_3_O_9_)_2_","Mn^2+^_2_Ca_2_Mn^2+^Ca(Si_3_O_9_)_2_","Mn Ca Si O"," "," ",1260,"Wollastonite","triclinic","I1, F1","Mn^2+ Ca Si O","Bst","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown red, Light pink, Pink.","#922b05,#ffd1df,#ffc0cb"
"Butianite","Butianite","Ni6SnS2","Ni6SnS2","Ni_6_SnS_2_","Ni_6_SnS_2_","Ni Sn S","IMA2016-028"," ",6556,"Nuwaite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ni Sn S","But","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Butlerite","Butlerite","Fe3+S6+O4(OH)·2H2O","Fe3+(SO4)(OH)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(SO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^S^6+^O_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",1261,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Btl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Dark yellow, Orange.","#e7bf8e,#ffa500"
"Bütschliite","Butschliite","K2Ca(CO3)2","K2Ca(CO3)2","K_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","K_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","K Ca C O"," "," ",1262," ","hexagonal","R3m","K Ca C O","Büt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Grayish yellow, brownish gray, may be pale green","#877254,#86775f,#006a77"
"Buttgenbachite","Buttgenbachite","Cu2+36(N5+O3)2Cl6(OH)64·nH2O","Cu36(NO3)2Cl8(OH)62·nH2O","Cu_36_(NO_3_)_2_Cl_8_(OH)_62_·nH_2_O","Cu^2+^_36_(N^5+^O_3_)_2_Cl_6_(OH)_64_·nH_2_O","Cu N O Cl H"," "," ",1263,"Connellite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu^2+ N^5+ O Cl H","Bba","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Azure, Blue.","#007fff,#0000ff"
"Buynite","Buynite","Tl1+Pb2+14As3+17S2-40","TlPb14As17S40","TlPb_14_As_17_S_40_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^_14_As^3+^_17_S^2-^_40_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2023-049"," ",7397,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Buyn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Byelorussite-(Ce)","Byelorussite-(Ce)","NaBa2Ce3+2Mn2+Ti4+2Si8O26(F,OH)·H2O","NaBa2Ce2Mn2+Ti2Si8O26(F,OH)·H2O","NaBa_2_Ce_2_Mn^2+^Ti_2_Si_8_O_26_(F,OH)·H_2_O","NaBa_2_Ce^3+^_2_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_26_(F,OH)·H_2_O","Na Ba Ce Mn Ti Si O F H","IMA1988-042"," ",1264,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic","P212121, Ama2","Na Ba Ce^3+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O F H","Bye-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Yellow, Yellow brown, Light brown, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Bykovaite","Bykovaite","(Ba,Na,K)2(Na,Ti4+,Mn2+)4(Ti4+,Nb5+)2O2Si4O14(H2O,F,OH)2·3.5H2O","(Ba,Na,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2O2Si4O14(H2O,F,OH)2·3.5H2O","(Ba,Na,K)_2_(Na,Ti,Mn)_4_(Ti,Nb)_2_O_2_Si_4_O_14_(H_2_O,F,OH)_2_·3.5H_2_O","(Ba,Na,K)_2_(Na,Ti^4+^,Mn^2+^)_4_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_O_2_Si_4_O_14_(H_2_O,F,OH)_2_·3.5H_2_O","Ba Na K Ti Mn Nb O Si H F","IMA2003-044"," ",5248," ","monoclinic","P2/m, Pb","Ba Na K Ti^4+ Mn^2+ Nb^5+ O Si H F","Byv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Creamy yellow, Pale yellow.","#f1f1e6,#eecf9e"
"Byrudite","Byrudite","(Be,☐)(V3+,Ti4+)3O6","(Be,☐)(V3+,Ti)3O6","(Be,[box])(V^3+^,Ti)_3_O_6_","(Be,[box])(V^3+^,Ti^4+^)_3_O_6_","Be V Ti O","IMA2013-045"," ",6209,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Be V^3+ Ti^4+ O","Byd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Bystrite","Bystrite","Na7Ca(Al6Si6)O24(S5)2-Cl","Na7Ca(Al6Si6)O24(S5)2-Cl1-","Na_7_Ca(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(S_5_)^2-^Cl^1-^","Na_7_Ca(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(S_5_)^2-^Cl","Na Ca Al Si O S Cl","IMA1990-008"," ",1265,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na Ca Al Si O S Cl","Bys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Byströmite","Bystromite","MgSb5+2O6","MgSb5+2O6","MgSb^5+^_2_O_6_","MgSb^5+^_2_O_6_","Mg Sb O"," "," ",1266,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Mg Sb^5+ O","Bym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish-grey","#748b97"
"Bytízite","Bytizite","Cu3SbSe3","Cu3SbSe3","Cu_3_SbSe_3_","Cu_3_SbSe_3_","Cu Sb Se","IMA2016-044"," ",6572," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu Sb Se","Btz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel-grey","#43464b"
"Byzantievite","Byzantievite","Ba5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti4+,Nb5+)18(SiO4)4(PO4,SiO4)4(BO3)9O22((OH),F)43(H2O)1.5","Ba5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti,Nb)18(SiO4)4[(PO4),(SiO4)]4(BO3)9O22[(OH),F]43(H2O)1.5","Ba_5_(Ca,REE,Y)_22_(Ti,Nb)_18_(SiO_4_)_4_[(PO_4_),(SiO_4_)]_4_(BO_3_)_9_O_22_[(OH),F]_43_(H_2_O)_1.5_","Ba_5_(Ca,REE,Y)_22_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_18_(SiO_4_)_4_(PO_4_,SiO_4_)_4_(BO_3_)_9_O_22_((OH),F)_43_(H_2_O)_1.5_","Ba Ca REE Y Ti Nb Si O P B H F","IMA2009-001"," ",5731,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Ba Ca REE Y Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O P B H F","Byz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown","#653700"
"Cabalzarite","Cabalzarite","CaMg2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","CaMg2(AsO4)2·2H2O","CaMg_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA1997-012"," ",1267,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Clz","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Brownish pink, Orange brown.","#b5651d,#c27e79,#b16002"
"Cabrerite","Cabrerite","Ni2+Mg2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","NiMg2(AsO4)2·8H2O","NiMg_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni^2+^Mg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni Mg As O H","IMA2023-123"," ",7479,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ Mg As^5+ O H","Cabr",,"No","Green, pale greenish, pale pinkish","#00ff00,#69b076,#efcddb"
"Cabriite","Cabriite","Pd2CuSn","Pd2CuSn","Pd_2_CuSn","Pd_2_CuSn","Pd Cu Sn","IMA1981-057"," ",1268," ","orthorhombic","Pmmm","Pd Cu Sn","Cbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Cabvinite","Cabvinite","Th4+2F7(OH)·3H2O","Th2F7(OH)·3H2O","Th_2_F_7_(OH)·3H_2_O","Th^4+^_2_F_7_(OH)·3H_2_O","Th F O H","IMA2016-011"," ",6538,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/m","Th^4+ F O H","Cbv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Cacoxenite","Cacoxenite","Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12·75H2O","Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12·75H2O","Fe^3+^_24_AlO_6_(PO_4_)_17_(OH)_12_·75H_2_O","Fe^3+^_24_AlO_6_(PO_4_)_17_(OH)_12_·75H_2_O","Fe Al O P H"," "," ",1269," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Fe^3+ Al O P H","Cac","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Green, Yellow, Golden yellow, Red yellow.","#c9b003,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffdf00,#dcc79e"
"Cadmium","Cadmium","Cd","Cd","Cd","Cd","Cd","IMA1980-086a"," ",1270," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cd","Cd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","Yes","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Cadmoindite","Cadmoindite","Cd2+In3+2S2-4","CdIn2S4","CdIn_2_S_4_","Cd^2+^In^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Cd In S","IMA2003-042"," ",5182,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Cd^2+ In^3+ S^2-","Cad","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black, Dark brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Cadmoselite","Cadmoselite","Cd2+Se2-","CdSe","CdSe","Cd^2+^Se^2-^","Cd Se"," "," ",1271,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Cd^2+ Se^2-","Cds","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cadsulfohite","Cadsulfohite","Cd2(S6+O4)(OH)2","Cd2(SO4)(OH)2","Cd_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_2_","Cd_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Cd S O H","IMA2024-088"," ",7537," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cd S^6+ O H","Cdso",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cadvanite","Cadvanite","Cd(V5+O3)2","Cd(VO3)2","Cd(VO_3_)_2_","Cd(V^5+^O_3_)_2_","Cd V O","IMA2025-005"," ",7572," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cd V^5+ O","Cdv",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cadwaladerite","Cadwaladerite","Al2(H2O)(OH)4·n(Cl,OH-,H2O)","Al2(H2O)(OH)4·n(Cl,OH-,H2O)","Al_2_(H_2_O)(OH)_4_·n(Cl,OH^-^,H_2_O)","Al_2_(H_2_O)(OH)_4_·n(Cl,OH^-^,H_2_O)","Al H O Cl","IMA2019 s.p."," ",1272," ","cubic","I213","Al H O Cl","Cwd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Caesiumpharmacosiderite","Caesiumpharmacosiderite","CsFe3+4[(As5+O4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","CsFe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","CsFe_4_[(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","CsFe^3+^_4_[(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Cs Fe As O H","IMA2013-096"," ",6252,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Cs Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Cpsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cafarsite","Cafarsite","(Ca,Na,☐)19Ti4+8Fe3+4Fe2+4(As3+O3)28F","(Ca,Na,☐)19Ti8Fe3+4Fe2+4(AsO3)28F","(Ca,Na,[box])_19_Ti_8_Fe^3+^_4_Fe^2+^_4_(AsO_3_)_28_F","(Ca,Na,[box])_19_Ti^4+^_8_Fe^3+^_4_Fe^2+^_4_(As^3+^O_3_)_28_F","Ca Na Ti Fe As O F","IMA1965-036"," ",1273," ","cubic","Pn3","Ca Na Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ As^3+ O F","Caf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Brownish black, Dark brown, Dark red.","#c9b003,#413936,#73532a,#840000"
"Cafeosite","Cafeosite","Ca4Fe2+3Fe3+2 ☐O6S2-4","Ca4Fe2+3Fe3+2 ☐O6S4","Ca_4_Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_ [box]O_6_S_4_","Ca_4_Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_ [box]O_6_S^2-^_4_","Ca Fe O S","IMA2021-022a"," ",7434," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O S^2-","Cfo",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cafetite","Cafetite","CaTi4+2O5·H2O","CaTi2O5·H2O","CaTi_2_O_5_·H_2_O","CaTi^4+^_2_O_5_·H_2_O","Ca Ti O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1274," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Ti^4+ O H","Cft","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Pale yellow.","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Cahnite","Cahnite","Ca2B(As5+O4)(OH)4","Ca2B(AsO4)(OH)4","Ca_2_B(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_","Ca_2_B(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_4_","Ca B As O H"," "," ",1275,"Zircon","tetragonal","I4","Ca B As^5+ O H","Cah","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Cairncrossite","Cairncrossite","Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x","Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x","Sr_2_Ca_7-x_Na_2x_(Si_4_O_10_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_15-x_","Sr_2_Ca_7-x_Na_2x_(Si_4_O_10_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_15-x_","Sr Ca Na Si O H","IMA2013-012"," ",6175,"Gyrolite","triclinic",,"Sr Ca Na Si O H","Ccs","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Calamaite","Calamaite","Na2Ti4+O(S6+O4)2·2H2O","Na2TiO(SO4)2·2H2O","Na_2_TiO(SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Ti^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Ti O S H","IMA2016-036"," ",6564,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ibam","Na Ti^4+ O S^6+ H","Clm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless (isolated xtls) , white (aggregates)","#afafaf,#bbcc99"
"Calaverite","Calaverite","AuTe2","AuTe2","AuTe_2_","AuTe_2_","Au Te"," "," ",1276,"Melonite","monoclinic","P2/c, Pc, C2/m","Au Te","Clv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, Yellowish white.","#ffff00,#e9f1d0"
"Calciborite","Calciborite","CaB2O4","CaB2O4","CaB_2_O_4_","CaB_2_O_4_","Ca B O"," "," ",1277," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","Ca B O","Cbo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Calcinaksite","Calcinaksite","KNaCa(Si4O10)·H2O","KNaCa(Si4O10)·H2O","KNaCa(Si_4_O_10_)·H_2_O","KNaCa(Si_4_O_10_)·H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O H","IMA2013-081"," ",6240,"Litidionite","triclinic","P1","K Na Ca Si O H","Cnk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless to light gray","#afafaf,#d8dcd6"
"Calcioancylite-(Ce)","Calcioancylite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,Ca,Sr)(CO3)(OH,H2O)","(Ce,Ca,Sr)(CO3)(OH,H2O)","(Ce,Ca,Sr)(CO_3_)(OH,H_2_O)","(Ce^3+^,Ca,Sr)(CO_3_)(OH,H_2_O)","Ce Ca Sr C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1278,"Ancylite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pmmm, Pmcn, Pm","Ce^3+ Ca Sr C O H","Canc-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Gray, Pale yellow.","#afafaf,#808080,#eecf9e"
"Calcioancylite-(La)","Calcioancylite-(La)","(LaCa)(CO3)2(OH)(H2O)","(LaCa)(CO3)2(OH)(H2O)","(LaCa)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","(LaCa)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","La Ca C O H","IMA2021-090"," ",7196,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","La Ca C O H","Canc-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colourless to pale pinkish gray","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Calcioancylite-(Nd)","Calcioancylite-(Nd)","Nd2.8Ca1.2(CO3)4(OH)3·H2O","Nd2.8Ca1.2(CO3)4(OH)3·H2O","Nd_2.8_Ca_1.2_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Nd_2.8_Ca_1.2_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Nd Ca C O H","IMA1989-008"," ",1279,"Ancylite","monoclinic","Pm","Nd Ca C O H","Canc-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Calcioandyrobertsite","Calcioandyrobertsite","KCaCu2+5(As5+O4)4[As5+(OH)2O2]·2H2O","KCaCu5(AsO4)4[As(OH)2O2]·2H2O","KCaCu_5_(AsO_4_)_4_[As(OH)_2_O_2_]·2H_2_O","KCaCu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[As^5+^(OH)_2_O_2_]·2H_2_O","K Ca Cu As O H","IMA1997-023"," ",1280,"Andyrobertsite","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Carb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Intensely blue, electric blue","#001155,#7df9ff"
"Calcioaravaipaite","Calcioaravaipaite","Pb2+Ca2AlF9","PbCa2AlF9","PbCa_2_AlF_9_","Pb^2+^Ca_2_AlF_9_","Pb Ca Al F","IMA1994-018"," ",1281,"Aravaipaite","monoclinic, triclinic","C1, P1","Pb^2+ Ca Al F","Cavp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Milk white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Calcioburbankite","Calcioburbankite","Na3(Ca,Ce3+,Sr,La)3(CO3)5","Na3(Ca,Ce,Sr,La)3(CO3)5","Na_3_(Ca,Ce,Sr,La)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na_3_(Ca,Ce^3+^,Sr,La)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ca Ce Sr La C O","IMA1993-001"," ",1283,"Burbankite","hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic","P63mc, P21, Cmc21","Na Ca Ce^3+ Sr La C O","Cbbn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Deep orange, Silky white, Pink. light.","#dc4d01,#efebe2,#ff8ad8"
"Calciocatapleiite","Calciocatapleiite","CaZr4+Si3O9·H2O","CaZrSi3O9·2H2O","CaZrSi_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","CaZr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·H_2_O","Ca Zr Si O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1290,"Catapleiite","orthorhombic","Pbnn","Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Cctp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light yellow, Reddish brown, Cream.","#fffe7a,#7f2b0a,#ffffc2"
"Calciocopiapite","Calciocopiapite","CaFe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","CaFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","CaFe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","CaFe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Ca Fe S O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1284,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Ccpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Grayish yellow.","#c9b003,#877254"
"Calciodelrioite","Calciodelrioite","Ca(V5+O3)2·4H2O","Ca(VO3)2·4H2O","Ca(VO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca(V^5+^O_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca V O H","IMA2012-031"," ",6088,"Delrioite","monoclinic","I2/a","Ca V^5+ O H","Cdlr","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless, tan to brown, nearly black","#afafaf,#d1b26f,#653700,#263032"
"Calcioferrite","Calcioferrite","Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_4_MgFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_4_MgFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Mg Fe P O H"," "," ",1285,"Calcioferrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Cfr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Yellowish white.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#e9f1d0"
"Calciohatertite","Calciohatertite","NaNaCa(CaFe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaCa(CaFe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaCa(CaFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaCa(CaFe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Fe As O","IMA2021-013"," ",7130,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Chtt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Calciohilairite","Calciohilairite","CaZr4+Si3O9·3H2O","CaZrSi3O9·3H2O","CaZrSi_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","CaZr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","Ca Zr Si O H","IMA1984-023"," ",1286," ","hexagonal","R32","Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Chlr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue white, White.","#dae7e9,#ffffff"
"Calciojohillerite","Calciojohillerite","NaCaMgMg2(As5+O4)3","NaCaMgMg2(AsO4)3","NaCaMgMg_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCaMgMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mg As O","IMA2016-068"," ",6597,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mg As^5+ O","Cjhl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, pale green, pale yellow, light blue, pale lilac or pink","#afafaf,#69b076,#eecf9e,#add8e6,#d8b5bf,#ffc0cb"
"Calciolangbeinite","Calciolangbeinite","K2Ca2(S6+O4)3","K2Ca2(SO4)3","K_2_Ca_2_(SO_4_)_3_","K_2_Ca_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","K Ca S O","IMA2011-067"," ",6010,"Langbeinite","cubic","P213","K Ca S^6+ O","Clgb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Calciomurmanite","Calciomurmanite","(Ca☐)Ti4+2(Na☐)Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","(Ca☐)Ti2(Na☐)Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","(Ca[box])Ti_2_(Na[box])Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","(Ca[box])Ti^4+^_2_(Na[box])Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Ca Ti Na Si O H","IMA2014-103"," ",6402,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Ca Ti^4+ Na Si O H","Cmmn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale brownish, purple","#b1916e,#800080"
"Calcio-olivine","Calcio-olivine","Ca2SiO4","Ca2(SiO4)","Ca_2_(SiO_4_)","Ca_2_SiO_4_","Ca Si O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",5407,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ca Si O","Caol","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Very light yellowish rose (caused by microinclusions of bernalite), colorless in thin sections","#673b66,#afafaf"
"Calciopetersite","Calciopetersite","Cu2+6Ca(PO4)2(PO3OH)(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu6(PO4)2(PO3OH)(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu_6_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Ca(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Cu P O H","IMA2001-004"," ",5410,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Ca P O H","Cpts","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green.","#8ead2c"
"Calciopharmacoalumite","Calciopharmacoalumite","Ca0.5Al4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Ca0.5Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Ca_0.5_Al_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ca_0.5_Al_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ca Al As O H","IMA2021-085"," ",7488,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Ca Al As^5+ O H","Cpal",,"No","light-brown","#b5651d"
"Calciosamarskite","Calciosamarskite","(Ca,Fe3+,Fe2+,Y)(Nb5+Ta5+,Ti4+)O4","(Ca,Fe,Y)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4","(Ca,Fe,Y)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O_4_","(Ca,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Y)(Nb^5+^Ta^5+^,Ti^4+^)O_4_","Ca Fe Y Nb Ta Ti O","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5412,"Columbite","monoclinic",,"Ca Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Y Nb^5+ Ta^5+ Ti^4+ O","Csmk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Calciotantite","Calciotantite","CaTa4O11","CaTa4O11","CaTa_4_O_11_","CaTa_4_O_11_","Ca Ta O","IMA1981-039"," ",1287," ","hexagonal","P6322","Ca Ta O","Ctan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Calciouranoite","Calciouranoite","(Ca,Ba,Pb2+,K,Na)U6+2O7·5H2O","(Ca,Ba,Pb,K,Na)U2O7·5H2O","(Ca,Ba,Pb,K,Na)U_2_O_7_·5H_2_O","(Ca,Ba,Pb^2+^,K,Na)U^6+^_2_O_7_·5H_2_O","Ca Ba Pb K Na U O H","IMA1973-004"," ",1288,"Wölsendorfite",,,"Ca Ba Pb^2+ K Na U^6+ O H","Cun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Orange, Orange brown, Red orange.","#653700,#ffa500,#b16002,#ff3f34"
"Calcioursilite","Calcioursilite","Ca4(U6+O2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6·15H2O","Ca4(UO2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6·15H2O","Ca_4_(UO_2_)_4_(Si_2_O_5_)_5_(OH)_6_·15H_2_O","Ca_4_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(Si_2_O_5_)_5_(OH)_6_·15H_2_O","Ca U O Si H"," "," ",5414,"Ursilite","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O Si H","Caur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon yellow","#cfff04"
"Calcioveatchite","Calcioveatchite","SrCaB11O16(OH)5·H2O","SrCaB11O16(OH)5·H2O","SrCaB_11_O_16_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","SrCaB_11_O_16_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Sr Ca B O H","IMA2020-011"," ",7027,"Veatchite","monoclinic","P21","Sr Ca B O H","Cvea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Calcite","Calcite","CaCO3","Ca(CO3)","Ca(CO_3_)","CaCO_3_","Ca C O"," "," ",1289,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c, R32/c, R3c","Ca C O","Cal","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Colorless, White, Pink, Yellow, Brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#ffff00,#653700"
"Calcjarlite","Calcjarlite","Na2(Ca,☐)14(Mg,☐)2Al12F64(OH)4","Na2(Ca,☐)14(Mg,☐)2Al12F64(OH)4","Na_2_(Ca,[box])_14_(Mg,[box])_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4_","Na_2_(Ca,[box])_14_(Mg,[box])_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4_","Na Ca Mg Al F O H"," "," ",1291,"Jarlite",,,"Na Ca Mg Al F O H","Cjar","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Calclacite","Calclacite","Ca(CH3COO)1-Cl·5H2O","Ca(CH3COO)Cl·5H2O","Ca(CH_3_COO)Cl·5H_2_O","Ca(CH_3_COO)^1-^Cl·5H_2_O","Ca C H O Cl"," "," ",1292,"Acetate","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Ca C H O Cl","Calc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Calcurmolite","Calcurmolite","(Ca1-xNax)2(U6+O2)3(Mo6+O4)2(OH)6-x·nH2O","(Ca1-xNax)2(UO2)3(MoO4)2(OH)6-x·nH2O","(Ca_1-x_Na_x_)_2_(UO_2_)_3_(MoO_4_)_2_(OH)_6-x_·nH_2_O","(Ca_1-x_Na_x_)_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6-x_·nH_2_O","Ca Na U O Mo H"," "," ",1293," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Na U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Cau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Honey yellow.","#ca9456"
"Calcybeborosilite-(Y)","Calcybeborosilite-(Y)","(Y,REE,Ca)2(B,Be)2(SiO4)2(OH,O)2","(Y,REE,Ca)2(B,Be)2(SiO4)2(OH,O)2","(Y,REE,Ca)_2_(B,Be)_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH,O)_2_","(Y,REE,Ca)_2_(B,Be)_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH,O)_2_","Y REE Ca B Be Si O H"," "," ",5417,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/a","Y REE Ca B Be Si O H","Cbbs-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Calderite","Calderite","Mn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3","Mn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3","Mn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn Fe Si O"," "," ",1294,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O","Cdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark yellow, Reddish yellow.","#e7bf8e,#cdfd02"
"Calderónite","Calderonite","Pb2+2Fe3+(V5+O4)2(OH)","Pb2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH)","Pb_2_Fe^3+^(VO_4_)_2_(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Pb Fe V O H","IMA2001-022"," ",4975,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Cdn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish orange to reddish brown, yellow","#f8481c,#7f2b0a,#ffff00"
"Caledonite","Caledonite","Cu2+2Pb2+5(S6+O4)3(CO3)(OH)6","Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6","Cu_2_Pb_5_(SO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_5_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_","Cu Pb S O C H"," "," ",1295,"Caledonite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ S^6+ O C H","Cdo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue green, Green, Dark green.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#00ff00,#033500"
"Calkinsite-(Ce)","Calkinsite-(Ce)","Ce3+2(CO3)3·4H2O","Ce2(CO3)3·4H2O","Ce_2_(CO_3_)_3_·4H_2_O","Ce^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_3_·4H_2_O","Ce C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1296," ","orthorhombic","P21221","Ce^3+ C O H","Clk-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Callaghanite","Callaghanite","Cu2+2Mg2CO3(OH)6·2H2O","Cu2Mg2(CO3)(OH)6·2H2O","Cu_2_Mg_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Mg_2_CO_3_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu Mg C O H"," "," ",1297," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ Mg C O H","Cgh","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Azure, Violet blue.","#007fff,#510ac9"
"Calomel","Calomel","HgCl","HgCl","HgCl","HgCl","Hg Cl"," "," ",1298," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Hg Cl","Clo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellowish gray, Gray, Yellowish white, Brown.","#ffffff,#edeeda,#808080,#e9f1d0,#653700"
"Calumetite","Calumetite","CaCu2+4(OH)8Cl2·3.5H2O","CaCu4(OH)8Cl2·3.5H2O","CaCu_4_(OH)_8_Cl_2_·3.5H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_4_(OH)_8_Cl_2_·3.5H_2_O","Ca Cu O H Cl","IMA2019 s.p."," ",1299,"Anthonyite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca Cu^2+ O H Cl","Clu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure blue, Powder blue, Bluish white.","#4d91c6,#b0e0e6,#e5dad4"
"Calvertite","Calvertite","Cu5Ge0.5S4","Cu5Ge0.5S4","Cu_5_Ge_0.5_S_4_","Cu_5_Ge_0.5_S_4_","Cu Ge S","IMA2006-030"," ",5523," ","cubic",,"Cu Ge S","Cvt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Calzirtite","Calzirtite","Ca2Zr4+5Ti4+2O16","Ca2Zr5Ti2O16","Ca_2_Zr_5_Ti_2_O_16_","Ca_2_Zr^4+^_5_Ti^4+^_2_O_16_","Ca Zr Ti O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1300,"Calzirtite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","I41/acd, Pbca","Ca Zr^4+ Ti^4+ O","Caz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown green, Light brown, Light green, Dark brown, Black brown.","#706c11,#b5651d,#76ff7b,#73532a,#73532a"
"Camanchacaite","Camanchacaite","Na☐CaMg2(As5+O4)2[As5+O2(OH)2]","Na☐CaMg2(AsO4)2[AsO2(OH)2]","Na[box]CaMg_2_(AsO_4_)_2_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]","Na[box]CaMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]","Na Ca Mg As O H","IMA2018-025"," ",6770,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Ccc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colourless, pink-beige","#afafaf,#c9aa98"
"Cámaraite","Camaraite","NaBa3Fe2+8Ti4+4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4F3","NaBa3Fe2+8Ti4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4F3","NaBa_3_Fe^2+^_8_Ti_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O_4_(OH)_4_F_3_","NaBa_3_Fe^2+^_8_Ti^4+^_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O_4_(OH)_4_F_3_","Na Ba Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA2009-011"," ",5740,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","triclinic","C1","Na Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Cám","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange-red to brownish-red","#fe4401,#9e3623"
"Camaronesite","Camaronesite","Fe3+2(PO3OH)2(S6+O4)(H2O)4·1-2H2O","Fe3+2(PO3OH)2(SO4)(H2O)4·1-2H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(SO_4_)(H_2_O)_4_·1-2H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(H_2_O)_4_·1-2H_2_O","Fe P O H S","IMA2012-094"," ",6142,"Taranakite","hexagonal","R32","Fe^3+ P O H S^6+","Cmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lavender","#b56edc"
"Camérolaite","Camerolaite","Cu2+6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb5+(OH)6](S6+O4)","Cu6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb(OH)6](SO4)","Cu_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_(H_2_O)_2_[Sb(OH)_6_](SO_4_)","Cu^2+^_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_(H_2_O)_2_[Sb^5+^(OH)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)","Cu Al O H Sb S","IMA1990-036"," ",1301,"Cyanotrichite","monoclinic, triclinic","P1, C1","Cu^2+ Al O H Sb^5+ S^6+","Cmé","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue-green","#137e6d"
"Cameronite","Cameronite","Cu5-x(Cu,Ag)3+xTe10 (x = 0.43)","Cu5-x(Cu,Ag)3+xTe10 (x = 0.43)","Cu_5-x_(Cu,Ag)_3+x_Te_10_ (x = 0.43)","Cu_5-x_(Cu,Ag)_3+x_Te_10_ (x = 0.43)","Cu Ag Te","IMA1984-069"," ",1302," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","C2/c","Cu Ag Te","Cme","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Gray.","#000000,#808080"
"Camgasite","Camgasite","CaMgAs5+O4(OH)·5H2O","CaMg(AsO4)(OH)·5H2O","CaMg(AsO_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","CaMgAs^5+^O_4_(OH)·5H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA1988-031"," ",1303," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Cmg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Caminite","Caminite","Mg7(S6+O4)5(OH)4·H2O","Mg7(SO4)5(OH)4·H2O","Mg_7_(SO_4_)_5_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Mg_7_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA1983-015"," ",1304,"Lipscombite","tetragonal","I41/amd","Mg S^6+ O H","Cmi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Campigliaite","Campigliaite","Cu2+4Mn2+(S6+O4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu4Mn2+(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu_4_Mn^2+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_Mn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu Mn S O H","IMA1981-001"," ",1305,"Devilline","monoclinic","C2","Cu^2+ Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Cpg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue, Pink.","#add8e6,#ffc0cb"
"Campostriniite","Campostriniite","(Bi3+2.5Na0.5)(N3-H4)2Na2(S6+O4)6·H2O","(Bi2.5Na0.5)(NH4)2Na2(SO4)6·H2O","(Bi_2.5_Na_0.5_)(NH_4_)_2_Na_2_(SO_4_)_6_·H_2_O","(Bi^3+^_2.5_Na_0.5_)(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Na_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·H_2_O","Bi Na N H S O","IMA2013-086a"," ",6245,"Görgeyite","monoclinic","C2/c","Bi^3+ Na N^3- H S^6+ O","Cps","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Canaphite","Canaphite","Na2CaP2O7·4H2O","Na2CaP2O7·4H2O","Na_2_CaP_2_O_7_·4H_2_O","Na_2_CaP_2_O_7_·4H_2_O","Na Ca P O H","IMA1983-067"," ",1306," ","monoclinic","Pc","Na Ca P O H","Cnp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Canasite","Canasite","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_(OH)_4_","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_(OH)_4_","K Na Ca Si O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1307," ","monoclinic","Cm","K Na Ca Si O H","Cns","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Green yellow, Light green.","#c9b003,#c6f808,#76ff7b"
"Canavesite","Canavesite","Mg2(HBO3)(CO3)·5H2O","Mg2(HBO3)(CO3)·5H2O","Mg_2_(HBO_3_)(CO_3_)·5H_2_O","Mg_2_(HBO_3_)(CO_3_)·5H_2_O","Mg H B O C","IMA1977-025"," ",1308," ","monoclinic",,"Mg H B O C","Cnv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Cancrinite","Cancrinite","(Na,Ca,☐)8(Al6Si6)O24(CO3,S6+O4)2·2H2O","(Na,Ca,☐)8(Al6Si6)O24(CO3,SO4)2·2H2O","(Na,Ca,[box])_8_(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(CO_3_,SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","(Na,Ca,[box])_8_(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(CO_3_,S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O C S H"," "," ",1309,"Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63","Na Ca Al Si O C S^6+ H","Ccn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Colorless, Gray green, Yellow, White.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#86a17d,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Cancrisilite","Cancrisilite","Na7(Si7Al5)O24(CO3)·3H2O","Na7(Si7Al5)O24(CO3)·3H2O","Na_7_(Si_7_Al_5_)O_24_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Na_7_(Si_7_Al_5_)O_24_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Na Si Al O C H","IMA1990-013"," ",1310,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63mc","Na Si Al O C H","Cnc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Gray, Lilac, Light violet, Pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#cea2fd,#d6b4fc,#ffc0cb"
"Canfieldite","Canfieldite","Ag1+8Sn4+S2-6","Ag8SnS6","Ag_8_SnS_6_","Ag^1+^_8_Sn^4+^S^2-^_6_","Ag Sn S"," "," ",1311,"Argyrodite","orthorhombic, cubic","F43m","Ag^1+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Cfi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cannizzarite","Cannizzarite","Pb2+8Bi3+10S2-23","Pb8Bi10S23","Pb_8_Bi_10_S_23_","Pb^2+^_8_Bi^3+^_10_S^2-^_23_","Pb Bi S"," "," ",1313," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cnz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light gray, Silver gray.","#d8dcd6,#a8a8a4"
"Cannonite","Cannonite","Bi3+2O(S6+O4)(OH)2","Bi2O(SO4)(OH)2","Bi_2_O(SO_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi^3+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi O S H","IMA1992-002"," ",1314," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Bi^3+ O S^6+ H","Cnn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Canosioite","Canosioite","Ba2Fe3+(As5+O4)2(OH)","Ba2Fe3+(AsO4)2(OH)","Ba_2_Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba_2_Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba Fe As O H","IMA2015-030"," ",6433,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Cso","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish-brown","#7f2b0a"
"Canutite","Canutite","Na☐Mn2+Mn2+2(As5+O4)[As5+O3(OH)]2","Na☐MnMn2(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2","Na[box]MnMn_2_(AsO_4_)[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_","Na[box]Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_","Na Mn As O H","IMA2013-070"," ",6231,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Can","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Reddish brown","#7f2b0a"
"Caoxite","Caoxite","Ca(C2)6+O4·3H2O","Ca(C2O4)·3H2O","Ca(C_2_O_4_)·3H_2_O","Ca(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·3H_2_O","Ca C O H","IMA1996-012"," ",1315,"Oxalate","triclinic","P1","Ca C O H","Cao","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Capgaronnite","Capgaronnite","AgHgClS","AgHgClS","AgHgClS","AgHgClS","Ag Hg Cl S","IMA1990-011"," ",1316," ","orthorhombic","P21212","Ag Hg Cl S","Cga","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Cappelenite-(Y)","Cappelenite-(Y)","BaY6B6Si3O24F2","BaY6B6Si3O24F2","BaY_6_B_6_Si_3_O_24_F_2_","BaY_6_B_6_Si_3_O_24_F_2_","Ba Y B Si O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1317," ","hexagonal","P3","Ba Y B Si O F","Cpp-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish brown.","#696112"
"Capranicaite","Capranicaite","KCaNaAl4B4Si2O18","KCaNaAl4B4Si2O18","KCaNaAl_4_B_4_Si_2_O_18_","KCaNaAl_4_B_4_Si_2_O_18_","K Ca Na Al B Si O","IMA2009-086"," ",5815,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","K Ca Na Al B Si O","Cpc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Caracolite","Caracolite","Na2(Pb2+2Na)(S6+O4)3Cl","Na2(Pb2Na)(SO4)3Cl","Na_2_(Pb_2_Na)(SO_4_)_3_Cl","Na_2_(Pb^2+^_2_Na)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Na Pb S O Cl"," "," ",1318,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63/m, P21/m","Na Pb^2+ S^6+ O Cl","Cco","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Colorless, Greenish gray, Gray.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#96ae8d,#808080"
"Carboborite","Carboborite","Ca2Mg[B(OH)4]2(CO3)2·4H2O","Ca2Mg[B(OH)4]2(CO3)2·4H2O","Ca_2_Mg[B(OH)_4_]_2_(CO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg[B(OH)_4_]_2_(CO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Mg B O H C","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1319," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Mg B O H C","Cab","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Carbobystrite","Carbobystrite","Na8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3)·4H2O","Na8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3)·4H2O","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Na Al Si O C H","IMA2009-028"," ",5755,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na Al Si O C H","Cbys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Carbocalumite","Carbocalumite","Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·6H2O","Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·6H2O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·6H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·6H_2_O","Ca Al O H C","IMA2021-106"," ",7208,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Al O H C","Cbcl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Carbocernaite","Carbocernaite","(Sr,Ce4+,La)(Ca,Na)(CO3)2","(Sr,Ce,La)(Ca,Na)(CO3)2","(Sr,Ce,La)(Ca,Na)(CO_3_)_2_","(Sr,Ce^4+^,La)(Ca,Na)(CO_3_)_2_","Sr Ce La Ca Na C O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1320,"Carbocernaite","orthorhombic","Pmc21","Sr Ce^4+ La Ca Na C O","Cbc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellow, Yellow brown, White.","#653700,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffffff"
"Carboferriphoxite","Carboferriphoxite","[(N3-H4)K(H2CO3)][Fe3+(HPO4)(H2PO4)((C2)6+O4)]","[(NH4)K(H2CO3)][Fe3+(HPO4)(H2PO4)(C2O4)]","[(NH_4_)K(H_2_CO_3_)][Fe^3+^(HPO_4_)(H_2_PO_4_)(C_2_O_4_)]","[(N^3-^H_4_)K(H_2_CO_3_)][Fe^3+^(HPO_4_)(H_2_PO_4_)((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)]","N H K C O Fe P","IMA2023-097"," ",7439,"Oxalate, Ferriphoxite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H K C O Fe^3+ P","Cfphx",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Carboirite","Carboirite","Fe2+Al2GeO5(OH)2","Fe2+Al2GeO5(OH)2","Fe^2+^Al_2_GeO_5_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^Al_2_GeO_5_(OH)_2_","Fe Al Ge O H","IMA1980-066"," ",1321,"Chloritoid","triclinic","C1","Fe^2+ Al Ge O H","Cb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Carbokentbrooksite","Carbokentbrooksite","(Na,☐)12(Na,Ce3+)3Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","(Na,☐)12(Na,Ce)3Ca6Mn3Zr3NbSi25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","(Na,[box])_12_(Na,Ce)_3_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_NbSi_25_O_73_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","(Na,[box])_12_(Na,Ce^3+^)_3_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_73_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na Ce Ca Mn Zr Nb Si O H C","IMA2002-056"," ",1323,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ce^3+ Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H C","Cktb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Carbonatecyanotrichite","Carbonatecyanotrichite","Cu2+4Al2CO3(OH)12·2H2O","Cu4Al2(CO3)(OH)12·2H2O","Cu_4_Al_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_Al_2_CO_3_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Cu Al C O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1324,"Cyanotrichite",,,"Cu^2+ Al C O H","Ccya","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Greenish blue, Azure blue.","#0000ff,#0b8b87,#4d91c6"
"Cardite","Cardite","Zn2+5.5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)(OH)3·3H2O","Zn5.5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)(OH)3·3H2O","Zn_5.5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_5.5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA2015-125"," ",6526,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Cdi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White to pinkish white and pale tan","#ffffff,#fff1fa"
"Carducciite","Carducciite","(Ag1+Sb3+)Pb2+6(As3+,Sb3+)8S2-20","(AgSb)Pb6(As,Sb)8S20","(AgSb)Pb_6_(As,Sb)_8_S_20_","(Ag^1+^Sb^3+^)Pb^2+^_6_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_8_S^2-^_20_","Ag Sb Pb As S","IMA2013-006"," ",6169," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Cdu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Caresite","Caresite","Fe2+4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O","Fe2+4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Fe^2+^_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_CO_3_·3H_2_O","Fe Al O H C","IMA1992-030"," ",1327,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3112","Fe^2+ Al O H C","Cre","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellow, Orange brown.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#b16002"
"Carletonite","Carletonite","KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(F,OH)·H2O","KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(F,OH)·H2O","KNa_4_Ca_4_Si_8_O_18_(CO_3_)_4_(F,OH)·H_2_O","KNa_4_Ca_4_Si_8_O_18_(CO_3_)_4_(F,OH)·H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O C F H","IMA1969-016"," ",1328,"Carletonite","tetragonal","P4/mbm","K Na Ca Si O C F H","Cto","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light blue, Dark blue, Pink.","#afafaf,#add8e6,#315b7d,#ffc0cb"
"Carletonmooreite","Carletonmooreite","Ni3Si","Ni3Si","Ni_3_Si","Ni_3_Si","Ni Si","IMA2018-068"," ",6800," ","cubic","Pm3m","Ni Si","Cmo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Carlfrancisite","Carlfrancisite","Mn2+3(Mn2+,Mg,Fe3+,Al)42[As3+O3]2(As5+O4)4[(Si,As5+)O4]6[(As5+,Si)O4]2(OH)42","Mn2+3(Mn2+,Mg,Fe3+,Al)42(As3+O3)2(As5+O4)4[(Si,As5+)O4]6[(As5+,Si)O4]2(OH)42","Mn^2+^_3_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^,Al)_42_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_6_[(As^5+^,Si)O_4_]_2_(OH)_42_","Mn^2+^_3_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^,Al)_42_[As^3+^O_3_]_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_6_[(As^5+^,Si)O_4_]_2_(OH)_42_","Mn Mg Fe Al As O Si H","IMA2012-033"," ",6091,"Hematolite","hexagonal","R3c","Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Al As^3+ O As^5+ Si H","Cfc","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pale yellow to yellow-orange","#eecf9e,#fcb001"
"Carlfriesite","Carlfriesite","CaTe4+2Te6+O8","CaTe4+2Te6+O8","CaTe^4+^_2_Te^6+^O_8_","CaTe^4+^_2_Te^6+^O_8_","Ca Te O","IMA1973-013"," ",1329," ","monoclinic","C2/c, I2/a","Ca Te^4+ Te^6+ O","Clf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)","Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)","NaNdCa3(PO4)3F","NaNdCa3(PO4)3F","NaNdCa_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","NaNdCa_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Na Nd Ca P O F","IMA2010-036"," ",5866,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3","Na Nd Ca P O F","Csk-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless with a faint greenish hue; Pink","#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Carlhintzeite","Carlhintzeite","Ca2AlF7·H2O","Ca2AlF7·H2O","Ca_2_AlF_7_·H_2_O","Ca_2_AlF_7_·H_2_O","Ca Al F H O","IMA1978-031"," ",1330," ","triclinic","P1, C1","Ca Al F H O","Chz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Carlinite","Carlinite","Tl1+2S2-","Tl2S","Tl_2_S","Tl^1+^_2_S^2-^","Tl S","IMA1974-062"," ",1331," ","hexagonal","R3","Tl^1+ S^2-","Cni","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray, Black.","#363737,#000000"
"Carlosbarbosaite","Carlosbarbosaite","(U6+O2)2Nb5+2O6(OH)2·2H2O","(UO2)2Nb2O6(OH)2·2H2O","(UO_2_)_2_Nb_2_O_6_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","U O Nb H","IMA2010-047"," ",5876," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","U^6+ O Nb^5+ H","Cbb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cream to pale yellow","#ffffc2,#eecf9e"
"Carlosruizite","Carlosruizite","K3Na2Na3Mg5(I5+O3)6(Se6+O4)6·6H2O","K3Na2Na3Mg5(IO3)6(SeO4)6·6H2O","K_3_Na_2_Na_3_Mg_5_(IO_3_)_6_(SeO_4_)_6_·6H_2_O","K_3_Na_2_Na_3_Mg_5_(I^5+^O_3_)_6_(Se^6+^O_4_)_6_·6H_2_O","K Na Mg I O Se H","IMA1993-020"," ",1332," ","hexagonal","P3c1","K Na Mg I^5+ O Se^6+ H","Crz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Pale yellow.","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Carlosturanite","Carlosturanite","(Mg,Fe2+,Ti4+)21(Si,Al)12O28(OH)34·H2O","(Mg,Fe2+,Ti)21(Si,Al)12O28(OH)34·H2O","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Ti)_21_(Si,Al)_12_O_28_(OH)_34_·H_2_O","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Ti^4+^)_21_(Si,Al)_12_O_28_(OH)_34_·H_2_O","Mg Fe Ti Si Al O H","IMA1984-009"," ",1333," ","monoclinic","Cm","Mg Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si Al O H","Csr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Carlsbergite","Carlsbergite","Cr3+N3-","CrN","CrN","Cr^3+^N^3-^","Cr N","IMA1971-026"," ",1334,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Cr^3+ N^3-","Cbg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Carlsonite","Carlsonite","(N3-H4)5Fe3+3O(S6+O4)6·7H2O","(NH4)5Fe3+3O(SO4)6·7H2O","(NH_4_)_5_Fe^3+^_3_O(SO_4_)_6_·7H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_5_Fe^3+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·7H_2_O","N H Fe O S","IMA2014-067"," ",6366,"Metavoltine","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Fe^3+ O S^6+","Csn","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","yellow to orange-brown","#ffff00,#b16002"
"Carmeltazite","Carmeltazite","Zr4+Al2Ti3+4O11","ZrAl2Ti4O11","ZrAl_2_Ti_4_O_11_","Zr^4+^Al_2_Ti^3+^_4_O_11_","Zr Al Ti O","IMA2018-103"," ",6804,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Zr^4+ Al Ti^3+ O","Ctz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Dark brown to dark green","#73532a,#033500"
"Carmichaelite","Carmichaelite","(Ti4+,Cr3+,Fe3+)(O,OH)2","(Ti,Cr,Fe)(O,OH)2","(Ti,Cr,Fe)(O,OH)_2_","(Ti^4+^,Cr^3+^,Fe^3+^)(O,OH)_2_","Ti Cr Fe O H","IMA1996-062"," ",1335," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Fe^3+ O H","Cmh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Cinnamon brown, Black.","#9e6a19,#000000"
"Carminite","Carminite","Pb2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2","PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2","PbFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Fe As O H"," "," ",1336,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Cccm","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Cmt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Carmine red, Reddish brown.","#ff0038,#7f2b0a"
"Carnallite","Carnallite","KMgCl3·6H2O","KMgCl3·6H2O","KMgCl_3_·6H_2_O","KMgCl_3_·6H_2_O","K Mg Cl H O"," "," ",1337,"Carnallite","orthorhombic","Pnna, Pbnn","K Mg Cl H O","Cna","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Blue, Colorless, Yellow, White, Red.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff,#ff0000"
"Carnotite","Carnotite","K2(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·3H2O","K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O","K_2_(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","K_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","K U O V H"," "," ",1338," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K U^6+ O V^5+ H","Cnt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow, Golden yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#ffdf00,#cdfd02"
"Carobbiite","Carobbiite","KF","KF","KF","KF","K F"," "," ",1339,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","K F","Crb","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Carpathite","Carpathite","C24H12","C24H12","C_24_H_12_","C_24_H_12_","C H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4976," ","monoclinic","P21/a","C H","Cpa","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow, yellowish brown","#ffff00,#9b7a01"
"Carpholite","Carpholite","Mn2+Al2Si2O6(OH)4","Mn2+Al2Si2O6(OH)4","Mn^2+^Al_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^Al_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Mn Al Si O H"," "," ",1340,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Car","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Straw yellow, Greenish gray, Yellowish brown.","#f0d696,#96ae8d,#9b7a01"
"Carraraite","Carraraite","Ca3Ge(S6+O4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O","Ca3Ge(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O","Ca_3_Ge(SO_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Ge(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Ge S O C H","IMA1998-002"," ",1341,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Ge S^6+ O C H","Cra","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Milky white.","#dcd9cd"
"Carrboydite","Carrboydite","Ni2+14Al9(S6+O4)6(OH)43·7H2O","(Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Ni_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","Ni^2+^_14_Al_9_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_43_·7H_2_O","Ni Al S O H","IMA1974-033"," ",1342,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ni^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Cby","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Yellow green.","#137e6d,#c8fd3d"
"Carrollite","Carrollite","Cu1+Co3+2S4","CuCo2S4","CuCo_2_S_4_","Cu^1+^Co^3+^_2_S_4_","Cu Co S"," "," ",1343,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Co^3+ S","Cli","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray, Gray, Copper red, Light gray, Steel.","#808080,#808080,#cb6d51,#d8dcd6,#797979"
"Caryinite","Caryinite","NaCaCaMn2+2(As5+O4)3","NaCaCaMn2(AsO4)3","NaCaCaMn_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCaCaMn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mn As O","IMA1980 s.p."," ",1344,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","I2/a","Na Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O","Cyn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Yellow brown.","#653700,#ae8b0c"
"Caryochroite","Caryochroite","(Na,Sr)3(Fe3+,Mg)10Ti4+2Si12O37(H2O,O,OH)17","(Na,Sr)3(Fe3+,Mg)10Ti2Si12O37(H2O,O,OH)17","(Na,Sr)_3_(Fe^3+^,Mg)_10_Ti_2_Si_12_O_37_(H_2_O,O,OH)_17_","(Na,Sr)_3_(Fe^3+^,Mg)_10_Ti^4+^_2_Si_12_O_37_(H_2_O,O,OH)_17_","Na Sr Fe Mg Ti Si O H","IMA2005-031"," ",5320," ","monoclinic","P2/n","Na Sr Fe^3+ Mg Ti^4+ Si O H","Cyh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Hazel brown.","#a56639"
"Caryopilite","Caryopilite","Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4","Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4","Mn^2+^_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mn Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1345,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic",,"Mn^2+ Si O H","Cpl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown, Yellow, Greenish brown, Orange brown.","#7f2b0a,#ffff00,#696112,#b16002"
"Cascandite","Cascandite","CaScSi3O8(OH)","CaScSi3O8(OH)","CaScSi_3_O_8_(OH)","CaScSi_3_O_8_(OH)","Ca Sc Si O H","IMA1980-011"," ",1346,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1, C1","Ca Sc Si O H","Cas","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Caseyite","Caseyite","[(V5+O2)Al7.5(OH)15(H2O)13]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2·90H2O","[(V5+O2)Al7.5(OH)15(H2O)13]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2·90H2O","[(V^5+^O_2_)Al_7.5_(OH)_15_(H_2_O)_13_]_2_[H_2_V^4+^V^5+^_9_O_28_][V^5+^_10_O_28_]_2_·90H_2_O","[(V^5+^O_2_)Al_7.5_(OH)_15_(H_2_O)_13_]_2_[H_2_V^4+^V^5+^_9_O_28_][V^5+^_10_O_28_]_2_·90H_2_O","V O Al H","IMA2019-002"," ",6893,"Pascoite","monoclinic","P21/n","V^5+ O Al H V^4+","Csy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Cassagnaite","Cassagnaite","Ca4Fe3+4V3+2(OH)6O2(Si3O10)(SiO4)2","Ca4Fe3+4V3+2(OH)6O2(Si3O10)(SiO4)2","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_4_V^3+^_2_(OH)_6_O_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(SiO_4_)_2_","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_4_V^3+^_2_(OH)_6_O_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(SiO_4_)_2_","Ca Fe V O H Si","IMA2006-019a"," ",5595,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca Fe^3+ V^3+ O H Si","Csg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Golden brown.","#b27a01"
"Cassedanneite","Cassedanneite","Pb2+5(V5+O4)2(Cr6+O4)2·H2O","Pb5(VO4)2(CrO4)2·H2O","Pb_5_(VO_4_)_2_(CrO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb V O Cr H","IMA1984-063"," ",1347," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ V^5+ O Cr^6+ H","Cda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red orange.","#ff3f34"
"Cassidyite","Cassidyite","Ca2Ni2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Ni(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Ni(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Ni^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Ni P O H","IMA1966-024"," ",1348,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Ni^2+ P O H","Cdy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Light green.","#00ff00,#76ff7b"
"Cassiterite","Cassiterite","Sn4+O2","SnO2","SnO_2_","Sn^4+^O_2_","Sn O"," "," ",1349,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Sn^4+ O","Cst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish black, Colorless, Green, Gray.","#653700,#413936,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080"
"Castellaroite","Castellaroite","Mn2+3(As5+O4)2·4.5H2O","Mn2+3(AsO4)2·4.5H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·4.5H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4.5H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA2015-071"," ",6475,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ctr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Caswellsilverite","Caswellsilverite","NaCr3+S2-2","NaCrS2","NaCrS_2_","NaCr^3+^S^2-^_2_","Na Cr S","IMA1981-012a"," ",1350,"Scacchite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Cr^3+ S^2-","Cws","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Yellow gray.","#c8fd3d"
"Catalanoite","Catalanoite","Na2HPO4·8H2O","Na2(HPO4)·8H2O","Na_2_(HPO_4_)·8H_2_O","Na_2_HPO_4_·8H_2_O","Na H P O","IMA2002-008"," ",4977," ","orthorhombic","Ibca","Na H P O","Ct","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Catamarcaite","Catamarcaite","Cu6GeWS8","Cu6GeWS8","Cu_6_GeWS_8_","Cu_6_GeWS_8_","Cu Ge W S","IMA2003-020"," ",5233," ","hexagonal","P63mc","Cu Ge W S","Ctm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Catapleiite","Catapleiite","Na2Zr4+Si3O9·2H2O","Na2Zr(Si3O9)·2H2O","Na_2_Zr(Si_3_O_9_)·2H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H"," "," ",1351,"Catapleiite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pbnn, B2/b","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Ctp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Brown, Colorless, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#0000ff,#653700,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Cattierite","Cattierite","Co2+(S2)2-","CoS2","CoS_2_","Co^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Co S"," "," ",1352,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Co^2+ S","Cat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Pink, Reddish white.","#ffc0cb,#fff8d5"
"Cattiite","Cattiite","Mg3(PO4)2·22H2O","Mg3(PO4)2·22H2O","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_·22H_2_O","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_·22H_2_O","Mg P O H","IMA2000-032"," ",1353," ","triclinic","P1","Mg P O H","Ctt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Cavansite","Cavansite","CaV4+OSi4O10·4H2O","Ca(V4+O)(Si4O10)·4H2O","Ca(V^4+^O)(Si_4_O_10_)·4H_2_O","CaV^4+^OSi_4_O_10_·4H_2_O","Ca V O Si H","IMA1967-019"," ",1354," ","orthorhombic","Pcmn, Pnma","Ca V^4+ O Si H","Cav","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Greenish blue, Dark blue.","#0b8b87,#315b7d"
"Cavoite","Cavoite","CaV4+3O7","CaV3O7","CaV_3_O_7_","CaV^4+^_3_O_7_","Ca V O","IMA2001-024"," ",1355," ","orthorhombic","Pnam","Ca V^4+ O","Cvo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Cayalsite-(Y)","Cayalsite-(Y)","CaY6Al2Si4O18F6","CaY6Al2Si4O18F6","CaY_6_Al_2_Si_4_O_18_F_6_","CaY_6_Al_2_Si_4_O_18_F_6_","Ca Y Al Si O F","IMA2011-094"," ",6066,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pban, P2/c","Ca Y Al Si O F","Cyl-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to faintly pink","#afafaf,#f6e4e4"
"Caysichite-(Y)","Caysichite-(Y)","(Ca,Yb,Er)4Y4Si8O20(CO3)6(OH)·7H2O","(Ca,Yb,Er)4Y4(Si8O20)(CO3)6(OH)·7H2O","(Ca,Yb,Er)_4_Y_4_(Si_8_O_20_)(CO_3_)_6_(OH)·7H_2_O","(Ca,Yb,Er)_4_Y_4_Si_8_O_20_(CO_3_)_6_(OH)·7H_2_O","Ca Yb Er Y Si O C H","IMA1973-044, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1356," ","orthorhombic","Ccm21","Ca Yb Er Y Si O C H","Cay-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Green, Greenish yellow, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#cdfd02,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Cebaite-(Ce)","Cebaite-(Ce)","Ba3Ce3+2(CO3)5F2","Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2","Ba_3_Ce_2_(CO_3_)_5_F_2_","Ba_3_Ce^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_5_F_2_","Ba Ce C O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1357," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Ce^3+ C O F","Ceb-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Gray white, Orange.","#d7d5cb,#ffa500"
"Cebollite","Cebollite","Ca5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4","Ca5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4","Ca_5_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_","Ca_5_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_","Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",1358,"Melilite",,,"Ca Al Si O H","Cbl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Greenish gray, White, Light brown.","#afafaf,#96ae8d,#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Čechite","Cechite","Pb2+Fe2+V5+O4(OH)","PbFe2+(VO4)(OH)","PbFe^2+^(VO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^Fe^2+^V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Fe V O H","IMA1980-068"," ",1359,"Descloizite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ V^5+ O H","Čec","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black","#000000"
"Čejkaite","Cejkaite","Na4U6+O2(CO3)3","Na4(UO2)(CO3)3","Na_4_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_","Na_4_U^6+^O_2_(CO_3_)_3_","Na U O C","IMA1999-045"," ",1360," ","triclinic, hexagonal, monoclinic","P1, P3c1, Cc","Na U^6+ O C","Čej","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow to beige","#eecf9e,#e6daa6"
"Celadonite","Celadonite","KMgFe3+Si4O10(OH)2","KMgFe3+Si4O10(OH)2","KMgFe^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","KMgFe^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Fe Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",1361,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m, C2","K Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Cel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray green, Bluish green.","#86a17d,#10a674"
"Celestine","Celestine","SrS6+O4","Sr(SO4)","Sr(SO_4_)","SrS^6+^O_4_","Sr S O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1362,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Sr S^6+ O","Clt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Blue, Brown, Colorless, Green, Gray.","#0000ff,#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080"
"Celleriite","Celleriite","☐(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","☐(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","[box](Mn^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","[box](Mn^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","Mn Al Si O B H","IMA2019-089"," ",6975,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Mn^2+ Al Si O B H","Cll","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Violet to gray-blue, dark brownish-green","#9a0eea,#77a1b5,#1b2431"
"Celsian","Celsian","BaAl2Si2O8","Ba(Al2Si2O8)","Ba(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","BaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ba Al Si O"," "," ",1363,"Feldspar","monoclinic","I2/c","Ba Al Si O","Cls","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Centennialite","Centennialite","CaCu2+3Cl2(OH)6·nH2O (n ~ 0.7)","CaCu3Cl2(OH)6·nH2O (n ~ 0.7)","CaCu_3_Cl_2_(OH)_6_·nH_2_O (n ~ 0.7)","CaCu^2+^_3_Cl_2_(OH)_6_·nH_2_O (n ~ 0.7)","Ca Cu Cl O H","IMA2013-110"," ",6271,"Atacamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca Cu^2+ Cl O H","Cte","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale to azure blue","#fff9d0,#4d91c6"
"Cerchiaraite-(Al)","Cerchiaraite-(Al)","Ba4Al4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba4Al4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba_4_Al_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba_4_Al_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba Al Si O H Cl","IMA2012-011"," ",6070,"Cerchiaraite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ba Al Si O H Cl","Ccr-Al","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Blue to bluish-green","#0000ff,#10a674"
"Cerchiaraite-(Fe)","Cerchiaraite-(Fe)","Ba4Fe3+4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba4Fe3+4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba_4_Fe^3+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba_4_Fe^3+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba Fe Si O H Cl","IMA2012-012"," ",6071,"Cerchiaraite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ba Fe^3+ Si O H Cl","Ccr-Fe","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","tan to brown; blue to bluish-green","#d1b26f,#653700,#0000ff,#10a674"
"Cerchiaraite-(Mn)","Cerchiaraite-(Mn)","Ba4Mn3+4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba4Mn3+4(Si4O12)O2(OH)4Cl2[Si2O3(OH)4]","Ba_4_Mn^3+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba_4_Mn^3+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_(OH)_4_Cl_2_[Si_2_O_3_(OH)_4_]","Ba Mn Si O H Cl","IMA1999-012"," ",1364,"Cerchiaraite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ba Mn^3+ Si O H Cl","Ccr-Mn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Deep green","#02590f"
"Cerianite-(Ce)","Cerianite-(Ce)","Ce4+O2","CeO2","CeO_2_","Ce^4+^O_2_","Ce O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1365,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Ce^4+ O","Cei-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish yellow, Resin brown, Dark greenish brown.","#cdfd02,#935848,#033500"
"Cerite-(CeCa)","Cerite-(CeCa)","(Ce3+7Ca2)☐Mg(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(Ce7Ca2)☐Mg(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(Ce_7_Ca_2_)[box]Mg(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","(Ce^3+^_7_Ca_2_)[box]Mg(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","Ce Ca Mg Si O H","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2023 s.p."," ",1367,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ce^3+ Ca Mg Si O H","Crt-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pale pink to reddish pink","#efcddb,#fe2c54"
"Cerium","Cerium","Ce","Ce","Ce","Ce","Ce"," "," ",5420," ","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, P63/mmc","Ce","Ce","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Černýite","Cernyite","Cu1+2Cd2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu2CdSnS4","Cu_2_CdSnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Cd^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Cd Sn S","IMA1976-057"," ",1369,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Cd^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Čný","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Steel Grey","#43464b"
"Cerromojonite","Cerromojonite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+Se2-3","CuPbBiSe3","CuPbBiSe_3_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^Se^2-^_3_","Cu Pb Bi Se","IMA2018-040"," ",6781,"Bournonite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Cmj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ceruleite","Ceruleite","Cu2+Al4(As5+O4)2(OH)8(H2O)4","CuAl4(AsO4)2(OH)8(H2O)4","CuAl_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_4_","Cu^2+^Al_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_4_","Cu Al As O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1371," ","triclinic",,"Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Cru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Deep blue.","#0000ff,#040273"
"Cerussite","Cerussite","Pb2+CO3","Pb(CO3)","Pb(CO_3_)","Pb^2+^CO_3_","Pb C O"," "," ",1372,"Aragonite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Pb^2+ C O","Cer","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Blue, Green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#0000ff,#00ff00"
"Cervandonite-(Ce)","Cervandonite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,Nd,La3+)(Fe3+,Ti4+,Fe2+,Al)3O2(Si2O7)0.8(As3+O3)1.2(OH)0.6","(Ce,Nd,La)(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,Al)3O2(Si2O7)1-x+y(AsO3)1+x-y(OH)3x-3y","(Ce,Nd,La)(Fe^3+^,Ti,Fe^2+^,Al)_3_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_1-x+y_(AsO_3_)_1+x-y_(OH)_3x-3y_","(Ce^3+^,Nd,La^3+^)(Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,Al)_3_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_0.8_(As^3+^O_3_)_1.2_(OH)_0.6_","Ce Nd La Fe Ti Al O Si As H","IMA1986-044"," ",1373," ","hexagonal","R3m","Ce^3+ Nd La^3+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ Al O Si As^3+ H","Cvd-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cervantite","Cervantite","Sb3+Sb5+O4","Sb3+Sb5+O4","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Sb O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1374," ","orthorhombic","Pna21, Pbn21","Sb^3+ Sb^5+ O","Cvn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellowish orange, White, Cream.","#ffff00,#ffab0f,#ffffff,#ffffc2"
"Cervelleite","Cervelleite","Ag4TeS","Ag4TeS","Ag_4_TeS","Ag_4_TeS","Ag Te S","IMA1986-018"," ",1375," ","cubic",,"Ag Te S","Cvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Cesanite","Cesanite","Ca2Na3(S6+O4)3OH","Ca2Na3(SO4)3OH","Ca_2_Na_3_(SO_4_)_3_OH","Ca_2_Na_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_OH","Ca Na S O H","IMA1980-023"," ",1376,"Apatite","hexagonal","P6, P63/m","Ca Na S^6+ O H","Csa","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Césarferreiraite","Cesarferreiraite","Fe2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA2012-099"," ",6162,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Céf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Pale to yellowish green","#fff9d0,#b0dd16"
"Cesàrolite","Cesarolite","Pb2+Mn4+3O6(OH)2","PbMn4+3O6(OH)2","PbMn^4+^_3_O_6_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_6_(OH)_2_","Pb Mn O H"," "," ",1377," ",,,"Pb^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Csà","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Steel-grey","#43464b"
"Cesbronite","Cesbronite","Cu2+3Te6+O4(OH)4","Cu3Te6+O4(OH)4","Cu_3_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Cu Te O H","IMA1974-006"," ",1378," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Ces","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Cesiodymite","Cesiodymite","CsKCu2+5O(S6+O4)5","CsKCu5O(SO4)5","CsKCu_5_O(SO_4_)_5_","CsKCu^2+^_5_O(S^6+^O_4_)_5_","Cs K Cu O S","IMA2016-002"," ",6531,"Cryptochalcite","triclinic","P1","Cs K Cu^2+ O S^6+","Ced","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green to green","#76ff7b,#00ff00"
"Cesiokenopyrochlore","Cesiokenopyrochlore","☐Nb5+2(O,OH)6Cs1-x","☐Nb2(O,OH)6Cs1-x","[box]Nb_2_(O,OH)_6_Cs_1-x_","[box]Nb^5+^_2_(O,OH)_6_Cs_1-x_","Nb O H Cs","IMA2016-104"," ",6631,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Nb^5+ O H Cs","Ckpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light brown","#b5651d"
"Cesplumtantite","Cesplumtantite","Cs2Pb2+3Ta5+8O24","Cs2Pb3Ta8O24","Cs_2_Pb_3_Ta_8_O_24_","Cs_2_Pb^2+^_3_Ta^5+^_8_O_24_","Cs Pb Ta O","IMA1985-040"," ",1381," ","tetragonal",,"Cs Pb^2+ Ta^5+ O","Cptan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Cetineite","Cetineite","NaK5Sb3+14S2-6O18·6H2O","NaK5Sb14S6O18(H2O)6","NaK_5_Sb_14_S_6_O_18_(H_2_O)_6_","NaK_5_Sb^3+^_14_S^2-^_6_O_18_·6H_2_O","Na K Sb S O H","IMA1986-019"," ",1383,"Cetineite","hexagonal","P63","Na K Sb^3+ S^2- O H","Cet","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow orange, Orange red.","#fcb001,#fe4401"
"Chabazite-Ca","Chabazite-Ca","Ca2Al4Si8O24·13H2O","Ca2[Al4Si8O24]·13H2O","Ca_2_[Al_4_Si_8_O_24_]·13H_2_O","Ca_2_Al_4_Si_8_O_24_·13H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1384,"Chabazite","hexagonal, triclinic","R3, R3m, P1","Ca Al Si O H","Cbz-Ca","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Green, Yellow, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Chabazite-K","Chabazite-K","(K2NaCa0.5)Al4Si8O24·11H2O","(K2NaCa0.5)[Al4Si8O24]·11H2O","(K_2_NaCa_0.5_)[Al_4_Si_8_O_24_]·11H_2_O","(K_2_NaCa_0.5_)Al_4_Si_8_O_24_·11H_2_O","K Na Ca Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1385,"Chabazite","hexagonal","R3, R3m","K Na Ca Al Si O H","Cbz-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Pinkish, Reddish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#d46a7e,#fff8d5"
"Chabazite-Mg","Chabazite-Mg","(Mg0.7K0.5Ca0.5Na0.1)Al3Si9O24·10H2O","(Mg0.7K0.5Ca0.5Na0.1)[Al3Si9O24]·10H2O","(Mg_0.7_K_0.5_Ca_0.5_Na_0.1_)[Al_3_Si_9_O_24_]·10H_2_O","(Mg_0.7_K_0.5_Ca_0.5_Na_0.1_)Al_3_Si_9_O_24_·10H_2_O","Mg K Ca Na Al Si O H","IMA2009-060"," ",5789,"Chabazite","hexagonal","R3, R3m","Mg K Ca Na Al Si O H","Cbz-Mg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Chabazite-Na","Chabazite-Na","(Na3K)Al4Si8O24·11H2O","(Na3K)[Al4Si8O24]·11H2O","(Na_3_K)[Al_4_Si_8_O_24_]·11H_2_O","(Na_3_K)Al_4_Si_8_O_24_·11H_2_O","Na K Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1386,"Chabazite","hexagonal, triclinic","R3, R3m, P1","Na K Al Si O H","Cbz-Na","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Pinkish, Reddish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#d46a7e,#fff8d5"
"Chabazite-Sr","Chabazite-Sr","(Sr,Ca)2Al4Si8O24·11H2O","(Sr,Ca)2[Al4Si8O24]·11H2O","(Sr,Ca)_2_[Al_4_Si_8_O_24_]·11H_2_O","(Sr,Ca)_2_Al_4_Si_8_O_24_·11H_2_O","Sr Ca Al Si O H","IMA1999-040"," ",1387,"Chabazite","hexagonal","R3, R3m","Sr Ca Al Si O H","Cbz-Sr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Chabournéite","Chabourneite","Ag1+zTl1+8-x-zPb2+4+2xSb3+40-x-yAs3+yS2-68 (with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.40, 16.15 ≤ y ≤ 19.11, 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.11)","AgzTl8-x-zPb4+2xSb40-x-yAsyS68 (with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.40, 16.15 ≤ y ≤ 19.11, 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.11)","Ag_z_Tl_8-x-z_Pb_4+2x_Sb_40-x-y_As_y_S_68_ (with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.40, 16.15 ≤ y ≤ 19.11, 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.11)","Ag^1+^_z_Tl^1+^_8-x-z_Pb^2+^_4+2x_Sb^3+^_40-x-y_As^3+^_y_S^2-^_68_ (with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.40, 16.15 ≤ y ≤ 19.11, 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.11)","Ag Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA1976-042, IMA2021 s.p."," ",1388,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Chb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Chadwickite","Chadwickite","U6+O2HAs3+O3","(UO2)(HAsO3)","(UO_2_)(HAsO_3_)","U^6+^O_2_HAs^3+^O_3_","U O H As","IMA1997-005"," ",1389," ","tetragonal",,"U^6+ O H As^3+","Cdw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Chaidamuite","Chaidamuite","Zn2+Fe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·4H2O","ZnFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·4H2O","ZnFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Zn Fe S O H","IMA1985-011"," ",1390," ","monoclinic, triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Cdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Yellowish brown.","#653700,#9b7a01"
"Chalcanthite","Chalcanthite","Cu2+S6+O4·5H2O","Cu(SO4)·5H2O","Cu(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_·5H_2_O","Cu S O H"," "," ",1391,"Chalcanthite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Cct","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green, Green blue, Light blue, Dark blue.","#00ff00,#42b395,#add8e6,#315b7d"
"Chalcoalumite","Chalcoalumite","Cu2+Al4S6+O4(OH)12·3H2O","CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12·3H2O","CuAl_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^Al_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Cu Al S O H"," "," ",1392,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic","P21, P21/n","Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Cca","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue gray, Greenish blue, Light blue green.","#0000ff,#758da3,#0b8b87,#add8e6"
"Chalcocite","Chalcocite","Cu1+2S2-","Cu2S","Cu_2_S","Cu^1+^_2_S^2-^","Cu S"," "," ",1393," ","monoclinic, cubic","P21/c, Fm3m","Cu^1+ S^2-","Cc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue black, Gray, Black, Black gray, Steel gray.","#24313d,#808080,#000000,#24272e,#43464b"
"Chalcocyanite","Chalcocyanite","Cu2+S6+O4","Cu(SO4)","Cu(SO_4_)","Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_","Cu S O"," "," ",1394,"Zinkosite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Ccy","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, Brown, Green, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#0000ff,#653700,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Chalcomenite","Chalcomenite","Cu2+Se4+O3·2H2O","Cu(Se4+O3)·2H2O","Cu(Se^4+^O_3_)·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^Se^4+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Se O H"," "," ",1395,"Chalcomenite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^2+ Se^4+ O H","Ccm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Chalconatronite","Chalconatronite","Na2Cu2+(CO3)2·3H2O","Na2Cu(CO3)2·3H2O","Na_2_Cu(CO_3_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Cu^2+^(CO_3_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na Cu C O H"," "," ",1396," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Cu^2+ C O H","Chna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Chalcophanite","Chalcophanite","Zn2+Mn4+3O7·3H2O","ZnMn4+3O7·3H2O","ZnMn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Zn Mn O H"," "," ",1397," ","hexagonal","R3","Zn^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Cph","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Bluish black, Black.","#0000ff,#413f44,#000000"
"Chalcophyllite","Chalcophyllite","Cu2+18Al2(As5+O4)4(S6+O4)3(OH)24·36H2O","Cu18Al2(AsO4)4(SO4)3(OH)24·36H2O","Cu_18_Al_2_(AsO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)_3_(OH)_24_·36H_2_O","Cu^2+^_18_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_24_·36H_2_O","Cu Al As O S H"," "," ",1398,"Chalcophyllite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O S^6+ H","Chp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green, Bluish green, Grass green.","#046307,#10a674,#419c03"
"Chalcopyrite","Chalcopyrite","Cu1+Fe3+S2-2","CuFeS2","CuFeS_2_","Cu^1+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_2_","Cu Fe S"," "," ",1399,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal, cubic","I42d, F43m","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Ccp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brass yellow, Honey yellow.","#b58735,#ca9456"
"Chalcosiderite","Chalcosiderite","Cu2+Fe3+6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","CuFe3+6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","CuFe^3+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Cu Fe P O H"," "," ",1400,"Turquoise","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Csd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green, Dark green.","#69b076,#033500"
"Chalcostibite","Chalcostibite","Cu1+Sb3+S2-2","CuSbS2","CuSbS_2_","Cu^1+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_2_","Cu Sb S"," "," ",1401,"Chalcostibite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ccsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Blue gray, Dark gray.","#8a7963,#758da3,#363737"
"Chalcothallite","Chalcothallite","(Tl1+,K)2(Cu1+,Cu2+,Fe2+,Ag1+)6.3Sb3-S2-4","(Cu,Fe,Ag)6.3(Tl,K)2SbS4","(Cu,Fe,Ag)_6.3_(Tl,K)_2_SbS_4_","(Tl^1+^,K)_2_(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^,Fe^2+^,Ag^1+^)_6.3_Sb^3-^S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Ag Tl K Sb S","IMA1966-008"," ",1402,"Bukovite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Tl^1+ K Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Fe^2+ Ag^1+ Sb^3- S^2-","Ccth","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Challacolloite","Challacolloite","KPb2+2Cl5","KPb2Cl5","KPb_2_Cl_5_","KPb^2+^_2_Cl_5_","K Pb Cl","IMA2004-028"," ",5284," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Pb^2+ Cl","Chc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chambersite","Chambersite","Mn2+3B7O13Cl","Mn3B7O13Cl","Mn_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mn^2+^_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mn B O Cl","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1403,"Boracite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Mn^2+ B O Cl","Cbs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Purple red.","#afafaf,#990147"
"Chaméanite","Chameanite","(Cu,Fe)4As(Se,S)4","(Cu,Fe)4As(Se,S)4","(Cu,Fe)_4_As(Se,S)_4_","(Cu,Fe)_4_As(Se,S)_4_","Cu Fe As Se S","IMA1980-088"," ",1404," ","cubic",,"Cu Fe As Se S","Céa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey","#808080"
"Chamosite","Chamosite","(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8","(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Al,Fe^3+^)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH,O)_8_","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Al,Fe^3+^)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH,O)_8_","Fe Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",1405,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic","C1","Fe^2+ Mg Al Fe^3+ Si O H","Chm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Gray, Greenish gray, Brown, Blackish green.","#808080,#96ae8d,#653700,#5d6161"
"Chanabayaite","Chanabayaite","Cu2+2Cl(N3C2H2)1-2(N3-H3,Cl,H2O,☐)4","Cu2Cl(N3C2H2)2(NH3,Cl,H2O,☐)4","Cu_2_Cl(N_3_C_2_H_2_)_2_(NH_3_,Cl,H_2_O,[box])_4_","Cu^2+^_2_Cl(N_3_C_2_H_2_)^1-^_2_(N^3-^H_3_,Cl,H_2_O,[box])_4_","Cu Cl N C H O","IMA2013-065"," ",6225,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Imma","Cu^2+ Cl N C H N^3- O","Cba","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Changbaiite","Changbaiite","Pb2+Nb5+2O6","PbNb2O6","PbNb_2_O_6_","Pb^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_6_","Pb Nb O"," "," ",1406," ","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Nb^5+ O","Chg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Cream white, Pale brown, Yellow brown, Pale yellow green.","#afafaf,#f2eee2,#b1916e,#ae8b0c,#eecf9e"
"Changchengite","Changchengite","Ir3+(BiS)3-","IrBiS","IrBiS","Ir^3+^(BiS)^3-^","Ir Bi S","IMA1995-047"," ",1407,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Ir^3+ Bi S","Ccg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Changesite-(Y)","Changesite-(Y)","(Ca8Y)☐Fe2+(PO4)7","(Ca8Y)☐Fe2+(PO4)7","(Ca_8_Y)[box]Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","(Ca_8_Y)[box]Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Y Fe P O","IMA2022-023a"," ",7262,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Y Fe^2+ P O","Cgs-Y",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Changoite","Changoite","Na2Zn2+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Zn(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_2_Zn(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Zn S O H","IMA1997-041"," ",1408,"Blödite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Cgo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Chantalite","Chantalite","CaAl2SiO4(OH)4","CaAl2(SiO4)(OH)4","CaAl_2_(SiO_4_)(OH)_4_","CaAl_2_SiO_4_(OH)_4_","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1977-001"," ",1409," ","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca Al Si O H","Cht","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chaoite","Chaoite","C","C","C","C","C","IMA1968-019"," ",1410," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm","C","Ch","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","Yes","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Chapmanite","Chapmanite","Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH)","Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH)","Fe^3+^_2_Sb^3+^(Si_2_O_5_)O_3_(OH)","Fe^3+^_2_Sb^3+^(Si_2_O_5_)O_3_(OH)","Fe Sb Si O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",1411," ","monoclinic","Cm","Fe^3+ Sb^3+ Si O H","Cpm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellowish green, Yellow, Olive green.","#b0dd16,#ffff00,#8ead2c"
"Charleshatchettite","Charleshatchettite","CaNb5+4O10(OH)2·8H2O","CaNb4O10(OH)2·8H2O","CaNb_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaNb^5+^_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Nb O H","IMA2015-048"," ",6460," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Nb^5+ O H","Chh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Charlesite","Charlesite","Ca6Al2(S6+O4)2B(OH)4(OH,O)12·26H2O","Ca6Al2(SO4)2B(OH)4(OH,O)12·26H2O","Ca_6_Al_2_(SO_4_)_2_B(OH)_4_(OH,O)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca_6_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_B(OH)_4_(OH,O)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca Al S O B H","IMA1981-043"," ",1412,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P31c","Ca Al S^6+ O B H","Chrl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Light yellow, Pink.","#afafaf,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Charmarite","Charmarite","Mn2+4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O","Mn4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Mn_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_CO_3_·3H_2_O","Mn Al O H C","IMA1992-026"," ",1413,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P6322, P3112, P3","Mn^2+ Al O H C","Char","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Charoite","Charoite","(K,Sr,Ba,Mn2+)15-16(Ca,Na)32Si70(O,OH)180(OH,F)4·nH2O","(K,Sr,Ba,Mn)15-16(Ca,Na)32[Si70(O,OH)180](OH,F)4·nH2O","(K,Sr,Ba,Mn)_15-16_(Ca,Na)_32_[Si_70_(O,OH)_180_](OH,F)_4_·nH_2_O","(K,Sr,Ba,Mn^2+^)_15-16_(Ca,Na)_32_Si_70_(O,OH)_180_(OH,F)_4_·nH_2_O","K Sr Ba Mn Ca Na Si O H F","IMA1977-019"," ",1415," ","monoclinic","P21/m","K Sr Ba Mn^2+ Ca Na Si O H F","Cha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Violet, Lilac, Light brown.","#9a0eea,#cea2fd,#b5651d"
"Chatkalite","Chatkalite","Cu1+6Fe2+Sn4+2S2-8","Cu6FeSn2S8","Cu_6_FeSn_2_S_8_","Cu^1+^_6_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^_2_S^2-^_8_","Cu Fe Sn S","IMA1981-004"," ",1416," ","tetragonal","P4m2","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Ctk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Rose, Brown orange.","#ff007f,#b96902"
"Chayesite","Chayesite","KMg4Fe3+[Si12O30]","KMg4Fe3+[Si12O30]","KMg_4_Fe^3+^[Si_12_O_30_]","KMg_4_Fe^3+^[Si_12_O_30_]","K Mg Fe Si O","IMA1987-059"," ",1417,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Mg Fe^3+ Si O","Cys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Chegemite","Chegemite","Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA2008-038"," ",5698,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ca Si O H","Cgm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Pink, yellow-pink to white.","#ffc0cb,#ccaa4d,#ffffff"
"Chekhovichite","Chekhovichite","Bi3+2Te4+4O11","Bi3+2Te4+4O11","Bi^3+^_2_Te^4+^_4_O_11_","Bi^3+^_2_Te^4+^_4_O_11_","Bi Te O","IMA1986-039"," ",1418," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ Te^4+ O","Ckh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray green, Gray white.","#86a17d,#d7d5cb"
"Chelkarite","Chelkarite","CaMgB2O4Cl2·7H2O","CaMgB2O4Cl2·7H2O (?)","CaMgB_2_O_4_Cl_2_·7H_2_O (?)","CaMgB_2_O_4_Cl_2_·7H_2_O","Ca Mg B O Cl H"," "," ",5079," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mg B O Cl H","Cka","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Chenevixite","Chenevixite","Cu2+Fe3+(As5+O4)(OH)2","CuFe3+(AsO4)(OH)2","CuFe^3+^(AsO_4_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Cu Fe As O H"," "," ",1419,"Chenevixite","monoclinic","B21","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Cvx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Dark green, Olive green.","#c8fd3d,#033500,#8ead2c"
"Chengdeite","Chengdeite","Ir3Fe","Ir3Fe","Ir_3_Fe","Ir_3_Fe","Ir Fe","IMA1994-023"," ",1420,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Ir Fe","Cgd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel black.","#464d4a"
"Chenguodaite","Chenguodaite","Ag9FeTe2S4","Ag9FeTe2S4","Ag_9_FeTe_2_S_4_","Ag_9_FeTe_2_S_4_","Ag Fe Te S","IMA2004-042a"," ",5606," ","orthorhombic",,"Ag Fe Te S","Cgu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","None.","#e0d7c6"
"Chenite","Chenite","Cu2+Pb2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6","CuPb4(SO4)2(OH)6","CuPb_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Pb S O H","IMA1983-069"," ",1421,"Chenite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ S^6+ O H","Che","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue.","#9fb9e2"
"Chenmingite","Chenmingite","Fe2+Cr3+2O4","FeCr2O4","FeCr_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe Cr O","IMA2017-036"," ",6673,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ Cr^3+ O","Cnm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Chenowethite","Chenowethite","Mg(H2O)6[(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)2(OH)2]·5H2O","Mg(H2O)6[(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2]·5H2O","Mg(H_2_O)_6_[(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_]·5H_2_O","Mg(H_2_O)_6_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_]·5H_2_O","Mg H O U S","IMA2022-063"," ",7285," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Mg H O U^6+ S^6+","Chw",,"No","pale green yellow","#69b076"
"Chenzhangruite","Chenzhangruite","Mn2+Fe2+Te4+4O10","MnFe2+Te4+4O10","MnFe^2+^Te^4+^_4_O_10_","Mn^2+^Fe^2+^Te^4+^_4_O_10_","Mn Fe Te O","IMA2024-094"," ",7561,"Denningite","tetragonal","P42/nbc","Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Te^4+ O","Czr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cheralite","Cheralite","CaTh4+(PO4)2","CaTh(PO4)2","CaTh(PO_4_)_2_","CaTh^4+^(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Th P O","IMA2005 s.p."," ",1422,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Th^4+ P O","Cher","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Grayish brown to reddish brown (on rims), pale yellow, brownish green (""brabantite"" material)","#7a6a4f,#7f2b0a,#eecf9e,#6a6e09"
"Cheremnykhite","Cheremnykhite","Pb2+3Zn2+3Te6+O6(V5+O4)2","Pb3Zn3(TeO6)(VO4)2","Pb_3_Zn_3_(TeO_6_)(VO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Pb Zn Te O V","IMA1989-017"," ",1423," ","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Te^6+ O V^5+","Cny","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Cherepanovite","Cherepanovite","RhAs","RhAs","RhAs","RhAs","Rh As","IMA1984-041"," ",1424,"Modderite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Rh As","Cpv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Grayish black, Black.","#555152,#000000"
"Chernikovite","Chernikovite","(H3O)(U6+O2)(PO4)·3H2O","(H3O)(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O","(H_3_O)(UO_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","(H_3_O)(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","H O U P","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1425,"Natroautunite","tetragonal","P4/nmm, P4/ncc","H O U^6+ P","Ckv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Chernovite-(Y)","Chernovite-(Y)","YAs5+O4","Y(AsO4)","Y(AsO_4_)","YAs^5+^O_4_","Y As O","IMA1967-027, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1426,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Y As^5+ O","Chv-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, Light yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Chernykhite","Chernykhite","BaV3+2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","BaV2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","BaV_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","BaV^3+^_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ba V Si Al O H","IMA1972-006"," ",1427,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic",,"Ba V^3+ Si Al O H","Cyk","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, Olive green.","#033500,#8ead2c"
"Cherokeeite","Cherokeeite","[Pb2+2Zn2+(OH)4](S6+O4)·H2O","[Pb2Zn(OH)4](SO4)·H2O","[Pb_2_Zn(OH)_4_](SO_4_)·H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_2_Zn^2+^(OH)_4_](S^6+^O_4_)·H_2_O","Pb Zn O H S","IMA2022-016"," ",7244,"Cherokeeite","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ O H S^6+","Chrk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colourless to pale pink","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Chervetite","Chervetite","Pb2+2V5+2O7","Pb2V5+2O7","Pb_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb^2+^_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb V O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1428," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Pb^2+ V^5+ O","Crv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Gray.","#653700,#afafaf,#808080"
"Chesnokovite","Chesnokovite","Na2SiO2(OH)2·8H2O","Na2SiO2(OH)2·8H2O","Na_2_SiO_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na_2_SiO_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA2006-007"," ",5358," ","orthorhombic","Ibca","Na Si O H","Ck","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pale brownish yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Chessexite","Chessexite","Na4Ca2Mg3Al8(SiO4)2(S6+O4)10(OH)10·40H2O","Na4Ca2Mg3Al8(SiO4)2(SO4)10(OH)10·40H2O","Na_4_Ca_2_Mg_3_Al_8_(SiO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)_10_(OH)_10_·40H_2_O","Na_4_Ca_2_Mg_3_Al_8_(SiO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_10_(OH)_10_·40H_2_O","Na Ca Mg Al Si O S H","IMA1981-054"," ",1429," ","orthorhombic",,"Na Ca Mg Al Si O S^6+ H","Cex","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Chesterite","Chesterite","Mg17Si20O54(OH)6","Mg17Si20O54(OH)6","Mg_17_Si_20_O_54_(OH)_6_","Mg_17_Si_20_O_54_(OH)_6_","Mg Si O H","IMA1977-010"," ",1430," ","orthorhombic","A21ma","Mg Si O H","Chs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Colorless, Pink brown.","#afafaf,#67594c"
"Chestermanite","Chestermanite","Mg2(Fe3+,Mg,Al,Sb5+)O2BO3","Mg2(Fe3+,Mg,Al,Sb5+)O2(BO3)","Mg_2_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al,Sb^5+^)O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al,Sb^5+^)O_2_BO_3_","Mg Fe Al Sb O B","IMA1986-058"," ",1431," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Mg Fe^3+ Al Sb^5+ O B","Csm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Gray green, Black, Black green.","#86a17d,#000000,#384e49"
"Chevkinite-(Ce)","Chevkinite-(Ce)","Ce3+4(Ti4+,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2","Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2","Ce_4_(Ti,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_5_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Ce^3+^_4_(Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_5_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Ce Ti Fe O Si","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1432,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O Si","Cvk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish black, Dark red.","#413936,#840000"
"Chiappinoite-(Y)","Chiappinoite-(Y)","Y2Mn2+(Si3O7)4","Y2Mn(Si3O7)4","Y_2_Mn(Si_3_O_7_)_4_","Y_2_Mn^2+^(Si_3_O_7_)_4_","Y Mn Si O","IMA2014-040"," ",6335,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ibam","Y Mn^2+ Si O","Cap-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Chiavennite","Chiavennite","CaMn2+(BeOH)2Si5O13·2H2O","CaMn2+(BeOH)2Si5O13·2H2O","CaMn^2+^(BeOH)_2_Si_5_O_13_·2H_2_O","CaMn^2+^(BeOH)_2_Si_5_O_13_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Be O H Si","IMA1981-038"," ",1433," ","orthorhombic","Pnab","Ca Mn^2+ Be O H Si","Cve","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Orange, Red orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500,#ff3f34"
"Chibaite","Chibaite","SiO2·n(CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C4H10); (nmax = 3/17)","SiO2·n(CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C4H10) (nmax = 3/17)","SiO_2_·n(CH_4_,C_2_H_6_,C_3_H_8_,C_4_H_10_) (n_max_ = 3/17)","SiO_2_·n(CH_4_,C_2_H_6_,C_3_H_8_,C_4_H_10_); (n_max_ = 3/17)","Si O C H","IMA2008-067"," ",5728," ","cubic, triclinic, tetragonal","Fd3, P1, I41/a","Si O C H","Cib","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Chihmingite","Chihmingite","Ni2+Al2O4","NiAl2O4","NiAl_2_O_4_","Ni^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Ni Al O","IMA2022-010"," ",7234,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ni^2+ Al O","Cim","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Chihuahuaite","Chihuahuaite","Fe2+Al12O19","FeAl12O19","FeAl_12_O_19_","Fe^2+^Al_12_O_19_","Fe Al O","IMA2009-027, IMA2020 s.p."," ",5754,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Fe^2+ Al O","Cih","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Childrenite","Childrenite","Fe2+AlPO4(OH)2·H2O","Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2·H2O","Fe^2+^Al(PO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Fe^2+^AlPO_4_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Fe Al P O H"," "," ",1434,"Childrenite","orthorhombic","Bba2, Bbam, Cmca","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Chd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Yellowish brown, Brownish black.","#ffffff,#9b7a01,#413936"
"Chiluite","Chiluite","Bi3+3Te6+Mo6+O10.5","Bi3Te6+Mo6+O10.5","Bi_3_Te^6+^Mo^6+^O_10.5_","Bi^3+^_3_Te^6+^Mo^6+^O_10.5_","Bi Te Mo O","IMA1988-001"," ",1435," ","hexagonal",,"Bi^3+ Te^6+ Mo^6+ O","Cil","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Chinchorroite","Chinchorroite","Na2Mg5(As5+2O7)2(As5+O3OH)2(H2O)10","Na2Mg5(As2O7)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)10","Na_2_Mg_5_(As_2_O_7_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_10_","Na_2_Mg_5_(As^5+^_2_O_7_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_10_","Na Mg As O H","IMA2017-106"," ",6732,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Mg As^5+ O H","Cch","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Chinleite-(Ce)","Chinleite-(Ce)","NaCe3+(S6+O4)2(H2O)","NaCe(SO4)2(H2O)","NaCe(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)","NaCe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)","Na Ce S O H","IMA2024-009"," ",7474,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P3221","Na Ce^3+ S^6+ O H","Chi-Ce",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Chinleite-(Nd)","Chinleite-(Nd)","NaNd(S6+O4)2·H2O","NaNd(SO4)2·H2O","NaNd(SO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","NaNd(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Na Nd S O H","IMA2022-051"," ",7271,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P3221","Na Nd S^6+ O H","Chi-Nd",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Chinleite-(Y)","Chinleite-(Y)","NaY(S6+O4)2·H2O","NaY(SO4)2·H2O","NaY(SO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","NaY(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Na Y S O H","IMA2016-017"," ",6545,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P3221","Na Y S^6+ O H","Chi-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Chinnerite","Chinnerite","[Mg(H2O)6]Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2F6","[Mg(H2O)6]Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2F6","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_]Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_]Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_","Mg H O Na Al P F","IMA2023-083"," ",7423,"Aldermanite","monoclinic","P2/m","Mg H O Na Al P F","Chin",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Chiolite","Chiolite","Na5Al3F14","Na5Al3F14","Na_5_Al_3_F_14_","Na_5_Al_3_F_14_","Na Al F"," "," ",1436," ","tetragonal","P4/mnc","Na Al F","Cio","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Snow white.","#afafaf,#eeffee"
"Chirvinskyite","Chirvinskyite","(Na,Ca)13(Fe2+,Mn2+,☐)2Ti4+2(Zr4+,Ti4+)3(Si2O7)4(OH,O,F)12","(Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,☐)2Ti2(Zr,Ti)3(Si2O7)4(OH,O,F)12","(Na,Ca)_13_(Fe,Mn,[box])_2_Ti_2_(Zr,Ti)_3_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH,O,F)_12_","(Na,Ca)_13_(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^,[box])_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Zr^4+^,Ti^4+^)_3_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH,O,F)_12_","Na Ca Fe Mn Ti Zr Si O H F","IMA2016-051"," ",6579,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Zr^4+ Si O H F","Cvs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","cream","#ffffc2"
"Chistyakovaite","Chistyakovaite","Al(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2F·6.5H2O","Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F·6.5H2O","Al(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_F·6.5H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_F·6.5H_2_O","Al U O As F H","IMA2005-003"," ",5213," ","monoclinic",,"Al U^6+ O As^5+ F H","Cak","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Chivruaiite","Chivruaiite","Ca4(Ti4+,Nb5+)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5·13-14H2O","Ca4(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5·13-14H2O","Ca_4_(Ti,Nb)_5_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(OH,O)_5_·13-14H_2_O","Ca_4_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_5_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(OH,O)_5_·13-14H_2_O","Ca Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2004-052"," ",5301," ","orthorhombic","Cmmm","Ca Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Cvr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale pink, Colorless.","#efcddb,#afafaf"
"Chiyokoite","Chiyokoite","Ca3Si(CO3)[B(OH)4]O(OH)5·12H2O","Ca3Si(CO3)[B(OH)4]O(OH)5·12H2O","Ca_3_Si(CO_3_)[B(OH)_4_]O(OH)_5_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Si(CO_3_)[B(OH)_4_]O(OH)_5_·12H_2_O","Ca Si C O B H","IMA2019-054"," ",6958,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Si C O B H","Cyo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pink to colorless","#ffc0cb,#afafaf"
"Chkalovite","Chkalovite","Na2BeSi2O6","Na2BeSi2O6","Na_2_BeSi_2_O_6_","Na_2_BeSi_2_O_6_","Na Be Si O"," "," ",1437,"Cristobalite","orthorhombic","Fdd2, Fddd","Na Be Si O","Ckl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chladniite","Chladniite","Na3CaMg11(PO4)9","Na3CaMg11(PO4)9","Na_3_CaMg_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na_3_CaMg_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na Ca Mg P O","IMA1993-010"," ",1438,"Fillowite","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Mg P O","Clad","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Chloraluminite","Chloraluminite","AlCl3·6H2O","AlCl3·6H2O","AlCl_3_·6H_2_O","AlCl_3_·6H_2_O","Al Cl H O"," "," ",1439," ","hexagonal","R3c","Al Cl H O","Cla","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e9f1d0"
"Chlorapatite","Chlorapatite","Ca5(PO4)3Cl","Ca5(PO4)3Cl","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca P O Cl","IMA2010 s.p."," ",1440,"Apatite","monoclinic, hexagonal","P21/b, P63/m","Ca P O Cl","Clap","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Chlorargyrite","Chlorargyrite","Ag1+Cl","AgCl","AgCl","Ag^1+^Cl","Ag Cl","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1441,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ag^1+ Cl","Cag","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Purplish gray, Green, White, Colorless.","#7a687f,#00ff00,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Chlorartinite","Chlorartinite","Mg2CO3Cl(OH)·2.5H2O","Mg2(CO3)Cl(OH)·2.5H2O","Mg_2_(CO_3_)Cl(OH)·2.5H_2_O","Mg_2_CO_3_Cl(OH)·2.5H_2_O","Mg C O Cl H","IMA1996-005"," ",1442,"Artinite","hexagonal","R3c","Mg C O Cl H","Cart","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Chlorbartonite","Chlorbartonite","K6Fe24S26Cl","K6Fe24S26Cl","K_6_Fe_24_S_26_Cl","K_6_Fe_24_S_26_Cl","K Fe S Cl","IMA2000-048"," ",1443,"Djerfisherite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Fe S Cl","Cbtn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Chlorellestadite","Chlorellestadite","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(S6+O4)1.5Cl","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5Cl","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(SO_4_)_1.5_Cl","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(S^6+^O_4_)_1.5_Cl","Ca Si O S Cl","IMA2017-013"," ",6654,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Si O S^6+ Cl","Clel","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, tinged with blue or green","#ffffff,#5b984f,#00ff00"
"Chloritoid","Chloritoid","Fe2+Al2OSiO4(OH)2","Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2","Fe^2+^Al_2_O(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^Al_2_OSiO_4_(OH)_2_","Fe Al O Si H"," "," ",1445,"Chloritoid","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/c, P1, C1","Fe^2+ Al O Si H","Cld","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green gray, Green black, Grayish black, Dark green, Dark gray.","#7ea07a,#373a3a,#555152,#033500,#363737"
"Chlorkyuygenite","Chlorkyuygenite","Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2]","Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[(H_2_O)_4_Cl_2_]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[(H_2_O)_4_Cl_2_]","Ca Al O H Cl","IMA2012-046"," ",6103,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Al O H Cl","Cky","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Chlormagaluminite","Chlormagaluminite","Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)_2","Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)2","Mg_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Mg_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_2","Mg Al O H Cl","IMA1980-098"," ",1446,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Mg Al O H Cl","Cma","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow brown.","#afafaf,#ae8b0c"
"Chlormanganokalite","Chlormanganokalite","K4Mn2+Cl6","K4MnCl6","K_4_MnCl_6_","K_4_Mn^2+^Cl_6_","K Mn Cl"," "," ",1447,"Rinneite","hexagonal","R3c","K Mn^2+ Cl","Cmk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Chlormayenite","Chlormayenite","Ca12Al14O32[☐4Cl2]","Ca12Al14O32[☐4Cl2]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[[box]_4_Cl_2_]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[[box]_4_Cl_2_]","Ca Al O Cl","IMA1963-016"," ",3057,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Al O Cl","Cmy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Chlorocalcite","Chlorocalcite","KCaCl3","KCaCl3","KCaCl_3_","KCaCl_3_","K Ca Cl"," "," ",1448," ",,,"K Ca Cl","Ccal","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light violet.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d6b4fc"
"Chloromagnesite","Chloromagnesite","MgCl2","MgCl2","MgCl_2_","MgCl_2_","Mg Cl"," "," ",5431,"Scacchite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Cl","Cmgs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chloromenite","Chloromenite","Cu2+9O2(Se4+O3)4Cl6","Cu9O2(Se4+O3)4Cl6","Cu_9_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_4_Cl_6_","Cu^2+^_9_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_4_Cl_6_","Cu O Se Cl","IMA1996-048"," ",1449," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Cmn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Tobacco green.","#6d5843"
"Chlorophoenicite","Chlorophoenicite","(Mn2+,Mg,Zn2+)3Zn2+2As5+O4(OH,O)6","(Mn,Mg,Zn)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6","(Mn,Mg,Zn)_3_Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH,O)_6_","(Mn^2+^,Mg,Zn^2+^)_3_Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH,O)_6_","Mn Mg Zn As O H"," "," ",1450,"Chlorophoenicite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Mg Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Cpo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Grayish green, Purplish red.","#82a67d,#b0054b"
"Chlorothionite","Chlorothionite","K2Cu2+S6+O4Cl2","K2Cu(SO4)Cl2","K_2_Cu(SO_4_)Cl_2_","K_2_Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_Cl_2_","K Cu S O Cl"," "," ",1451,"Chlorothionite","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Cu^2+ S^6+ O Cl","Ctn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Chloroxiphite","Chloroxiphite","Pb2+3Cu2+O2Cl2(OH)2","Pb3CuO2Cl2(OH)2","Pb_3_CuO_2_Cl_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_Cu^2+^O_2_Cl_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu O Cl H"," "," ",1452," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ O Cl H","Cxp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dull olive green, Pistachio green.","#7a7564,#a9d39e"
"Choloalite","Choloalite","(Pb2+,Ca)3(Cu2+,Sb5+)3Te4+6O18Cl","(Pb,Ca)3(Cu,Sb)3Te6O18Cl","(Pb,Ca)_3_(Cu,Sb)_3_Te_6_O_18_Cl","(Pb^2+^,Ca)_3_(Cu^2+^,Sb^5+^)_3_Te^4+^_6_O_18_Cl","Pb Ca Cu Sb Te O Cl","IMA1980-019"," ",1453," ","cubic","P4132","Pb^2+ Ca Cu^2+ Sb^5+ Te^4+ O Cl","Cho","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Chondrodite","Chondrodite","Mg5(SiO4)2F2","Mg5(SiO4)2F2","Mg_5_(SiO_4_)_2_F_2_","Mg_5_(SiO_4_)_2_F_2_","Mg Si O F"," "," ",1454,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Mg Si O F","Chn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow, Orange, Brownish white, Reddish white, Greenish white.","#ffff00,#ffa500,#d1f1de,#fff8d5,#d1f1de"
"Chongite","Chongite","Ca3Mg2(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","Ca3Mg2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca_3_Mg_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_3_Mg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA2015-039"," ",6440,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Cng","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Chopinite","Chopinite","Mg3☐(PO4)2","Mg3(PO4)2","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Mg_3_[box](PO_4_)_2_","Mg P O","IMA2006-004"," ",5524,"Olivine-Sarcopside","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/b","Mg P O","Cpn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Chovanite","Chovanite","Pb2+15-2xSb3+14+2xS2-36Ox; (x~0.2)","Pb15-2xSb14+2xS36Ox (x~0.2)","Pb_15-2x_Sb_14+2x_S_36_O_x_ (x~0.2)","Pb^2+^_15-2x_Sb^3+^_14+2x_S^2-^_36_O_x_; (x~0.2)","Pb Sb S O","IMA2009-055"," ",5784," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- O","Cov","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey, black","#808080,#000000"
"Chrisstanleyite","Chrisstanleyite","Ag2Pd3Se4","Ag2Pd3Se4","Ag_2_Pd_3_Se_4_","Ag_2_Pd_3_Se_4_","Ag Pd Se","IMA1996-044"," ",1455,"Chrisstanleyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag Pd Se","Csl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Silvery gray.","#808080,#a8a8a4"
"Christelite","Christelite","Zn2+3Cu2+2(S6+4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Zn3Cu2(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Zn_3_Cu_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_Cu^2+^_2_(S^6+^_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Zn Cu S O H","IMA1995-030"," ",1456,"Ktenasite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Cis","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Christite","Christite","Tl1+Hg2+As3+S2-3","TlHgAsS3","TlHgAsS_3_","Tl^1+^Hg^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Tl Hg As S","IMA1976-015"," ",1457," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Tl^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Cri","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Crimson red, Bright orange.","#980001,#ff7034"
"Christofschäferite-(Ce)","Christofschaferite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,La3+,Ca)4Mn2+(Ti4+,Fe3+)3(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti4+)(Si2O7)2O8","(Ce,La,Ca)4Mn(Ti,Fe)3(Fe,Ti)(Si2O7)2O8","(Ce,La,Ca)_4_Mn(Ti,Fe)_3_(Fe,Ti)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_8_","(Ce^3+^,La^3+^,Ca)_4_Mn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_3_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Ti^4+^)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_8_","Ce La Ca Mn Ti Fe Si O","IMA2011-107"," ",6051,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/m","Ce^3+ La^3+ Ca Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si O","Csf-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black","#000000"
"Chromatite","Chromatite","CaCr6+O4","CaCr6+O4","CaCr^6+^O_4_","CaCr^6+^O_4_","Ca Cr O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1458,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ca Cr^6+ O","Crm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Chrombismite","Chrombismite","Bi3+16Cr6+O27","Bi16CrO27","Bi_16_CrO_27_","Bi^3+^_16_Cr^6+^O_27_","Bi Cr O","IMA1995-044"," ",1459," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Bi^3+ Cr^6+ O","Cbis","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Orange, Yellowish brown.","#653700,#ffa500,#9b7a01"
"Chromceladonite","Chromceladonite","KMgCr3+Si4O10(OH)2","KMgCr(Si4O10)(OH)2","KMgCr(Si_4_O_10_)(OH)_2_","KMgCr^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Cr Si O H","IMA1999-024"," ",1460," ","monoclinic","C2","K Mg Cr^3+ Si O H","Ccel","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Emerald green, Dark green.","#046307,#033500"
"Chromferide","Chromferide","Fe1.5Cr0.2","Fe1.5Cr0.2","Fe_1.5_Cr_0.2_","Fe_1.5_Cr_0.2_","Fe Cr","IMA1984-021"," ",1462,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Fe Cr","Cfe","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Chromio-pargasite","Chromio-pargasite","NaCa2(Mg4Cr3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg4Cr)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Cr)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Cr^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Cr Si Al O H","IMA2011-023, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5951,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Cr^3+ Si Al O H","Cprg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Emerald green to pale green","#046307,#69b076"
"Chromite","Chromite","Fe2+Cr3+2O4","Fe2+Cr2O4","Fe^2+^Cr_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe Cr O"," "," ",1463,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Fe^2+ Cr^3+ O","Chr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Chromium","Chromium","Cr","Cr","Cr","Cr","Cr","IMA1980-094"," ",1464,"Iron","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, P63/mmc, Im3m, Pm3","Cr","Cr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","White.","#ffffff"
"Chromium-dravite","Chromium-dravite","NaMg3Cr3+6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","NaMg3Cr6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","NaMg_3_Cr_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","NaMg_3_Cr^3+^_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Na Mg Cr Si O B H","IMA1982-055"," ",1461,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mg Cr^3+ Si O B H","Cdrv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark emerald-green to greenish-black.","#00834e,#454445"
"Chromo-alumino-povondraite","Chromo-alumino-povondraite","NaCr3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaCr_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaCr^3+^_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Cr Al Mg Si O B H","IMA2013-089"," ",5817,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Cr^3+ Al Mg Si O B H","Capov","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Chromphyllite","Chromphyllite","KCr3+2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2","KCr_2_(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_","KCr^3+^_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Cr Al Si O H","IMA1995-052"," ",1465,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cr^3+ Si Al O H","Crp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Chromschieffelinite","Chromschieffelinite","Pb2+10Te6+6O20(OH)14(Cr6+O4)·5H2O","Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(CrO4)(H2O)5","Pb_10_Te^6+^_6_O_20_(OH)_14_(CrO_4_)(H_2_O)_5_","Pb^2+^_10_Te^6+^_6_O_20_(OH)_14_(Cr^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","Pb Te O H Cr","IMA2011-003"," ",5934,"Schieffelinite","orthorhombic","C2221","Pb^2+ Te^6+ O H Cr^6+","Csfl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Chromviskontite","Chromviskontite","Pb2+5Cu2+2(Cr6+O4)3(Se4+O3)(OH)6","Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6","Pb_5_Cu_2_(CrO_4_)_3_(SeO_3_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^_5_Cu^2+^_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)(OH)_6_","Pb Cu Cr O Se H","IMA2024-019"," ",7495,"Caledonite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Cr^6+ O Se^4+ H","Cvkt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Chrysoberyl","Chrysoberyl","BeAl2O4","BeAl2O4","BeAl_2_O_4_","BeAl_2_O_4_","Be Al O"," "," ",1466,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma, Pmnb","Be Al O","Cbrl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Blue green, Brown, Brownish green, Green, Gray.","#137e6d,#653700,#6a6e09,#00ff00,#808080"
"Chrysocolla","Chrysocolla","(Cu2+2-xAlx)H2-xSi2O5(OH)4·nH2O","(Cu2-xAlx)H2-xSi2O5(OH)4·nH2O","(Cu_2-x_Al_x_)H_2-x_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O","(Cu^2+^_2-x_Al_x_)H_2-x_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O","Cu Al H Si O","IMA1980 s.p."," ",1467,"Allophane",,,"Cu^2+ Al H Si O","Ccl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green, Bluish green, Blue, Blackish blue, Brown.","#00ff00,#10a674,#0000ff,#453b32,#653700"
"Chrysothallite","Chrysothallite","K6Cu2+6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4·H2O","K6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4·H2O","K_6_Cu_6_Tl^3+^Cl_17_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","K_6_Cu^2+^_6_Tl^3+^Cl_17_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","K Cu Tl Cl O H","IMA2013-008"," ",6171,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Cu^2+ Tl^3+ Cl O H","Cry","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Golden-yellow to light yellow","#ffdf00,#fffe7a"
"Chrysotile","Chrysotile","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg Si O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1468,"Serpentine, Clay","monoclinic","B2/m, Cc","Mg Si O H","Ctl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Chubarovite","Chubarovite","KZn2+2(BO3)Cl2","KZn2(BO3)Cl2","KZn_2_(BO_3_)Cl_2_","KZn^2+^_2_(BO_3_)Cl_2_","K Zn B O Cl","IMA2014-018"," ",6332,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R32","K Zn^2+ B O Cl","Cub","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Chudobaite","Chudobaite","Mg5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·10H2O","Mg5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·10H2O","Mg_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Mg_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Mg As O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1469,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Mg As^5+ O H","Cdb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Rose, White, Colorless.","#ffc0cb,#ff007f,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Chukanovite","Chukanovite","Fe2+2CO3(OH)2","Fe2(CO3)(OH)2","Fe_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_","Fe C O H","IMA2005-039"," ",5321,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Fe^2+ C O H","Ckn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, Colorless.","#69b076,#afafaf"
"Chukhrovite-(Ca)","Chukhrovite-(Ca)","Ca3Ca1.5Al2(S6+O4)F13·12H2O","Ca3Ca1.5Al2(SO4)F13·12H2O","Ca_3_Ca_1.5_Al_2_(SO_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Ca_1.5_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca Al S O F H","IMA2010-081"," ",5919,"Chukhrovite","cubic","Fd3","Ca Al S^6+ O F H","Chk-Ca","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chukhrovite-(Ce)","Chukhrovite-(Ce)","Ca3Ce3+Al2(S6+O4)F13·12H2O","Ca3CeAl2(SO4)F13·12H2O","Ca_3_CeAl_2_(SO_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Ce^3+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca Ce Al S O F H","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2024 s.p."," ",1470,"Chukhrovite","cubic","Fd3","Ca Ce^3+ Al S^6+ O F H","Chk-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Chukhrovite-(Nd)","Chukhrovite-(Nd)","Ca3NdAl2S6+O4F13·12H2O","Ca3NdAl2(SO4)F13·12H2O","Ca_3_NdAl_2_(SO_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_NdAl_2_S^6+^O_4_F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca Nd Al S O F H","IMA2004-023"," ",5184,"Chukhrovite","cubic","Fd3","Ca Nd Al S^6+ O F H","Chk-Nd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chukhrovite-(Y)","Chukhrovite-(Y)","Ca3YAl2(S6+O4)F13·10H2O","Ca3YAl2(SO4)F13·12H2O","Ca_3_YAl_2_(SO_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_YAl_2_(S^6+^O_4_)F_13_·10H_2_O","Ca Y Al S O F H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1471,"Chukhrovite","cubic","Fd3","Ca Y Al S^6+ O F H","Chk-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Chukochenite","Chukochenite","(Li0.5Al0.5)Al2O4","(Li0.5Al0.5)Al2O4","(Li_0.5_Al_0.5_)Al_2_O_4_","(Li_0.5_Al_0.5_)Al_2_O_4_","Li Al O","IMA2018-132a"," ",6994,"Spinel","orthorhombic","Imma","Li Al O","Ckc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Chukotkaite","Chukotkaite","Ag1+Pb2+7Sb3+5S2-15","AgPb7Sb5S15","AgPb_7_Sb_5_S_15_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_7_Sb^3+^_5_S^2-^_15_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2019-124"," ",7007,"Not in a structural group",,,"Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ckk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","lead gray","#8a7963"
"Churchite-(Y)","Churchite-(Y)","YPO4·2H2O","Y(PO4)·2H2O","Y(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","YPO_4_·2H_2_O","Y P O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1473,"Gypsum","monoclinic","I2/a","Y P O H","Cuh-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Snow white.","#afafaf,#808080,#eeffee"
"Chursinite","Chursinite","Hg1+Hg2+(As5+O4)","Hg1+Hg2+(AsO4)","Hg^1+^Hg^2+^(AsO_4_)","Hg^1+^Hg^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)","Hg As O","IMA1982-047a"," ",1474," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ As^5+ O","Csi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Orange brown.","#ae8b0c,#b16002"
"Chvaleticeite","Chvaleticeite","Mn2+S6+O4·6H2O","Mn(SO4)·6H2O","Mn(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Mn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Mn S O H","IMA1984-059"," ",1475,"Hexahydrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Cva","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, White, Pink.","#c8fd3d,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Chvilevaite","Chvilevaite","Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)2S2","Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)2S2","Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)_2_S_2_","Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)_2_S_2_","Na Cu Fe Zn S","IMA1987-017"," ",1476," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Na Cu Fe Zn S","Cvi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Black.","#a87900,#000000"
"Cianciulliite","Cianciulliite","Mg2Mn2+Zn2+2(OH)10·2-4H2O","Mg2Mn2+Zn2(OH)10·2-4H2O","Mg_2_Mn^2+^Zn_2_(OH)_10_·2-4H_2_O","Mg_2_Mn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(OH)_10_·2-4H_2_O","Mg Mn Zn O H","IMA1990-042"," ",1477," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Mn^2+ Zn^2+ O H","Cia","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#73532a,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Cinnabar","Cinnabar","HgS","HgS","HgS","HgS","Hg S"," "," ",1478," ","hexagonal","P3221, P3121","Hg S","Cin","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Lead gray, Brown, Brown pink, Vermilion, Gray.","#8a7963,#653700,#f2aeb1,#f4320c,#808080"
"Ciprianiite","Ciprianiite","Ca4(Th4+Ca)Al(Be0.5☐1.5)[B4Si4O22](OH)2","Ca4(ThCa)Al(Be0.5☐1.5)Σ2[B4Si4O22](OH)2","Ca_4_(ThCa)Al(Be_0.5_[box]_1.5_)_Σ2_[B_4_Si_4_O_22_](OH)_2_","Ca_4_(Th^4+^Ca)Al(Be_0.5_[box]_1.5_)[B_4_Si_4_O_22_](OH)_2_","Ca Th Al Be B Si O H","IMA2001-021"," ",1479,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Th^4+ Al Be B Si O H","Cip","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Ciriottiite","Ciriottiite","Cu1+4Pb2+19(Sb3+,As3+,Bi3+)22(As2)4+S2-56","Cu4Pb19(Sb,As,Bi)22(As2)S56","Cu_4_Pb_19_(Sb,As,Bi)_22_(As_2_)S_56_","Cu^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_19_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^,Bi^3+^)_22_(As_2_)^4+^S^2-^_56_","Cu Pb Sb As Bi S","IMA2015-027"," ",6428,"Madocite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ Bi^3+ As S^2-","Cit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Cirrolite","Cirrolite","Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","Ca_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ca_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ca Al P O H"," "," ",5434," ",,,"Ca Al P O H","Ci","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Clairite","Clairite","(N3-H4)2Fe3+3(S6+O4)4(OH)3·3H2O","(NH4)2Fe3+3(SO4)4(OH)3·3H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","N H Fe S O","IMA1982-093"," ",1480," ","triclinic",,"N^3- H Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Clai","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Claraite","Claraite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)15(CO3)4(As5+O4)2(S6+O4)(OH)14·7H2O","(Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O","(Cu,Zn)_15_(CO_3_)_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_14_·7H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_15_(CO_3_)_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_14_·7H_2_O","Cu Zn C O As S H","IMA1981-023, IMA2016 s.p."," ",1481," ","triclinic, hexagonal","P1","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ C O As^5+ S^6+ H","Clar","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Claringbullite","Claringbullite","Cu2+4FCl(OH)6","Cu2+4FCl(OH)6","Cu^2+^_4_FCl(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_FCl(OH)_6_","Cu F Cl O H","IMA1976-029"," ",1482,"Claringbullite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu^2+ F Cl O H","Cgb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Light blue.","#0000ff,#add8e6"
"Clarkeite","Clarkeite","Na(U6+O2)O(OH)·nH2O","Na(UO2)O(OH)·nH2O","Na(UO_2_)O(OH)·nH_2_O","Na(U^6+^O_2_)O(OH)·nH_2_O","Na U O H"," "," ",1483," ","hexagonal","R3m","Na U^6+ O H","Cke","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#c9b003,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Claudetite","Claudetite","As3+2O3","As2O3","As_2_O_3_","As^3+^_2_O_3_","As O"," "," ",1484,"Arsenolamprite-Claudetite","monoclinic","P21/n","As^3+ O","Cdt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Clausthalite","Clausthalite","Pb2+Se2-","PbSe","PbSe","Pb^2+^Se^2-^","Pb Se"," "," ",1485,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Pb^2+ Se^2-","Cth","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Blue gray, Grayish black.","#8a7963,#758da3,#555152"
"Clearcreekite","Clearcreekite","Hg1+3(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","Hg1+3(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","Hg^1+^_3_(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Hg^1+^_3_(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Hg C O H","IMA1999-003"," ",1486," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Hg^1+ C O H","Cck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish yellow.","#69b076"
"Clerite","Clerite","Mn2+Sb3+2S2-4","MnSb2S4","MnSb_2_S_4_","Mn^2+^Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Mn Sb S","IMA1995-029"," ",1487,"Berthierite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Cle","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cleusonite","Cleusonite","Pb2+(U4+,U6+)Fe2+2(Ti4+,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38","Pb(U4+,U6+)Fe2+2(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)18(O,OH)38","Pb(U^4+^,U^6+^)Fe^2+^_2_(Ti,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Pb^2+^(U^4+^,U^6+^)Fe^2+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Pb U Fe Ti O H","IMA1998-070"," ",5322,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ U^4+ U^6+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O H","Ceu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cliffordite","Cliffordite","U6+Te4+3O9","UTe4+3O9","UTe^4+^_3_O_9_","U^6+^Te^4+^_3_O_9_","U Te O","IMA1966-046"," ",1488," ",,,"U^6+ Te^4+ O","Cff","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Sulfur yellow.","#ffff00,#ccc050"
"Clinoatacamite","Clinoatacamite","Cu2+2Cl(OH)3","Cu2Cl(OH)3","Cu_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Cu Cl O H","IMA1993-060"," ",1489,"Atacamite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Cl O H","Cata","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Dark greenish black, Greenish blue.","#00ff00,#033500,#0b8b87"
"Clinobehoite","Clinobehoite","Be(OH)2","Be(OH)2","Be(OH)_2_","Be(OH)_2_","Be O H","IMA1988-024"," ",1491," ","monoclinic","P21","Be O H","Cbht","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Clinobisvanite","Clinobisvanite","Bi3+V5+O4","Bi(VO4)","Bi(VO_4_)","Bi^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Bi V O","IMA1973-040"," ",1492," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","I41/a, I2/b","Bi^3+ V^5+ O","Cbi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Clinocervantite","Clinocervantite","Sb3+Sb5+O4","Sb3+Sb5+O4","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Sb O","IMA1997-017"," ",1493,"Clinocervantite","monoclinic","C2/c","Sb^3+ Sb^5+ O","Ccvn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Clinochalcomenite","Clinochalcomenite","Cu2+Se4+O3(H2O)2","CuSe4+O3(H2O)2","CuSe^4+^O_3_(H_2_O)_2_","Cu^2+^Se^4+^O_3_(H_2_O)_2_","Cu Se O H","IMA2025-037"," ",1494,"Cobaltomenite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Se^4+ O H","Cccm",,"No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Clinochlore","Clinochlore","Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8","Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8","Mg_5_Al(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mg_5_Al(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",1495,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/c, C2/m, C1","Mg Al Si O H","Clc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blackish green, Bluish green, White, Yellowish green, Olive green.","#5d6161,#10a674,#ffffff,#b0dd16,#8ead2c"
"Clinoclase","Clinoclase","Cu2+3As5+O4(OH)3","Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3","Cu_3_(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_3_As^5+^O_4_(OH)_3_","Cu As O H"," "," ",1497," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Cno","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark verdigris green, Blackish blue green, Blackish green.","#6f9892,#453b32,#5d6161"
"Clinoenstatite","Clinoenstatite","MgSiO3","Mg2Si2O6","Mg_2_Si_2_O_6_","MgSiO_3_","Mg Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1498,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Si O","Cen","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Green, Greenish yellow, Yellow brown.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#cdfd02,#ae8b0c"
"Clinofergusonite-(Ce)","Clinofergusonite-(Ce)","Ce3+Nb5+O4","CeNbO4","CeNbO_4_","Ce^3+^Nb^5+^O_4_","Ce Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1840," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ce^3+ Nb^5+ O","Fgs-Ce-β","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","red, reddish brown","#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Clinofergusonite-(Nd)","Clinofergusonite-(Nd)","NdNb5+O4","NdNbO4","NdNbO_4_","NdNb^5+^O_4_","Nd Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5095," ","monoclinic",,"Nd Nb^5+ O","Fgs-Nd-β","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Red, brownish red, yellowish brown","#ff0000,#9e3623,#9b7a01"
"Clinofergusonite-(Y)","Clinofergusonite-(Y)","YNb5+O4","YNbO4","YNbO_4_","YNb^5+^O_4_","Y Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1842," ","monoclinic","C2/c, I2/a","Y Nb^5+ O","Fgs-Y-β","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Clino-ferri-holmquistite","Clino-ferri-holmquistite","☐Li2(Mg3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Li2(Mg3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Li_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Li_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Li Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2001-067, IMA2014 s.p."," ",6358,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Li Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Cfhlm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite","Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite","☐Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Li Fe Si O H","IMA2001-066, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1847,"Amphibole",,,"Li Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Cffhlm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Clinoferrosilite","Clinoferrosilite","Fe2+SiO3","Fe2+2Si2O6","Fe^2+^_2_Si_2_O_6_","Fe^2+^SiO_3_","Fe Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1499,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P21/c, C2/c","Fe^2+ Si O","Cfs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, Green.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00"
"Clino-ferro-suenoite","Clino-ferro-suenoite","☐Mn2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2","☐Mn2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Mn Fe Si O H","IMA2024-032"," ",7545,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si O H","Cfsue",,"No","pale greenish-yellow to colorless","#cdfd02,#afafaf"
"Clinohedrite","Clinohedrite","CaZn2+SiO4·H2O","CaZn(SiO4)·H2O","CaZn(SiO_4_)·H_2_O","CaZn^2+^SiO_4_·H_2_O","Ca Zn Si O H"," "," ",1500," ","monoclinic","Cc","Ca Zn^2+ Si O H","Cnh","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White, Amethystine red.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#776985"
"Clinohumite","Clinohumite","Mg9(SiO4)4F2","Mg9(SiO4)4F2","Mg_9_(SiO_4_)_4_F_2_","Mg_9_(SiO_4_)_4_F_2_","Mg Si O F"," "," ",1502,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Mg Si O F","Chu","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Yellow, White, Orange, Reddish brown.","#653700,#ffff00,#ffffff,#ffa500,#7f2b0a"
"Clinojimthompsonite","Clinojimthompsonite","Mg5Si6O16(OH)2","Mg5Si6O16(OH)2","Mg_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Mg_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA1977-012"," ",1503," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg Si O H","Cjim","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Colorless, Pink brown.","#afafaf,#67594c"
"Clinokurchatovite","Clinokurchatovite","CaMgB2O5","CaMgB2O5","CaMgB_2_O_5_","CaMgB_2_O_5_","Ca Mg B O","IMA1982-017"," ",1504," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/b","Ca Mg B O","Ckht","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Clinometaborite","Clinometaborite","HBO2","HBO2","HBO_2_","HBO_2_","H B O","IMA2010-022"," ",5851," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","H B O","Cmbo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Clino-oscarkempffite","Clino-oscarkempffite","Ag1+15Pb2+6Sb3+21Bi3+18S2-72","Ag15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72","Ag_15_Pb_6_Sb_21_Bi_18_S_72_","Ag^1+^_15_Pb^2+^_6_Sb^3+^_21_Bi^3+^_18_S^2-^_72_","Ag Pb Sb Bi S","IMA2012-086"," ",6149,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cokp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greyish black","#555152"
"Clinophosinaite","Clinophosinaite","Na3Ca(SiO3)(PO4)","Na3Ca(SiO3)(PO4)","Na_3_Ca(SiO_3_)(PO_4_)","Na_3_Ca(SiO_3_)(PO_4_)","Na Ca Si O P","IMA1979-083"," ",1506," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Na Ca Si O P","Cpsi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light violet.","#d6b4fc"
"Clinoptilolite-Ca","Clinoptilolite-Ca","Ca3(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","Ca3(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","Ca_3_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","Ca_3_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1507,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Si Al O H","Cpt-Ca","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#fff8d5"
"Clinoptilolite-K","Clinoptilolite-K","K6(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","K6(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","K_6_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","K_6_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1508,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Si Al O H","Cpt-K","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless, White, Red.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ff0000"
"Clinoptilolite-Na","Clinoptilolite-Na","Na6(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","Na6(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O","Na_6_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","Na_6_(Si_30_Al_6_)O_72_·20H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1509,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Si Al O H","Cpt-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#fff8d5"
"Clinosafflorite","Clinosafflorite","Co3+(As2)3-","CoAs2","CoAs_2_","Co^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Co As","IMA1970-014"," ",1510,"Marcasite","monoclinic","P21/c, B21/d","Co^3+ As","Csaf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white, Tin white.","#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Clino-suenoite","Clino-suenoite","☐Mn2+2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mn2+2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mn Mg Si O H","IMA2016-111"," ",6638,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Mg Si O H","Csue","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","pale yellow, honey-yellow, yellow-brown to light brown, white (thin fibres), olive green to dark green, pink","#eecf9e,#ca9456,#ae8b0c,#b5651d,#f8eee3,#8ead2c,#033500,#ffc0cb"
"Clinosulphur","Clinosulphur","S","S","S","S","S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5484," ","monoclinic","P21","S","S-β","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Clinotobermorite","Clinotobermorite","Ca5Si6O17·5H2O","Ca4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)","Ca_4_Si_6_O_17_(H_2_O)_2_·(Ca·3H_2_O)","Ca_5_Si_6_O_17_·5H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA1990-005, IMA2014 s.p."," ",1511,"Tobermorite","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, Cc, I2/m","Ca Si O H","Ctbm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Clinoungemachite","Clinoungemachite","K3Na8Fe3+(S6+O4)6(OH)2·10H2O","K3Na8Fe3+(SO4)6(OH)2·10H2O","K_3_Na_8_Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","K_3_Na_8_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","K Na Fe S O H"," "," ",5080," ",,,"K Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Cug","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Clinozoisite","Clinozoisite","Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","Ca_2_Al_3_[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca_2_Al_3_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al Si O H","IMA2006 s.p."," ",1513,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Al Si O H","Czo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals","No","Colorless, Green, Gray, Yellow green, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a"
"Clintonite","Clintonite","CaAlMg2(SiAl3)O10(OH)2","CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2","CaAlMg_2_(SiAl_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_","CaAlMg_2_(SiAl_3_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Al Mg Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",1514,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Al Mg Si O H","Cln","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Green, Yellow, Red, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Clogauite","Clogauite","Pb2+Bi3+4Te2-4S2-3","PbBi4Te4S3","PbBi_4_Te_4_S_3_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_4_Te^2-^_4_S^2-^_3_","Pb Bi Te S","IMA2023-062"," ",7406," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Cgt",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Cloncurryite","Cloncurryite","Cu2+0.5(V4+O)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2·5H2O","Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2·5H2O","Cu_0.5_(VO)_0.5_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_·5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_0.5_(V^4+^O)_0.5_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_·5H_2_O","Cu V O Al P F H","IMA2005-060"," ",5562," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ V^4+ O Al P F H","Ccu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale sky blue.","#bdf6fe"
"Cloudite","Cloudite","BaFe3+3(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6","BaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","BaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Ba Fe P O S H","IMA2023-047"," ",7395,"Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Cud",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Coalingite","Coalingite","Mg10Fe3+2CO3(OH)24·2H2O","Mg10Fe3+2(CO3)(OH)24·2H2O","Mg_10_Fe^3+^_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_24_·2H_2_O","Mg_10_Fe^3+^_2_CO_3_(OH)_24_·2H_2_O","Mg Fe C O H","IMA1965-011"," ",1515,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Fe^3+ C O H","Clg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Bronze brown, Light brown, Reddish brown.","#825e2f,#b5651d,#7f2b0a"
"Cobaltarthurite","Cobaltarthurite","Co2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CoFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Co^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Co Fe As O H","IMA2001-052"," ",1517,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Co^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Caru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Straw yellow, Dark brown.","#f0d696,#73532a"
"Cobaltaustinite","Cobaltaustinite","CaCo2+As5+O4(OH)","CaCo(AsO4)(OH)","CaCo(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaCo^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Co As O H","IMA1987-042"," ",1518,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Caus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Cobaltite","Cobaltite","Co3+(AsS)3-","CoAsS","CoAsS","Co^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Co As S"," "," ",1519,"Cobaltite","orthorhombic, cubic","Pca21, Pa3","Co^3+ As S","Cbt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Reddish silver white, Violet steel gray, Black.","#e0e7dd,#5c619d,#000000"
"Cobaltkieserite","Cobaltkieserite","Co2+S6+O4·H2O","Co(SO4)·H2O","Co(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Co^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Co S O H","IMA2002-004"," ",1520,"Titanite, Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Co^2+ S^6+ O H","Cksr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Cobaltkoritnigite","Cobaltkoritnigite","Co2+(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Co(AsO3OH)·H2O","Co(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Co^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Co As O H","IMA1980-013"," ",1521,"Krautite","triclinic","P1","Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Ckor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Dark pink, Purple red, Purple.","#cb416b,#990147,#800080"
"Cobaltlotharmeyerite","Cobaltlotharmeyerite","CaCo2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","CaCo2(AsO4)2·2H2O","CaCo_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaCo^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Co As O H","IMA1997-027"," ",1522,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Clmy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Cobaltneustädtelite","Cobaltneustadtelite","Bi3+2Fe3+(Co2+,Fe3+)(As5+O4)2(O,OH)4","Bi2Fe3+(Co,Fe3+)(AsO4)2(O,OH)4","Bi_2_Fe^3+^(Co,Fe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_2_(O,OH)_4_","Bi^3+^_2_Fe^3+^(Co^2+^,Fe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(O,OH)_4_","Bi Fe Co As O H","IMA2000-012"," ",1523,"Medenbachite","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Cneu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, red-brown","#653700,#a52a2f"
"Cobaltoblödite","Cobaltoblodite","Na2Co2+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Co(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_2_Co(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Co^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Co S O H","IMA2012-059"," ",6115,"Blödite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Co^2+ S^6+ O H","Cblö","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Reddish-pink in aggregates.","#fe2c54"
"Cobaltomenite","Cobaltomenite","Co2+Se4+O3·2H2O","Co(Se4+O3)·2H2O","Co(Se^4+^O_3_)·2H_2_O","Co^2+^Se^4+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Co Se O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1524,"Cobaltomenite","monoclinic","P21/n","Co^2+ Se^4+ O H","Cbm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red, Pink.","#840000,#ffc0cb"
"Cobaltpentlandite","Cobaltpentlandite","Co9S8","Co9S8","Co_9_S_8_","Co_9_S_8_","Co S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1525,"Pentlandite","cubic","Fm3m","Co S","Copn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Cobalttsumcorite","Cobalttsumcorite","Pb2+Co2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","PbCo2(AsO4)2·2H2O","PbCo_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Co^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Co As O H","IMA1999-029"," ",1526,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Ctsm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Cobaltzippeite","Cobaltzippeite","Co2+(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)O2·3.5H2O","Co(UO2)2(SO4)O2·3.5H2O","Co(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Co^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Co U O S H","IMA1971-006"," ",4979,"Zippeite","monoclinic","C2/m","Co^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Czip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange, Tan.","#ffa500,#d1b26f"
"Coccinite","Coccinite","Hg2+I1-2","HgI2","HgI_2_","Hg^2+^I^1-^_2_","Hg I"," "," ",5436," ","tetragonal","I41/amd, P42/nmc","Hg^2+ I^1-","Cci","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Orange red, Reddish brown.","#fe4401,#7f2b0a"
"Cochromite","Cochromite","Co2+Cr3+2O4","CoCr2O4","CoCr_2_O_4_","Co^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Co Cr O","IMA1978-049"," ",1527,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Co^2+ Cr^3+ O","Cchr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Coconinoite","Coconinoite","Fe3+2Al2(U6+O2)2(PO4)4(S6+O4)(OH)2·20H2O","Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2·20H2O","Fe^3+^_2_Al_2_(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_Al_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe Al U O P S H","IMA1965-003"," ",1528," ","monoclinic",,"Fe^3+ Al U^6+ O P S^6+ H","Coc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Cream yellow, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#f1f1e6,#fffe7a"
"Coesite","Coesite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1530,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c, P21/a","Si O","Coe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Coffinite","Coffinite","U4+(SiO4)·nH2O","U(SiO4)·nH2O","U(SiO_4_)·nH_2_O","U^4+^(SiO_4_)·nH_2_O","U Si O H"," "," ",1531,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","U^4+ Si O H","Cof","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Black, Pale brown, Dark brown.","#000000,#b1916e,#73532a"
"Cohenite","Cohenite","Fe3C","CFe3","CFe_3_","Fe_3_C","C Fe"," "," ",1532,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Fe C","Coh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Coiraite","Coiraite","(Pb2+,Sn2+)12.5As3+3Fe2+Sn4+5S2-28","(Pb,Sn)12.5As3Sn5FeS28","(Pb,Sn)_12.5_As_3_Sn_5_FeS_28_","(Pb^2+^,Sn^2+^)_12.5_As^3+^_3_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^_5_S^2-^_28_","Pb Sn As Fe S","IMA2005-024"," ",5525," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Pb^2+ Sn^2+ As^3+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Coi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Colchesterite","Colchesterite","Bi3+2Mo6+2O9","Bi3+2Mo6+2O9","Bi^3+^_2_Mo^6+^_2_O_9_","Bi^3+^_2_Mo^6+^_2_O_9_","Bi Mo O","IMA2023-053"," ",7400,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ Mo^6+ O","Cchs",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Coldwellite","Coldwellite","Pd3Ag2S","Pd3Ag2S","Pd_3_Ag_2_S","Pd_3_Ag_2_S","Pd Ag S","IMA2014-045"," ",6341,"Not in a structural group",,,"Pd Ag S","Cwl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White with a light pinkish brown tint","#d6d0cc"
"Colemanite","Colemanite","CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O","CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O","CaB_3_O_4_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","CaB_3_O_4_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",1533," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Cole","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Colimaite","Colimaite","K3V5+S2-4","K3VS4","K_3_VS_4_","K_3_V^5+^S^2-^_4_","K V S","IMA2007-045"," ",5647," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","K V^5+ S^2-","Com","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Yellow-green","#c8fd3d"
"Colinowensite","Colinowensite","BaCu2+Si2O6","BaCuSi2O6","BaCuSi_2_O_6_","BaCu^2+^Si_2_O_6_","Ba Cu Si O","IMA2012-060"," ",6116,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I41/acd","Ba Cu^2+ Si O","Cwn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Purple to dark blue (when thicker)","#800080,#315b7d"
"Collinsite","Collinsite","Ca2Mg(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mg(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mg(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mg P O H"," "," ",1534,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg P O H","Coll","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Colomeraite","Colomeraite","NaTi3+Si2O6","NaTi3+Si2O6","NaTi^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaTi^3+^Si_2_O_6_","Na Ti Si O","IMA2021-061"," ",7165,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ti^3+ Si O","Colo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Coloradoite","Coloradoite","Hg2+Te2-","HgTe","HgTe","Hg^2+^Te^2-^","Hg Te"," "," ",1535,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m, Fm3m","Hg^2+ Te^2-","Clr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black, Black.","#555152,#000000"
"Colquiriite","Colquiriite","CaLiAlF6","CaLiAlF6","CaLiAlF_6_","CaLiAlF_6_","Ca Li Al F","IMA1980-015"," ",1536," ","hexagonal","P31c","Ca Li Al F","Cqr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Columbite-(Fe)","Columbite-(Fe)","Fe2+Nb5+2O6","Fe2+Nb2O6","Fe^2+^Nb_2_O_6_","Fe^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_6_","Fe Nb O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1887,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn, Pnca","Fe^2+ Nb^5+ O","Clb-Fe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Columbite-(Mg)","Columbite-(Mg)","MgNb5+2O6","MgNb2O6","MgNb_2_O_6_","MgNb^5+^_2_O_6_","Mg Nb O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2936,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mg Nb^5+ O","Clb-Mg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Columbite-(Mn)","Columbite-(Mn)","Mn2+Nb5+2O6","Mn2+Nb2O6","Mn^2+^Nb_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_6_","Mn Nb O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3003,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mn^2+ Nb^5+ O","Clb-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Colusite","Colusite","Cu1+12Cu2+V3+As5+3S2-16","Cu13VAs3S16","Cu_13_VAs_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_12_Cu^2+^V^3+^As^5+^_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu V As S"," "," ",1537,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","P43n, F43m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ V^3+ As^5+ S^2-","Col","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Comancheite","Comancheite","Hg2+55N3-24(N3-H2,OH)4(Cl,Br)34","Hg2+55N3-24(NH2,OH)4(Cl,Br)34","Hg^2+^_55_N^3-^_24_(NH_2_,OH)_4_(Cl,Br)_34_","Hg^2+^_55_N^3-^_24_(N^3-^H_2_,OH)_4_(Cl,Br)_34_","Hg N H O Cl Br","IMA1980-077"," ",1538," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Hg^2+ N^3- H O Cl Br","Cmc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow, Orange red, Red.","#ffff00,#fe4401,#ff0000"
"Combeite","Combeite","Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5","Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5","Na_4.5_Ca_3.5_Si_6_O_17.5_(OH)_0.5_","Na_4.5_Ca_3.5_Si_6_O_17.5_(OH)_0.5_","Na Ca Si O H"," "," ",1539,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","hexagonal","R3m, P3121, P32","Na Ca Si O H","Cbe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Comblainite","Comblainite","Ni2+4Co3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Ni4Co3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Ni_4_Co^3+^_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Ni^2+^_4_Co^3+^_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Ni Co O H C","IMA1978-009"," ",1540,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Ni^2+ Co^3+ O H C","Cob","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Turquoise.","#0000ff,#06c2ac"
"Compreignacite","Compreignacite","K2(U6+O2)6O4(OH)6·7H2O","K2(UO2)6O4(OH)6·7H2O","K_2_(UO_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·7H_2_O","K_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_4_(OH)_6_·7H_2_O","K U O H","IMA1964-026"," ",1541,"Compreignacite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","K U^6+ O H","Cgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Light yellow.","#ffdf00,#fffe7a"
"Congolite","Congolite","Fe2+3B7O13Cl","Fe2+3B7O13Cl","Fe^2+^_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Fe^2+^_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Fe B O Cl","IMA1971-030"," ",1542,"Boracite","hexagonal","R3c","Fe^2+ B O Cl","Cgl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Light red.","#ff7f7f"
"Conichalcite","Conichalcite","CaCu2+As5+O4(OH)","CaCu(AsO4)(OH)","CaCu(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaCu^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Cu As O H"," "," ",1543,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Con","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Emerald green.","#c8fd3d,#046307"
"Connellite","Connellite","Cu2+36(S6+O4)(OH)62Cl8·6H2O","Cu36(SO4)(OH)62Cl8·6H2O","Cu_36_(SO_4_)(OH)_62_Cl_8_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_36_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_62_Cl_8_·6H_2_O","Cu S O H Cl"," "," ",1544,"Connellite","hexagonal","P62c, P63/mmc","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Cnl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue green, Light blue.","#137e6d,#add8e6"
"Cookeite","Cookeite","LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8","(Al,Li)3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","(Al,Li)_3_Al_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","LiAl_4_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_8_","Al Li Si O H"," "," ",1545,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic","Cc","Li Al Si O H","Ckt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Green, Brown, Yellowish white, Pinkish white.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#653700,#e9f1d0,#fff1fa"
"Coombsite","Coombsite","KMn2+13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14","KMn2+13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14","KMn^2+^_13_(Si,Al)_18_O_42_(OH)_14_","KMn^2+^_13_(Si,Al)_18_O_42_(OH)_14_","K Mn Si Al O H","IMA1989-058"," ",1546," ","hexagonal, tetragonal",,"K Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Cmb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Cooperite","Cooperite","Pt2+S2-","PtS","PtS","Pt^2+^S^2-^","Pt S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",1547," ","tetragonal","P42/mmc","Pt^2+ S^2-","Cpe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Coparsite","Coparsite","Cu2+4O2As5+O4Cl","Cu2+4O2(AsO4)Cl","Cu^2+^_4_O_2_(AsO_4_)Cl","Cu^2+^_4_O_2_As^5+^O_4_Cl","Cu O As Cl","IMA1996-064"," ",1548," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Cu^2+ O As^5+ Cl","Cop","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black, Dark gray.","#000000,#363737"
"Copiapite","Copiapite","Fe2+Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",1549,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Cpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Green, Green yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Golden yellow.","#00ff00,#c6f808,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffdf00"
"Copper","Copper","Cu","Cu","Cu","Cu","Cu"," "," ",1550,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Cu","Cu","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Brown, Copper red, Light pink, Red.","#653700,#cb6d51,#ffd1df,#ff0000"
"Coquandite","Coquandite","Sb3+6+xO8+x(S6+O4)(OH)x(H2O)1-x (x = 0.3)","Sb3+6+xO8+x(SO4)(OH)x(H2O)1-x (x = 0.3)","Sb^3+^_6+x_O_8+x_(SO_4_)(OH)_x_(H_2_O)_1-x_ (x = 0.3)","Sb^3+^_6+x_O_8+x_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_x_(H_2_O)_1-x_ (x = 0.3)","Sb O S H","IMA1991-024"," ",1551," ","triclinic","P1","Sb^3+ O S^6+ H","Cqd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Coquimbite","Coquimbite","AlFe3+3(S6+O4)6(H2O)12·6H2O","AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2O","AlFe_3_(SO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·6H_2_O","AlFe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·6H_2_O","Al Fe S O H","IMA2019 s.p."," ",1552,"Coquimbite","hexagonal","P31c, P31c","Al Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Coq","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greenish white, Bluish white, Light violet, Yellowish white, Brownish white.","#d1f1de,#e5dad4,#d6b4fc,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Coralloite","Coralloite","Mn2+Mn3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA2010-012"," ",5839,"Arthurite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Crll","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cinnabar-red","#730113"
"Corderoite","Corderoite","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg S Cl","IMA1973-037"," ",1553," ","cubic","I213","Hg S Cl","Cde","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light gray, Light yellow, Light orange pink, Black.","#d8dcd6,#fffe7a,#ff7034,#000000"
"Cordierite","Cordierite","Mg2Al3(AlSi5)O18","Mg2Al4Si5O18","Mg_2_Al_4_Si_5_O_18_","Mg_2_Al_3_(AlSi_5_)O_18_","Mg Al Si O"," "," ",1554,"Beryl","orthorhombic","Cccm","Mg Al Si O","Crd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Pale blue, Violet, Yellow, Gray.","#afafaf,#d0fefe,#9a0eea,#ffff00,#808080"
"Cordylite-(Ce)","Cordylite-(Ce)","(Na,Ca,☐)BaCe3+2(CO3)4(F,O)","(Na,Ca,☐)BaCe2(CO3)4(F,O)","(Na,Ca,[box])BaCe_2_(CO_3_)_4_(F,O)","(Na,Ca,[box])BaCe^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_(F,O)","Na Ca Ba Ce C O F","IMA2000-C, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1555,"Cordylite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Ca Ba Ce^3+ C O F","Cod-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Gray brown, Yellow.","#afafaf,#7f7053,#ffff00"
"Cordylite-(La)","Cordylite-(La)","NaCaBa2La3Sr(CO3)8F2","NaCaBa2La3Sr(CO3)8F2","NaCaBa_2_La_3_Sr(CO_3_)_8_F_2_","NaCaBa_2_La_3_Sr(CO_3_)_8_F_2_","Na Ca Ba La Sr C O F","IMA2010-058"," ",5883,"Cordylite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Ca Ba La Sr C O F","Cod-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, honey-yellow, or pinkish yellow","#afafaf,#ca9456,#d46a7e"
"Corkite","Corkite","Pb2+Fe3+3(S6+O4)(PO4)(OH)6","PbFe3+3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6","PbFe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb Fe S O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1556,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O P H","Cok","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow green, Light yellow, Dark green.","#c9b003,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a,#033500"
"Cornetite","Cornetite","Cu2+3PO4(OH)3","Cu3(PO4)(OH)3","Cu_3_(PO_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_3_PO_4_(OH)_3_","Cu P O H"," "," ",1557," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Cu^2+ P O H","Cne","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue, Dark blue.","#0b8b87,#315b7d"
"Cornubite","Cornubite","Cu2+5(As5+O4)2(OH)4","Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4","Cu_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu As O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1558," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Cnb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Apple green, Dark green.","#00ff00,#69b076,#033500"
"Cornwallite","Cornwallite","Cu2+5(As5+O4)2(OH)4","Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4","Cu_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu As O H"," "," ",1559," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Cnw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green, Dark green, Black green.","#76ff7b,#033500,#384e49"
"Coronadite","Coronadite","Pb2+(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Pb(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Pb^2+^(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Pb Mn O"," "," ",1560,"Coronadite","tetragonal, monoclinic","I2/m","Pb^2+ Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O","Cor","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish black, Dark gray, Black.","#555152,#363737,#000000"
"Correianevesite","Correianevesite","Fe2+Mn2+2(PO4)2·3H2O","Fe2+Mn2+2(PO4)2·3H2O","Fe^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Fe Mn P O H","IMA2013-007"," ",6170,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna","Fe^2+ Mn^2+ P O H","Corr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish-brown to reddish-brown","#7a6a4f,#7f2b0a"
"Corrensite","Corrensite","(Ca,Na,K)1-x(Mg,Fe2+,Al)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10·nH2O","(Ca,Na,K)1-x(Mg,Fe,Al)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10·nH2O","(Ca,Na,K)_1-x_(Mg,Fe,Al)_9_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_10_·nH_2_O","(Ca,Na,K)_1-x_(Mg,Fe^2+^,Al)_9_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_10_·nH_2_O","Ca Na K Mg Fe Al Si O H"," "," ",1561,"Corrensite, Clay",,,"Ca Na K Mg Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Crr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Pink, Brown, Gray, Yellowish green.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#653700,#808080,#b0dd16"
"Cortesognoite","Cortesognoite","CaV3+2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","CaV2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","CaV_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","CaV^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca V Si O H","IMA2014-029"," ",6321,"Lawsonite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca V^3+ Si O H","Ctg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","brown","#653700"
"Corundum","Corundum","Al2O3","Al2O3","Al_2_O_3_","Al_2_O_3_","Al O"," "," ",1562,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3c","Al O","Crn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, Red, Yellow, Brown, Gray.","#0000ff,#ff0000,#ffff00,#653700,#808080"
"Corvusite","Corvusite","(Na,Ca,K)1-x(V5+,V4+,Fe2+)8O20·4H2O","(Na,Ca,K)1-x(V5+,V4+,Fe2+)8O20·4H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_1-x_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^2+^)_8_O_20_·4H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_1-x_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^2+^)_8_O_20_·4H_2_O","Na Ca K V Fe O H"," "," ",1563,"Straczekite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca K V^5+ V^4+ Fe^2+ O H","Cvu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Bluish black, Greenish black.","#653700,#413f44,#454445"
"Cosalite","Cosalite","Pb2+2Bi3+2S2-5","Pb2Bi2S5","Pb_2_Bi_2_S_5_","Pb^2+^_2_Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Pb Bi S"," "," ",1564," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cos","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray, Silver white.","#808080,#43464b,#e7e8e3"
"Coskrenite-(Ce)","Coskrenite-(Ce)","Ce3+2(S6+O4)2((C2)6+O4)·8H2O","Ce2(SO4)2(C2O4)·8H2O","Ce_2_(SO_4_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)·8H_2_O","Ce^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)·8H_2_O","Ce S O C H","IMA1996-056"," ",1565,"Oxalate","triclinic","P1","Ce^3+ S^6+ O C H","Ckr-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Very pale blue, Cream.","#ffc0cb,#927288,#ffffc2"
"Cossaite","Cossaite","(Mg0.5,☐)Al6(S6+O4)6(HS6+O4)F6·36H2O","(Mg0.5,☐)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6·36H2O","(Mg_0.5_,[box])Al_6_(SO_4_)_6_(HSO_4_)F_6_·36H_2_O","(Mg_0.5_,[box])Al_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(HS^6+^O_4_)F_6_·36H_2_O","Mg Al S O H F","IMA2009-031"," ",5758,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Mg Al S^6+ O H F","Css","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Costibite","Costibite","Co3+(SbS)3-","CoSbS","CoSbS","Co^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Co Sb S","IMA1969-014"," ",1566,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Co^3+ Sb S","Csb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Cotunnite","Cotunnite","Pb2+Cl2","PbCl2","PbCl_2_","Pb^2+^Cl_2_","Pb Cl"," "," ",1567,"Cotunnite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Pb^2+ Cl","Cot","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, Green, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Coulsonite","Coulsonite","Fe2+V3+2O4","Fe2+V3+2O4","Fe^2+^V^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^V^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe V O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1568,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ V^3+ O","Cou","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue gray.","#758da3"
"Cousinite","Cousinite","MgU4+2(Mo6+O4)2(OH)6·2H2O (?)","MgU4+2(MoO4)2(OH)6·2H2O (?)","MgU^4+^_2_(MoO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O (?)","MgU^4+^_2_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O (?)","Mg U Mo O H"," "," ",5081," ",,,"Mg U^4+ Mo^6+ O H","Cus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Coutinhoite","Coutinhoite","Th4+xBa1-2x(U6+O2)2Si5O13·3H2O","ThxBa1-2x(UO2)2Si5O13·3H2O","Th_x_Ba_1-2x_(UO_2_)_2_Si_5_O_13_·3H_2_O","Th^4+^_x_Ba_1-2x_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_Si_5_O_13_·3H_2_O","Th Ba U O Si H","IMA2003-025"," ",4981," ","orthorhombic","Cmmb","Th^4+ Ba U^6+ O Si H","Cti","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Covellite","Covellite","Cu1+S","CuS","CuS","Cu^1+^S","Cu S"," "," ",1569,"Covellite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu^1+ S","Cv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Indigo blue, Light blue, Dark blue, Black.","#3a18b1,#add8e6,#315b7d,#000000"
"Cowlesite","Cowlesite","Ca(Al2Si3)O10·5-6H2O","Ca(Al2Si3)O10·5-6H2O","Ca(Al_2_Si_3_)O_10_·5-6H_2_O","Ca(Al_2_Si_3_)O_10_·5-6H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1975-016"," ",1570," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Al Si O H","Cow","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Coyoteite","Coyoteite","NaFe3+3S2-5·2H2O","NaFe3S5·2H2O","NaFe_3_S_5_·2H_2_O","NaFe^3+^_3_S^2-^_5_·2H_2_O","Na Fe S H O","IMA1978-042"," ",1571," ","triclinic",,"Na Fe^3+ S^2- H O","Coy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Crandallite","Crandallite","CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","CaAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","CaAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ca Al P O H","IMA1999 s.p."," ",1572,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Al P O H","Cdl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Gray, Yellow, Yellowish white, Light red.","#808080,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ff7f7f"
"Cranswickite","Cranswickite","MgS6+O4·4H2O","Mg(SO4)·4H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA2010-016"," ",5845,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic, triclinic","Cc, P1, C2/c","Mg S^6+ O H","Cwk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","White","#ffffff"
"Crawfordite","Crawfordite","Na3Sr(PO4)(CO3)","Na3Sr(PO4)(CO3)","Na_3_Sr(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na_3_Sr(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na Sr P O C","IMA1993-030"," ",1573,"Bradleyite","monoclinic","P21","Na Sr P O C","Cfd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Creaseyite","Creaseyite","Cu2+2Pb2+2Fe3+2Si5O17·6H2O","Cu2Pb2Fe3+2Si5O17·6H2O","Cu_2_Pb_2_Fe^3+^_2_Si_5_O_17_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Si_5_O_17_·6H_2_O","Cu Pb Fe Si O H","IMA1974-044"," ",1574," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Cse","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellowish green.","#00ff00,#b0dd16"
"Crednerite","Crednerite","Cu1+Mn3+O2","CuMnO2","CuMnO_2_","Cu^1+^Mn^3+^O_2_","Cu Mn O"," "," ",1575," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Mn^3+ O","Cnr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black, Steel gray.","#263145,#43464b"
"Creedite","Creedite","Ca3Al2(S6+O4)(OH)2F8·2H2O","Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8·2H2O","Ca_3_Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_2_F_8_·2H_2_O","Ca_3_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_F_8_·2H_2_O","Ca Al S O H F"," "," ",1576," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al S^6+ O H F","Cee","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Violet, White.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#ffffff"
"Crerarite","Crerarite","(Pt,Pb2+)Bi3(S2-,Se2-)4-x (x = 0.4-0-8)","(Pt,Pb)Bi3(S,Se)4-x (x = 0.4-0-8)","(Pt,Pb)Bi_3_(S,Se)_4-x_ (x = 0.4-0-8)","(Pt,Pb^2+^)Bi_3_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_4-x_ (x = 0.4-0-8)","Pt Pb Bi S Se","IMA1994-003"," ",1577,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Pt Pb^2+ Bi S^2- Se^2-","Cea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Black.","#000000"
"Crichtonite","Crichtonite","Sr(Mn2+,Y,U6+)Fe2+2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH)38","Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38","Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Sr(Mn^2+^,Y,U^6+^)Fe^2+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,V^5+^)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Sr Mn Y U Fe Ti Cr V O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",1578,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr Mn^2+ Y U^6+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Cr^3+ V^5+ O H","Cic","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Criddleite","Criddleite","Ag2Au3TlSb10S10","Ag2Au3TlSb10S10","Ag_2_Au_3_TlSb_10_S_10_","Ag_2_Au_3_TlSb_10_S_10_","Ag Au Tl Sb S","IMA1987-037"," ",1579," ","monoclinic",,"Ag Au Tl Sb S","Cdd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Crimsonite","Crimsonite","Pb2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","PbFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Fe P O H","IMA2014-095"," ",6393,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Cccm","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Cms","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","deep red","#9a0200"
"Cristobalite","Cristobalite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O"," "," ",1580,"Cristobalite","tetragonal, cubic, orthorhombic","P41212, Fd3m, F4132, P212121","Si O","Crs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue gray, Brown, Gray, Yellow, White.","#758da3,#653700,#808080,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Crocobelonite","Crocobelonite","CaFe3+2O(PO4)2","CaFe3+2O(PO4)2","CaFe^3+^_2_O(PO_4_)_2_","CaFe^3+^_2_O(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Fe O P","IMA2020-005"," ",7022,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Fe^3+ O P","Ccb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation","No","saffron red to pinkish red","#e8e9cf,#f10c45"
"Crocoite","Crocoite","Pb2+Cr6+O4","Pb(CrO4)","Pb(CrO_4_)","Pb^2+^Cr^6+^O_4_","Pb Cr O"," "," ",1581,"Monazite, Baryte","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O","Crc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Orange, Red, Red orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500,#ff0000,#ff3f34"
"Cronstedtite","Cronstedtite","(Fe2+,Fe3+)3(Si,Fe3+)2O5(OH)4","(Fe2+,Fe3+)3(Si,Fe3+)2O5(OH)4","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_3_(Si,Fe^3+^)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_3_(Si,Fe^3+^)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Fe Si O H"," "," ",1582,"Clay, Serpentine","hexagonal","R3, P31m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Cro","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Greenish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#454445,#73532a,#000000"
"Cronusite","Cronusite","Ca0.2CrS2·2H2O","Ca0.2CrS2·2H2O","Ca_0.2_CrS_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_0.2_CrS_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Cr S H O","IMA1999-018"," ",1583," ","hexagonal",,"Ca Cr S H O","Cnu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Coal black.","#002e63"
"Crookesite","Crookesite","Cu7TlSe4","Cu7TlSe4","Cu_7_TlSe_4_","Cu_7_TlSe_4_","Cu Tl Se"," "," ",1584," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Cu Tl Se","Crk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Brown pink, Gray.","#758da3,#f2aeb1,#808080"
"Crowningshieldite","Crowningshieldite","(Ni0.9Fe0.1)S","(Ni0.9Fe0.1)S","(Ni_0.9_Fe_0.1_)S","(Ni_0.9_Fe_0.1_)S","Ni Fe S","IMA2018-072"," ",6802,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ni Fe S","Csh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","bronze yellow","#737000"
"Cryobostryxite","Cryobostryxite","KZn2+Cl3·2H2O","KZnCl3·2H2O","KZnCl_3_·2H_2_O","KZn^2+^Cl_3_·2H_2_O","K Zn Cl H O","IMA2014-058"," ",6355,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Zn^2+ Cl H O","Cbx","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Cryolite","Cryolite","Na3AlF6","Na2NaAlF6","Na_2_NaAlF_6_","Na_3_AlF_6_","Na Al F"," "," ",1585,"Perovskite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Al F","Crl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brownish black, Colorless, Gray, White, Reddish brown.","#413936,#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#7f2b0a"
"Cryolithionite","Cryolithionite","Na3Al2(LiF4)3","Na3Al2(LiF4)3","Na_3_Al_2_(LiF_4_)_3_","Na_3_Al_2_(LiF_4_)_3_","Na Al Li F"," "," ",1586,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Na Al Li F","Cyln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Cryptochalcite","Cryptochalcite","K2Cu2+5O(S6+O4)5","K2Cu5O(SO4)5","K_2_Cu_5_O(SO_4_)_5_","K_2_Cu^2+^_5_O(S^6+^O_4_)_5_","K Cu O S","IMA2014-106"," ",6405,"Cryptochalcite","triclinic","P1","K Cu^2+ O S^6+","Cpch","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green to green","#76ff7b,#00ff00"
"Cryptohalite","Cryptohalite","(N3-H4)2SiF6","(NH4)2SiF6","(NH_4_)_2_SiF_6_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_SiF_6_","N H Si F"," "," ",1587," ","cubic","Fm3m","N^3- H Si F","Cphl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff"
"Cryptomelane","Cryptomelane","K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16","K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16","K(Mn^4+^_7_Mn^3+^)O_16_","K(Mn^4+^_7_Mn^3+^)O_16_","K Mn O","IMA1982 s.p. ?"," ",1588,"Coronadite","monoclinic, tetragonal","I2/m, I4/m","K Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O","Cml","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Gray, Blue gray.","#000000,#808080,#758da3"
"Cryptophyllite","Cryptophyllite","K2Ca[Si4O10]·5H2O","K2Ca[Si4O10]·5H2O","K_2_Ca[Si_4_O_10_]·5H_2_O","K_2_Ca[Si_4_O_10_]·5H_2_O","K Ca Si O H","IMA2008-061"," ",5721," ","monoclinic","P21/n","K Ca Si O H","Cp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Cualstibite","Cualstibite","Cu2+2AlSb5+(OH)12","Cu2Al(OH)6[Sb(OH)6]","Cu_2_Al(OH)_6_[Sb(OH)_6_]","Cu^2+^_2_AlSb^5+^(OH)_12_","Cu Al O H Sb","IMA1983-068"," ",1589,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3","Cu^2+ Al Sb^5+ O H","Casb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Cuatrocapaite-(K)","Cuatrocapaite-(K)","K3(NaMg☐)(As3+2O3)6Cl6·16H2O","K3(NaMg☐)(As2O3)6Cl6·16H2O","K_3_(NaMg[box])(As_2_O_3_)_6_Cl_6_·16H_2_O","K_3_(NaMg[box])(As^3+^_2_O_3_)_6_Cl_6_·16H_2_O","K Na Mg As O Cl H","IMA2018-084"," ",6814,"Cuatrocapaite","hexagonal","P3m1","K Na Mg As^3+ O Cl H","Ctc-K","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Cuatrocapaite-(NH4)","Cuatrocapaite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)3(NaMg☐)(As3+2O3)6Cl6·16H2O","(NH4)3(NaMg☐)(As2O3)6Cl6·16H2O","(NH_4_)_3_(NaMg[box])(As_2_O_3_)_6_Cl_6_·16H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_(NaMg[box])(As^3+^_2_O_3_)_6_Cl_6_·16H_2_O","N H Na Mg As O Cl","IMA2018-083"," ",6813,"Cuatrocapaite","hexagonal","P3m1, R3m","N^3- H Na Mg As^3+ O Cl","Ctc-NH_4_","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Cubanite","Cubanite","Cu1+Fe2+Fe3+S2-3","CuFe2S3","CuFe_2_S_3_","Cu^1+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Fe S"," "," ",1590,"Cubanite, Wurtzite","orthorhombic","Pcmn","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Cbn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brass yellow, Bronze yellow.","#b58735,#737000"
"Cuboargyrite","Cuboargyrite","Ag1+Sb3+S2-2","AgSbS2","AgSbS_2_","Ag^1+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag Sb S","IMA1997-004"," ",1591,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Cbag","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Cubo-ice","Cubo-ice","H2O","H2O","H_2_O","H_2_O","H O","IMA2017-029"," ",6668," ","cubic","Pn3m","H O","Ice-VII","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cubothioplumbite","Cubothioplumbite","[Pb2+4(OH)4]Pb2+(S6+O3S2-)3","[Pb4(OH)4]Pb(S2O3)3","[Pb_4_(OH)_4_]Pb(S_2_O_3_)_3_","[Pb^2+^_4_(OH)_4_]Pb^2+^(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_3_","Pb O H S","IMA2021-091"," ",7197,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Pa3","Pb^2+ O H S^6+ S^2-","Ctpb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Cumengeite","Cumengeite","Pb2+21Cu2+20Cl42(OH)40·6H2O","Pb21Cu20Cl42(OH)40·6H2O","Pb_21_Cu_20_Cl_42_(OH)_40_·6H_2_O","Pb^2+^_21_Cu^2+^_20_Cl_42_(OH)_40_·6H_2_O","Pb Cu Cl O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1592," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Cl O H","Cge","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Indigo blue","#3a18b1"
"Cummingtonite","Cummingtonite","☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mg_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mg_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1593,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m, P21/m","Mg Si O H","Cum","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","White, Black, Blackish brown, Blackish green, Gray.","#ffffff,#000000,#453b32,#5d6161,#808080"
"Cupalite","Cupalite","CuAl","CuAl","CuAl","CuAl","Cu Al","IMA1983-084"," ",1594," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, I2/m","Cu Al","Cup","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Steel yellow.","#fdfd96"
"Cuprite","Cuprite","Cu1+2O","Cu2O","Cu_2_O","Cu^1+^_2_O","Cu O"," "," ",1595,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Pn3, Pn3m","Cu^1+ O","Cpr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown red, Purple red, Red, Black.","#922b05,#990147,#ff0000,#000000"
"Cuproauride","Cuproauride","Cu3Au","Cu3Au","Cu_3_Au","Cu_3_Au","Cu Au"," "," ",5437," ",,,"Cu Au","Cua","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cuprobismutite","Cuprobismutite","Cu1+8Ag1+Bi3+13S2-24","Cu8AgBi13S24","Cu_8_AgBi_13_S_24_","Cu^1+^_8_Ag^1+^Bi^3+^_13_S^2-^_24_","Cu Ag Bi S"," "," ",1596," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cbit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue black, Gray, Dark blue black.","#24313d,#808080,#315b7d"
"Cuprocherokeeite","Cuprocherokeeite","[Pb2+8Zn2+3Cu2+(OH)16](S6+O4)4·4H2O","[Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)4·4H2O","[Pb_8_Zn_3_Cu^2+^(OH)_16_](SO_4_)_4_·4H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_8_Zn^2+^_3_Cu^2+^(OH)_16_](S^6+^O_4_)_4_·4H_2_O","Pb Zn Cu O H S","IMA2022-086"," ",7305,"Cherokeeite","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Cu^2+ O H S^6+","Cchk",,"No","light blue","#add8e6"
"Cuprocopiapite","Cuprocopiapite","Cu2+Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Cu2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Cu Fe S O H"," "," ",1597,"Copiapite",,,"Cu^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Cucpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Orange.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Cuprodobrovolskyite","Cuprodobrovolskyite","Na4Cu2+(S6+O4)3","Na4Cu(SO4)3","Na_4_Cu(SO_4_)_3_","Na_4_Cu^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Na Cu S O","IMA2022-061"," ",7284,"Dobrovolskyite","hexagonal","R3","Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Cdvo",,"No","light blue or greenish-bluish to almost colourless","#add8e6,#0b8b87,#afafaf"
"Cuprodongchuanite","Cuprodongchuanite","Pb2+4Cu2+Zn2+2(PO4)4(OH)2","Pb4CuZn2(PO4)4(OH)2","Pb_4_CuZn_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_Cu^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu Zn P O H","IMA2021-065"," ",7168,"Dongchuanite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Zn^2+ P O H","Cdc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","apple green","#69b076"
"Cuproiridsite","Cuproiridsite","Cu1+Ir3+Ir4+S2-4","Cu(Ir3+Ir4+)S4","Cu(Ir^3+^Ir^4+^)S_4_","Cu^1+^Ir^3+^Ir^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Ir S","IMA1984-016"," ",1598,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Ir^3+ Ir^4+ S^2-","Cir","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Iron black, Black.","#263145,#000000"
"Cuprokalininite","Cuprokalininite","Cu1+Cr3+Cr4+S2-4","Cu(Cr3+Cr4+)S4","Cu(Cr^3+^Cr^4+^)S_4_","Cu^1+^Cr^3+^Cr^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Cr S","IMA2010-008"," ",5834,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Cu^1+ Cr^3+ Cr^4+ S^2-","Ckal","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Cupromakopavonite","Cupromakopavonite","Cu1+8Ag1+3Pb2+4Bi3+19S2-38","Cu8Pb4Ag3Bi19S38","Cu_8_Pb_4_Ag_3_Bi_19_S_38_","Cu^1+^_8_Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_4_Bi^3+^_19_S^2-^_38_","Cu Pb Ag Bi S","IMA2005-036"," ",5607,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cmpav","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray","#808080"
"Cupromakovickyite","Cupromakovickyite","Cu1+4Ag1+Pb2+2Bi3+9S2-18","Cu4AgPb2Bi9S18","Cu_4_AgPb_2_Bi_9_S_18_","Cu^1+^_4_Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_2_Bi^3+^_9_S^2-^_18_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA2002-058"," ",5207,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cmak","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Cupromolybdite","Cupromolybdite","Cu2+3O(Mo6+O4)2","Cu2+3O(Mo6+O4)2","Cu^2+^_3_O(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_O(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O Mo","IMA2011-005"," ",5935,"Vergasovaite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ O Mo^6+","Cmyb","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Honey-yellow to chestnut-brown or dark brown; bright yellow","#ca9456,#6d1008,#73532a,#fffd01"
"Cuproneyite","Cuproneyite","Cu1+7Pb2+27Bi3+25S2-68","Cu7Pb27Bi25S68","Cu_7_Pb_27_Bi_25_S_68_","Cu^1+^_7_Pb^2+^_27_Bi^3+^_25_S^2-^_68_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA2008-053"," ",5713,"Neyite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cney","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver-grey","#a8a8a4"
"Cupropavonite","Cupropavonite","Cu1+0.9Ag1+0.5Pb2+0.6Bi3+2.5S2-5","Cu0.9Ag0.5Pb0.6Bi2.5S5","Cu_0.9_Ag_0.5_Pb_0.6_Bi_2.5_S_5_","Cu^1+^_0.9_Ag^1+^_0.5_Pb^2+^_0.6_Bi^3+^_2.5_S^2-^_5_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1978-033"," ",1599,"Pavonite","monoclinic",,"Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Cpav","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Tin white.","#808080,#cfd5db"
"Cupropearceite","Cupropearceite","[Cu1+6As3+2S2-7][Ag1+9Cu1+S2-4]","[Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4]","[Cu_6_As_2_S_7_][Ag_9_CuS_4_]","[Cu^1+^_6_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_][Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^S^2-^_4_]","Cu As S Ag","IMA2007-046"," ",5639,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P31m, P3m1","Cu^1+ As^3+ S^2- Ag^1+","Cpea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, dark gray","#000000,#363737"
"Cupropolybasite","Cupropolybasite","[Cu1+6Sb3+2S2-7][Ag1+9Cu1+S2-4]","[Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]","[Cu_6_Sb_2_S_7_][Ag_9_CuS_4_]","[Cu^1+^_6_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_][Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^S^2-^_4_]","Cu Sb S Ag","IMA2008-004"," ",5663,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ S^2- Ag^1+","Cplb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, dark gray","#000000,#363737"
"Cuprorhodsite","Cuprorhodsite","(Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S2-4","(Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4","(Cu^1+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)Rh^3+^_2_S_4_","(Cu^1+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)Rh^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Rh S","IMA1984-017"," ",1600,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Rh^3+ S^2-","Crh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Iron black, Black.","#263145,#000000"
"Cuprorivaite","Cuprorivaite","CaCu2+Si4O10","CaCuSi4O10","CaCuSi_4_O_10_","CaCu^2+^Si_4_O_10_","Ca Cu Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1601,"Gillespite","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Ca Cu^2+ Si O","Cuv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Cuprosenandorite","Cuprosenandorite","Ag1+16Cu1+8Pb2+24Sb3+72S2-144","Ag16Cu8Pb24Sb72S144","Ag_16_Cu_8_Pb_24_Sb_72_S_144_","Ag^1+^_16_Cu^1+^_8_Pb^2+^_24_Sb^3+^_72_S^2-^_144_","Ag Cu Pb Sb S","IMA2024-022"," ",7497,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Pna21","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Csado",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cuprosklodowskite","Cuprosklodowskite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Cu U O Si H"," "," ",1602," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ U^6+ O Si H","Cskl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Green yellow, Light green.","#419c03,#c6f808,#76ff7b"
"Cuprospinel","Cuprospinel","Cu2+Fe3+2O4","Cu2+Fe3+2O4","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu Fe O","IMA1971-020"," ",1603,"Spinel","tetragonal, cubic","I41/amd, Fd3m, Fd3m","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O","Cspl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Cuprostibite","Cuprostibite","Cu2(Sb,Tl)","Cu2(Sb,Tl)","Cu_2_(Sb,Tl)","Cu_2_(Sb,Tl)","Cu Sb Tl"," "," ",1604," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Cu Sb Tl","Cusb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Cuprotungstite","Cuprotungstite","Cu2+3(W6+O4)2(OH)2","Cu2+3(WO4)2(OH)2","Cu^2+^_3_(WO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(W^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu W O H"," "," ",1605," ","tetragonal","P41212","Cu^2+ W^6+ O H","Ctgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown green, Olive green, Yellowish green.","#706c11,#8ead2c,#b0dd16"
"Cuprozheshengite","Cuprozheshengite","Pb2+4Cu2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2(PO4)2(OH)2","Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2","Pb_4_CuZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_Cu^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu Zn As O P H","IMA2021-095a"," ",7230,"Dongchuanite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O P H","Czh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","apple green to greenish blue","#69b076,#0b8b87"
"Curetonite","Curetonite","Ba(Al,Ti4+)(PO4)(OH,O)F","Ba(Al,Ti)(PO4)(OH,O)F","Ba(Al,Ti)(PO_4_)(OH,O)F","Ba(Al,Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)(OH,O)F","Ba Al Ti P O H F","IMA1978-065"," ",1606,"Laueite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ba Al Ti^4+ P O H F","Cut","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bright yellowish green, Nickel green.","#fffd01,#9bca47"
"Curienite","Curienite","Pb2+(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·5H2O","Pb(UO2)2(VO4)2·5H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Pb U O V H","IMA1967-049"," ",1607,"Fritzscheite","orthorhombic","Pcan","Pb^2+ U^6+ O V^5+ H","Cue","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Curite","Curite","Pb2+3+x[(U6+O2)4O4+x(OH)3-x]2·2H2O","Pb3+x[(UO2)4O4+x(OH)3-x]2·2H2O","Pb_3+x_[(UO_2_)_4_O_4+x_(OH)_3-x_]_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3+x_[(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_4+x_(OH)_3-x_]_2_·2H_2_O","Pb U O H"," "," ",1608," ","orthorhombic","Pnam","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Cui","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Reddish orange, Brownish yellow.","#ffff00,#f8481c,#c9b003"
"Currierite","Currierite","Na4Ca3MgAl4(As5+O3OH)12·9H2O","Na4Ca3MgAl4(AsO3OH)12·9H2O","Na_4_Ca_3_MgAl_4_(AsO_3_OH)_12_·9H_2_O","Na_4_Ca_3_MgAl_4_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_12_·9H_2_O","Na Ca Mg Al As O H","IMA2016-030"," ",6561," ","hexagonal","P622","Na Ca Mg Al As^5+ O H","Cur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Cuspidine","Cuspidine","Ca4(Si2O7)F2","Ca8(Si2O7)2F4","Ca_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_4_","Ca_4_(Si_2_O_7_)F_2_","Ca Si O F"," "," ",1609,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/n, P21/c","Ca Si O F","Csp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Green, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Cuyaite","Cuyaite","Ca2Mn3+As3+14O24Cl","Ca2Mn3+As3+14O24Cl","Ca_2_Mn^3+^As^3+^_14_O_24_Cl","Ca_2_Mn^3+^As^3+^_14_O_24_Cl","Ca Mn As O Cl","IMA2019-126"," ",7009,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Pn","Ca Mn^3+ As^3+ O Cl","Cuy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale brown","#b1916e"
"Cuzticite","Cuzticite","Fe3+2Te6+O6·3H2O","Fe3+2Te6+O6·3H2O","Fe^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_·3H_2_O","Fe Te O H","IMA1980-071"," ",1610," ","hexagonal",,"Fe^3+ Te^6+ O H","Cuz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#ffff00"
"Cyanochroite","Cyanochroite","K2Cu2+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","K2Cu(SO4)2·6H2O","K_2_Cu(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K_2_Cu^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K Cu S O H"," "," ",1611,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","K Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Cyc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green blue.","#42b395"
"Cyanotrichite","Cyanotrichite","Cu2+4Al2S6+O4(OH)12·2H2O","Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)2","Cu_4_Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_2_","Cu^2+^_4_Al_2_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Cu Al S O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1613,"Cyanotrichite",,,"Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Cya","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue, Light blue, Dark blue.","#9fb9e2,#add8e6,#315b7d"
"Cylindrite","Cylindrite","FePb3Sn4Sb2S14","FePb3Sn4Sb2S14","FePb_3_Sn_4_Sb_2_S_14_","FePb_3_Sn_4_Sb_2_S_14_","Fe Pb Sn Sb S"," "," ",1614,"Cylindrite","triclinic","A1, F1, C1","Fe Pb Sn Sb S","Cy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Grayish black.","#8a7963,#555152"
"Cymrite","Cymrite","Ba(Si,Al)4(O,OH)8·H2O","Ba(Si,Al)4(O,OH)8·H2O","Ba(Si,Al)_4_(O,OH)_8_·H_2_O","Ba(Si,Al)_4_(O,OH)_8_·H_2_O","Ba Si Al O H"," "," ",1615,"Cymrite","monoclinic","P21","Ba Si Al O H","Cym","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, Dark green.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#033500"
"Cyprine","Cyprine","Ca19Cu2+(Al10Mg2)Si18O69(OH)9","Ca19Cu2+(Al,Mg)12Si18O69(OH)9","Ca_19_Cu^2+^(Al,Mg)_12_Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca_19_Cu^2+^(Al_10_Mg_2_)Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca Cu Al Mg Si O H","IMA2015-044"," ",6459,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/n","Ca Cu^2+ Al Mg Si O H","Cyp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Blue, bluish green, green, dark red with a lilac hue (type material),","#0000ff,#10a674,#00ff00,#840000"
"Cyrilovite","Cyrilovite","NaFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)4·2H2O","NaFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)4·2H2O","NaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","NaFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Na Fe P O H"," "," ",1616,"Wardite","tetragonal","P41212","Na Fe^3+ P O H","Cyr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange yellow, Brown.","#ffff00,#fdb915,#653700"
"Czochralskiite","Czochralskiite","Na4Ca3Mg(PO4)4","Na4Ca3Mg(PO4)4","Na_4_Ca_3_Mg(PO_4_)_4_","Na_4_Ca_3_Mg(PO_4_)_4_","Na Ca Mg P O","IMA2015-011"," ",6417,"Aphthitalite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Ca Mg P O","Cz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Dachiardite-Ca","Dachiardite-Ca","Ca2(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","Ca2(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","Ca_2_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","Ca_2_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1617,"Dachiardite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Si Al O H","Dac-Ca","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White, Pink, Orange red.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#fe4401"
"Dachiardite-K","Dachiardite-K","K4(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","K4(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","K_4_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","K_4_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA2015-041"," ",6443,"Dachiardite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Si Al O H","Dac-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Snow-white","#eeffee"
"Dachiardite-Na","Dachiardite-Na","Na4(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","Na4(Si20Al4)O48·13H2O","Na_4_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","Na_4_(Si_20_Al_4_)O_48_·13H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1618,"Dachiardite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Si Al O H","Dac-Na","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White, Reddish orange.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#f8481c"
"Dacostaite","Dacostaite","K(Mg2Al)[Mg(H2O)6]2(As5+O4)2F6·2H2O","K(Mg2Al)[Mg(H2O)6]2(AsO4)2F6·2H2O","K(Mg_2_Al)[Mg(H_2_O)_6_]_2_(AsO_4_)_2_F_6_·2H_2_O","K(Mg_2_Al)[Mg(H_2_O)_6_]_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_F_6_·2H_2_O","K Mg Al H O As F","IMA2024-015"," ",7492,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg Al H O As^5+ F","Dcs",,"No","colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Dadsonite","Dadsonite","Pb2+23Sb3+25S2-60Cl","Pb23Sb25S60Cl","Pb_23_Sb_25_S_60_Cl","Pb^2+^_23_Sb^3+^_25_S^2-^_60_Cl","Pb Sb S Cl","IMA1968-011"," ",1619,"Dadsonite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- Cl","Dad","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray.","#8a7963,#808080"
"Dagenaisite","Dagenaisite","Zn2+3Te6+O6","Zn3Te6+O6","Zn_3_Te^6+^O_6_","Zn^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_","Zn Te O","IMA2017-017"," ",6657," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ Te^6+ O","Dag","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","green, light greenish gray","#00ff00,#d7ddcd"
"Daliranite","Daliranite","Pb2+Hg2+As3+2S2-5","PbHgAs2S5","PbHgAs_2_S_5_","Pb^2+^Hg^2+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Pb Hg As S","IMA2007-010"," ",5617," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Da","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bright orange, red","#ff7034,#ff0000"
"Dalnegorskite","Dalnegorskite","Ca5Mn2+(Si3O9)2","Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2","Ca_5_Mn(Si_3_O_9_)_2_","Ca_5_Mn^2+^(Si_3_O_9_)_2_","Ca Mn Si O","IMA2018-007"," ",6751,"Wollastonite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Si O","Dng","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Beige, pinkish-white and milky-white","#e6daa6,#fff1fa"
"Dalnegroite","Dalnegroite","Tl1+4Pb2+2(As3+,Sb3+)20S2-34","Tl4Pb2(As,Sb)20S34","Tl_4_Pb_2_(As,Sb)_20_S_34_","Tl^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_2_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_20_S^2-^_34_","Tl Pb As Sb S","IMA2009-058"," ",5787,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Dnr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red","#ff0000"
"Dalyite","Dalyite","K2Zr4+Si6O15","K2ZrSi6O15","K_2_ZrSi_6_O_15_","K_2_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_15_","K Zr Si O"," "," ",1620," ","triclinic","P1","K Zr^4+ Si O","Dly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Damaraite","Damaraite","Pb2+3O2(OH)Cl","Pb3O2(OH)Cl","Pb_3_O_2_(OH)Cl","Pb^2+^_3_O_2_(OH)Cl","Pb O H Cl","IMA1989-013"," ",1621," ","orthorhombic","Pmc21","Pb^2+ O H Cl","Dm","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Damiaoite","Damiaoite","PtIn2","PtIn2","PtIn_2_","PtIn_2_","Pt In","IMA1995-041"," ",1622,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Pt In","Dam","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Bright white.","#f6f2f1"
"Danalite","Danalite","Be3Fe2+4(SiO4)3S2-","Be3Fe2+4(SiO4)3S","Be_3_Fe^2+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_S","Be_3_Fe^2+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_S^2-^","Be Fe Si O S"," "," ",1623,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic","P43n","Be Fe^2+ Si O S^2-","Dan","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish black, Grayish yellow, Pink, Reddish brown.","#653700,#413936,#877254,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Danbaite","Danbaite","CuZn2","CuZn2","CuZn_2_","CuZn_2_","Cu Zn","IMA1981-041"," ",1624," ","cubic",,"Cu Zn","Dba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white, Silver white.","#d7d5cb,#e7e8e3"
"Danburite","Danburite","CaB2Si2O8","CaB2Si2O8","CaB_2_Si_2_O_8_","CaB_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ca B Si O"," "," ",1625,"Danburite","orthorhombic","Pnam, Pbnm","Ca B Si O","Dbu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Brownish white, Straw yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#d1f1de,#f0d696"
"Danielsite","Danielsite","(Cu,Ag)14HgS8","(Cu,Ag)14HgS8","(Cu,Ag)_14_HgS_8_","(Cu,Ag)_14_HgS_8_","Cu Ag Hg S","IMA1984-044"," ",1626," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu Ag Hg S","Dns","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"D'ansite","Dansite","Na21Mg(S6+O4)10Cl3","Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3","Na_21_Mg(SO_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na_21_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na Mg S O Cl","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1628,"Dansite","cubic","I43d","Na Mg S^6+ O Cl","D'an","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, yellow, pale brown","#afafaf,#ffff00,#b1916e"
"D'ansite-(Fe)","Dansite-(Fe)","Na21Fe2+(S6+O4)10Cl3","Na21Fe(SO4)10Cl3","Na_21_Fe(SO_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na_21_Fe^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na Fe S O Cl","IMA2011-065"," ",6008,"Dansite","cubic","I43d","Na Fe^2+ S^6+ O Cl","D'an-Fe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"D'ansite-(Mn)","Dansite-(Mn)","Na21Mn2+(S6+O4)10Cl3","Na21Mn(SO4)10Cl3","Na_21_Mn(SO_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na_21_Mn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_10_Cl_3_","Na Mn S O Cl","IMA2011-064"," ",6007,"Dansite","cubic","I43d","Na Mn^2+ S^6+ O Cl","D'an-Mn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Dantopaite","Dantopaite","Ag1+5Bi3+13S2-22","Ag5Bi13S22","Ag_5_Bi_13_S_22_","Ag^1+^_5_Bi^3+^_13_S^2-^_22_","Ag Bi S","IMA2008-058"," ",5718,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Dnt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray-white","#d7d5cb"
"Daomanite","Daomanite","CuPtAsS2","CuPtAsS2","CuPtAsS_2_","CuPtAsS_2_","Cu Pt As S"," "," ",5082," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Aa, Cc","Cu Pt As S","Dao","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray, Silver gray.","#808080,#a8a8a4"
"Daqingshanite-(Ce)","Daqingshanite-(Ce)","Sr3Ce3+PO4(CO3)3","Sr3Ce(PO4)(CO3)3","Sr_3_Ce(PO_4_)(CO_3_)_3_","Sr_3_Ce^3+^PO_4_(CO_3_)_3_","Sr Ce P O C","IMA1981-063, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1629," ","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Ce^3+ P O C","Daq-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Darapiosite","Darapiosite","KNa2Mn2+2(Li2Zn2+Si12)O30","KNa2Mn2(Li2ZnSi12)O30","KNa_2_Mn_2_(Li_2_ZnSi_12_)O_30_","KNa_2_Mn^2+^_2_(Li_2_Zn^2+^Si_12_)O_30_","K Na Mn Li Zn Si O","IMA1974-056"," ",1630,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Mn^2+ Li Zn^2+ Si O","Dar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Brown, Brownish white, Colorless, White.","#0000ff,#653700,#d1f1de,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Darapskite","Darapskite","Na3(S6+O4)(N5+O3)·H2O","Na3(SO4)(NO3)·H2O","Na_3_(SO_4_)(NO_3_)·H_2_O","Na_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(N^5+^O_3_)·H_2_O","Na S O N H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1631," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na S^6+ O N^5+ H","Drp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Dargaite","Dargaite","BaCa12(SiO4)4(S6+O4)2O3","BaCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O3","BaCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)_2_O_3_","BaCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O_3_","Ba Ca Si O S","IMA2015-068"," ",6469,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O S^6+","Drg","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Darrellhenryite","Darrellhenryite","NaLiAl2Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)3O","Na(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Al_2_Li)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaLiAl_2_Al_6_(BO_3_)_3_Si_6_O_18_(OH)_3_O","Na Al Li Si O B H","IMA2012-026"," ",6085,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Li Al B O Si H","Dhry","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","intense to pale pink","#af9a7e,#efcddb"
"Dashkovaite","Dashkovaite","Mg(HCOO)1-2·2H2O","Mg(HCOO)2·2H2O","Mg(HCOO)_2_·2H_2_O","Mg(HCOO)^1-^_2_·2H_2_O","Mg H C O","IMA2000-006"," ",1632,"Formate","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg H C O","Dkv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Datolite","Datolite","CaB(SiO4)(OH)","CaB(SiO4)(OH)","CaB(SiO_4_)(OH)","CaB(SiO_4_)(OH)","Ca B Si O H"," "," ",1633,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/a","Ca B Si O H","Dat","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellow, White, Light green.","#653700,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Daubréeite","Daubreeite","Bi3+O(OH)","BiO(OH)","BiO(OH)","Bi^3+^O(OH)","Bi O H"," "," ",1634,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Bi^3+ O H","Dau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Creamy-white, greyish, yellowish-brown; colourless in transmitted light.","#f0e9d6,#cfcac7,#9b7a01,#afafaf"
"Daubréelite","Daubreelite","Fe2+Cr3+2S2-4","FeCr2S4","FeCr_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Cr S"," "," ",1635,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Fe^2+ Cr^3+ S^2-","Dbr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Black","#000000"
"Davanite","Davanite","K2Ti4+Si6O15","K2TiSi6O15","K_2_TiSi_6_O_15_","K_2_Ti^4+^Si_6_O_15_","K Ti Si O","IMA1982-100"," ",1636," ","triclinic","P1","K Ti^4+ Si O","Dvn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Davemaoite","Davemaoite","CaSiO3","CaSiO3","CaSiO_3_","CaSiO_3_","Ca Si O","IMA2020-012a"," ",7079,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Ca Si O","Dvm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Davidbrownite-(NH4)","Davidbrownite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)5(V4+O)2((C2)6+O4)[PO2.75(OH)1.25]4·3H2O","(NH4)5(V4+O)2(C2O4)[PO2.75(OH)1.25]4·3H2O","(NH_4_)_5_(V^4+^O)_2_(C_2_O_4_)[PO_2.75_(OH)_1.25_]_4_·3H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_5_(V^4+^O)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)[PO_2.75_(OH)_1.25_]_4_·3H_2_O","N H V O C P","IMA2018-129"," ",6856,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H V^4+ O C P","Dbn-NH4","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light green-blue","#e2f0d2"
"Davidite-(Ce)","Davidite-(Ce)","Ce3+(Y,U4+)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH,F)38","Ce(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38","Ce(Y,U)Fe_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)_18_(O,OH,F)_38_","Ce^3+^(Y,U^4+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,V^5+^)_18_(O,OH,F)_38_","Ce Y U Fe Ti Cr V O H F","IMA1966 s.p."," ",1637,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Ce^3+ Y U^4+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Cr^3+ V^5+ O H F","Dvd-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Brownish black, Red, Black.","#653700,#413936,#ff0000,#000000"
"Davidite-(La)","Davidite-(La)","La3+(Y,U4+)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH,F)38","La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38","La(Y,U)Fe_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)_18_(O,OH,F)_38_","La^3+^(Y,U^4+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,V^5+^)_18_(O,OH,F)_38_","La Y U Fe Ti Cr V O H F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1638,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","La^3+ Y U^4+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Cr^3+ V^5+ O H F","Dvd-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Grayish black, Brownish black, Dark brown, Reddish.","#000000,#555152,#413936,#73532a,#c44240"
"Davidlloydite","Davidlloydite","Zn2+3(As5+O4)2·4H2O","Zn3(AsO4)2·4H2O","Zn_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA2011-053"," ",5981,"Parahopeite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Dld","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Davidsmithite","Davidsmithite","(Ca,☐)2Na6Al8Si8O32","(Ca,☐)2Na6Al8Si8O32","(Ca,[box])_2_Na_6_Al_8_Si_8_O_32_","(Ca,[box])_2_Na_6_Al_8_Si_8_O_32_","Ca Na Al Si O","IMA2016-070"," ",6599,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","Ca Na Al Si O","Dsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Davinciite","Davinciite","Na12K3Ca6Fe2+3Zr4+3(Si26O73OH)Cl2","Na12K3Ca6Fe2+3Zr3(Si26O73OH)Cl2","Na_12_K_3_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr_3_(Si_26_O_73_OH)Cl_2_","Na_12_K_3_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_(Si_26_O_73_OH)Cl_2_","Na K Ca Fe Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2011-019"," ",5947,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na K Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Dvc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark lavender","#856798"
"Davisite","Davisite","CaScAlSiO6","CaScAlSiO6","CaScAlSiO_6_","CaScAlSiO_6_","Ca Sc Al Si O","IMA2008-030"," ",5688,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Sc Al Si O","Dav","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No","Light gray in thin-section","#d8dcd6"
"Davreuxite","Davreuxite","Mn2+Al6Si4O17(OH)2","Mn2+Al6Si4O17(OH)2","Mn^2+^Al_6_Si_4_O_17_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^Al_6_Si_4_O_17_(OH)_2_","Mn Al Si O H"," "," ",1639," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Drx","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Cream white, Light pink.","#f2eee2,#ffd1df"
"Davyne","Davyne","(Na,K)6Ca2(Si6Al6)O24Cl3(S6+O4)0.5","[(Na,K)6(SO4)0.5Cl][Ca2Cl2][(Si6Al6O24)]","[(Na,K)_6_(SO_4_)_0.5_Cl][Ca_2_Cl_2_][(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)]","(Na,K)_6_Ca_2_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_Cl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_0.5_","Na K S O Cl Ca Si Al"," "," ",1640,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63, P63/m","Na K Ca Si Al O Cl S^6+","Dvy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Dawsonite","Dawsonite","NaAlCO3(OH)2","NaAl(CO3)(OH)2","NaAl(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","NaAlCO_3_(OH)_2_","Na Al C O H"," "," ",1641," ","orthorhombic","Imam, I2cm, Imma","Na Al C O H","Dws","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Deanesmithite","Deanesmithite","Hg1+2Hg2+3S2-2OCr6+O4","Hg1+2Hg2+3S2O(CrO4)","Hg^1+^_2_Hg^2+^_3_S_2_O(CrO_4_)","Hg^1+^_2_Hg^2+^_3_S^2-^_2_OCr^6+^O_4_","Hg S O Cr","IMA1991-001"," ",1642," ","triclinic","P1","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ S^2- O Cr^6+","Dsh","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange red.","#fe4401"
"Debattistiite","Debattistiite","Ag9Hg0.5As6S12Te2","Ag9Hg0.5As6S12Te2","Ag_9_Hg_0.5_As_6_S_12_Te_2_","Ag_9_Hg_0.5_As_6_S_12_Te_2_","Ag Hg As S Te","IMA2011-098"," ",6036,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ag Hg As S Te","Dbt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Decagonite","Decagonite","Al71Ni24Fe5","Al71Ni24Fe5","Al_71_Ni_24_Fe_5_","Al_71_Ni_24_Fe_5_","Al Ni Fe","IMA2015-017"," ",6420," ",,,"Al Ni Fe","Dec","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Gray to black","#808080,#000000"
"Decrespignyite-(Y)","Decrespignyite-(Y)","Y4Cu2+(CO3)4Cl(OH)5·2H2O","Y4Cu(CO3)4Cl(OH)5·2H2O","Y_4_Cu(CO_3_)_4_Cl(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Y_4_Cu^2+^(CO_3_)_4_Cl(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Y Cu C O Cl H","IMA2001-027"," ",1643," ","monoclinic, hexagonal","P3m1","Y Cu^2+ C O Cl H","Dcp-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Intense royal blue, Turquoise blue.","#00978c,#00ffef"
"Deerite","Deerite","Fe2+6Fe3+3(Si6O17)O3(OH)5","Fe2+6Fe3+3(Si6O17)O3(OH)5","Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^_3_(Si_6_O_17_)O_3_(OH)_5_","Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^_3_(Si_6_O_17_)O_3_(OH)_5_","Fe Si O H","IMA1964-016"," ",1644," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Dee","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Defernite","Defernite","Ca6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42]","Ca6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42]","Ca_6_(CO_3_)_1.58_(Si_2_O_7_)_0.21_(OH)_7_[Cl_0.50_(OH)_0.08_(H_2_O)_0.42_]","Ca_6_(CO_3_)_1.58_(Si_2_O_7_)_0.21_(OH)_7_[Cl_0.50_(OH)_0.08_(H_2_O)_0.42_]","Ca C O Si H Cl","IMA1978-057"," ",1645," ","orthorhombic","Pnam","Ca C O Si H Cl","Def","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#7f2b0a"
"Dekatriasartorite","Dekatriasartorite","Tl1+Pb2+58As3+97S2-204","TlPb58As97S204","TlPb_58_As_97_S_204_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^_58_As^3+^_97_S^2-^_204_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2017-071"," ",6703,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Dsat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Delafossite","Delafossite","Cu1+Fe3+O2","Cu1+Fe3+O2","Cu^1+^Fe^3+^O_2_","Cu^1+^Fe^3+^O_2_","Cu Fe O"," "," ",1646," ","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ O","Del","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Delhayelite","Delhayelite","K7Na3Ca5Al2Si14O38F4Cl2","K7Na3Ca5Al2Si14O38F4Cl2","K_7_Na_3_Ca_5_Al_2_Si_14_O_38_F_4_Cl_2_","K_7_Na_3_Ca_5_Al_2_Si_14_O_38_F_4_Cl_2_","K Na Ca Al Si O F Cl","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1647,"Rhodesite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","K Na Ca Al Si O F Cl","Dhy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Greenish gray, Light gray green.","#afafaf,#96ae8d,#d8dcd6"
"Delhuyarite-(Ce)","Delhuyarite-(Ce)","Ce3+4Mg(Fe3+2W6+)☐(Si2O7)2O6(OH)2","Ce4Mg(Fe3+2W)☐(Si2O7)2O6(OH)2","Ce_4_Mg(Fe^3+^_2_W)[box](Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_6_(OH)_2_","Ce^3+^_4_Mg(Fe^3+^_2_W^6+^)[box](Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_6_(OH)_2_","Ce Mg Fe W Si O H","IMA2016-091"," ",6617,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Mg Fe^3+ W^6+ Si O H","Dhu-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown black","#322d25"
"Deliensite","Deliensite","Fe2+(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)2(OH)2·7H2O","Fe2+(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2·7H2O","Fe^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Fe U O S H","IMA1996-013"," ",1648," ","orthorhombic","Pnn2","Fe^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Dli","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, White, Grayish.","#ffff00,#ffffff,#cfcac7"
"Delindeite","Delindeite","Ba2Ti4+2(Na2☐)Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2O2","Ba2Ti2(Na2☐)Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2O2","Ba_2_Ti_2_(Na_2_[box])Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_O_2_","Ba_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Na_2_[box])Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_O_2_","Ba Ti Na Si O H","IMA1987-004"," ",1649,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic","A2/m, C2/c","Ba Ti^4+ Na Si O H","Dde","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Gray pink.","#c3909b"
"Dellagiustaite","Dellagiustaite","V2+Al2O4","V2+Al2O4","V^2+^Al_2_O_4_","V^2+^Al_2_O_4_","V Al O","IMA2017-101"," ",6726,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","V^2+ Al O","Dgt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","black","#000000"
"Dellaite","Dellaite","Ca6(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2","Ca6(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2","Ca_6_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Ca_6_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA1964-005"," ",1650," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Dll","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Deloneite","Deloneite","(Na0.5REE0.25Ca0.25)(Ca0.75REE0.25)Sr1.5(CaNa0.25REE0.25)(PO4)3F0.5(OH)0.5","(Na0.5REE0.25Ca0.25)(Ca0.75REE0.25)Sr1.5(CaNa0.25REE0.25)(PO4)3F0.5(OH)0.5","(Na_0.5_REE_0.25_Ca_0.25_)(Ca_0.75_REE_0.25_)Sr_1.5_(CaNa_0.25_REE_0.25_)(PO_4_)_3_F_0.5_(OH)_0.5_","(Na_0.5_REE_0.25_Ca_0.25_)(Ca_0.75_REE_0.25_)Sr_1.5_(CaNa_0.25_REE_0.25_)(PO_4_)_3_F_0.5_(OH)_0.5_","Na REE Ca Sr P O F H","IMA1995-036"," ",1651,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63, P3","Na REE Ca Sr P O F H","Dln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Bright yellow","#fffd01"
"Deloryite","Deloryite","Cu2+4(U6+O2)(Mo6+O4)2(OH)6","Cu4(UO2)Mo2O8(OH)6","Cu_4_(UO_2_)Mo_2_O_8_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_(U^6+^O_2_)(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu U O Mo H","IMA1990-037"," ",1652," ","monoclinic","C2/m, B2/m","Cu^2+ U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Dlo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, Black.","#033500,#000000"
"Delrioite","Delrioite","Sr(V5+O3)2·4H2O","Sr(VO3)2·4H2O","Sr(VO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Sr(V^5+^O_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Sr V O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1653,"Delrioite","monoclinic","I2/a","Sr V^5+ O H","Dl","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow brown, Light yellow green, Dark green.","#ae8b0c,#fffe7a,#033500"
"Deltalumite","Deltalumite","(Al0.67☐0.33)Al2O4","(Al0.67☐0.33)Al2O4","(Al_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Al_2_O_4_","(Al_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Al_2_O_4_","Al O","IMA2016-027"," ",6555,"Spinel","tetragonal","P4m2","Al O","Dal","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale yellowish, pale beige or white","#bdd4d1,#ccc7b1,#ffffff"
"Deltanitrogen","Deltanitrogen","N","N","N","N","N","IMA2019-067b"," ",7275," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","N","δN",,"Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Delvauxite","Delvauxite","CaFe3+4(PO4)2(OH)8·4-5H2O","CaFe3+4(PO4)2(OH)8·4-5H2O","CaFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_·4-5H_2_O","CaFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_·4-5H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H"," "," ",4897,"Amorphous",,,"Ca Fe^3+ P O H","Dvx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish brown, Brown, Reddish brown, Brownish black.","#9b7a01,#653700,#7f2b0a,#413936"
"Demagistrisite","Demagistrisite","BaCa2Mn3+4(Si3O10)(Si2O7)(OH)4·3H2O","BaCa2Mn3+4(Si3O10)(Si2O7)(OH)4·3H2O","BaCa_2_Mn^3+^_4_(Si_3_O_10_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","BaCa_2_Mn^3+^_4_(Si_3_O_10_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ba Ca Mn Si O H","IMA2018-059"," ",6793,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Amm2","Ba Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Dmg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","orange brown to red brown","#b16002,#a52a2f"
"Demartinite","Demartinite","K2SiF6","K2SiF6","K_2_SiF_6_","K_2_SiF_6_","K Si F","IMA2006-034"," ",5526," ","hexagonal","P63mc","K Si F","Dma","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Demesmaekerite","Demesmaekerite","Pb2+2Cu2+5(U6+O2)2(Se4+O3)6(OH)6·2H2O","Pb2Cu5(UO2)2(Se4+O3)6(OH)6·2H2O","Pb_2_Cu_5_(UO_2_)_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_6_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_5_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_6_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Pb Cu U O Se H","IMA1965-019"," ",1654," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Dmm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish green, Green, Bottle green.","#653700,#6a6e09,#00ff00,#006a4e"
"Demicheleite-(Br)","Demicheleite-(Br)","Bi3+S2-Br","BiSBr","BiSBr","Bi^3+^S^2-^Br","Bi S Br","IMA2007-022"," ",5624,"Demicheleite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Bi^3+ S^2- Br","Dem-Br","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Dark red, Black.","#840000,#000000"
"Demicheleite-(Cl)","Demicheleite-(Cl)","Bi3+S2-Cl","BiSCl","BiSCl","Bi^3+^S^2-^Cl","Bi S Cl","IMA2008-020"," ",5679,"Demicheleite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Bi^3+ S^2- Cl","Dem-Cl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Dark red to black","#840000,#000000"
"Demicheleite-(I)","Demicheleite-(I)","Bi3+S2-I1-","BiSI","BiSI","Bi^3+^S^2-^I^1-^","Bi S I","IMA2009-049"," ",5778,"Demicheleite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Bi^3+ S^2- I^1-","Dem-I","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","dark red to black","#840000,#000000"
"Dendoraite-(NH4)","Dendoraite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)2NaAl((C2)6+O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2","(NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2","(NH_4_)_2_NaAl(C_2_O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_NaAl((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","N H Na Al C O P","IMA2020-103"," ",7116,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H Na Al C O P","Den-NH_4_","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Denisovite","Denisovite","KCa2Si3O8F","KCa2Si3O8F","KCa_2_Si_3_O_8_F","KCa_2_Si_3_O_8_F","K Ca Si O F","IMA1982-031"," ",1655," ","monoclinic",,"K Ca Si O F","Dnv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish gray, Gray.","#96ae8d,#808080"
"Denningite","Denningite","CaMn2+Te4+4O10","CaMn2+Te4+4O10","CaMn^2+^Te^4+^_4_O_10_","CaMn^2+^Te^4+^_4_O_10_","Ca Mn Te O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1656,"Denningite","tetragonal","P42/nbc","Ca Mn^2+ Te^4+ O","Dnn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Depmeierite","Depmeierite","Na8(Al6Si6O24)(PO4,CO3)1-x·3H2O; (x<0.5)","Na8[Al6Si6O24](PO4,CO3)1-x·3H2O (x< 0.5)","Na_8_[Al_6_Si_6_O_24_](PO_4_,CO_3_)_1-x_·3H_2_O (x< 0.5)","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(PO_4_,CO_3_)_1-x_·3H_2_O; (x<0.5)","Na Al Si O P C H","IMA2009-075"," ",5805,"Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63","Na Al Si O P C H","Dep","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Derbylite","Derbylite","Fe3+4Ti4+3Sb3+O13(OH)","Fe3+4Ti4+3Sb3+O13(OH)","Fe^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_3_Sb^3+^O_13_(OH)","Fe^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_3_Sb^3+^O_13_(OH)","Fe Ti Sb O H"," "," ",1657," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Sb^3+ O H","Dby","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Pitch black, Black, Dark brown.","#483c41,#000000,#73532a"
"Derriksite","Derriksite","Cu2+4(U6+O2)(Se4+O3)2(OH)6","Cu4(UO2)(Se4+O3)2(OH)6","Cu_4_(UO_2_)(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_(U^6+^O_2_)(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu U O Se H","IMA1971-033"," ",1658," ","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Cu^2+ U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Drk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bottle green, Green.","#006a4e,#00ff00"
"Dervillite","Dervillite","Ag2AsS2","Ag2AsS2","Ag_2_AsS_2_","Ag_2_AsS_2_","Ag As S","IMA1983 s.p."," ",1659,"Dervillite","monoclinic","P2/a, Pc","Ag As S","Dvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Desautelsite","Desautelsite","Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Mg_6_Mn^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Mn^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Mg Mn O H C","IMA1978-016"," ",1660,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Mn^3+ O H C","Des","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Bright orange.","#ff7034"
"Descloizite","Descloizite","Pb2+Zn2+V5+O4(OH)","PbZn(VO4)(OH)","PbZn(VO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Zn V O H"," "," ",1661,"Descloizite","orthorhombic","P212121, Pnma","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ V^5+ O H","Dcz","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brownish black, Dark reddish brown, Orange red, Reddish brown, Black.","#73532a,#840000,#fe4401,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Désorite","Desorite","Pb2+2(Fe3+6Zn2+)O2(PO4)4(OH)8","Pb2(Fe3+6Zn)O2(PO4)4(OH)8","Pb_2_(Fe^3+^_6_Zn)O_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_","Pb^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^_6_Zn^2+^)O_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_","Pb Fe Zn O P H","IMA2023-087"," ",7426,"Jamesite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Zn^2+ O P H","Dso",,"No","brownish red","#9e3623"
"Despujolsite","Despujolsite","Ca3Mn4+(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca_3_Mn^4+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca_3_Mn^4+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Mn S O H","IMA1967-039"," ",1662,"Fleischerite","hexagonal","P62c, P63/mmc","Ca Mn^4+ S^6+ O H","Dpj","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Dessauite-(Y)","Dessauite-(Y)","Sr2+(Y,U4+,Mn2+)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH)38","Sr(Y,U,Mn)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38","Sr(Y,U,Mn)Fe_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Sr^2+^(Y,U^4+^,Mn^2+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,V^5+^)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Sr Y U Mn Fe Ti Cr V O H","IMA1994-057"," ",1663,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr^2+ Y U^4+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Cr^3+ V^5+ O H","Dss-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","black","#000000"
"Destinezite","Destinezite","Fe3+2(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe3+2(PO4)(SO4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe P O S H","IMA2000 s.p."," ",5438," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Dtz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Deveroite-(Ce)","Deveroite-(Ce)","Ce3+2((C2)6+O4)3·10H2O","Ce2(C2O4)3·10H2O","Ce_2_(C_2_O_4_)_3_·10H_2_O","Ce^3+^_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_3_·10H_2_O","Ce C O H","IMA2013-003"," ",6166,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ C O H","Dvr-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Devilliersite","Devilliersite","Ca4Ca2Fe3+10O4[(Fe3+10Si2)O36]","Ca4Ca2Fe3+10O4[(Fe3+10Si2)O36]","Ca_4_Ca_2_Fe^3+^_10_O_4_[(Fe^3+^_10_Si_2_)O_36_]","Ca_4_Ca_2_Fe^3+^_10_O_4_[(Fe^3+^_10_Si_2_)O_36_]","Ca Fe O Si","IMA2020-073"," ",7089,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^3+ O Si","Dvi","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Devilline","Devilline","CaCu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Cu S O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",1664,"Devilline","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Dev","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Blue green, Blue white, White, Dark green.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#dae7e9,#ffffff,#033500"
"Devitoite","Devitoite","Ba6Fe2+7Fe3+2(Si4O12)2(PO4)2(CO3)O2(OH)4","Ba6Fe2+7Fe3+2(Si4O12)2(PO4)2(CO3)O2(OH)4","Ba_6_Fe^2+^_7_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)O_2_(OH)_4_","Ba_6_Fe^2+^_7_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)O_2_(OH)_4_","Ba Fe Si O P C H","IMA2009-010"," ",5739,"Astrophyllite-Devitoite","triclinic","P1","Ba Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O P C H","Dvt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown","#653700"
"Dewindtite","Dewindtite","H2Pb2+3(U6+O2)6O4(PO4)4·12H2O","H2Pb3(UO2)6O4(PO4)4·12H2O","H_2_Pb_3_(UO_2_)_6_O_4_(PO_4_)_4_·12H_2_O","H_2_Pb^2+^_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_4_(PO_4_)_4_·12H_2_O","H Pb U O P"," "," ",1665,"Phosphuranylite","orthorhombic","Bmmb","H Pb^2+ U^6+ O P","Dew","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Dewitite","Dewitite","Ag1+zTl1+10-x-zPb2+2xSb3+42-x-yAs3+yS2-68 (0.09 ≤ x ≤ 2.13, 13.99 ≤ y ≤ 19.79, 0.10 ≤ z ≤ 0.50)","AgzTl10-x-zPb2xSb42-x-yAsyS68 (0.09 ≤ x ≤ 2.13, 13.99 ≤ y ≤ 19.79, 0.10 ≤ z ≤ 0.50)","Ag_z_Tl_10-x-z_Pb_2x_Sb_42-x-y_As_y_S_68_ (0.09 ≤ x ≤ 2.13, 13.99 ≤ y ≤ 19.79, 0.10 ≤ z ≤ 0.50)","Ag^1+^_z_Tl^1+^_10-x-z_Pb^2+^_2x_Sb^3+^_42-x-y_As^3+^_y_S^2-^_68_ (0.09 ≤ x ≤ 2.13, 13.99 ≤ y ≤ 19.79, 0.10 ≤ z ≤ 0.50)","Ag Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA2019-098"," ",7170,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Dwt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Deynekoite","Deynekoite","Ca9☐Fe3+(PO4)7","Ca9☐Fe3+(PO4)7","Ca_9_[box]Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_[box]Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Fe P O","IMA2021-108"," ",7211,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Fe^3+ P O","Dnk","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No"," light-yellow and light-brown","#fffe7a"
"Diaboleite","Diaboleite","Cu2+Pb2+2Cl2(OH)4","CuPb2Cl2(OH)4","CuPb_2_Cl_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_2_Cl_2_(OH)_4_","Cu Pb Cl O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",4877,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P4mm","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Cl O H","Dbol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark blue, Bright sky blue.","#315b7d,#02ccfe"
"Diadochite","Diadochite","Fe3+2(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe3+2(PO4)(SO4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe P O S H"," "," ",1667,"Amorphous",,,"Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Ddc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow, Brown, Yellowish green, Cinnamon brown, Yellowish white.","#ffff00,#653700,#b0dd16,#9e6a19,#e9f1d0"
"Diamond","Diamond","C","C","C","C","C"," "," ",1668,"Diamond","cubic, orthorhombic","Fd3m, Cmma, Cmmm, Pban, Ia3, Fd3m","C","Dia","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Colorless, White, Gray, Black, Blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#000000,#0000ff"
"Diaoyudaoite","Diaoyudaoite","NaAl11O17","NaAl11O17","NaAl_11_O_17_","NaAl_11_O_17_","Na Al O","IMA1985-005"," ",1669,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Al O","Dyd","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Diaphorite","Diaphorite","Ag1+3Pb2+2Sb3+3S2-8","Ag3Pb2Sb3S8","Ag_3_Pb_2_Sb_3_S_8_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_2_Sb^3+^_3_S^2-^_8_","Ag Pb Sb S"," "," ",1670," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Dpr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Diaspore","Diaspore","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","AlO(OH)","Al O H"," "," ",1671,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Al O H","Dsp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Greenish gray, Grayish brown, Colorless, Yellow.","#ffffff,#96ae8d,#7a6a4f,#afafaf,#ffff00"
"Dickinsonite-(KMnNa)","Dickinsonite-(KMnNa)","K(NaMn2+)CaNa3AlMn2+13(PO4)12(OH)2","K(NaMn)CaNa3AlMn13(PO4)12(OH)2","K(NaMn)CaNa_3_AlMn_13_(PO_4_)_12_(OH)_2_","K(NaMn^2+^)CaNa_3_AlMn^2+^_13_(PO_4_)_12_(OH)_2_","K Na Mn Ca Al P O H","IMA2005-048"," ",1672,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc, A2/a","K Na Mn^2+ Ca Al P O H","Dcn-KMnNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dickite","Dickite","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al Si O H"," "," ",1673,"Clay, Kaolinite","monoclinic","Cc","Al Si O H","Dck","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Colorless, Gray, Yellow brown, White.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#808080,#ae8b0c,#ffffff"
"Dickthomssenite","Dickthomssenite","MgV5+2O6·7H2O","MgV2O6·7H2O","MgV_2_O_6_·7H_2_O","MgV^5+^_2_O_6_·7H_2_O","Mg V O H","IMA2000-047"," ",1674," ","triclinic, monoclinic","C2/c","Mg V^5+ O H","Dth","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light golden brown.","#cb904e"
"Diegogattaite","Diegogattaite","Na2CaCu2+2Si8O20·H2O","Na2CaCu2Si8O20·H2O","Na_2_CaCu_2_Si_8_O_20_·H_2_O","Na_2_CaCu^2+^_2_Si_8_O_20_·H_2_O","Na Ca Cu Si O H","IMA2012-096"," ",6180,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Cu^2+ Si O H","Dga","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Pale turquoise through teal blue","#a5fbd5"
"Dienerite","Dienerite","Ni3As","Ni3As","Ni_3_As","Ni_3_As","Ni As","IMA2019 s.p."," ",1675,"Domeykite",,,"Ni As","Dne","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Dietrichite","Dietrichite","Zn2+Al2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","ZnAl2(SO4)4·22H2O","ZnAl_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Zn^2+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Zn Al S O H"," "," ",1676,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Dtr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Gray white.","#c9b003,#d7d5cb"
"Dietzeite","Dietzeite","Ca2(I5+O3)2Cr6+O4·H2O","Ca2(IO3)2(CrO4)·H2O","Ca_2_(IO_3_)_2_(CrO_4_)·H_2_O","Ca_2_(I^5+^O_3_)_2_Cr^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Ca I O Cr H"," "," ",1677," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca I^5+ O Cr^6+ H","Die","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Digenite","Digenite","Cu1.8S","Cu1.8S","Cu_1.8_S","Cu_1.8_S","Cu S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1678,"Digenite","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, R3m","Cu S","Dg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Blue, Dark blue, Black.","#0000ff,#315b7d,#000000"
"Dimorphite","Dimorphite","As4S3","As4S3","As_4_S_3_","As_4_S_3_","As S"," "," ",1679," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","As S","Dim","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Dingdaohengite-(Ce)","Dingdaohengite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,La3+)4Fe2+(Ti4+,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti4+2Si4O22","(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2Si4O22","(Ce,La)_4_Fe^2+^(Ti,Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_Ti_2_Si_4_O_22_","(Ce^3+^,La^3+^)_4_Fe^2+^(Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_Ti^4+^_2_Si_4_O_22_","Ce La Fe Ti Mg Si O","IMA2005-014"," ",5439,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","P21/a, C2/m","Ce^3+ La^3+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Mg Fe^3+ Si O","Ddh-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Dinilawiite","Dinilawiite","[Pb2+4OAl(OH)6]2(S6+O3S2-)2·(S6+O3S2-)(H2O)5","[Pb4OAl(OH)6]2(S2O3)2·(S2O3)(H2O)5","[Pb_4_OAl(OH)_6_]_2_(S_2_O_3_)_2_·(S_2_O_3_)(H_2_O)_5_","[Pb^2+^_4_OAl(OH)_6_]_2_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_2_·(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)(H_2_O)_5_","Pb O Al H S","IMA2023-061"," ",7405,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/a","Pb^2+ O Al H S^6+ S^2-","Dlw",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Dinite","Dinite","C20H36","C20H36","C_20_H_36_","C_20_H_36_","C H"," "," ",5178," ","orthorhombic","P212121","C H","Din","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Diopside","Diopside","CaMgSi2O6","CaMgSi2O6","CaMgSi_2_O_6_","CaMgSi_2_O_6_","Ca Mg Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1681,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg Si O","Di","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, Brown, Colorless, Green, Gray.","#0000ff,#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080"
"Dioptase","Dioptase","Cu2+SiO3·H2O","CuSiO3·H2O","CuSiO_3_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^SiO_3_·H_2_O","Cu Si O H"," "," ",1682," ","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Si O H","Dpt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark blue green, Emerald green, Turquoise.","#315b7d,#046307,#06c2ac"
"Dioskouriite","Dioskouriite","CaCu2+4Cl6(OH)4·4H2O","CaCu4Cl6(OH)4·4H2O","CaCu_4_Cl_6_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_4_Cl_6_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca Cu Cl O H","IMA2015-106"," ",6506,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, P212121","Ca Cu^2+ Cl O H","Dio","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bright green, Grey","#66ff00,#808080"
"Direnzoite","Direnzoite","NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47)O120·36H2O","NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47)O120·36H2O","NaK_6_MgCa_2_(Al_13_Si_47_)O_120_·36H_2_O","NaK_6_MgCa_2_(Al_13_Si_47_)O_120_·36H_2_O","Na K Mg Ca Al Si O H","IMA2006-044"," ",5564," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Na K Mg Ca Al Si O H","Drz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Dissakisite-(Ce)","Dissakisite-(Ce)","CaCe3+MgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe(Al2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaCe(Al_2_Mg)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaCe^3+^MgAl_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Ce Al Mg Si O H","IMA1990-004"," ",1683,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Mg Al Si O H","Dis-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow brown, Reddish brown.","#ae8b0c,#7f2b0a"
"Dissakisite-(La)","Dissakisite-(La)","CaLaMgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Al2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaLa(Al_2_Mg)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaLaMgAl_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La Al Mg Si O H","IMA2003-007"," ",5222,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Mg Al Si O H","Dis-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Very dark brown.","#000000,#3a4859"
"Disulfodadsonite","Disulfodadsonite","Pb2+11Sb3+13S2-30(S2)2-0.5","Pb11Sb13S30(S2)0.5","Pb_11_Sb_13_S_30_(S_2_)_0.5_","Pb^2+^_11_Sb^3+^_13_S^2-^_30_(S_2_)^2-^_0.5_","Pb Sb S","IMA2011-076"," ",6022,"Dadsonite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- S","Ddad","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Dittmarite","Dittmarite","(N3-H4)MgPO4·H2O","(NH4)Mg(PO4)·H2O","(NH_4_)Mg(PO_4_)·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)MgPO_4_·H_2_O","N H Mg P O"," "," ",1684," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21","N^3- H Mg P O","Dmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Diversilite-(Ce)","Diversilite-(Ce)","Na2Ba6Ce3+2Fe2+Ti4+3Si12O36(OH)10·nH2O","Na2Ba6Ce2Fe2+Ti3Si12O36(OH)10·nH2O","Na_2_Ba_6_Ce_2_Fe^2+^Ti_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_10_·nH_2_O","Na_2_Ba_6_Ce^3+^_2_Fe^2+^Ti^4+^_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_10_·nH_2_O","Na Ba Ce Fe Ti Si O H","IMA2002-043"," ",4983," ","hexagonal","R3, R32","Na Ba Ce^3+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Dvs-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish orange.","#ffab0f"
"Dixenite","Dixenite","Cu1+Mn2+14Fe3+(As3+O3)5(SiO4)2(As5+O4)(OH)6","Cu1+Fe3+Mn2+14(As5+O4)(As3+O3)5(SiO4)2(OH)6","Cu^1+^Fe^3+^Mn^2+^_14_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^3+^O_3_)_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^1+^Mn^2+^_14_Fe^3+^(As^3+^O_3_)_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Cu Fe Mn As O Si H"," "," ",1685,"Hematolite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^1+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ As^3+ O Si As^5+ H","Dxn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bronze, Black.","#a87900,#000000"
"Djerfisherite","Djerfisherite","K6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S26Cl","K6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S26Cl","K_6_(Fe,Cu,Ni)_25_S_26_Cl","K_6_(Fe,Cu,Ni)_25_S_26_Cl","K Fe Cu Ni S Cl","IMA1965-028"," ",1686,"Djerfisherite","cubic","Pm3m","K Fe Cu Ni S Cl","Djr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Bronze brown, Greenish brown, Olive green.","#825e2f,#696112,#8ead2c"
"Djurleite","Djurleite","Cu31S16","Cu31S16","Cu_31_S_16_","Cu_31_S_16_","Cu S","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1687," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu S","Dju","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lead gray, Blue black, Black, Black gray.","#8a7963,#24313d,#000000,#24272e"
"Dmisokolovite","Dmisokolovite","K3Cu2+5AlO2(As5+O4)4","K3Cu5AlO2(AsO4)4","K_3_Cu_5_AlO_2_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_3_Cu^2+^_5_AlO_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Cu Al O As","IMA2013-079"," ",6238,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cu^2+ Al O As^5+","Dsk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","bright emerald-green to light green","#9fe2bf,#76ff7b"
"Dmisteinbergite","Dmisteinbergite","CaAl2Si2O8","Ca(Al2Si2O8)","Ca(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ca Al Si O","IMA1989-010"," ",1688,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Ca Al Si O","Dsb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Dmitryivanovite","Dmitryivanovite","CaAl2O4","CaAl2O4","CaAl_2_O_4_","CaAl_2_O_4_","Ca Al O","IMA2006-035"," ",5556," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Al O","Div","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Dmitryvarlamovite","Dmitryvarlamovite","Ti4+2(Fe3+Nb5+)O8","Ti2(Fe3+Nb)O8","Ti_2_(Fe^3+^Nb)O_8_","Ti^4+^_2_(Fe^3+^Nb^5+^)O_8_","Ti Fe Nb O","IMA2022-125a"," ",7402,"Columbite","orthorhombic","P21212","Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Nb^5+ O","Dmv",,"No","black","#000000"
"Dobrovolskyite","Dobrovolskyite","Na4Ca(S6+O4)3","Na4Ca(SO4)3","Na_4_Ca(SO_4_)_3_","Na_4_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca S O","IMA2019-106"," ",6990,"Dobrovolskyite","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca S^6+ O","Dvo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","light blue or greenish-bluish to almost colourless","#add8e6,#0b8b87,#afafaf"
"Dobšináite","Dobsinaite","Ca2Ca(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Ca(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Ca(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Ca(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA2020-081"," ",7097,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca As^5+ O H","Dob","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, pinkish, colourless","#ffffff,#d46a7e,#afafaf"
"Dokuchaevite","Dokuchaevite","Cu2+8O2(V5+O4)3Cl3","Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3","Cu_8_O_2_(VO_4_)_3_Cl_3_","Cu^2+^_8_O_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl_3_","Cu O V Cl","IMA2018-012"," ",6755," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O V^5+ Cl","Dok","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No"," dark red","#840000"
"Dolerophanite","Dolerophanite","Cu2+2OS6+O4","Cu2O(SO4)","Cu_2_O(SO_4_)","Cu^2+^_2_OS^6+^O_4_","Cu O S"," "," ",1689,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ O S^6+","Dph","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Dollaseite-(Ce)","Dollaseite-(Ce)","CaCe3+Mg2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)F","CaCe(Mg2Al)[Si2O7][SiO4]F(OH)","CaCe(Mg_2_Al)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]F(OH)","CaCe^3+^Mg_2_Al(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)F","Ca Ce Mg Al Si O F H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1690,"Dollaseite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Mg Al Si O H F","Dls-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Dolomite","Dolomite","CaMg(CO3)2","CaMg(CO3)2","CaMg(CO_3_)_2_","CaMg(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Mg C O"," "," ",1691,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3, R3c","Ca Mg C O","Dol","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, Gray, Reddish white, Brownish white, Gray.","#ffffff,#808080,#fff8d5,#d1f1de,#808080"
"Doloresite","Doloresite","V4+3O4(OH)4","V4+3O4(OH)4","V^4+^_3_O_4_(OH)_4_","V^4+^_3_O_4_(OH)_4_","V O H"," "," ",1692," ","monoclinic","C2/m","V^4+ O H","Dlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Domerockite","Domerockite","Cu2+4(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)3·H2O","Cu4(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)3·H2O","Cu_4_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA2009-016"," ",5745,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Dom","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green","#10a674"
"Domeykite","Domeykite","Cu3As","Cu3As","Cu_3_As","Cu_3_As","Cu As"," "," ",5093,"Domeykite","cubic","I43d","Cu As","Do","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Yellow brown, Silver white, Tin white.","#808080,#ae8b0c,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Domitrovicite","Domitrovicite","Zn2+(C2H3O3)1-2·2H2O","Zn(C2H3O3)2·2H2O","Zn(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_·2H_2_O","Zn C H O","IMA2023-125"," ",7470,"Glycolate, Stanevansite","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ C H O"," ",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Donbassite","Donbassite","Al2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2·Al2.33(OH)6","Al2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2·Al2.33(OH)6","Al_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_·Al_2.33_(OH)_6_","Al_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_·Al_2.33_(OH)_6_","Al Si O H"," "," ",5180,"Clay, Chlorite","monoclinic","C2","Al Si O H","Dbs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White, Greenish white, Yellowish white.","#ffffff,#d1f1de,#e9f1d0"
"Dondoellite","Dondoellite","Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Fe(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Fe(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H","IMA2021-048"," ",7128,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ P O H","Ddl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Dongchuanite","Dongchuanite","Pb2+4Zn2+Zn2+2(PO4)4(OH)2","Pb4ZnZn2(PO4)4(OH)2","Pb_4_ZnZn_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_Zn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Pb Zn P O H","IMA2021-058"," ",7163,"Dongchuanite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ P O H","Dc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","apple green","#69b076"
"Donharrisite","Donharrisite","Ni3HgS3","Ni3HgS3","Ni_3_HgS_3_","Ni_3_HgS_3_","Ni Hg S","IMA1987-007"," ",1694," ","monoclinic",,"Ni Hg S","Dhr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Donnayite-(Y)","Donnayite-(Y)","NaSr3CaY(CO3)6·3H2O","NaSr3CaY(CO3)6·3H2O","NaSr_3_CaY(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","NaSr_3_CaY(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Sr Ca Y C O H","IMA1978-007, IMA1987 s.p."," ",1695,"Mckelveyite","triclinic, hexagonal","P1, R3m","Na Sr Ca Y C O H","Dna-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Colorless, Gray, Gray white.","#653700,#c9b003,#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Donowensite","Donowensite","Ca(H2O)3Fe3+2(V5+2O7)2","Ca(H2O)3Fe3+2(V2O7)2","Ca(H_2_O)_3_Fe^3+^_2_(V_2_O_7_)_2_","Ca(H_2_O)_3_Fe^3+^_2_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)_2_","Ca H O Fe V","IMA2020-067"," ",7083,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca H O Fe^3+ V^5+","Dnw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Donpeacorite","Donpeacorite","Mn2+MgSi2O6","(Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6","(Mn,Mg)MgSi_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^MgSi_2_O_6_","Mn Mg Si O","IMA1982-045"," ",1696,"Pyroxene","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mn^2+ Mg Si O","Don","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Donwilhelmsite","Donwilhelmsite","CaAl4Si2O11","CaAl4Si2O11","CaAl_4_Si_2_O_11_","CaAl_4_Si_2_O_11_","Ca Al Si O","IMA2018-113"," ",6850," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Al Si O","Dwh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dorallcharite","Dorallcharite","Tl1+Fe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","TlFe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Tl^1+^Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Tl Fe S O H","IMA1992-041"," ",1697,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Tl^1+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Drc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Dorfmanite","Dorfmanite","Na2(PO3OH)·2H2O","Na2(PO3OH)·2H2O","Na_2_(PO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Na_2_(PO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Na P O H","IMA1979-053"," ",1698," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Na P O H","Dfm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Dorrite","Dorrite","Ca4(Mg3Fe3+9)O4[Si3Al8Fe3+O36]","Ca4[Mg3Fe3+9]O4[Si3Al8Fe3+O36]","Ca_4_[Mg_3_Fe^3+^_9_]O_4_[Si_3_Al_8_Fe^3+^O_36_]","Ca_4_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_9_)O_4_[Si_3_Al_8_Fe^3+^O_36_]","Ca Mg Fe O Si Al","IMA1987-054"," ",1699,"Sapphirine","triclinic",,"Ca Mg Fe^3+ O Si Al","Dor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brownish black, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#413936,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Douglasite","Douglasite","K2Fe2+Cl4·2H2O","K2Fe2+Cl4·2H2O","K_2_Fe^2+^Cl_4_·2H_2_O","K_2_Fe^2+^Cl_4_·2H_2_O","K Fe Cl H O"," "," ",1700," ",,,"K Fe^2+ Cl H O","Dgl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Brown red, Light green.","#922b05,#76ff7b"
"Dovyrenite","Dovyrenite","Ca6Zr4+(Si2O7)2(OH)4","Ca6Zr(Si2O7)2(OH)4","Ca_6_Zr(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca_6_Zr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca Zr Si O H","IMA2007-002"," ",5568," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Dov","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Downeyite","Downeyite","Se4+O2","SeO2","SeO_2_","Se^4+^O_2_","Se O","IMA1974-063"," ",1701," ","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Se^4+ O","Dny","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Downsite","Downsite","K2(Mo6+O3)3(S6+O4)·4H2O","K2(MoO3)3(SO4)·4H2O","K_2_(MoO_3_)_3_(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","K_2_(Mo^6+^O_3_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)·4H_2_O","K Mo O S H","IMA2022-119"," ",7276,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mo^6+ O S^6+ H","Dwn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Doyleite","Doyleite","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)_3_","Al(OH)_3_","Al O H","IMA1980-041"," ",1702," ","triclinic","P1","Al O H","Doy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Creamy white, Bluish white.","#ffffff,#f0e9d6,#e5dad4"
"Dozyite","Dozyite","Mg7Al2(Si4Al2)O15(OH)12","Mg7Al2(Si4Al2)O15(OH)12","Mg_7_Al_2_(Si_4_Al_2_)O_15_(OH)_12_","Mg_7_Al_2_(Si_4_Al_2_)O_15_(OH)_12_","Mg Al Si O H","IMA1993-042"," ",1703,"Corrensite, Clay","monoclinic","Cm","Mg Al Si O H","Doz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Light violet, Light green.","#afafaf,#d6b4fc,#76ff7b"
"Dravertite","Dravertite","Cu2+Mg(S6+O4)2","CuMg(SO4)2","CuMg(SO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu Mg S O","IMA2014-104"," ",6403,"Zinkosite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Mg S^6+ O","Dra","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light-blue to colourless; light brown","#add8e6,#afafaf,#b5651d"
"Dravite","Dravite","NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","NaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","NaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Na Mg Al Si O B H"," "," ",1704,"Tourmaline","hexagonal, triclinic","R3m, P1","Na Mg Al Si O B H","Drv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black, Green, Red, Blue, White.","#000000,#00ff00,#ff0000,#0000ff,#ffffff"
"Drechslerite","Drechslerite","Tl1+4(Sb3+4-xAs3+x)S2-8 (1 < x < 2)","Tl4(Sb4-xAsx)S8 (1 < x < 2)","Tl_4_(Sb_4-x_As_x_)S_8_ (1 < x < 2)","Tl^1+^_4_(Sb^3+^_4-x_As^3+^_x_)S^2-^_8_ (1 < x < 2)","Tl Sb As S","IMA2019-061"," ",6949,"Weissbergite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Dre","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dresserite","Dresserite","Ba2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8·3H2O","Ba2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8·3H2O","Ba_2_Al_4_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_8_·3H_2_O","Ba_2_Al_4_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_8_·3H_2_O","Ba Al C O H","IMA1968-027"," ",1705,"Dundasite","orthorhombic",,"Ba Al C O H","Dsr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Dreyerite","Dreyerite","Bi3+V5+O4","Bi(VO4)","Bi(VO_4_)","Bi^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Bi V O","IMA1978-077"," ",1706,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Bi^3+ V^5+ O","Dye","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Brownish yellow, Orange.","#c9b003,#ffa500"
"Driekopite","Driekopite","PtBi","PtBi","PtBi","PtBi","Pt Bi","IMA2022-058"," ",7281,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pt Bi","Dkp",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dritsite","Dritsite","Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2·3H2O","Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2·3H2O","Li_2_Al_4_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·3H_2_O","Li_2_Al_4_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·3H_2_O","Li Al O H Cl","IMA2019-017"," ",6896,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Li Al O H Cl","Drt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Drobecite","Drobecite","Cd2+S6+O4·4H2O","Cd(SO4)·4H2O","Cd(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Cd^2+^S^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Cd S O H","IMA2002-034"," ",5197,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Dro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to light blue","#afafaf,#add8e6"
"Droninoite","Droninoite","Ni2+3Fe3+(OH)8Cl·2H2O","Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O","Ni_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_3_Fe^3+^(OH)_8_Cl·2H_2_O","Ni Fe O H Cl","IMA2008-003"," ",5662,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Ni^2+ Fe^3+ O H Cl","Dr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, Brown.","#033500,#653700"
"Drugmanite","Drugmanite","Pb2+2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2","Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2","Pb_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Pb Fe P O H","IMA1978-081"," ",1707," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/a","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Dru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Drysdallite","Drysdallite","Mo4+Se2-2","MoSe2","MoSe_2_","Mo^4+^Se^2-^_2_","Mo Se","IMA1973-027"," ",1708,"Molybdenite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Mo^4+ Se^2-","Dry","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Dualite","Dualite","Na30(Ca,Na,Ce3+,Sr)12(Na,Mn2+,Fe2+,Ti4+)6Zr4+3Ti4+3Mn2+Si51O144(OH,H2O,Cl)9","Na30(Ca,Na,Ce,Sr)12(Na,Mn,Fe,Ti)6Zr3Ti3MnSi51O144(OH,H2O,Cl)9","Na_30_(Ca,Na,Ce,Sr)_12_(Na,Mn,Fe,Ti)_6_Zr_3_Ti_3_MnSi_51_O_144_(OH,H_2_O,Cl)_9_","Na_30_(Ca,Na,Ce^3+^,Sr)_12_(Na,Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Ti^4+^)_6_Zr^4+^_3_Ti^4+^_3_Mn^2+^Si_51_O_144_(OH,H_2_O,Cl)_9_","Na Ca Ce Sr Mn Fe Ti Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2005-019"," ",5575,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Ce^3+ Sr Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Dua","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Dubińskaite","Dubinskaite","Ca4Sc2Al4[Be2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca4Sc2Al4[Be2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca_4_Sc_2_Al_4_[Be_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca_4_Sc_2_Al_4_[Be_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca Sc Al Be Si O H","IMA2024-035"," ",7499,"Axinite","triclinic","P1","Ca Sc Al Be Si O H","Dub",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dufrénite","Dufrenite","Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Ca_0.5_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca_0.5_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H"," "," ",1709,"Dufrénite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Dfr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, olive-green, olive-brown, black; olive-brown to reddish brown with oxidation; bluish green to reddish brown or yellow in transmitted light.","#033500,#8ead2c,#645403,#000000,#645403,#7f2b0a,#10a674,#7f2b0a,#ddedbd"
"Dufrénoysite","Dufrenoysite","Pb2+2As3+2S2-5","Pb2As2S5","Pb_2_As_2_S_5_","Pb^2+^_2_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Pb As S"," "," ",1710,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Duf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Duftite","Duftite","Pb2+Cu2+As5+O4(OH)","PbCu(AsO4)(OH)","PbCu(AsO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Cu As O H"," "," ",4899,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Dft","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dugganite","Dugganite","Pb2+3Zn2+3(Te6+O6)(As5+O4)2","Pb3Zn3(TeO6)(AsO4)2","Pb_3_Zn_3_(TeO_6_)(AsO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_3_(Te^6+^O_6_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Pb Zn Te O As","IMA1978-034"," ",1711,"Dugganite","hexagonal","P321","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Te^6+ O As^5+","Dug","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Green, White.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff"
"Dukeite","Dukeite","Bi3+24Cr6+8O57(OH)6·3H2O","Bi3+24Cr6+8O57(OH)6·3H2O","Bi^3+^_24_Cr^6+^_8_O_57_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Bi^3+^_24_Cr^6+^_8_O_57_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Bi Cr O H","IMA1999-021"," ",1712," ","hexagonal","P31c","Bi^3+ Cr^6+ O H","Duk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Dirty yellow brown.","#ffff00,#cdc50a"
"Dulanggouite","Dulanggouite","Bi6Te3","Bi6Te3","Bi_6_Te_3_","Bi_6_Te_3_","Bi Te","IMA2024-067"," ",7528," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te","Dlg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dumontite","Dumontite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)3(PO4)2O2·5H2O","Pb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2·5H2O","Pb_2_(UO_2_)_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_·5H_2_O","Pb U O P H"," "," ",1713," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ U^6+ O P H","Dmt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Light yellow.","#ffdf00,#fffe7a"
"Dumortierite","Dumortierite","AlAl6BSi3O18","AlAl6BSi3O18","AlAl_6_BSi_3_O_18_","AlAl_6_BSi_3_O_18_","Al B Si O","IMA2013 s.p."," ",1714,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pmcn, Pnma","Al B Si O","Dum","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Brown, Violet, Greenish blue, Pink.","#0000ff,#653700,#9a0eea,#0b8b87,#ffc0cb"
"Dundasite","Dundasite","Pb2+Al2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","PbAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Al_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Pb Al C O H"," "," ",1715,"Dundasite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Pb^2+ Al C O H","Dun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue, White, Light green.","#9fb9e2,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Durangite","Durangite","NaAlAs5+O4F","NaAl(AsO4)F","NaAl(AsO_4_)F","NaAlAs^5+^O_4_F","Na Al As O F"," "," ",1716,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al As^5+ O F","Dur","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light yellow, Dark green, Orange red, Red.","#fffe7a,#033500,#fe4401,#ff0000"
"Duranusite","Duranusite","As4S","As4S","As_4_S","As_4_S","As S","IMA1973-003"," ",1717," ","orthorhombic",,"As S","Du","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Dusmatovite","Dusmatovite","KK2Mn2+2(Zn2+2LiSi12)O30","KK2Mn2(Zn2LiSi12)O30","KK_2_Mn_2_(Zn_2_LiSi_12_)O_30_","KK_2_Mn^2+^_2_(Zn^2+^_2_LiSi_12_)O_30_","K Mn Zn Li Si O","IMA1994-010"," ",1718,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Li Si O","Dus","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Dirty blue, Violet brown.","#0000ff,#3f829d,#674403"
"Dussertite","Dussertite","BaFe3+3(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","BaFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","BaFe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ba Fe As O H","IMA1999 s.p."," ",1719,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Dst","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Dutkevichite-(Ce)","Dutkevichite-(Ce)","NaZn2+Ba2Ce3+2Ti4+2Si8O26F·H2O","NaZnBa2Ce2Ti2Si8O26F·H2O","NaZnBa_2_Ce_2_Ti_2_Si_8_O_26_F·H_2_O","NaZn^2+^Ba_2_Ce^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_26_F·H_2_O","Na Zn Ba Ce Ti Si O F H","IMA2019-102"," ",6988,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic","Ama2","Na Zn^2+ Ba Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Si O F H","Dut-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Dutrowite","Dutrowite","Na(Fe2+2.5Ti4+0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Fe2+2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Fe^2+^_2.5_Ti_0.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na(Fe^2+^_2.5_Ti^4+^_0.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Fe Ti Al Si O B H","IMA2019-082"," ",6970,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Al Si O B H","Dtw","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","brown","#653700"
"Duttonite","Duttonite","V4+O(OH)2","V4+O(OH)2","V^4+^O(OH)_2_","V^4+^O(OH)_2_","V O H"," "," ",1720," ","monoclinic","I2/c","V^4+ O H","Dtn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Dwornikite","Dwornikite","Ni2+S6+O4·H2O","Ni(SO4)·H2O","Ni(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Ni^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Ni S O H","IMA1981-031"," ",1721,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Dwo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Dymkovite","Dymkovite","Ni2+(U6+O2)2(As3+O3)2·7H2O","Ni(UO2)2(As3+O3)2·7H2O","Ni(UO_2_)_2_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_·7H_2_O","Ni^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_·7H_2_O","Ni U O As H","IMA2010-087"," ",5929,"Seelite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ U^6+ O As^3+ H","Dym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow","#fffd01"
"Dypingite","Dypingite","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Mg C O H","IMA1970-011"," ",1722," ",,,"Mg C O H","Dyp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Dyrnaesite-(La)","Dyrnaesite-(La)","Na8Ce4+(La3+,REE)2(PO4)6","Na8Ce4+(La,REE)2(PO4)6","Na_8_Ce^4+^(La,REE)_2_(PO_4_)_6_","Na_8_Ce^4+^(La^3+^,REE)_2_(PO_4_)_6_","Na Ce La REE P O","IMA2014-070"," ",6369,"Vitusite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Ce^4+ La^3+ REE P O","Dyr-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale yellowish-green","#c2ff89"
"Dyscrasite","Dyscrasite","Ag3.2Sb0.8","Ag3+xSb1-x (x ≈ 0.2)","Ag_3+x_Sb_1-x_ (x ≈ 0.2)","Ag_3.2_Sb_0.8_","Ag Sb"," "," ",1723,"Allargentum","orthorhombic","Pm2m, Pmm2","Ag Sb","Dys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Yellow, Black, Silver white.","#808080,#ffff00,#000000,#e7e8e3"
"Dzhalindite","Dzhalindite","In3+(OH)3","In(OH)3","In(OH)_3_","In^3+^(OH)_3_","In O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1724,"Perovskite","cubic","Im3","In^3+ O H","Dz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Dzharkenite","Dzharkenite","Fe2+(Se2)2-","FeSe2","FeSe_2_","Fe^2+^(Se_2_)^2-^","Fe Se","IMA1993-054"," ",1725,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Fe^2+ Se","Dzh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Dzhuluite","Dzhuluite","Ca3(Sn4+Sb5+)Fe3+3O12","Ca3(SbSn)(Fe3+O4)3","Ca_3_(SbSn)(Fe^3+^O_4_)_3_","Ca_3_(Sn^4+^Sb^5+^)Fe^3+^_3_O_12_","Ca Sb Sn Fe O","IMA2010-064"," ",5904,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Sn^4+ Sb^5+ Fe^3+ O","Dzl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Light-yellow to dark-brown","#fffe7a,#73532a"
"Dzierżanowskite","Dzierzanowskite","CaCu2S2","CaCu2S2","CaCu_2_S_2_","CaCu_2_S_2_","Ca Cu S","IMA2014-032"," ",6318," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca Cu S","Dża","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Dark orange","#c65102"
"Eakerite","Eakerite","Ca2Sn4+Al2Si6O18(OH)2·2H2O","Ca2Sn4+Al2Si6O18(OH)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Sn^4+^Al_2_Si_6_O_18_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Sn^4+^Al_2_Si_6_O_18_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Sn Al Si O H","IMA1969-019"," ",1726," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Sn^4+ Al Si O H","Ea","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Earlandite","Earlandite","Ca3(C6H5O7)3-2·4H2O","Ca3(C6H5O7)2·4H2O","Ca_3_(C_6_H_5_O_7_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_3_(C_6_H_5_O_7_)^3-^_2_·4H_2_O","Ca C H O"," "," ",1727,"Citrate","orthorhombic, triclinic","P1","Ca C H O","Ear","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","White, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Earlshannonite","Earlshannonite","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H","IMA1983-010"," ",1728,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Esn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Reddish brown.","#ffff00,#7f2b0a"
"Eastonite","Eastonite","KAlMg2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","KAlMg2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","KAlMg_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","KAlMg_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Al Mg Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",1729,"Mica","monoclinic",,"K Al Mg Si O H","Eas","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ebnerite","Ebnerite","(N3-H4)Zn2+(PO4)","(NH4)Zn(PO4)","(NH_4_)Zn(PO_4_)","(N^3-^H_4_)Zn^2+^(PO_4_)","N H Zn P O","IMA2022-123"," ",7340,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","N^3- H Zn^2+ P O","Ebr",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Ecandrewsite","Ecandrewsite","Zn2+Ti4+O3","ZnTiO3","ZnTiO_3_","Zn^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Zn Ti O","IMA1978-082"," ",1730,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Zn^2+ Ti^4+ O","Ec","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#73532a,#000000"
"Ecdemite","Ecdemite","Pb2+6As3+2O7Cl4","Pb6As3+2O7Cl4","Pb_6_As^3+^_2_O_7_Cl_4_","Pb^2+^_6_As^3+^_2_O_7_Cl_4_","Pb As O Cl"," "," ",1731," ","tetragonal",,"Pb^2+ As^3+ O Cl","Ecd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green yellow, Yellow, Orange.","#c6f808,#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Eckerite","Eckerite","Ag1+2Cu1+As3+S2-3","Ag2CuAsS3","Ag_2_CuAsS_3_","Ag^1+^_2_Cu^1+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Cu As S","IMA2014-063"," ",6362,"Xanthoconite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Ekr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Eckermannite","Eckermannite","NaNa2(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Al)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Al)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Al Si O H","IMA2013-136"," ",1732,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al Si O H","Eck","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Eckhardite","Eckhardite","(Ca,Pb2+)Cu2+Te6+O5·H2O","(Ca,Pb)Cu2+Te6+O5(H2O)","(Ca,Pb)Cu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_(H_2_O)","(Ca,Pb^2+^)Cu^2+^Te^6+^O_5_·H_2_O","Ca Pb Cu Te O H","IMA2012-085"," ",6148,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Ehd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light bluish green","#e9c4cc"
"Eclarite","Eclarite","(Cu2+,Fe2+)Pb2+9Bi3+12S2-28","(Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28","(Cu,Fe)Pb_9_Bi_12_S_28_","(Cu^2+^,Fe^2+^)Pb^2+^_9_Bi^3+^_12_S^2-^_28_","Cu Fe Pb Bi S","IMA1982-092"," ",1733,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pmcn","Cu^2+ Fe^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ecl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White gray, Tin white.","#d6e9ca,#cfd5db"
"Écrinsite","Ecrinsite","Ag1+Tl1+3Pb2+4As3+11Sb3+9S2-36","AgTl3Pb4As11Sb9S36","AgTl_3_Pb_4_As_11_Sb_9_S_36_","Ag^1+^Tl^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_4_As^3+^_11_Sb^3+^_9_S^2-^_36_","Ag Tl Pb As Sb S","IMA2015-099"," ",6497,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Écr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Eddavidite","Eddavidite","Cu2+12Pb4+2O15Br2","Cu12Pb2O15Br2","Cu_12_Pb_2_O_15_Br_2_","Cu^2+^_12_Pb^4+^_2_O_15_Br_2_","Cu Pb O Br","IMA2018-010"," ",6712,"Murdochite","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Cu^2+ Pb^4+ O Br","Edv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black","#000000"
"Edenharterite","Edenharterite","Tl1+Pb2+As3+3S2-6","TlPbAs3S6","TlPbAs_3_S_6_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^As^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Tl Pb As S","IMA1987-026"," ",1734," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Eht","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Edenite","Edenite","NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_Mg_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_Mg_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1735,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Si Al O H","Ed","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish green, Colorless, Gray, White, Light green.","#10a674,#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Edgarbaileyite","Edgarbaileyite","Hg1+6Si2O7","Hg1+6Si2O7","Hg^1+^_6_Si_2_O_7_","Hg^1+^_6_Si_2_O_7_","Hg Si O","IMA1988-028"," ",1736," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Hg^1+ Si O","Ebl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orangish yellow, Dark olive green, Yellowish green, Dark green brown.","#ffff00,#fdb915,#373e02,#b0dd16,#033500"
"Edgarite","Edgarite","Fe3+Nb3+3S2-6","FeNb3S6","FeNb_3_S_6_","Fe^3+^Nb^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Fe Nb S","IMA1995-017"," ",1737," ","hexagonal","P6322","Fe^3+ Nb^3+ S^2-","Edg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark gray, Black.","#363737,#000000"
"Edgrewite","Edgrewite","Ca9(SiO4)4F2","Ca9(SiO4)4F2","Ca_9_(SiO_4_)_4_F_2_","Ca_9_(SiO_4_)_4_F_2_","Ca Si O F","IMA2011-058"," ",6002,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Ca Si O F","Egr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, white in aggregates","#afafaf,#f8eee3"
"Edingtonite","Edingtonite","Ba(Si3Al2)O10·4H2O","Ba(Si3Al2)O10·4H2O","Ba(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·4H_2_O","Ba(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·4H_2_O","Ba Si Al O H"," "," ",1738,"Edingtonite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P421m, P21212","Ba Si Al O H","Edi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brownish gray, Colorless, Gray, White, Pink.","#86775f,#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Edoylerite","Edoylerite","Hg2+3(Cr6+O4)S2-2","Hg2+3(Cr6+O4)S2","Hg^2+^_3_(Cr^6+^O_4_)S_2_","Hg^2+^_3_(Cr^6+^O_4_)S^2-^_2_","Hg Cr O S","IMA1987-008"," ",1739," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Hg^2+ Cr^6+ O S^2-","Eoy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Orange.","#cdfd02,#ffa500"
"Edscottite","Edscottite","Fe5C2","Fe5C2","Fe_5_C_2_","Fe_5_C_2_","Fe C","IMA2018-086a"," ",6861," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe C","Est","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Edtollite","Edtollite","K2NaCu2+5Fe3+O2(As5+O4)4","K2NaCu5Fe3+O2(AsO4)4","K_2_NaCu_5_Fe^3+^O_2_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_2_NaCu^2+^_5_Fe^3+^O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Na Cu Fe O As","IMA2016-010"," ",6537,"Edtollite","triclinic","P1","K Na Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O As^5+","Edt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bronze","#a87900"
"Edwardsite","Edwardsite","Cu2+3Cd2+2(S6+O4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu_3_Cd_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Cd^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu Cd S O H","IMA2009-048"," ",5777,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Edw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue","#d0fefe"
"Edwindavisite","Edwindavisite","Cu2+((C2)6+O4)(N3-H3)","Cu(C2O4)(NH3)","Cu(C_2_O_4_)(NH_3_)","Cu^2+^((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(N^3-^H_3_)","Cu C O N H","IMA2023-056"," ",7370,"Oxalate","orthorhombic","Pbca","Cu^2+ C O N^3- H","Ewd",,"No","green","#00ff00"
"Effenbergerite","Effenbergerite","BaCu2+Si4O10","BaCuSi4O10","BaCuSi_4_O_10_","BaCu^2+^Si_4_O_10_","Ba Cu Si O","IMA1993-036"," ",1740,"Gillespite","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Ba Cu^2+ Si O","Efb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Efremovite","Efremovite","(N3-H4)2Mg2(S6+O4)3","(NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3","(NH_4_)_2_Mg_2_(SO_4_)_3_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","N H Mg S O","IMA1987-033a"," ",1741,"Langbeinite","cubic","P213","N^3- H Mg S^6+ O","Efr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Gray white, White.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Eggletonite","Eggletonite","(Na,K,Ca)1-2Mn2+6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·7-11H2O","(Na,K,Ca)xMn6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·nH2O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(Na,K,Ca)_x_Mn_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(Na,K,Ca)_1-2_Mn^2+^_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·7-11H_2_O","Na K Ca Mn Si Al O H","IMA1982-059"," ",1742,"Clay","monoclinic",,"Na K Ca Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Egg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Golden brown.","#b27a01"
"Eglestonite","Eglestonite","Hg1+6OCl3(OH)","([Hg1+]2)3OCl3(OH)","([Hg^1+^]_2_)_3_OCl_3_(OH)","Hg^1+^_6_OCl_3_(OH)","Hg O Cl H"," "," ",4917," ","cubic","Ia3d","Hg^1+ O Cl H","Egl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Yellow, Dark brown, Orange.","#653700,#c9b003,#ffff00,#73532a,#ffa500"
"Ehrigite","Ehrigite","Bi8Te3","Bi8Te3","Bi_8_Te_3_","Bi_8_Te_3_","Bi Te","IMA2023-074"," ",7421,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi Te","Ehg",,"No"," pale gray color","#fdfdfe"
"Ehrleite","Ehrleite","Ca2Zn2+Be(PO4)2(PO3OH)·4H2O","Ca2ZnBe(PO4)2(PO3OH)·4H2O","Ca_2_ZnBe(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^Be(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Ca Zn Be P O H","IMA1983-039"," ",1743," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Zn^2+ Be P O H","Ehr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Eifelite","Eifelite","KNa2(MgNa)(Mg3Si12)O30","KNa2(MgNa)(Mg3Si12)O30","KNa_2_(MgNa)(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","KNa_2_(MgNa)(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Na Mg Si O","IMA1980-097"," ",1744,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Mg Si O","Eif","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Light green, Light greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#76ff7b,#d7ddcd,#fffe7a"
"Eirikite","Eirikite","KNa6Be2(Si15Al3)O39F2","KNa6Be2(Si15Al3)O39F2","KNa_6_Be_2_(Si_15_Al_3_)O_39_F_2_","KNa_6_Be_2_(Si_15_Al_3_)O_39_F_2_","K Na Be Si Al O F","IMA2007-017"," ",5621,"Leifite","hexagonal","P3m1","K Na Be Si Al O F","Eir","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White to colorless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Eitelite","Eitelite","Na2Mg(CO3)2","Na2Mg(CO3)2","Na_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_","Na Mg C O"," "," ",1745," ","hexagonal","R3","Na Mg C O","Eit","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ekanite","Ekanite","Ca2Th4+Si8O20","Ca2ThSi8O20","Ca_2_ThSi_8_O_20_","Ca_2_Th^4+^Si_8_O_20_","Ca Th Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1746,"Amorphous","tetragonal","P4/mcc, I422","Ca Th^4+ Si O","Ek","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green, Yellow, Dark red.","#00ff00,#ffff00,#840000"
"Ekaterinite","Ekaterinite","Ca2B4O7Cl2·2H2O","Ca2B4O7Cl2·2H2O","Ca_2_B_4_O_7_Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_B_4_O_7_Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Ca B O Cl H","IMA1979-067"," ",1747," ","hexagonal",,"Ca B O Cl H","Eka","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pearl white, Pink.","#f3f2ed,#ffc0cb"
"Ekatite","Ekatite","(Fe3+,Fe2+,Zn2+)12(As3+O3)6(As3+O3,SiO3OH)2(OH)6","(Fe3+,Fe2+,Zn)12(AsO3)6(AsO3,SiO3OH)2(OH)6","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Zn)_12_(AsO_3_)_6_(AsO_3_,SiO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_6_","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)_12_(As^3+^O_3_)_6_(As^3+^O_3_,SiO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_6_","Fe Zn As O Si H","IMA1998-024"," ",1748,"Ellenbergerite","hexagonal","P63mc","Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Zn^2+ As^3+ O Si H","Ekt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Ekebergite","Ekebergite","Th4+Fe2+Nb5+2O8","ThFeNb2O8","ThFeNb_2_O_8_","Th^4+^Fe^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_8_","Th Fe Nb O","IMA2018-088"," ",6817,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Th^4+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ O","Ekb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ekplexite","Ekplexite","(Nb5+,Mo)S2·(Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Nb,Mo)S2·(Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Nb,Mo)S_2_·(Mg_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","(Nb^5+^,Mo)S_2_·(Mg_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","Nb Mo S Mg Al O H","IMA2011-082"," ",6024,"Valleriite","hexagonal",,"Nb^5+ Mo S Mg Al O H","Ekp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Iron-black","#263145"
"Elaliite","Elaliite","(Fe2+8Fe3+)(PO4)O8","(Fe2+8Fe3+)(PO4)O8","(Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)O_8_","(Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)O_8_","Fe P O","IMA2022-087"," ",7306,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmmm","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Eal",,"No","dark brown","#73532a"
"Elasmochloite","Elasmochloite","Na3Cu2+6Bi3+O4(S6+O4)5","Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5","Na_3_Cu_6_BiO_4_(SO_4_)_5_","Na_3_Cu^2+^_6_Bi^3+^O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_","Na Cu Bi O S","IMA2018-015"," ",6758,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Cu^2+ Bi^3+ O S^6+","Ela","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Elbaite","Elbaite","Na(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","Na(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","Na(Al_1.5_Li_1.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","Na(Al_1.5_Li_1.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Na Al Li Si O B H","IMA2024-A"," ",1749,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Al Li Si O B H","Elb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Colorless, Green, Yellow, White.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Elbrusite","Elbrusite","Ca3(Zr4+1.5U6+0.5)Fe3+3O12","Ca3(U6+0.5Zr1.5)(Fe3+O4)3","Ca_3_(U^6+^_0.5_Zr_1.5_)(Fe^3+^O_4_)_3_","Ca_3_(Zr^4+^_1.5_U^6+^_0.5_)Fe^3+^_3_O_12_","Ca U Zr Fe O","IMA2009-051"," ",5780,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Zr^4+ U^6+ Fe^3+ O","Ebs","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Dark brown to black","#73532a,#000000"
"Eldfellite","Eldfellite","NaFe3+(S6+O4)2","NaFe3+(SO4)2","NaFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_","NaFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Na Fe S O","IMA2007-051"," ",5651,"Zinkosite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Edf","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","yellowish-green to greenish-white","#b0dd16,#d1f1de"
"Eldragónite","Eldragonite","Cu6BiSe4(Se2)","Cu6BiSe4(Se2)","Cu_6_BiSe_4_(Se_2_)","Cu_6_BiSe_4_(Se_2_)","Cu Bi Se","IMA2010-077"," ",5916,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu Bi Se","Eld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish to light-maroon","#9c6d57,#c32148"
"Eleomelanite","Eleomelanite","(K2Pb2+)Cu2+4O2(S6+O4)4","(K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4","(K_2_Pb)Cu_4_O_2_(SO_4_)_4_","(K_2_Pb^2+^)Cu^2+^_4_O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","K Pb Cu O S","IMA2015-118"," ",6517," ","monoclinic","P21/n","K Pb^2+ Cu^2+ O S^6+","Elm","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Elgoresyite","Elgoresyite","(Mg5Si2)O9","(Mg5Si2)O9","(Mg_5_Si_2_)O_9_","(Mg_5_Si_2_)O_9_","Mg Si O","IMA2020-086"," ",7101,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Si O","Ego","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Eliopoulosite","Eliopoulosite","V7S8","V7S8","V_7_S_8_","V_7_S_8_","V S","IMA2019-096"," ",6981,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P3221","V S","Epo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Eliseevite","Eliseevite","Na1.5Li{Ti4+2O2[Si4O10.5(OH)1.5]}·2H2O","Na1.5Li{Ti2O2[Si4O10.5(OH)1.5]}·2H2O","Na_1.5_Li{Ti_2_O_2_[Si_4_O_10.5_(OH)_1.5_]}·2H_2_O","Na_1.5_Li{Ti^4+^_2_O_2_[Si_4_O_10.5_(OH)_1.5_]}·2H_2_O","Na Li Ti O Si H","IMA2010-031"," ",5862," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Li Ti^4+ O Si H","Esv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale creamy to colorless","#fdfdfe,#afafaf"
"Elkinstantonite","Elkinstantonite","Fe2+4(PO4)2O","Fe4(PO4)2O","Fe_4_(PO_4_)_2_O","Fe^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_2_O","Fe P O","IMA2022-088"," ",7308,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ P O","Elk",,"No","light brown","#b5651d"
"Ellenbergerite","Ellenbergerite","Mg6(Mg,Ti4+,Zr4+,☐)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10","Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,☐)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10","Mg_6_(Mg,Ti,Zr,[box])_2_(Al,Mg)_6_Si_8_O_28_(OH)_10_","Mg_6_(Mg,Ti^4+^,Zr^4+^,[box])_2_(Al,Mg)_6_Si_8_O_28_(OH)_10_","Mg Ti Zr Al Si O H","IMA1984-066"," ",1750,"Ellenbergerite","hexagonal","P63","Mg Ti^4+ Zr^4+ Al Si O H","Ell","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Colorless, Purple, Lilac.","#afafaf,#800080,#cea2fd"
"Ellinaite","Ellinaite","CaCr3+2O4","CaCr2O4","CaCr_2_O_4_","CaCr^3+^_2_O_4_","Ca Cr O","IMA2019-091"," ",6977,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Cr^3+ O","El","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Ellingsenite","Ellingsenite","Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13·6H2O","Na5Ca6Si18O38(OH)13·6H2O","Na_5_Ca_6_Si_18_O_38_(OH)_13_·6H_2_O","Na_5_Ca_6_Si_18_O_38_(OH)_13_·6H_2_O","Na Ca Si O H","IMA2009-041"," ",5770," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si O H","Elg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Elliottite","Elliottite","NaMgAl3(PO4)2F6·9H2O","NaMgAl3(PO4)2F6·9H2O","NaMgAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_·9H_2_O","NaMgAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_·9H_2_O","Na Mg Al P O F H","IMA2021-113"," ",7216," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al P O F H","Eli",,"No","Colorless. White in aggregates.","#afafaf"
"Ellisite","Ellisite","Tl1+3As3+S2-3","Tl3AsS3","Tl_3_AsS_3_","Tl^1+^_3_As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Tl As S","IMA1977-041"," ",1751," ","hexagonal","R3m","Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Els","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Elpasolite","Elpasolite","K2NaAlF6","K2NaAlF6","K_2_NaAlF_6_","K_2_NaAlF_6_","K Na Al F"," "," ",1752,"Perovskite","cubic","Pa3, Fm3m","K Na Al F","Elp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Elpidite","Elpidite","Na2Zr4+Si6O15·3H2O","Na2ZrSi6O15·3H2O","Na_2_ZrSi_6_O_15_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_15_·3H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H"," "," ",1753,"Elpidite","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Epd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellow brown, White, Light red.","#653700,#afafaf,#ae8b0c,#ffffff,#ff7f7f"
"Eltyubyuite","Eltyubyuite","Ca6Fe3+5Si2O16Cl3","Ca12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6","Ca_12_Fe^3+^_10_Si_4_O_32_Cl_6_","Ca_6_Fe^3+^_5_Si_2_O_16_Cl_3_","Ca Fe Si O Cl","IMA2011-022"," ",5950,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Fe^3+ Si O Cl","Elt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow to light brown and brown","#ffff00,#b5651d"
"Elyite","Elyite","Cu2+Pb2+4(S6+O4)O2(OH)4·H2O","CuPb4(SO4)O2(OH)4·H2O","CuPb_4_(SO_4_)O_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Cu Pb S O H","IMA1971-043"," ",1754," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ S^6+ O H","Ely","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Violet, Lavender.","#9a0eea,#b56edc"
"Embreyite","Embreyite","Pb2+5(Cr6+O4)2(PO4)2·H2O","Pb5(CrO4)2(PO4)2·H2O","Pb_5_(CrO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_5_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb Cr O P H","IMA1971-048"," ",1755," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O P H","Emb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Emeleusite","Emeleusite","Na2LiFe3+Si6O15","Na2LiFe3+Si6O15","Na_2_LiFe^3+^Si_6_O_15_","Na_2_LiFe^3+^Si_6_O_15_","Na Li Fe Si O","IMA1977-021"," ",1756," ","orthorhombic","Acam","Na Li Fe^3+ Si O","Eme","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Colorless, Pink white.","#afafaf,#e936a7"
"Emilite","Emilite","Cu1+10.7Pb2+10.7Bi3+21.3S2-48","Cu10.7Pb10.7Bi21.3S48","Cu_10.7_Pb_10.7_Bi_21.3_S_48_","Cu^1+^_10.7_Pb^2+^_10.7_Bi^3+^_21.3_S^2-^_48_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA2001-015"," ",1757,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pmc21","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Emi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Emmerichite","Emmerichite","Ba2Ti4+2Na3Fe3+(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba2Ti2Na3Fe3+(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba_2_Ti_2_Na_3_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba Ti Na Fe Si O F","IMA2013-064"," ",6224,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Ti^4+ Na Fe^3+ Si O F","Emr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","brown","#653700"
"Emmonsite","Emmonsite","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·2H2O","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·2H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·2H_2_O","Fe Te O H"," "," ",1758," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Ems","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Emplectite","Emplectite","Cu1+Bi3+S2-2","CuBiS2","CuBiS_2_","Cu^1+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_2_","Cu Bi S"," "," ",1759,"Chalcostibite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Emp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Grayish yellow, Silver white, Tin white.","#808080,#877254,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Empressite","Empressite","AgTe","AgTe","AgTe","AgTe","Ag Te","IMA1964 s.p."," ",1760," ","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P6/mmm, Pmnb","Ag Te","Eps","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Light bronze.","#a87900,#a05822"
"Enargite","Enargite","Cu3AsS4","Cu3AsS4","Cu_3_AsS_4_","Cu_3_AsS_4_","Cu As S"," "," ",1761,"Enargite, Wurtzite","orthorhombic","Pmn21, Pnm21","Cu As S","Eng","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Blackish gray, Violet black.","#43464b,#5b5c61,#49434a"
"Engelhauptite","Engelhauptite","KCu2+3(V5+2O7)(OH)2Cl","KCu3(V2O7)(OH)2Cl","KCu_3_(V_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_Cl","KCu^2+^_3_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_Cl","K Cu V O H Cl","IMA2013-009"," ",6172,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Cu^2+ V^5+ O H Cl","Egh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow-brown to brown, typically with an olive green hue","#ae8b0c,#653700,#afafaf"
"Englishite","Englishite","K3Na2Ca10Al15(OH)7(PO4)21·26H2O","K3Na2Ca10Al15(OH)7(PO4)21·26H2O","K_3_Na_2_Ca_10_Al_15_(OH)_7_(PO_4_)_21_·26H_2_O","K_3_Na_2_Ca_10_Al_15_(OH)_7_(PO_4_)_21_·26H_2_O","K Na Ca Al O H P"," "," ",1762," ","monoclinic","A2/a","K Na Ca Al O H P","Egs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Enneasartorite","Enneasartorite","Tl1+6Pb2+32As3+70S2-140","Tl6Pb32As70S140","Tl_6_Pb_32_As_70_S_140_","Tl^1+^_6_Pb^2+^_32_As^3+^_70_S^2-^_140_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2015-074"," ",6472,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Esat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey, grey","#8a7963,#808080"
"Enricofrancoite","Enricofrancoite","KNaCaSi4O10","KNaCaSi4O10","KNaCaSi_4_O_10_","KNaCaSi_4_O_10_","K Na Ca Si O","IMA2023-002"," ",7372,"Litidionite","triclinic","P1","K Na Ca Si O","Enf",,"No","transparent colorless or light blue","#afafaf,#add8e6"
"Enstatite","Enstatite","MgSiO3","Mg2Si2O6","Mg_2_Si_2_O_6_","MgSiO_3_","Mg Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1763,"Pyroxene","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg Si O","En","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Yellowish green, Brown, Greenish white, Gray.","#ffffff,#b0dd16,#653700,#d1f1de,#808080"
"Eosphorite","Eosphorite","Mn2+AlPO4(OH)2·H2O","Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2·H2O","Mn^2+^Al(PO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Mn^2+^AlPO_4_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Mn Al P O H"," "," ",1764,"Childrenite","orthorhombic","Bbam, Cmca","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Eos","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light pink, Yellow brown, Light brown, Light yellow, Colorless.","#ffd1df,#ae8b0c,#b5651d,#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Ephesite","Ephesite","NaLiAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","NaLiAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","NaLiAl_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","NaLiAl_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Na Li Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",1765,"Mica","triclinic","C1","Na Li Al Si O H","Eph","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish pink, Pearl gray, Pale green.","#c27e79,#a6978a,#69b076"
"Epididymite","Epididymite","Na2Be2Si6O15·H2O","Na2Be2Si6O15·H2O","Na_2_Be_2_Si_6_O_15_·H_2_O","Na_2_Be_2_Si_6_O_15_·H_2_O","Na Be Si O H"," "," ",1766,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Na Be Si O H","Edd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Yellow, Blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#ffff00,#0000ff"
"Epidote","Epidote","Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_Fe^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al Fe Si O H"," "," ",1767,"Epidote, Clinozoisite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Ep","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals","No","Yellowish green, Brownish green, Black, Yellow, Gray.","#b0dd16,#6a6e09,#000000,#ffff00,#808080"
"Epidote-(Sr)","Epidote-(Sr)","CaSrFe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSr(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaSr(Al_2_Fe^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaSrFe^3+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Sr Al Fe Si O H","IMA2006-055"," ",5612,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Sr Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Ep-Sr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Epiebnerite","Epiebnerite","(N3-H4)Zn2+(PO4)","(NH4)Zn(PO4)","(NH_4_)Zn(PO_4_)","(N^3-^H_4_)Zn^2+^(PO_4_)","N H Zn P O","IMA2023-066"," ",7410,"Tridymite-Nepheline","monoclinic","P21","N^3- H Zn^2+ P O","Epb",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Epifanovite","Epifanovite","NaCaCu2+5(PO4)4[As5+O2(OH)2]·7H2O","NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2]·7H2O","NaCaCu_5_(PO_4_)_4_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]·7H_2_O","NaCaCu^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]·7H_2_O","Na Ca Cu P O As H","IMA2016-063"," ",6592,"Andyrobertsite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Ca Cu^2+ P O As^5+ H","Efv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Turquoise blue","#00ffef"
"Epistilbite","Epistilbite","Ca3(Si18Al6)O48·16H2O","Ca3[Si18Al6O48]·16H2O","Ca_3_[Si_18_Al_6_O_48_]·16H_2_O","Ca_3_(Si_18_Al_6_)O_48_·16H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1768,"Mordenite","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, C1","Ca Si Al O H","Estb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White, Yellowish white, Reddish white, Brownish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5,#d1f1de"
"Epistolite","Epistolite","(Na☐)Nb5+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","(Na☐)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","(Na[box])Nb_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","(Na[box])Nb^5+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Na Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",1769,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Epi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Yellowish white, Gray, Light brown.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#808080,#b5651d"
"Epsomite","Epsomite","MgS6+O4·7H2O","Mg(SO4)·7H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Mg S O H"," "," ",1770,"Epsomite","orthorhombic","P212121","Mg S^6+ O H","Esm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish white, Greenish white, Pinkish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de,#fff1fa"
"Erazoite","Erazoite","Cu4SnS6","Cu4SnS6","Cu_4_SnS_6_","Cu_4_SnS_6_","Cu Sn S","IMA2014-061"," ",6360,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3m","Cu Sn S","Erz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ercitite","Ercitite","NaMn3+PO4(OH)·2H2O","NaMn3+(PO4)(OH)·2H2O","NaMn^3+^(PO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","NaMn^3+^PO_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na Mn P O H","IMA1999-036"," ",1771," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na Mn^3+ P O H","Erc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Erdite","Erdite","NaFe3+S2-2·2H2O","NaFeS2·2H2O","NaFeS_2_·2H_2_O","NaFe^3+^S^2-^_2_·2H_2_O","Na Fe S H O","IMA1977-048"," ",1772," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^3+ S^2- H O","Erd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Copper red, Red, Black.","#cb6d51,#ff0000,#000000"
"Ericaite","Ericaite","Fe2+3B7O13Cl","Fe2+3B7O13Cl","Fe^2+^_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Fe^2+^_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Fe B O Cl"," "," ",1773,"Boracite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Fe^2+ B O Cl","Eic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Purple, Light green, Red, Black, Brown.","#800080,#76ff7b,#ff0000,#000000,#653700"
"Ericlaxmanite","Ericlaxmanite","Cu2+4O(As5+O4)2","Cu4O(AsO4)2","Cu_4_O(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_4_O(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O As","IMA2013-022"," ",6184,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O As^5+","Elx","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Green to dark green","#00ff00,#033500"
"Ericssonite","Ericssonite","BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","BaMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","BaMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ba Mn Fe Si O H","IMA1966-013"," ",1774,"Ericssonite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, Immm, Pnmn","Ba Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Ers","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish black.","#433635"
"Erikapohlite","Erikapohlite","(☐0.5Cu2+0.5)Cu2+CaZn2+2(As5+O4)3·H2O","(☐0.5Cu0.5)CuCaZn2(AsO4)3·H2O","([box]_0.5_Cu_0.5_)CuCaZn_2_(AsO_4_)_3_·H_2_O","([box]_0.5_Cu^2+^_0.5_)Cu^2+^CaZn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_·H_2_O","Cu Ca Zn As O H","IMA2010-090"," ",5931,"Alluaudite","monoclinic, unknown","C2/c","Cu^2+ Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Erk","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep blue","#040273"
"Erikjonssonite","Erikjonssonite","(Pb2+32O21)[(V5+,Si,Mo6+,As5+)O4]4Cl9","(Pb32O21)[(V,Si,Mo,As)O4]4Cl9","(Pb_32_O_21_)[(V,Si,Mo,As)O_4_]_4_Cl_9_","(Pb^2+^_32_O_21_)[(V^5+^,Si,Mo^6+^,As^5+^)O_4_]_4_Cl_9_","Pb O V Si Mo As Cl","IMA2018-058"," ",6792,"Hereroite","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ O V^5+ Si Mo^6+ As^5+ Cl","Ejs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange-red","#fe4401"
"Eringaite","Eringaite","Ca3Sc2Si3O12","Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3","Ca_3_Sc_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Sc_2_Si_3_O_12_","Ca Sc Si O","IMA2009-054"," ",5783,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Sc Si O","Erg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No","light brown to yellow","#b5651d,#ffff00"
"Eriochalcite","Eriochalcite","Cu2+Cl2·2H2O","CuCl2·2H2O","CuCl_2_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Cu Cl H O"," "," ",1775," ","orthorhombic","Pbmn","Cu^2+ Cl H O","Ech","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue green, Green blue.","#137e6d,#42b395"
"Erionite-Ca","Erionite-Ca","Ca5(Si26Al10O72)·30H2O","Ca5[Si26Al10O72]·30H2O","Ca_5_[Si_26_Al_10_O_72_]·30H_2_O","Ca_5_(Si_26_Al_10_O_72_)·30H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1776,"Erionite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Si Al O H","Eri-Ca","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Green, Gray, Orange.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#808080,#ffa500"
"Erionite-K","Erionite-K","K10(Si26Al10O72)·30H2O","K10[Si26Al10O72]·30H2O","K_10_[Si_26_Al_10_O_72_]·30H_2_O","K_10_(Si_26_Al_10_O_72_)·30H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1777,"Erionite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Si Al O H","Eri-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Green, Gray, Orange.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#808080,#ffa500"
"Erionite-Na","Erionite-Na","Na10(Si26Al10O72)·30H2O","Na10[Si26Al10O72]·30H2O","Na_10_[Si_26_Al_10_O_72_]·30H_2_O","Na_10_(Si_26_Al_10_O_72_)·30H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1778,"Erionite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Si Al O H","Eri-Na","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Green, Gray, Orange.","#ffffff,#00ff00,#808080,#ffa500"
"Erlianite","Erlianite","Fe2+4Fe3+2Si6O15(OH)8","Fe2+4Fe3+2Si6O15(OH)8","Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_","Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_","Fe Si O H","IMA1985-042"," ",1779," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Ern","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Erlichmanite","Erlichmanite","Os2+(S2)2-","OsS2","OsS_2_","Os^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Os S","IMA1970-048"," ",1780,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Os^2+ S","Erl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Ermakovite","Ermakovite","(N3-H4)(As3+2O3)2Br","(NH4)(As2O3)2Br","(NH_4_)(As_2_O_3_)_2_Br","(N^3-^H_4_)(As^3+^_2_O_3_)_2_Br","N H As O Br","IMA2020-054"," ",7066,"Lucabindiite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","N^3- H As^3+ O Br","Ekv","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Ermeloite","Ermeloite","Al(PO4)·H2O","Al(PO4)·H2O","Al(PO_4_)·H_2_O","Al(PO_4_)·H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA2021-017a"," ",7240,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Al P O H","Erm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light blue to white","#add8e6,#ffffff"
"Ernienickelite","Ernienickelite","Ni2+Mn4+3O7·3H2O","NiMn4+3O7·3H2O","NiMn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Ni^2+^Mn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Ni Mn O H","IMA1993-002"," ",1781," ","hexagonal","R3","Ni^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Enk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish black.","#433635"
"Erniggliite","Erniggliite","Tl1+2Sn4+As3+2S2-6","Tl2SnAs2S6","Tl_2_SnAs_2_S_6_","Tl^1+^_2_Sn^4+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Tl Sn As S","IMA1987-025"," ",1782," ","hexagonal","P3","Tl^1+ Sn^4+ As^3+ S^2-","Eni","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black gray, Black.","#808080,#24272e,#000000"
"Ernstburkeite","Ernstburkeite","Mg(CH3S6+O3)2·12H2O","Mg(CH3SO3)2·12H2O","Mg(CH_3_SO_3_)_2_·12H_2_O","Mg(CH_3_S^6+^O_3_)_2_·12H_2_O","Mg C H S O","IMA2010-059"," ",5912," ","hexagonal","R3","Mg C H S^6+ O","Ebu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM18 - Minerals formed by freezing","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Ernstite","Ernstite","(Mn2+,Fe3+)AlPO4(OH,O)2","(Mn2+,Fe3+)Al(PO4)(OH,O)2","(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)Al(PO_4_)(OH,O)_2_","(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)AlPO_4_(OH,O)_2_","Mn Fe Al P O H","IMA1970-012"," ",1783,"Childrenite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","Bbam","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O H","Ens","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Ershovite","Ershovite","K3Na4(Fe2+,Mn2+,Ti4+)2Si8O20(OH,O)4·4H2O","K3Na4(Fe,Mn,Ti)2Si8O20(OH,O)4·4H2O","K_3_Na_4_(Fe,Mn,Ti)_2_Si_8_O_20_(OH,O)_4_·4H_2_O","K_3_Na_4_(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^,Ti^4+^)_2_Si_8_O_20_(OH,O)_4_·4H_2_O","K Na Fe Mn Ti Si O H","IMA1991-014"," ",1784,"Ershovite","triclinic","P1","K Na Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Esh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Olive green, Brownish green, Yellowish green.","#8ead2c,#6a6e09,#b0dd16"
"Erssonite","Erssonite","CaMg7Fe3+2(OH)18(S6+O4)2·12H2O","CaMg7Fe3+2(OH)18(SO4)2·12H2O","CaMg_7_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_18_(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","CaMg_7_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_18_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Ca Mg Fe O H S","IMA2021-016"," ",7127,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3c1","Ca Mg Fe^3+ O H S^6+","Eso","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Ertixiite","Ertixiite","Na2Si4O9","Na2Si4O9","Na_2_Si_4_O_9_","Na_2_Si_4_O_9_","Na Si O","IMA1983-042"," ",1785," ","cubic",,"Na Si O","Ert","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ertlite","Ertlite","NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaAl_3_Al_6_(Si_4_B_2_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaAl_3_Al_6_(Si_4_B_2_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Al Si B O H","IMA2023-086"," ",7483,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Al Si B O H","Etl",,"No","pink, yellowish-brown to grey or near-colorless","#ffc0cb,#9b7a01,#808080,#afafaf"
"Erythrite","Erythrite","Co2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Co_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co As O H"," "," ",1786,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Ery","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Violet red, Light pink, Purple red.","#afafaf,#a50055,#ffd1df,#990147"
"Erythrosiderite","Erythrosiderite","K2Fe3+Cl5·H2O","K2Fe3+Cl5·H2O","K_2_Fe^3+^Cl_5_·H_2_O","K_2_Fe^3+^Cl_5_·H_2_O","K Fe Cl H O"," "," ",1787," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Fe^3+ Cl H O","Esd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown red, Red.","#922b05,#ff0000"
"Erzwiesite","Erzwiesite","Ag1+8Pb2+12Bi3+16S2-40","Ag8Pb12Bi16S40","Ag_8_Pb_12_Bi_16_S_40_","Ag^1+^_8_Pb^2+^_12_Bi^3+^_16_S^2-^_40_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA2012-082"," ",6138,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ezw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Escheite","Escheite","Ca2NaMn2+Ti4+5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3·12H2O","Ca2NaMnTi5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3·12H2O","Ca_2_NaMnTi_5_[Si_12_O_34_]O_2_(OH)_3_·12H_2_O","Ca_2_NaMn^2+^Ti^4+^_5_[Si_12_O_34_]O_2_(OH)_3_·12H_2_O","Ca Na Mn Ti Si O H","IMA2018-099"," ",6828,"Zorite","orthorhombic","Bbm2","Ca Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Esc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Esdanaite-(Ce)","Esdanaite-(Ce)","NaMn2+Ce3+(PO4)2·4H2O","NaMnCe(PO4)2·4H2O","NaMnCe(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","NaMn^2+^Ce^3+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Mn Ce P O H","IMA2018-112"," ",6939,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Na Mn^2+ Ce^3+ P O H","Edn-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","white or pale pink","#ffffff,#efcddb"
"Eskebornite","Eskebornite","Cu1+Fe3+Se2-2","CuFeSe2","CuFeSe_2_","Cu^1+^Fe^3+^Se^2-^_2_","Cu Fe Se"," "," ",1788,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","P42c","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Se^2-","Ebn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Eskimoite","Eskimoite","Ag1+7Pb2+10Bi3+15S2-36","Ag7Pb10Bi15S36","Ag_7_Pb_10_Bi_15_S_36_","Ag^1+^_7_Pb^2+^_10_Bi^3+^_15_S^2-^_36_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1976-005"," ",1789,"Lillianite","monoclinic",,"Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ekm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Gray.","#000000,#808080"
"Eskolaite","Eskolaite","Cr3+2O3","Cr2O3","Cr_2_O_3_","Cr^3+^_2_O_3_","Cr O"," "," ",1790,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3c","Cr^3+ O","Esk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black, Dark green.","#000000,#033500"
"Espadaite","Espadaite","Na4Ca3Mg2[As5+O3(OH)]2[As5+O2(OH)2]10(H2O)6·H2O","Na4Ca3Mg2[AsO3(OH)]2[AsO2(OH)2]10(H2O)6·H2O","Na_4_Ca_3_Mg_2_[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_10_(H_2_O)_6_·H_2_O","Na_4_Ca_3_Mg_2_[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]_10_(H_2_O)_6_·H_2_O","Na Ca Mg As O H","IMA2018-089"," ",6818,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ccca","Na Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Esp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Esperanzaite","Esperanzaite","NaCa2Al2(As5+O4)2F4(OH)·2H2O","NaCa2Al2(AsO4)2F4(OH)·2H2O","NaCa_2_Al_2_(AsO_4_)_2_F_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_F_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na Ca Al As O F H","IMA1998-025"," ",1791," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Ca Al As^5+ O F H","Epz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Esperite","Esperite","Pb2+Ca2(Zn2+SiO4)3","PbCa2(ZnSiO4)3","PbCa_2_(ZnSiO_4_)_3_","Pb^2+^Ca_2_(Zn^2+^SiO_4_)_3_","Pb Ca Zn Si O","IMA1964-027"," ",1792,"Beryllonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Ca Zn^2+ Si O","Epr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Esquireite","Esquireite","BaSi6O13·7H2O","BaSi6O13·7H2O","BaSi_6_O_13_·7H_2_O","BaSi_6_O_13_·7H_2_O","Ba Si O H","IMA2014-066"," ",6365,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2","Ba Si O H","Esq","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Esseneite","Esseneite","CaFe3+AlSiO6","CaFe3+AlSiO6","CaFe^3+^AlSiO_6_","CaFe^3+^AlSiO_6_","Ca Fe Al Si O","IMA1985-048"," ",1793,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Fe^3+ Al Si O","Ess","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Ettringite","Ettringite","Ca6Al2(S6+O4)3(OH)12·27H2O","Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·27H2O","Ca_6_Al_2_(SO_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·27H_2_O","Ca_6_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·27H_2_O","Ca Al S O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1794,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P31c, P63/mcm","Ca Al S^6+ O H","Ett","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Eucairite","Eucairite","CuAgSe","CuAgSe","CuAgSe","CuAgSe","Cu Ag Se"," "," ",1795," ","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P4/nmm, Pmmn","Cu Ag Se","Eca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Bronze, Gray, Silver white, Tin white.","#a87900,#a87900,#808080,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Euchlorine","Euchlorine","KNaCu2+3O(S6+O4)3","KNaCu3O(SO4)3","KNaCu_3_O(SO_4_)_3_","KNaCu^2+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","K Na Cu O S"," "," ",1796,"Euchlorine","monoclinic","C2/c","K Na Cu^2+ O S^6+","Ecr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Euchroite","Euchroite","Cu2+2As5+O4(OH)·3H2O","Cu2(AsO4)(OH)·3H2O","Cu_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)·3H_2_O","Cu As O H"," "," ",1797," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Euc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Leek green, Emerald green.","#979c84,#046307"
"Euclase","Euclase","BeAlSiO4(OH)","BeAlSiO4(OH)","BeAlSiO_4_(OH)","BeAlSiO_4_(OH)","Be Al Si O H"," "," ",1798," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Be Al Si O H","Ecs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Colorless, White, Light blue, Light green.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#ffffff,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Eucryptite","Eucryptite","LiAlSiO4","LiAlSiO4","LiAlSiO_4_","LiAlSiO_4_","Li Al Si O"," "," ",1799,"Phenakite","hexagonal","R3, P6422, P6222, R3","Li Al Si O","Ecp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Colorless, White.","#653700,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Eudialyte","Eudialyte","Na15Ca6Fe2+3Zr4+3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na_15_Ca_6_Fe_3_Zr_3_Si(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na_15_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Si(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2003 s.p."," ",4865,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Eud","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish red, Red, Yellow, Yellowish brown, Violet.","#f10c45,#ff0000,#ffff00,#9b7a01,#9a0eea"
"Eudidymite","Eudidymite","Na2Be2Si6O15·H2O","Na2Be2Si6O15·H2O","Na_2_Be_2_Si_6_O_15_·H_2_O","Na_2_Be_2_Si_6_O_15_·H_2_O","Na Be Si O H"," "," ",1800," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Be Si O H","Edy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue, Colorless, Violet, Gray, Yellow.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#808080,#ffff00"
"Eugenite","Eugenite","Ag11Hg2","Ag11Hg2","Ag_11_Hg_2_","Ag_11_Hg_2_","Ag Hg","IMA1981-037"," ",1801," ","cubic","Fm3m","Ag Hg","Eug","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Eugsterite","Eugsterite","Na4Ca(S6+O4)3·2H2O","Na4Ca(SO4)3·2H2O","Na_4_Ca(SO_4_)_3_·2H_2_O","Na_4_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·2H_2_O","Na Ca S O H","IMA1980-008"," ",1802," ",,,"Na Ca S^6+ O H","Egt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Eulytine","Eulytine","Bi3+4(SiO4)3","Bi4(SiO4)3","Bi_4_(SiO_4_)_3_","Bi^3+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_","Bi Si O"," "," ",1803," ","cubic","I43d","Bi^3+ Si O","Eul","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange, orange brown to red brown, bright lime green, colorless","#ffa500,#b16002,#a52a2f,#87fd05,#afafaf"
"Eurekadumpite","Eurekadumpite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)16(Te4+O3)2(As5+O4)3Cl(OH)18·7H2O","(Cu,Zn)16(Te4+O3)2(AsO4)3Cl(OH)18·7H2O","(Cu,Zn)_16_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(AsO_4_)_3_Cl(OH)_18_·7H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_16_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl(OH)_18_·7H_2_O","Cu Zn Te O As Cl H","IMA2009-072"," ",5802,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Te^4+ O As^5+ Cl H","Eur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright and deep blue-green to turquoise-coloured","#ff000d,#dcb6b5"
"Euxenite-(Y)","Euxenite-(Y)","Y(Nb5+Ti4+)O6","Y(NbTi)O6","Y(NbTi)O_6_","Y(Nb^5+^Ti^4+^)O_6_","Y Nb Ti O","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",1804,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Y Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O","Eux-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Brown, Yellow, Olive green.","#413936,#653700,#ffff00,#8ead2c"
"Evanichite","Evanichite","Pb2+6Cr3+(Cr6+O4)2(S6+O4)(OH)7FCl","Pb6Cr3+(Cr6+O4)2(SO4)(OH)7FCl","Pb_6_Cr^3+^(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_7_FCl","Pb^2+^_6_Cr^3+^(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_7_FCl","Pb Cr O S H F Cl","IMA2022-033"," ",7222,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Cr^3+ Cr^6+ O S^6+ H F Cl","Eva","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","orange-brown to red-brown","#b16002,#a52a2f"
"Evansite","Evansite","Al3PO4(OH)6·8H2O","Al3(PO4)(OH)6·8H2O","Al_3_(PO_4_)(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Al_3_PO_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Al P O H"," "," ",5181,"Amorphous",,,"Al P O H","Evn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellow, Green, Blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffff00,#00ff00,#0000ff"
"Evdokimovite","Evdokimovite","Tl1+4(V4+O)3(S6+O4)5·5H2O","Tl4(VO)3(SO4)5(H2O)5","Tl_4_(VO)_3_(SO_4_)_5_(H_2_O)_5_","Tl^1+^_4_(V^4+^O)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_·5H_2_O","Tl V O S H","IMA2013-041"," ",6206,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Tl^1+ V^4+ O S^6+ H","Evd","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Eveite","Eveite","Mn2+2As5+O4(OH)","Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Mn As O H","IMA1966-047"," ",1805,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ev","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Apple green.","#69b076"
"Evenkite","Evenkite","C23H48","C23H48","C_23_H_48_","C_23_H_48_","C H"," "," ",1806," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/a, Pbcm","C H","Evk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish green, White, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#b0dd16,#ffffff,#e9f1d0"
"Eveslogite","Eveslogite","(Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)48(Ti4+,Nb5+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn2+)12(OH)12Si48O144(OH,F,Cl)14","(Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)48(Ti,Nb,Fe,Mn)12(OH)12Si48O144(OH,F,Cl)14","(Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)_48_(Ti,Nb,Fe,Mn)_12_(OH)_12_Si_48_O_144_(OH,F,Cl)_14_","(Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)_48_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_12_(OH)_12_Si_48_O_144_(OH,F,Cl)_14_","Ca K Na Sr Ba Ti Nb Fe Mn O H Si F Cl","IMA2001-023"," ",1807," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Ca K Na Sr Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ O H Si F Cl","Evl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Yellow brown.","#b5651d,#ae8b0c"
"Evseevite","Evseevite","Na2Mg(As5+O4)F","Na2Mg(AsO4)F","Na_2_Mg(AsO_4_)F","Na_2_Mg(As^5+^O_4_)F","Na Mg As O F","IMA2019-064"," ",6951,"Moraskoite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na Mg As^5+ O F","Evs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless or pale pinkish","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Ewaldite","Ewaldite","BaCa(CO3)2·2.6H2O","BaCa(CO3)2·2.6H2O","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_·2.6H_2_O","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_·2.6H_2_O","Ba Ca C O H","IMA1969-013"," ",1808,"Mckelveyite","hexagonal","P63mc","Ba Ca C O H","Ew","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Bluish green, Greenish gray, White.","#10a674,#96ae8d,#ffffff"
"Ewingite","Ewingite","Mg8Ca8(U6+O2)24(CO3)30O4(OH)12·138H2O","Mg8Ca8(UO2)24(CO3)30O4(OH)12(H2O)138","Mg_8_Ca_8_(UO_2_)_24_(CO_3_)_30_O_4_(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_138_","Mg_8_Ca_8_(U^6+^O_2_)_24_(CO_3_)_30_O_4_(OH)_12_·138H_2_O","Mg Ca U O C H","IMA2016-012"," ",6539,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I41/acd","Mg Ca U^6+ O C H","Ewg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow","#ffdf00"
"Eylettersite","Eylettersite","Th4+0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","Th_0.75_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Th^4+^_0.75_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Th Al P O H","IMA1969-035"," ",4984,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Th^4+ Al P O H","Eyl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Cream white.","#f2eee2"
"Eyselite","Eyselite","Fe3+Ge3O7(OH)","Fe3+Ge4+3O7(OH)","Fe^3+^Ge^4+^_3_O_7_(OH)","Fe^3+^Ge_3_O_7_(OH)","Fe Ge O H","IMA2003-052"," ",5253," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^3+ Ge O H","Eys","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dirty brown yellow, Tan yellow.","#b5651e,#efc93d"
"Ezcurrite","Ezcurrite","Na2B5O7(OH)3·2H2O","Na2B5O7(OH)3·2H2O","Na_2_B_5_O_7_(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Na_2_B_5_O_7_(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Na B O H"," "," ",1809," ","triclinic","P1","Na B O H","Ezc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ezochiite","Ezochiite","Cu1+(Rh3+Pt4+)S2-4","Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4","Cu^+^(Rh^3+^Pt^4+^)S_4_","Cu^1+^(Rh^3+^Pt^4+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Rh Pt S","IMA2022-101"," ",7324,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Rh^3+ Pt^4+ S^2-","Ezo",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Eztlite","Eztlite","Pb2+2Fe3+3(Te4+O3)3(S6+O4)O2Cl","Pb2Fe3+3(Te4+O3)3(SO4)O2Cl","Pb_2_Fe^3+^_3_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_(SO_4_)O_2_Cl","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_Cl","Pb Fe Te O S Cl","IMA1980-072"," ",1810," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Te^4+ O S^6+ Cl","Ez","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blood red.","#71383f"
"Fabianite","Fabianite","CaB3O5(OH)","CaB3O5(OH)","CaB_3_O_5_(OH)","CaB_3_O_5_(OH)","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1811," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Fbn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Fabrièsite","Fabriesite","Na3Al3Si3O12·2H2O","Na3Al3Si3O12·2H2O","Na_3_Al_3_Si_3_O_12_·2H_2_O","Na_3_Al_3_Si_3_O_12_·2H_2_O","Na Al Si O H","IMA2012-080"," ",6136," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","Na Al Si O H","Fab","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White to pale yellow","#ffffff,#eecf9e"
"Fabritzite","Fabritzite","Zn2+9(S6+O4)2(OH)12Cl2·6H2O","Zn9(SO4)2(OH)12Cl2·6H2O","Zn_9_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Zn^2+^_9_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Zn S O H Cl","IMA2020-040"," ",7316,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","R3","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Fbz",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Faheyite","Faheyite","Be2Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)4·6H2O","Be2Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)4·6H2O","Be_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","Be_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","Be Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",1812," ","hexagonal","P3121","Be Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Fah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue white, Brownish white, White.","#dae7e9,#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Fahleite","Fahleite","CaZn2+5Fe3+2(As5+O4)6·14H2O","CaZn5Fe3+2(AsO4)6·14H2O","CaZn_5_Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_6_·14H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_6_·14H_2_O","Ca Zn Fe As O H","IMA1982-061"," ",1813,"Smolyaninovite",,,"Ca Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Fhl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Gray green, Light green, Straw yellow.","#808080,#86a17d,#76ff7b,#f0d696"
"Fairbankite","Fairbankite","Pb2+12(Te4+O3)11(S6+O4)","Pb2+12(Te4+O3)11(SO4)","Pb^2+^_12_(Te^4+^O_3_)_11_(SO_4_)","Pb^2+^_12_(Te^4+^O_3_)_11_(S^6+^O_4_)","Pb Te O S","IMA1979-003, IMA2019-I, IMA2020"," ",1814," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O S^6+","Fbk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Fairchildite","Fairchildite","K2Ca(CO3)2","K2Ca(CO3)2","K_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","K_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","K Ca C O"," "," ",1815,"Fairchildite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Ca C O","Fch","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Fairfieldite","Fairfieldite","Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn P O H"," "," ",1816,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ P O H","Ffd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish white, White, Light yellow.","#d1f1de,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Faizievite","Faizievite","Li6K2Na(Ca6Na)Ti4+4(Si6O18)2(Si12O30)F2","Li6K2Na(Ca6Na)Ti4(Si6O18)2(Si12O30)F2","Li_6_K_2_Na(Ca_6_Na)Ti_4_(Si_6_O_18_)_2_(Si_12_O_30_)F_2_","Li_6_K_2_Na(Ca_6_Na)Ti^4+^_4_(Si_6_O_18_)_2_(Si_12_O_30_)F_2_","Li K Na Ca Ti Si O F","IMA2006-037"," ",5361," ","triclinic","P1","Li K Na Ca Ti^4+ Si O F","Fai","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Falcondoite","Falcondoite","Ni2+4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O","Ni4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O","Ni_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Ni Si O H","IMA1976-018"," ",1817,"Sepiolite, Clay","orthorhombic",,"Ni^2+ Si O H","Fcd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellowish green.","#00ff00,#b0dd16"
"Falgarite","Falgarite","K4(V4+O)3(S6+O4)5","K4(VO)3(SO4)5","K_4_(VO)_3_(SO_4_)_5_","K_4_(V^4+^O)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_","K V O S","IMA2018-069"," ",6801," ","monoclinic","C2/c","K V^4+ O S^6+","Fal","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Turquoise","#06c2ac"
"Falkmanite","Falkmanite","Pb2+3Sb3+2S2-6","Pb3Sb2S6","Pb_3_Sb_2_S_6_","Pb^2+^_3_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",1818," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Fmn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Pink brown.","#8a7963,#67594c"
"Falottaite","Falottaite","Mn2+(C2)6+O4·3H2O","MnC2O4·3H2O","MnC_2_O_4_·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·3H_2_O","Mn C O H","IMA2013-044"," ",6208,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","orthorhombic","Acaa","Mn^2+ C O H","Flt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Falsterite","Falsterite","Ca2MgMn2+2(Fe2+Fe3+)2Zn2+4(PO4)8(OH)4·14H2O","Ca2MgMn2+2Fe2+2Fe3+2Zn4(PO4)8(OH)4(H2O)14","Ca_2_MgMn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Zn_4_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_14_","Ca_2_MgMn^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^)_2_Zn^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_4_·14H_2_O","Ca Mg Mn Fe Zn P O H","IMA2011-061"," ",6004,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mg Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Zn^2+ P O H","Fls","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue","#0b8b87"
"Famatinite","Famatinite","Cu1+Cu2+2Sb3+S2-4","Cu3SbS4","Cu_3_SbS_4_","Cu^1+^Cu^2+^_2_Sb^3+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Sb S"," "," ",1819,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Fam","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Grayish black, Dark pink brown, Steel gray.","#555152,#cb416b,#43464b"
"Fanfaniite","Fanfaniite","Ca4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca4Mn2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^Al_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^Al_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Mn Al P O H","IMA2018-053"," ",6788,"Calcioferrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ Al P O H","Ffa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Fangite","Fangite","Tl1+3As5+S2-4","Tl3AsS4","Tl_3_AsS_4_","Tl^1+^_3_As^5+^S^2-^_4_","Tl As S","IMA1991-047"," ",1820," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Tl^1+ As^5+ S^2-","Fg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Deep dark brown, Red.","#4d4b4b,#ff0000"
"Fanguangite","Fanguangite","(Mo6+O2)(PO3OH)·4H2O","(MoO2)(PO3OH)·4H2O","(MoO_2_)(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","(Mo^6+^O_2_)(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Mo O P H","IMA2023-112"," ",7460,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mo^6+ O P H","Fgu",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fantappièite","Fantappieite","[Na82.5Ca33K16.5]Σ=132(Si99Al99O396)(S6+O4)33·6H2O","[Na82.5Ca33K16.5]Σ=132(Si99Al99O396)(SO4)33·6H2O","[Na_82.5_Ca_33_K_16.5_]_Σ=132_(Si_99_Al_99_O_396_)(SO_4_)_33_·6H_2_O","[Na_82.5_Ca_33_K_16.5_]_Σ=132_(Si_99_Al_99_O_396_)(S^6+^O_4_)_33_·6H_2_O","Na Ca K Si Al O S H","IMA2008-006"," ",5665,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ca K Si Al O S^6+ H","Ftp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Farneseite","Farneseite","Na46Ca10(Si42Al42O168)(S6+O4)12·6H2O","Na46Ca10(Si42Al42O168)(SO4)12·6H2O","Na_46_Ca_10_(Si_42_Al_42_O_168_)(SO_4_)_12_·6H_2_O","Na_46_Ca_10_(Si_42_Al_42_O_168_)(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·6H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O S H","IMA2004-043"," ",5292,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Ca Si Al O S^6+ H","Far","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Farringtonite","Farringtonite","Mg3(PO4)2","Mg3(PO4)2","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Mg_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Mg P O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1821," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Mg P O","Frt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","White, Wax yellow.","#ffffff,#eae8a0"
"Fassinaite","Fassinaite","Pb2+2(CO3)(S6+O3S2-)","Pb2(CO3)(S2O3)","Pb_2_(CO_3_)(S_2_O_3_)","Pb^2+^_2_(CO_3_)(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)","Pb C O S","IMA2011-048"," ",5976,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ C O S^6+ S^2-","Fas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Faujasite-Ca","Faujasite-Ca","(Ca,Na,Mg)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Ca,Na,Mg)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Ca,Na,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","(Ca,Na,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","Ca Na Mg Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1822," ","cubic","Fd3m","Ca Na Mg Si Al O H","Fau-Ca","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments","No","Colorless, White, Pale brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Faujasite-Mg","Faujasite-Mg","(Mg,Na,K,Ca)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Mg,Na,K,Ca)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Mg,Na,K,Ca)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","(Mg,Na,K,Ca)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","Mg Na K Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1823," ","cubic","Fd3m","Mg Na K Ca Si Al O H","Fau-Mg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pale brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Faujasite-Na","Faujasite-Na","(Na,Ca,Mg)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Na,Ca,Mg)2(Si,Al)12O24·15H2O","(Na,Ca,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","(Na,Ca,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_12_O_24_·15H_2_O","Na Ca Mg Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1824," ","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3","Na Ca Mg Si Al O H","Fau-Na","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pale brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Faustite","Faustite","Zn2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","ZnAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","ZnAl_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Zn Al P O H"," "," ",1825,"Turquoise","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Al P O H","Fst","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green.","#69b076"
"Favreauite","Favreauite","Pb2+Bi3+Cu2+6O4(Se4+O3)4(OH)·H2O","PbBiCu6O4(SeO3)4(OH)·H2O","PbBiCu_6_O_4_(SeO_3_)_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^Cu^2+^_6_O_4_(Se^4+^O_3_)_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb Bi Cu O Se H","IMA2014-013"," ",6306," ","tetragonal","P4/n","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Cu^2+ O Se^4+ H","Fav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Fayalite","Fayalite","Fe2+2SiO4","Fe2+2(SiO4)","Fe^2+^_2_(SiO_4_)","Fe^2+^_2_SiO_4_","Fe Si O"," "," ",1826,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Fe^2+ Si O","Fa","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Brown, Black, Black.","#653700,#000000,#000000"
"Fedorite","Fedorite","(K,Na)2.5(Ca,Na)7Si16O38(OH,F)2·3.5H2O","(K,Na)2.5(Ca,Na)7Si16O38(OH,F)2·3.5H2O","(K,Na)_2.5_(Ca,Na)_7_Si_16_O_38_(OH,F)_2_·3.5H_2_O","(K,Na)_2.5_(Ca,Na)_7_Si_16_O_38_(OH,F)_2_·3.5H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O H F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1827,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","K Na Ca Si O H F","Fdr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Colorless, Light red, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#ff7f7f,#f3f2ed"
"Fedorovskite","Fedorovskite","Ca2Mg2B4O7(OH)6","Ca2Mg2B4O7(OH)6","Ca_2_Mg_2_B_4_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca_2_Mg_2_B_4_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca Mg B O H","IMA1975-006"," ",1828," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Ca Mg B O H","Fdo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Fedotovite","Fedotovite","K2Cu2+3O(S6+O4)3","K2Cu3O(SO4)3","K_2_Cu_3_O(SO_4_)_3_","K_2_Cu^2+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","K Cu O S","IMA1986-013"," ",1829,"Euchlorine","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cu^2+ O S^6+","Fdt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Blue green, Emerald green.","#137e6d,#046307"
"Fehrite","Fehrite","MgCu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·6H2O","MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·6H2O","MgCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","MgCu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Mg Cu S O H","IMA2018-125a"," ",6966,"Ktenasite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Feh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Turquoise","#06c2ac"
"Feiite","Feiite","Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5","Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5","Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^Ti^4+^)O_5_","Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^Ti^4+^)O_5_","Fe Ti O","IMA2017-041a"," ",6836,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Fei","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Feinglosite","Feinglosite","Pb2+2Zn2+(As5+O4)2·H2O","Pb2Zn(AsO4)2·H2O","Pb_2_Zn(AsO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Pb Zn As O H","IMA1995-013"," ",1830,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Fgl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale olive green.","#d3c7a1"
"Feitknechtite","Feitknechtite","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",1831,"Brucite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P3m1, C2/m","Mn^3+ O H","Fkn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Feklichevite","Feklichevite","Na11Ca9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Zr4+3Nb5+(Si25O73)(OH,H2O,Cl,O)5","Na11Ca9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(OH,H2O,Cl,O)5","Na_11_Ca_9_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Zr_3_Nb(Si_25_O_73_)(OH,H_2_O,Cl,O)_5_","Na_11_Ca_9_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^(Si_25_O_73_)(OH,H_2_O,Cl,O)_5_","Na Ca Fe Zr Nb Si O H Cl","IMA2000-017"," ",1832,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H Cl","Fek","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Brownish black, Brown, Pinkish brown.","#73532a,#413936,#653700,#b17261"
"Felbertalite","Felbertalite","Cu1+2Pb2+6Bi3+8S2-19","Cu2Pb6Bi8S19","Cu_2_Pb_6_Bi_8_S_19_","Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_6_Bi^3+^_8_S^2-^_19_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA1999-042"," ",1833," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Fbt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Felsőbányaite","Felsobanyaite","Al4(S6+O4)(OH)10·4H2O","Al4(SO4)(OH)10·4H2O","Al_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Al_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Al S O H"," "," ",1834," ","monoclinic","P21","Al S^6+ O H","Fsb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, yellow, white; colourless in transmitted light; pale blue","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff,#afafaf,#d0fefe"
"Fenaksite","Fenaksite","KNaFe2+Si4O10","KNaFe2+Si4O10","KNaFe^2+^Si_4_O_10_","KNaFe^2+^Si_4_O_10_","K Na Fe Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1835,"Litidionite","triclinic","P1","K Na Fe^2+ Si O","Fnk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Light pink.","#653700,#ffd1df"
"Fencooperite","Fencooperite","Ba6Fe3+3Si8O23(CO3)2Cl3·H2O","Ba6Fe3+3Si8O23(CO3)2Cl3·H2O","Ba_6_Fe^3+^_3_Si_8_O_23_(CO_3_)_2_Cl_3_·H_2_O","Ba_6_Fe^3+^_3_Si_8_O_23_(CO_3_)_2_Cl_3_·H_2_O","Ba Fe Si O C Cl H","IMA2000-023"," ",1836," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Ba Fe^3+ Si O C Cl H","Fco","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Jet black, Dirty gray brown.","#353337,#667e2c"
"Fengchengite","Fengchengite","Na12☐3Ca6Fe3+3Zr4+3Si(Si25O73)(H2O)3(OH)2","Na12☐3Ca6Fe3+3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(H2O)3(OH)2","Na_12_[box]_3_Ca_6_Fe^3+^_3_Zr_3_Si(Si_25_O_73_)(H_2_O)_3_(OH)_2_","Na_12_[box]_3_Ca_6_Fe^3+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Si(Si_25_O_73_)(H_2_O)_3_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Zr Si O H","IMA2007-018a"," ",6020,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Fe^3+ Zr^4+ Si O H","Fcg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Rose to deep-rose","#ff007f,#9e6370"
"Fengruiite","Fengruiite","[Ag1+6Sb3+2S2-7][Ag1+9Cu1+S2-2Te2-2]","[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS2Te2]","[Ag_6_Sb_2_S_7_][Ag_9_CuS_2_Te_2_]","[Ag^1+^_6_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_][Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^S^2-^_2_Te^2-^_2_]","Ag Sb S Cu Te","IMA2024-045"," ",7520,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2- Cu^1+ Te^2-","Fen",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Feodosiyite","Feodosiyite","Cu2+11Mg2Cl18(OH)8·16H2O","Cu11Mg2Cl18(OH)8·16H2O","Cu_11_Mg_2_Cl_18_(OH)_8_·16H_2_O","Cu^2+^_11_Mg_2_Cl_18_(OH)_8_·16H_2_O","Cu Mg Cl O H","IMA2015-063"," ",6466,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Mg Cl O H","Fdy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright green","#66ff00"
"Ferberite","Ferberite","Fe2+W6+O4","Fe2+(WO4)","Fe^2+^(WO_4_)","Fe^2+^W^6+^O_4_","Fe W O"," "," ",1837,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Fe^2+ W^6+ O","Feb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Ferchromide","Ferchromide","Cr1.5Fe0.2","Cr1.5Fe0.2","Cr_1.5_Fe_0.2_","Cr_1.5_Fe_0.2_","Cr Fe","IMA1984-022"," ",1838,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Cr Fe","Fcr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Ferdowsiite","Ferdowsiite","Ag1+8(Sb3+5As3+3)S2-16","Ag8(Sb5As3)S16","Ag_8_(Sb_5_As_3_)S_16_","Ag^1+^_8_(Sb^3+^_5_As^3+^_3_)S^2-^_16_","Ag Sb As S","IMA2012-062"," ",6130,"Ferdowsiite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Fdw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greyish black","#555152"
"Fergusonite-(Ce)","Fergusonite-(Ce)","Ce3+Nb5+O4·0.3H2O","CeNbO4·0.3H2O","CeNbO_4_·0.3H_2_O","Ce^3+^Nb^5+^O_4_·0.3H_2_O","Ce Nb O H"," "," ",5226,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ce^3+ Nb^5+ O H","Fgs-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark red, Black.","#840000,#000000"
"Fergusonite-(Y)","Fergusonite-(Y)","YNb5+O4","YNbO4","YNbO_4_","YNb^5+^O_4_","Y Nb O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1839,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Y Nb^5+ O","Fgs-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, Black, Brown, Gray, Yellow.","#000000,#000000,#653700,#808080,#ffff00"
"Ferhodsite","Ferhodsite","(Fe,Rh,Ni,Ir,Cu,Co,Pt)9-xS8","(Fe,Rh,Ni,Ir,Cu,Co,Pt)9-xS8","(Fe,Rh,Ni,Ir,Cu,Co,Pt)_9-x_S_8_","(Fe,Rh,Ni,Ir,Cu,Co,Pt)_9-x_S_8_","Fe Rh Ni Ir Cu Co Pt S","IMA2009-056"," ",5785,"Pentlandite","tetragonal",,"Fe Rh Ni Ir Cu Co Pt S","Frh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","light brownish-gray, grayish-creamy with a brownish tint","#c9cfcc,#d6dee9"
"Fermiite","Fermiite","Na4(U6+O2)(S6+O4)3·3H2O","Na4(UO2)(SO4)3·3H2O","Na_4_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na_4_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2014-068"," ",6367," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Fmi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Fernandinite","Fernandinite","(Ca,Na,K)0.9(V5+,V4+,Fe2+,Ti4+)8O20·4H2O","(Ca,Na,K)0.9(V5+,V4+,Fe2+,Ti)8O20·4H2O","(Ca,Na,K)_0.9_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^2+^,Ti)_8_O_20_·4H_2_O","(Ca,Na,K)_0.9_(V^5+^,V^4+^,Fe^2+^,Ti^4+^)_8_O_20_·4H_2_O","Ca Na K V Fe Ti O H","IMA1994 s.p."," ",1844,"Straczekite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Na K V^5+ V^4+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O H","Frn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Feroxyhyte","Feroxyhyte","Fe3+O(OH)","Fe3+O(OH)","Fe^3+^O(OH)","Fe^3+^O(OH)","Fe O H","IMA1975-032"," ",1845,"Feroxyhyte","hexagonal","P3m1","Fe^3+ O H","Fox","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Ferraioloite","Ferraioloite","MgMn2+4(Fe2+0.5Al0.5)4Zn2+4(PO4)8(OH)4·20H2O","MgMn2+4(Fe2+0.5Al0.5)4Zn4(PO4)8(OH)4(H2O)20","MgMn^2+^_4_(Fe^2+^_0.5_Al_0.5_)_4_Zn_4_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_20_","MgMn^2+^_4_(Fe^2+^_0.5_Al_0.5_)_4_Zn^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_4_·20H_2_O","Mg Mn Fe Al Zn P O H","IMA2015-066"," ",6474," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Mg Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Al Zn^2+ P O H","Frl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrarisite","Ferrarisite","Ca5(As5+O3OH)2(As5+O4)2·9H2O","Ca5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·9H2O","Ca_5_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·9H_2_O","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·9H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA1979-020"," ",1846,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Fer","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ferriakasakaite-(Ce)","Ferriakasakaite-(Ce)","CaCe3+Fe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCeFe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCeFe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaCe^3+^Fe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Ce Fe Al Mn Si O H","IMA2018-087"," ",6816,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Fak-Ce","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Ferriakasakaite-(La)","Ferriakasakaite-(La)","CaLa3+Fe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLaFe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLaFe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaLa^3+^Fe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La Fe Al Mn Si O H","IMA2013-126"," ",6285,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La^3+ Fe^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Fak-La","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferriallanite-(Ce)","Ferriallanite-(Ce)","CaCe3+Fe2+Fe3+Al(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaCe(Fe3+AlFe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaCe(Fe^3+^AlFe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaCe^3+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^Al(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ca Ce Fe Al Si O H","IMA2000-041"," ",1852,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Faln-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Ferriallanite-(La)","Ferriallanite-(La)","CaLa3+(Fe3+AlFe2+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaLa(Fe3+AlFe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaLa(Fe^3+^AlFe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaLa^3+^(Fe^3+^AlFe^2+^)(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ca La Fe Al Si O H","IMA2010-066"," ",5905,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La^3+ Fe^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Faln-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferriandrosite-(Ce)","Ferriandrosite-(Ce)","Mn2+Ce3+(Fe3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnCe(Fe3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnCe(Fe^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce^3+^(Fe^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn Ce Fe Al Si O H","IMA2023-022"," ",7377,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Fea-Ce",,"No","dark brown","#73532a"
"Ferriandrosite-(La)","Ferriandrosite-(La)","Mn2+LaFe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnLaFe3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnLaFe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn^2+^LaFe^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn La Fe Al Si O H","IMA2013-127"," ",6286,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ La Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Fea-La","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferribushmakinite","Ferribushmakinite","Pb2+2Fe3+(PO4)(V5+O4)(OH)","Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(VO4)(OH)","Pb_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)(VO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Pb Fe P O V H","IMA2014-055"," ",6352,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ P O V^5+ H","Fbmk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Ferricerite-(LaCa)","Ferricerite-(LaCa)","(La6Ca3)☐Fe3+(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(La6Ca3)☐Fe3+(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3","(La_6_Ca_3_)[box]Fe^3+^(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","(La_6_Ca_3_)[box]Fe^3+^(SiO_4_)_3_(SiO_3_OH)_4_(OH)_3_","La Ca Fe Si O H","IMA2001-042, IMA2023 s.p."," ",1368,"Cerite",,,"La Ca Fe^3+ Si O H","Fecrt-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light yellow to pinkish-brown","#fffe7a,#b17261"
"Ferricopiapite","Ferricopiapite","Fe3+2/3Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Fe3+0.67Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","Fe^3+^_0.67_Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2/3_Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",1855,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Fcpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Ferricoronadite","Ferricoronadite","Pb2+(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16","Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16","Pb(Mn^4+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_)O_16_","Pb^2+^(Mn^4+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_)O_16_","Pb Mn Fe O","IMA2015-093"," ",6492,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Pb^2+ Mn^4+ Fe^3+ O","Fcor","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferrierite-K","Ferrierite-K","(K,Na)5(Si31Al5)O72·18H2O","(K,Na)5(Si31Al5)O72·18H2O","(K,Na)_5_(Si_31_Al_5_)O_72_·18H_2_O","(K,Na)_5_(Si_31_Al_5_)O_72_·18H_2_O","K Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1856,"Ferrierite","orthorhombic","Immm","K Na Si Al O H","Frr-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pink, Orange, Red.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#ffa500,#ff0000"
"Ferrierite-Mg","Ferrierite-Mg","[Mg2(K,Na)2Ca0.5](Si29Al7)O72·18H2O","[Mg2(K,Na)2Ca0.5](Si29Al7)O72·18H2O","[Mg_2_(K,Na)_2_Ca_0.5_](Si_29_Al_7_)O_72_·18H_2_O","[Mg_2_(K,Na)_2_Ca_0.5_](Si_29_Al_7_)O_72_·18H_2_O","Mg K Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1857,"Ferrierite","orthorhombic","Immm","Mg K Na Ca Si Al O H","Frr-Mg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pink, Orange, Red.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#ffa500,#ff0000"
"Ferrierite-Na","Ferrierite-Na","(Na,K)5(Si31Al5)O72·18H2O","(Na,K)5(Si31Al5)O72·18H2O","(Na,K)_5_(Si_31_Al_5_)O_72_·18H_2_O","(Na,K)_5_(Si_31_Al_5_)O_72_·18H_2_O","Na K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",1858,"Ferrierite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Immm, P21/n","Na K Si Al O H","Frr-Na","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Pink, Orange, Red.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#ffa500,#ff0000"
"Ferrierite-NH4","Ferrierite-NH4","(N3-H4,Mg0.5)5(Al5Si31O72)·22H2O","(NH4,Mg0.5)5(Al5Si31O72)·22H2O","(NH_4_,Mg_0.5_)_5_(Al_5_Si_31_O_72_)·22H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_,Mg_0.5_)_5_(Al_5_Si_31_O_72_)·22H_2_O","N H Mg Al Si O","IMA2017-099"," ",6724,"Ferrierite","orthorhombic","Immm","N^3- H Mg Al Si O","Frr-NH4","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White","#ffffff"
"Ferri-fluoro-katophorite","Ferri-fluoro-katophorite","Na(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22F2","Na(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22F2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","Na(NaCa)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O F","IMA2015-096"," ",6278,"Amphibole-amphiboles sodic-calcic","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O F","Fflktp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish grey","#96ae8d"
"Ferri-fluoro-leakeite","Ferri-fluoro-leakeite","NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Mg Fe Li Si O F","IMA2009-085, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5814,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Li Si O F","Ffllk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black; mustard yellow to brownish yellow","#000000,#e1ad01,#c9b003"
"Ferri-ghoseite","Ferri-ghoseite","☐(NaMn2+)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","☐(NaMn2+)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","[box](NaMn^2+^)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box](NaMn^2+^)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mn Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2003-066, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5263,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Fgh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Straw yellow, pale orange","#f0d696,#db9c7b"
"Ferri-hellandite-(Ce)","Ferri-hellandite-(Ce)","(Ca3Ce3+)Ce3+2Fe3+☐2B4Si4O22(OH)2","(Ca3Ce)Ce2Fe3+☐2B4Si4O22(OH)2","(Ca_3_Ce)Ce_2_Fe^3+^[box]_2_B_4_Si_4_O_22_(OH)_2_","(Ca_3_Ce^3+^)Ce^3+^_2_Fe^3+^[box]_2_B_4_Si_4_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Fe B Si O H","IMA2020-085"," ",7100,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Ce^3+ Fe^3+ B Si O H","Fhld-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrihollandite","Ferrihollandite","Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16","Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16","Ba(Mn^4+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba(Mn^4+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba Mn Fe O","IMA2012 s.p."," ",6076,"Coronadite","monoclinic","P2/n","Ba Mn^4+ Fe^3+ O","Fhol","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greyish-black, black","#555152,#000000"
"Ferrihydrite","Ferrihydrite","Fe3+5O7(OH)","Fe3+5O7(OH)","Fe^3+^_5_O_7_(OH)","Fe^3+^_5_O_7_(OH)","Fe O H","IMA1971-015"," ",1859,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P3, P31c, P63mc","Fe^3+ O H","Fhy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow brown, Dark brown.","#ae8b0c,#73532a"
"Ferri-kaersutite","Ferri-kaersutite","NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^Ti)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^Ti^4+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Ti Si Al O","IMA2014-051"," ",6348,"Amphibole-amphiboles sodic-calcic","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si Al O","Fkrs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown","#653700"
"Ferri-katophorite","Ferri-katophorite","Na(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaCa)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1860,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Fktp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferri-leakeite","Ferri-leakeite","NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Fe Li Si O H","IMA1991-028, IMA2012 s.p."," ",2808,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Li Si O H","Flk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark mauve-red","#55504d"
"Ferrilotharmeyerite","Ferrilotharmeyerite","CaZn2+Fe3+(As5+O4)2(OH)·H2O","CaZnFe3+(AsO4)2(OH)·H2O","CaZnFe^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","CaZn^2+^Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Ca Zn Fe As O H","IMA1986-024"," ",1861,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Flmy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow brown.","#c9b003,#ae8b0c"
"Ferrimolybdite","Ferrimolybdite","Fe3+2(Mo6+O4)3·7H2O","Fe3+2(Mo6+O4)3·7H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_3_·7H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_3_·7H_2_O","Fe Mo O H"," "," ",1862," ",,,"Fe^3+ Mo^6+ O H","Fmyb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Canary yellow, Sulfur yellow.","#ffff00,#f1f1e6,#ccc050"
"Ferri-mottanaite-(Ce)","Ferri-mottanaite-(Ce)","Ca4Ce3+2Fe3+(Be1.5☐0.5)[Si4B4O22]O2","Ca4Ce2Fe3+(Be1.5☐0.5)[Si4B4O22]O2","Ca_4_Ce_2_Fe^3+^(Be_1.5_[box]_0.5_)[Si_4_B_4_O_22_]O_2_","Ca_4_Ce^3+^_2_Fe^3+^(Be_1.5_[box]_0.5_)[Si_4_B_4_O_22_]O_2_","Ca Ce Fe Be Si B O","IMA2017-087a"," ",6838,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Be Si B O","Fmot-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrimuirite","Ferrimuirite","Ba10(Ca2Fe3+2)[Si8O24]O2Cl10","Ba10(Ca2Fe3+2)[Si8O24]O2Cl10","Ba_10_(Ca_2_Fe^3+^_2_)[Si_8_O_24_]O_2_Cl_10_","Ba_10_(Ca_2_Fe^3+^_2_)[Si_8_O_24_]O_2_Cl_10_","Ba Ca Fe Si O Cl","IMA2023-100"," ",7442,"Muirite","tetragonal","P4mm","Ba Ca Fe^3+ Si O Cl","Fmui",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrinatrite","Ferrinatrite","Na3Fe3+(S6+O4)3·3H2O","Na3Fe3+(SO4)3·3H2O","Na_3_Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na_3_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na Fe S O H"," "," ",1863," ","hexagonal","P3","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Fnat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pale green, Bluish green, Purplish, Colorless.","#ffffff,#69b076,#10a674,#98568d,#afafaf"
"Ferri-obertiite","Ferri-obertiite","NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^Ti)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^Ti^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Mg Fe Ti Si O","IMA2015-079"," ",6478,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si O","Fob","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Pink-orange","#ff9066"
"Ferri-pedrizite","Ferri-pedrizite","NaLi2[Fe3+2Mg2Li]Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaLi_2_[Fe^3+^_2_Mg_2_Li]Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Li Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2001-032, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1864,"Amphibole-amphiboles Na-Ca-Mg-Fe-Mn-Li","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Li Fe^3+ Mg Si O H","Fpd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Green, black","#00ff00,#000000"
"Ferriperbøeite-(Ce)","Ferriperboeite-(Ce)","(CaCe3+3)(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe3)(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe_3_)(Fe^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","(CaCe^3+^_3_)(Fe^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Fe Al Si O H","IMA2017-037"," ",6674,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Fpbø-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish-black","#413936"
"Ferriperbøeite-(La)","Ferriperboeite-(La)","(CaLa3+3)(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2","(CaLa3)(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2","(CaLa_3_)(Fe^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_3_O(OH)_2_","(CaLa^3+^_3_)(Fe^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_3_O(OH)_2_","Ca La Fe Al Si O H","IMA2018-106"," ",6833,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La^3+ Fe^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Fpbø-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No"," brownish-black","#413936"
"Ferriphoxite","Ferriphoxite","[(N3-H4)2K(H2O)][Fe3+(HPO4)2((C2)6+O4)]","[(NH4)2K(H2O)][Fe3+(HPO4)2(C2O4)]","[(NH_4_)_2_K(H_2_O)][Fe^3+^(HPO_4_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)]","[(N^3-^H_4_)_2_K(H_2_O)][Fe^3+^(HPO_4_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)]","N H K O Fe P C","IMA2023-096"," ",7438,"Oxalate, Ferriphoxite","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H K O Fe^3+ P C","Fphx",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Ferriprehnite","Ferriprehnite","Ca2Fe3+(AlSi3)O10(OH)2","Ca2Fe3+(AlSi3)O10(OH)2","Ca_2_Fe^3+^(AlSi_3_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_Fe^3+^(AlSi_3_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2020-057"," ",7071,"Prehnite","orthorhombic","Pma2","Ca Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Fprh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colourless to pale green","#afafaf,#69b076"
"Ferripyrophyllite","Ferripyrophyllite","Fe3+Si2O5(OH)","Fe3+Si2O5(OH)","Fe^3+^Si_2_O_5_(OH)","Fe^3+^Si_2_O_5_(OH)","Fe Si O H","IMA1978-062"," ",1865,"Clay, Pyrophyllite","monoclinic",,"Fe^3+ Si O H","Fprl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Ferrirockbridgeite","Ferrirockbridgeite","(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)2(Fe3+)3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)2(Fe3+)3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)_2_(Fe^3+^)_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)_2_(Fe^3+^)_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Fe P O H","IMA2018-065"," ",6797,"Rockbridgeite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Fe^3+ P O H","Frck","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish-brown","#7f2b0a"
"Ferrisanidine","Ferrisanidine","K(Fe3+Si3O8)","K(Fe3+Si3O8)","K(Fe^3+^Si_3_O_8_)","K(Fe^3+^Si_3_O_8_)","K Fe Si O","IMA2019-052"," ",6941,"Feldspar","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^3+ Si O","Fsa","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ferrisepiolite","Ferrisepiolite","(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4[(Si,Fe3+)6O15](O,OH)2·6H2O","(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4[(Si,Fe3+)6O15](O,OH)2·6H2O","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Mg)_4_[(Si,Fe^3+^)_6_O_15_](O,OH)_2_·6H_2_O","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Mg)_4_[(Si,Fe^3+^)_6_O_15_](O,OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe Mg Si O H","IMA2010-061"," ",5884,"Sepiolite","orthorhombic","Pncn","Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Mg Si O H","Fsep","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown to red-brown","#653700,#a52a2f"
"Ferristrunzite","Ferristrunzite","Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1986-023"," ",1867,"Strunzite","triclinic",,"Fe^3+ P O H","Fstz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#fffe7a"
"Ferrisurite","Ferrisurite","Pb2+2.4Fe3+2Si4O10(CO3)1.7(OH)3·nH2O","Pb2.4Fe3+2Si4O10(CO3)1.7(OH)3·nH2O","Pb_2.4_Fe^3+^_2_Si_4_O_10_(CO_3_)_1.7_(OH)_3_·nH_2_O","Pb^2+^_2.4_Fe^3+^_2_Si_4_O_10_(CO_3_)_1.7_(OH)_3_·nH_2_O","Pb Fe Si O C H","IMA1990-056"," ",1868," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Si O C H","Fsur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Forest green, Yellow green, Olive green.","#154406,#c8fd3d,#8ead2c"
"Ferrisymplesite","Ferrisymplesite","Fe3+3(As5+O4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe As O H"," "," ",1869,"Symplesite",,,"Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Fsym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Resin brown.","#ae8b0c,#935848"
"Ferri-taramite","Ferri-taramite","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2021-046"," ",7152,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Fi-trm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark brownish black (greenish yellow to brown in splinters)","#73532a,#964b00"
"Ferrivauxite","Ferrivauxite","Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA2014-003"," ",6297,"Vauxite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ Al P O H","Fvx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden brown","#b27a01"
"Ferri-winchite","Ferri-winchite","☐NaCa(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","☐(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","[box](NaCa)(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]NaCa(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2004-034, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1873,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Fwnc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferro-actinolite","Ferro-actinolite","☐Ca2Mg2.5-0Fe2+2.5-5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg2.5-0.0Fe2+2.5-5.0)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_2.5-0.0_Fe^2+^_2.5-5.0_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_Mg_2.5-0_Fe^2+^_2.5-5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1874,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Fe^2+ Si O H","Fact","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Blackish green.","#00ff00,#5d6161"
"Ferroåkermanite","Ferroakermanite","Ca2Fe2+Si2O7","Ca2FeSi2O7","Ca_2_FeSi_2_O_7_","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Si_2_O_7_","Ca Fe Si O","IMA2024-080"," ",7531,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Fe^2+ Si O","Fåk",,"No","light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Ferroalluaudite","Ferroalluaudite","NaFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)3","NaFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)3","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_","Na Fe P O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1879,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Fald","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Ferroaluminoceladonite","Ferroaluminoceladonite","KFe2+AlSi4O10(OH)2","KFe2+AlSi4O10(OH)2","KFe^2+^AlSi_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","KFe^2+^AlSi_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Fe Al Si O H","IMA1995-019"," ",1875,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Facel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark bluish green.","#315b7d"
"Ferro-anthophyllite","Ferro-anthophyllite","☐Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Fe^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Fe^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1876,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ Si O H","Fath","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Ferroberaunite","Ferroberaunite","Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5·6H2O","Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5·6H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·6H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·6H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA2021-036"," ",7154,"Beraunite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Fbru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green; dark greenish-brown, green, grading to gray","#00ff00,#696112,#00ff00,#e77b75,#808080"
"Ferrobobfergusonite","Ferrobobfergusonite","☐Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6","☐Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6","[box]Na_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_6_","[box]Na_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_6_","Na Fe Al P O","IMA2017-006"," ",6621,"Alluaudite-Bobfergusonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O","Fbfg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","deep green-brown","#393437"
"Ferro-bosiite","Ferro-bosiite","NaFe3+3(Al4Fe2+2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe3+3(Al4Fe2+2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Al_4_Fe^2+^_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Al_4_Fe^2+^_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2022-069"," ",7291,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O B H","Fbos",,"No","black","#000000"
"Ferrobustamite","Ferrobustamite","CaFe2+Si2O6","CaFe2+Si2O6","CaFe^2+^Si_2_O_6_","CaFe^2+^Si_2_O_6_","Ca Fe Si O"," "," ",1882,"Wollastonite","triclinic","A1","Ca Fe^2+ Si O","Fbst","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Ferrocarpholite","Ferrocarpholite","Fe2+Al2Si2O6(OH)4","Fe2+Al2Si2O6(OH)4","Fe^2+^Al_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Fe^2+^Al_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Fe Al Si O H"," "," ",1883,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fcar","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Gray green, Dark green.","#86a17d,#033500"
"Ferroceladonite","Ferroceladonite","KFe2+Fe3+Si4O10(OH)2","KFe2+Fe3+Si4O10(OH)2","KFe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","KFe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Fe Si O H","IMA1995-018"," ",1884,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Fcel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark bluish green.","#315b7d"
"Ferrochiavennite","Ferrochiavennite","Ca1-2Fe2+(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2·2H2O","Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2]·2H2O","Ca_1-2_Fe[(Si,Al,Be)_5_Be_2_O_13_(OH)_2_]·2H_2_O","Ca_1-2_Fe^2+^(Si,Al,Be)_5_Be_2_O_13_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Fe Si Al Be O H","IMA2012-039"," ",6100," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Fe^2+ Si Al Be O H","Fcve","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Beige, pale yellow, pale green","#e6daa6,#eecf9e,#69b076"
"Ferrodimolybdenite","Ferrodimolybdenite","FeMo2S4","FeMo2S4","FeMo_2_S_4_","FeMo_2_S_4_","Fe Mo S","IMA2023-019"," ",7375," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe Mo S","Fdmol",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Ferro-edenite","Ferro-edenite","NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1878,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Fed","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Ferroefremovite","Ferroefremovite","(N3-H4)2Fe2+2(S6+O4)3","(NH4)2Fe2+2(SO4)3","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^2+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","N H Fe S O","IMA2019-008"," ",6899,"Langbeinite","cubic","P213","N^3- H Fe^2+ S^6+ O","Fefr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Ferroericssonite","Ferroericssonite","BaFe2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","BaFe2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)","BaFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","BaFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ba Fe Si O H","IMA2010-025"," ",5853,"Ericssonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Fers","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark reddish brown","#840000"
"Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite","Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite","NaNa2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Fe Li Si O F","IMA1993-026, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1960,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Li Si O F","Fffllk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bluish black to black., dark mauve-red (?)","#413f44,#000000,#55504d"
"Ferro-ferri-holmquistite","Ferro-ferri-holmquistite","☐Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2","☐Li2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Li Fe Si O H","IMA2022-020"," ",7248,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Li Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Ffhlm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferro-ferri-hornblende","Ferro-ferri-hornblende","☐Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2015-054"," ",6454,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Ffhbl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark greenish","#033500"
"Ferro-ferri-katophorite","Ferro-ferri-katophorite","Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2016-008"," ",6535,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Ffktp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","black","#000000"
"Ferro-ferri-nybøite","Ferro-ferri-nyboite","NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Si Al O H","IMA2013-072"," ",1854,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Ffnyb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferro-ferri-obertiite","Ferro-ferri-obertiite","NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^Ti)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^Ti^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Fe Ti Si O","IMA2009-034, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5762,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si O","Ffob","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferro-ferri-pedrizite","Ferro-ferri-pedrizite","NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaLi_2_(LiFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Li Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",5164,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Li Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Ffpd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferrofettelite","Ferrofettelite","Ag1+16Fe2+As3+4S2-15","[Ag6As2S7][Ag10FeAs2S8]","[Ag_6_As_2_S_7_][Ag_10_FeAs_2_S_8_]","Ag^1+^_16_Fe^2+^As^3+^_4_S^2-^_15_","Ag As S Fe","IMA2021-094"," ",7147,"Fettelite","monoclinic","C2","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Fftt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferro-fluoro-edenite","Ferro-fluoro-edenite","NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7AlO22)F2","NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7AlO22)F2","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_7_AlO_22_)F_2_","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_5_(Si_7_AlO_22_)F_2_","Na Ca Fe Si Al O F","IMA2020-058"," ",7072,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Si Al O F","Ffed","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Dark brown to black","#73532a,#000000"
"Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite","Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite","NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaLi_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaLi_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Li Fe Al Si O F","IMA2008-070, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5730,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Li Fe^2+ Al Si O F","Fflpd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale bluish-grey","#a2adb1"
"Ferro-gedrite","Ferro-gedrite","☐Fe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","☐Fe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","[box]Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1888,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fged","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pale greenish-grey to brown","#96907e,#653700"
"Ferro-glaucophane","Ferro-glaucophane","☐Na2(Fe2+3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Na2(Fe2+3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1889,"Amphibole",,,"Na Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fgln","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Grey to lavender-blue.","#808080,#ccccff"
"Ferrohexahydrite","Ferrohexahydrite","Fe2+S6+O4·6H2O","Fe2+(SO4)·6H2O","Fe^2+^(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Fe^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1890,"Hexahydrite",,,"Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Fhhy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ferrohögbomite-2N2S","Ferrohogbomite-2N2S","(Fe2+,Mg,Zn2+,Al)3(Al,Ti4+,Fe3+)8O15(OH)","(Fe,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe)8O15(OH)","(Fe,Mg,Zn,Al)_3_(Al,Ti,Fe)_8_O_15_(OH)","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Zn^2+^,Al)_3_(Al,Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Fe Mg Zn Al Ti O H","IMA2001-048"," ",1891,"Hogbömite-Ferrohögbomite","hexagonal","P63mc","Fe^2+ Mg Zn^2+ Al Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O H","Fhög-2N2S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Reddish brown to brownish black","#7f2b0a,#413936"
"Ferro-holmquistite","Ferro-holmquistite","☐Li2(Fe2+3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Li2(Fe2+3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Li_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Li Fe Al Si O H","IMA2004-030, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1892,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Li Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fhlm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, dark-violet, light sky-blue.","#000000,#34013f,#02ccfe"
"Ferro-hornblende","Ferro-hornblende","☐Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1893,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fhbl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferroindialite","Ferroindialite","(Fe2+,Mg)2Al3(AlSi5)O18","(Fe2+,Mg)2Al4Si5O18","(Fe^2+^,Mg)_2_Al_4_Si_5_O_18_","(Fe^2+^,Mg)_2_Al_3_(AlSi_5_)O_18_","Fe Mg Al Si O","IMA2013-016"," ",6177,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Fe^2+ Mg Al Si O","Find","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish-violet to gray with violet-blue tint","#4c2882,#d7d5cb"
"Ferroinnelite","Ferroinnelite","Ba4Ti4+2Na(NaFe2+)Ti4+(Si2O7)2[(S6+O4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]","Ba4Ti2Na(NaFe2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]","Ba_4_Ti_2_Na(NaFe^2+^)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[(SO_4_)(PO_4_)]O_2_[O(OH)]","Ba_4_Ti^4+^_2_Na(NaFe^2+^)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)]O_2_[O(OH)]","Ba Ti Na Fe Si O S P H","IMA2024-029"," ",7543,"Seidozerite","triclinic","P1","Ba Ti^4+ Na Fe^2+ Si O S^6+ P H","Finn",,"No","yellow to yellow brown","#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Ferro-katophorite","Ferro-katophorite","NaNaCa[Fe2+4Al](Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNaCa[Fe^2+^_4_Al](Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2609,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Foktp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrokentbrooksite","Ferrokentbrooksite","Na15Ca6Fe2+3Zr4+3Nb5+(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(F,Cl)2","Na15Ca6Fe2+3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(F,Cl)2","Na_15_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr_3_Nb(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(F,Cl)_2_","Na_15_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(F,Cl)_2_","Na Ca Fe Zr Nb Si O H F Cl","IMA1999-046"," ",1895,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H F Cl","Fktb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Reddish brown, Red.","#7f2b0a,#ff0000"
"Ferrokësterite","Ferrokesterite","Cu1+2Fe2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu2FeSnS4","Cu_2_FeSnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Sn S","IMA1985-012"," ",1896,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I4, I42m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Fkës","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ferrokinoshitalite","Ferrokinoshitalite","BaFe2+3(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","BaFe2+3(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","BaFe^2+^_3_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","BaFe^2+^_3_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ba Fe Si Al O H","IMA1999-026"," ",1897," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Fkns","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Ferrolaueite","Ferrolaueite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1987-046a"," ",1898,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Flae","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#fffe7a"
"Ferromerrillite","Ferromerrillite","Ca9NaFe2+(PO4)7","Ca9NaFe2+(PO4)7","Ca_9_NaFe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_NaFe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Na Fe P O","IMA2006-039"," ",5557,"Cerite",,,"Ca Na Fe^2+ P O","Fmer","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Ferronickelplatinum","Ferronickelplatinum","Pt2FeNi","Pt2FeNi","Pt_2_FeNi","Pt_2_FeNi","Pt Fe Ni","IMA1982-071"," ",1900,"Potarite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pt Fe Ni","Fnpt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Ferronigerite-2N1S","Ferronigerite-2N1S","(Al,Fe3+,Zn2+)2(Al,Sn4+)6O11(OH)","(Al,Fe,Zn)2(Al,Sn)6O11(OH)","(Al,Fe,Zn)_2_(Al,Sn)_6_O_11_(OH)","(Al,Fe^3+^,Zn^2+^)_2_(Al,Sn^4+^)_6_O_11_(OH)","Al Fe Zn Sn O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",1901,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","P3m1","Al Fe^3+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Fng-2N1S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Amber yellow, Golden brown, Brown, Red.","#afafaf,#fab75a,#b27a01,#653700,#ff0000"
"Ferronigerite-6N6S","Ferronigerite-6N6S","(Al,Fe3+,Zn2+)3(Al,Sn4+,Fe3+)8O15(OH)","(Al,Fe,Zn)3(Al,Sn,Fe)8O15(OH)","(Al,Fe,Zn)_3_(Al,Sn,Fe)_8_O_15_(OH)","(Al,Fe^3+^,Zn^2+^)_3_(Al,Sn^4+^,Fe^3+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Al Fe Zn Sn O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",1902,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","R3m, R3","Al Fe^3+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Fng-6N6S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Ferronordite-(Ce)","Ferronordite-(Ce)","Na3SrCe3+Fe2+Si6O17","Na3SrCeFe2+Si6O17","Na_3_SrCeFe^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na_3_SrCe^3+^Fe^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Sr Ce Fe Si O","IMA1997-008"," ",1903,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Sr Ce^3+ Fe^2+ Si O","Fnor-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light coffee brown.","#afafaf,#ccffee"
"Ferronordite-(La)","Ferronordite-(La)","Na3SrLa3+Fe2+Si6O17","Na3SrLaFe2+Si6O17","Na_3_SrLaFe^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na_3_SrLa^3+^Fe^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Sr La Fe Si O","IMA2000-015"," ",1904,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Sr La^3+ Fe^2+ Si O","Fnor-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale brownish white.","#afafaf,#b1916e"
"Ferro-papikeite","Ferro-papikeite","NaFe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaFe2+2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaFe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaFe^2+^_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Al Si O H","IMA2020-021"," ",7032,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fpa","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","pale brown","#b1916e"
"Ferro-pargasite","Ferro-pargasite","NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1906,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fprg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish-brown to dark green, black.","#696112,#033500,#000000"
"Ferro-pedrizite","Ferro-pedrizite","NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","NaLi_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaLi_2_(Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Li Fe Al Si O H","IMA2014-037"," ",6311,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Li Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fopd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark grey-blue to violet-blue","#4e4459,#510ac9"
"Ferroqingheiite","Ferroqingheiite","Na2Fe2+MgAl(PO4)3","Na2Fe2+MgAl(PO4)3","Na_2_Fe^2+^MgAl(PO_4_)_3_","Na_2_Fe^2+^MgAl(PO_4_)_3_","Na Fe Mg Al P O","IMA2009-076"," ",5806,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Fe^2+ Mg Al P O","Qin-Fe2+","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark green","#033500"
"Ferrorhodonite","Ferrorhodonite","CaMn2+3Fe2+(Si5O15)","CaMn3Fe(Si5O15)","CaMn_3_Fe(Si_5_O_15_)","CaMn^2+^_3_Fe^2+^(Si_5_O_15_)","Ca Mn Fe Si O","IMA2016-016"," ",6544,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si O","Frdn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown-red, pinkish-brown","#922b05,#b17261"
"Ferro-richterite","Ferro-richterite","NaNaCaFe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNaCaFe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",1909,"Amphibole",,,"Na Ca Fe^2+ Si O H","Frct","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Brown to brownish-red, rose-red, yellow, grey-brown, also pale to dark green.","#653700,#9e3623,#c92351,#ffff00,#7f7053,#d5847e,#033500"
"Ferrorockbridgeite","Ferrorockbridgeite","(Fe2+,Mn2+)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","(Fe2+,Mn2+)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Fe Mn P O H","IMA2018-004"," ",6749,"Rockbridgeite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Forck","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green to black.","#033500,#000000"
"Ferrorosemaryite","Ferrorosemaryite","☐NaFe2+(Fe3+Al)(PO4)3","☐NaFe2+(Fe3+Al)(PO4)3","[box]NaFe^2+^(Fe^3+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","[box]NaFe^2+^(Fe^3+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Fe Al P O","IMA2003-063"," ",5261,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O","Frmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark green, Bronze.","#033500,#a87900"
"Ferrosaponite","Ferrosaponite","Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Ca_0.3_(Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_0.3_(Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Fe Mg Si Al O H","IMA2002-028"," ",4997,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite","monoclinic",,"Ca Fe^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Fsap","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, Brownish green.","#033500,#6a6e09"
"Ferroselite","Ferroselite","FeSe2","FeSe2","FeSe_2_","FeSe_2_","Fe Se"," "," ",1910,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm, Pmnn","Fe Se","Fse","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Bronze, Steel gray, Silver white.","#a87900,#43464b,#e7e8e3"
"Ferrosilite","Ferrosilite","Fe2+2Si2O6","Fe2+2Si2O6","Fe^2+^_2_Si_2_O_6_","Fe^2+^_2_Si_2_O_6_","Fe Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",1911,"Pyroxene","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pbca, C2/c","Fe^2+ Si O","Fs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Green, Dark brown, Nearly black.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#73532a,#263032"
"Ferroskutterudite","Ferroskutterudite","FeAs3","FeAs3","FeAs_3_","FeAs_3_","Fe As","IMA2006-032"," ",5591,"Perovskite, Skutterudite","cubic","Im3m","Fe As","Fskt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Ferrostalderite","Ferrostalderite","Cu1+Fe2+2Tl1+As3+2S2-6","CuFe2TlAs2S6","CuFe_2_TlAs_2_S_6_","Cu^1+^Fe^2+^_2_Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Cu Fe Tl As S","IMA2014-090"," ",6388,"Routhierite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Fstd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferrostrunzite","Ferrostrunzite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1983-003"," ",1912,"Strunzite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Fostz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Light brown, Colorless.","#ae8b0c,#b5651d,#afafaf"
"Ferrotaaffeite-2N'2S","Ferrotaaffeite-2N2S","(Fe2+,Mg,Zn2+)3Al8BeO16","(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)3Al8BeO16","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Zn)_3_Al_8_BeO_16_","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Zn^2+^)_3_Al_8_BeO_16_","Fe Mg Zn Al Be O","IMA2011-025"," ",5953,"Taaffeite-Ferrotaaffeite","hexagonal","P63mc","Fe^2+ Mg Zn^2+ Al Be O","Ftf-2N'2S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown","#653700"
"Ferrotaaffeite-6N'3S","Ferrotaaffeite-6N3S","BeFe2+2Al6O12","BeFe2+2Al6O12","BeFe^2+^_2_Al_6_O_12_","BeFe^2+^_2_Al_6_O_12_","Be Fe Al O","IMA1979-047, IMA2001 s.p."," ",1913,"Taaffeite-Ferrotaaffeite","hexagonal","R3m","Be Fe^2+ Al O","Ftf-6N'3S","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light green","#76ff7b"
"Ferro-taramite","Ferro-taramite","Na(NaCa)Fe2+3Al2(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaCa)Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2006-023, IMA2012 s.p."," ",4926,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Ftrm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Bluish green","#10a674"
"Ferrotitanowodginite","Ferrotitanowodginite","Fe2+Ti4+Ta5+2O8","Fe2+TiTa2O8","Fe^2+^TiTa_2_O_8_","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^Ta^5+^_2_O_8_","Fe Ti Ta O","IMA1998-028"," ",1916,"Columbite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Ta^5+ O","Ftwdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Very dark brown, Black.","#3a4859,#000000"
"Ferrotochilinite","Ferrotochilinite","6Fe2+S2-·5Fe2+(OH)2","FeS·≈0.85[Fe(OH)2]","FeS·≈0.85[Fe(OH)_2_]","6Fe^2+^S^2-^·5Fe^2+^(OH)_2_","Fe S O H","IMA2010-080"," ",5918,"Tochilinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ S^2- O H","Ftch","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","dark bronze","#b5485d"
"Ferrotorryweiserite","Ferrotorryweiserite","Rh5Fe10S16","Rh5Fe10S16","Rh_5_Fe_10_S_16_","Rh_5_Fe_10_S_16_","Rh Fe S","IMA2021-055"," ",7171," ","hexagonal","R3m","Rh Fe S","Ftyw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","gray to brownish gray","#808080,#86775f"
"Ferro-tschermakite","Ferro-tschermakite","☐Ca2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2016-116"," ",6642,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Fts","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Medium green to dark green to green-black to black, also brownish-green.","#418c53,#033500,#373a3a,#000000,#6a6e09"
"Ferrotychite","Ferrotychite","Na6Fe2+2(CO3)4(S6+O4)","Na6Fe2+2(CO3)4(SO4)","Na_6_Fe^2+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_(SO_4_)","Na_6_Fe^2+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)","Na Fe C O S","IMA1980-050"," ",1918,"Northupite","cubic","Fd3","Na Fe^2+ C O S^6+","Ftyc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Ferrovalleriite","Ferrovalleriite","2(Fe,Cu)S·1.53[(Fe2+,Al,Mg)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Cu)S]·1.53[(Fe,Al,Mg)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Cu)S]·1.53[(Fe,Al,Mg)(OH)_2_]","2(Fe,Cu)S·1.53[(Fe^2+^,Al,Mg)(OH)_2_]","Fe Cu S Al Mg O H","IMA2011-068"," ",6011,"Valleriite","hexagonal","R3m","Fe Cu S Fe^2+ Al Mg O H","Fval","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark bronze","#b5485d"
"Ferrovorontsovite","Ferrovorontsovite","(Fe2+5Cu1+)Tl1+As3+4S2-12","(Fe5Cu)TlAs4S12","(Fe_5_Cu)TlAs_4_S_12_","(Fe^2+^_5_Cu^1+^)Tl^1+^As^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Fe Cu Tl As S","IMA2017-007"," ",6649,"Galkhaite, Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Fe^2+ Cu^1+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Fvor","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ferrowodginite","Ferrowodginite","Fe2+Sn4+Ta5+2O8","Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8","Fe^2+^Sn^4+^Ta_2_O_8_","Fe^2+^Sn^4+^Ta^5+^_2_O_8_","Fe Sn Ta O","IMA1984-006"," ",1920,"Columbite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ Sn^4+ Ta^5+ O","Fwdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Ferrowyllieite","Ferrowyllieite","NaNaFe2+(Fe2+Al)(PO4)3","NaNaFe2+(Fe2+Al)(PO4)3","NaNaFe^2+^(Fe^2+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","NaNaFe^2+^(Fe^2+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Fe Al P O","IMA1979 s.p."," ",1921,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Fe^2+ Al P O","Fwyl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish green, Greenish black, Gray green, Dark blue green.","#10a674,#454445,#86a17d,#315b7d"
"Ferruccite","Ferruccite","NaBF4","NaBF4","NaBF_4_","NaBF_4_","Na B F"," "," ",1922," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Na B F","Fru","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Fersmanite","Fersmanite","Ca4(Na,Ca)4(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(Si2O7)2O8F3","Ca4(Na,Ca)4(Ti,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8F3","Ca_4_(Na,Ca)_4_(Ti,Nb)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_8_F_3_","Ca_4_(Na,Ca)_4_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_8_F_3_","Ca Na Ti Nb Si O F"," "," ",1923," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Na Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O F","Fsn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Golden yellow, Resin brown, Light brown, Dark brown.","#ffdf00,#935848,#b5651d,#73532a"
"Fersmite","Fersmite","CaNb5+2O6","CaNb2O6","CaNb_2_O_6_","CaNb^5+^_2_O_6_","Ca Nb O","IMA2022 s.p."," ",1924,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn, Pcan","Ca Nb^5+ O","Fsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brownish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#73532a,#000000"
"Feruvite","Feruvite","CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","CaFe^2+^_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","CaFe^2+^_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Ca Fe Al Mg Si O B H","IMA1987-057"," ",1925,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Mg Si O B H","Fuvt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#73532a,#000000"
"Fervanite","Fervanite","Fe3+4V5+4O16·5H2O","Fe3+4V5+4O16·5H2O","Fe^3+^_4_V^5+^_4_O_16_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_V^5+^_4_O_16_·5H_2_O","Fe V O H"," "," ",1926," ",,,"Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Fvn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Brown, Pale green.","#ffff00,#653700,#69b076"
"Fetiasite","Fetiasite","(Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti4+)3O2As3+2O5","(Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti4+)3O2As3+2O5","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)_3_O_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)_3_O_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_","Fe Ti O As","IMA1991-019"," ",1927," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O As^3+","Fet","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Fettelite","Fettelite","Ag1+16Hg2+As3+4S2-15","[Ag6As2S7][Ag10HgAs2S8]","[Ag_6_As_2_S_7_][Ag_10_HgAs_2_S_8_]","Ag^1+^_16_Hg^2+^As^3+^_4_S^2-^_15_","Ag As S Hg","IMA1994-056"," ",1928,"Fettelite","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2, P3m1","Ag^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Ftt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark violet, Scarlet red.","#34013f,#b63e36"
"Feynmanite","Feynmanite","Na(U6+O2)(S6+O4)(OH)·3.5H2O","Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·3.5H2O","Na(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(OH)·3.5H_2_O","Na(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·3.5H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2017-035"," ",6672," ","monoclinic","P2/n","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Fey","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish yellow","#69b076"
"Fianelite","Fianelite","Mn2+2V5+2O7·2H2O","Mn2+2V2O7·2H2O","Mn^2+^_2_V_2_O_7_·2H_2_O","Mn^2+^_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_·2H_2_O","Mn V O H","IMA1995-016"," ",1929,"Fianelite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Fnl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange red.","#fe4401"
"Fibroferrite","Fibroferrite","Fe3+S6+O4(OH)·5H2O","Fe3+(SO4)(OH)·5H2O","Fe^3+^(SO_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^S^6+^O_4_(OH)·5H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",1930,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic, hexagonal","R3","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Ffr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green gray, Yellow green, White, Light green, Light yellow.","#7ea07a,#c8fd3d,#ffffff,#76ff7b,#fffe7a"
"Fichtelite","Fichtelite","C19H34","C19H34","C_19_H_34_","C_19_H_34_","C H"," "," ",1931," ","monoclinic","P21","C H","Fic","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Fiedlerite","Fiedlerite","Pb2+3Cl4F(OH)·H2O","Pb3Cl4F(OH)·H2O","Pb_3_Cl_4_F(OH)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_Cl_4_F(OH)·H_2_O","Pb Cl F O H","IMA1994 s.p."," ",1932," ","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P21/a","Pb^2+ Cl F O H","Fie","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Fiemmeite","Fiemmeite","Cu2+2((C2)6+O4)(OH)2·2H2O","Cu2(C2O4)(OH)2·2H2O","Cu_2_(C_2_O_4_)(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Cu C O H","IMA2017-115"," ",6742,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ C O H","Fmm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Sky blue","#9fb9e2"
"Filatovite","Filatovite","K(Al,Zn2+)2(As5+,Si)2O8","K(Al,Zn)2(As,Si)2O8","K(Al,Zn)_2_(As,Si)_2_O_8_","K(Al,Zn^2+^)_2_(As^5+^,Si)_2_O_8_","K Al Zn As Si O","IMA2002-052"," ",5204,"Feldspar","monoclinic","I2/c","K Al Zn^2+ As^5+ Si O","Ftv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Filipstadite","Filipstadite","(Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2+2O4","(Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2+2O4","(Fe^3+^_0.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)Mn^2+^_2_O_4_","(Fe^3+^_0.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)Mn^2+^_2_O_4_","Fe Sb Mn O","IMA1987-010"," ",1933,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^3+ Sb^5+ Mn^2+ O","Fps","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Dark brownish gray.","#000000,#73532a"
"Fillowite","Fillowite","Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9","Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9","Na_3_CaMn^2+^_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na_3_CaMn^2+^_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na Ca Mn P O"," "," ",1934,"Fillowite","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Mn^2+ P O","Fil","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, Reddish brown, Colorless.","#ffff00,#7f2b0a,#afafaf"
"Finchite","Finchite","Sr(U6+O2)2(V5+2O8)·5H2O","Sr(UO2)2(V2O8)·5H2O","Sr(UO_2_)_2_(V_2_O_8_)·5H_2_O","Sr(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^_2_O_8_)·5H_2_O","Sr U O V H","IMA2017-052"," ",6682,"Fritzscheite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Sr U^6+ O V^5+ H","Fin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Finescreekite","Finescreekite","[Pb2+4(OH)4](S6+O3S2-)2","[Pb4(OH)4](S2O3)2","[Pb_4_(OH)_4_](S_2_O_3_)_2_","[Pb^2+^_4_(OH)_4_](S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_2_","Pb O H S","IMA2022-030"," ",7257," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Pb^2+ O H S^6+ S^2-","Fnck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fingerite","Fingerite","Cu2+11O2(V5+O4)6","Cu11O2(VO4)6","Cu_11_O_2_(VO_4_)_6_","Cu^2+^_11_O_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_","Cu O V","IMA1983-064"," ",1935," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O V^5+","Fgr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Finnemanite","Finnemanite","Pb2+5(As3+O3)3Cl","Pb5(As3+O3)3Cl","Pb_5_(As^3+^O_3_)_3_Cl","Pb^2+^_5_(As^3+^O_3_)_3_Cl","Pb As O Cl"," "," ",1936,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m, P63","Pb^2+ As^3+ O Cl","Fnn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Fischesserite","Fischesserite","Ag3AuSe2","Ag3AuSe2","Ag_3_AuSe_2_","Ag_3_AuSe_2_","Ag Au Se","IMA1971-010"," ",1937," ","cubic","I4132","Ag Au Se","Fis","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Fivegite","Fivegite","K4Ca2[AlSi7O17(O2-x(OH)x)][(H2O)2-x(OH)x]Cl (x = 0-2)","K4Ca2[AlSi7O17(O2-x(OH)x)][(H2O)2-x(OH)x]Cl (x = 0-2)","K_4_Ca_2_[AlSi_7_O_17_(O_2-x_(OH)_x_)][(H_2_O)_2-x_(OH)_x_]Cl (x = 0-2)","K_4_Ca_2_[AlSi_7_O_17_(O_2-x_(OH)_x_)][(H_2_O)_2-x_(OH)_x_]Cl (x = 0-2)","K Ca Al Si O H Cl","IMA2009-067"," ",5796,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pm21n","K Ca Al Si O H Cl","Fiv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Fizélyite","Fizelyite","Ag1+5Pb2+14Sb3+21S2-48","Ag5Pb14Sb21S48","Ag_5_Pb_14_Sb_21_S_48_","Ag^1+^_5_Pb^2+^_14_Sb^3+^_21_S^2-^_48_","Ag Pb Sb S"," "," ",4947,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Fiz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead grey to steel gray","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Flaggite","Flaggite","Pb2+4Cu2+4Te6+2(S6+O4)2O11(OH)2(H2O)","Pb4Cu2+4Te6+2(SO4)2O11(OH)2(H2O)","Pb_4_Cu^2+^_4_Te^6+^_2_(SO_4_)_2_O_11_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)","Pb^2+^_4_Cu^2+^_4_Te^6+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O_11_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)","Pb Cu Te S O H","IMA2021-044"," ",7151," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ S^6+ O H","Flg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lime-green to yellow-green","#8ead2c,#c8fd3d"
"Flagstaffite","Flagstaffite","C10H22O3","C10H22O3","C_10_H_22_O_3_","C_10_H_22_O_3_","C H O"," "," ",1938," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","C H O","Fsf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Flamite","Flamite","Ca8-x(Na,K)x(SiO4)4-x(PO4)x","Ca8-x(Na,K)x(SiO4)4-x(PO4)x","Ca_8-x_(Na,K)_x_(SiO_4_)_4-x_(PO_4_)_x_","Ca_8-x_(Na,K)_x_(SiO_4_)_4-x_(PO_4_)_x_","Ca Na K Si O P","IMA2013-122"," ",6282,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63","Ca Na K Si O P","Fmt","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Greyish to yellowish","#cfcac7,#faee66"
"Fleetite","Fleetite","Cu2RhIrSb2","Cu2RhIrSb2","Cu_2_RhIrSb_2_","Cu_2_RhIrSb_2_","Cu Rh Ir Sb","IMA2018-073b"," ",6993,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Fd3m","Cu Rh Ir Sb","Fle","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fleischerite","Fleischerite","Pb2+3Ge(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Pb3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Pb_3_Ge(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_Ge(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb Ge S O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",1939,"Fleischerite","hexagonal","P62c","Pb^2+ Ge S^6+ O H","Fsh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light pink.","#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Fleisstalite","Fleisstalite","Fe2+(S4+O3)·3H2O","Fe2+(SO3)·3H2O","Fe^2+^(SO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^(S^4+^O_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA2016-038"," ",6566,"Gravegliaite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ S^4+ O H","Fss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fletcherite","Fletcherite","Cu2+Ni3+2S2-4","CuNi2S4","CuNi_2_S_4_","Cu^2+^Ni^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Cu Ni S","IMA1976-044"," ",1940,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^2+ Ni^3+ S^2-","Ftc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Flinkite","Flinkite","Mn2+2Mn3+As5+O4(OH)4","Mn2+2Mn3+(AsO4)(OH)4","Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn As O H"," "," ",1941,"Allactite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Fln","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish brown, Dark greenish brown.","#00ff00,#696112,#033500"
"Flinteite","Flinteite","K2Zn2+Cl4","K2ZnCl4","K_2_ZnCl_4_","K_2_Zn^2+^Cl_4_","K Zn Cl","IMA2014-009"," ",6302," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","K Zn^2+ Cl","Fnt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green, light yellow to bright greenish-yellow , colourless","#76ff7b,#fffe7a,#66ff00,#afafaf"
"Florencite-(Ce)","Florencite-(Ce)","Ce3+Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","CeAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce^3+^Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce Al P O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1942,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ce^3+ Al P O H","Flo-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Light yellow, Pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Florencite-(La)","Florencite-(La)","La3+Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","LaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","La^3+^Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","La Al P O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1943,"Alunite-crandallite",,,"La^3+ Al P O H","Flo-La","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Florencite-(Nd)","Florencite-(Nd)","NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","NdAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","NdAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Nd Al P O H","IMA1971-xxx"," ",1944,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Nd Al P O H","Flo-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Pink.","#ffff00,#ffc0cb"
"Florencite-(Sm)","Florencite-(Sm)","Sm3+Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","SmAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Sm^3+^Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Sm Al P O H","IMA2009-074"," ",5804,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Sm^3+ Al P O H","Flo-Sm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Florenskyite","Florenskyite","FeTiP","FeTiP","FeTiP","FeTiP","Fe Ti P","IMA1999-013"," ",1945,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe Ti P","Fsk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Cream white.","#f2eee2"
"Florensovite","Florensovite","Cu1+(Cr3+1.5Sb5+0.5)S2-4","Cu(Cr1.5Sb0.5)S4","Cu(Cr_1.5_Sb_0.5_)S_4_","Cu^1+^(Cr^3+^_1.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)S^2-^_4_","Cu Cr Sb S","IMA1987-012"," ",1946,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Cr^3+ Sb^5+ S^2-","Frs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Flörkeite","Florkeite","(K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32]·12H2O","(K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32]·12H2O","(K_3_Ca_2_Na)[Al_8_Si_8_O_32_]·12H_2_O","(K_3_Ca_2_Na)[Al_8_Si_8_O_32_]·12H_2_O","K Ca Na Al Si O H","IMA2008-036"," ",5696," ","triclinic","P1","K Ca Na Al Si O H","Flö","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluckite","Fluckite","CaMn2+(As5+O3OH)2·2H2O","CaMn2+(AsO3OH)2·2H2O","CaMn^2+^(AsO_3_OH)_2_·2H_2_O","CaMn^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H","IMA1978-054"," ",1947,"Krautite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Fck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Light pink, Dark pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df,#cb416b"
"Fluellite","Fluellite","Al2(PO4)F2(OH)·7H2O","Al2(PO4)F2(OH)·7H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)F_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Al_2_(PO_4_)F_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Al P O F H"," "," ",1948," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Al P O F H","Fll","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Colorless, Dark purple, Black.","#ffdf00,#afafaf,#35063e,#000000"
"Fluoborite","Fluoborite","Mg3(BO3)F3","Mg3(BO3)F3","Mg_3_(BO_3_)F_3_","Mg_3_(BO_3_)F_3_","Mg B O F"," "," ",1949," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg B O F","Fbo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Violet, White.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#ffffff"
"Fluocerite-(Ce)","Fluocerite-(Ce)","Ce3+F3","CeF3","CeF_3_","Ce^3+^F_3_","Ce F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1950,"Fluocerite","hexagonal","P3c1, P6322","Ce^3+ F","Fcrt-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pale wax yellow, Yellowish brown, Reddish brown.","#f2eacf,#9b7a01,#7f2b0a"
"Fluocerite-(La)","Fluocerite-(La)","La3+F3","LaF3","LaF_3_","La^3+^F_3_","La F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1951,"Fluocerite","hexagonal","P3c1, P63/mmc, P6322","La^3+ F","Fcrt-La","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Fluoralforsite","Fluoralforsite","Ba5(PO4)3F","Ba5(PO4)3F","Ba_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ba_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ba P O F","IMA2022-093"," ",7318,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ba P O F","Fafr",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluorannite","Fluorannite","KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2","KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2","KFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","KFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","K Fe Si Al O F","IMA1999-048"," ",1952,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Si Al O F","Fann","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Iron black.","#263145"
"Fluorapatite","Fluorapatite","Ca5(PO4)3F","Ca5(PO4)3F","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca P O F","IMA2010 s.p."," ",1953,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63/m, P21/m","Ca P O F","Fap","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorapophyllite-(Cs)","Fluorapophyllite-(Cs)","CsCa4(Si8O20)F(H2O)8","CsCa4(Si8O20)F(H2O)8","CsCa_4_(Si_8_O_20_)F(H_2_O)_8_","CsCa_4_(Si_8_O_20_)F(H_2_O)_8_","Cs Ca Si O F H","IMA2018-108a"," ",6891,"Apophyllite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Cs Ca Si O F H","Fapo-Cs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluorapophyllite-(K)","Fluorapophyllite-(K)","KCa4Si8O20F·8H2O","KCa4Si8O20F·8H2O","KCa_4_Si_8_O_20_F·8H_2_O","KCa_4_Si_8_O_20_F·8H_2_O","K Ca Si O F H","IMA1978 s.p."," ",1954,"Apophyllite","tetragonal","P4/mnc","K Ca Si O F H","Fapo-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorapophyllite-(Na)","Fluorapophyllite-(Na)","NaCa4Si8O20F·8H2O","NaCa4Si8O20F·8H2O","NaCa_4_Si_8_O_20_F·8H_2_O","NaCa_4_Si_8_O_20_F·8H_2_O","Na Ca Si O F H","IMA1976-032"," ",3300,"Apophyllite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Na Ca Si O F H","Fapo-Na","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish-yellow, yellowish-brown, colourless","#c9b003,#9b7a01,#afafaf"
"Fluorapophyllite-(NH4)","Fluorapophyllite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)Ca4(Si8O20)F·8H2O","(NH4)Ca4(Si8O20)F·8H2O","(NH_4_)Ca_4_(Si_8_O_20_)F·8H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Ca_4_(Si_8_O_20_)F·8H_2_O","N H Ca Si O F","IMA2019-083"," ",6971,"Apophyllite","tetragonal","P4/mnc","N^3- H Ca Si O F","Fapo-NH4","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks","No","Colourless to light pink","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Fluorarrojadite-(BaFe)","Fluorarrojadite-(BaFe)","Na2CaBaFe2+Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","Na2CaBaFe2+Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","Na_2_CaBaFe^2+^Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","Na_2_CaBaFe^2+^Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","Na Ca Ba Fe Al P O H F","IMA2005-058a"," ",5344,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","Na Ca Ba Fe^2+ Al P O H F","Fajd-BaFe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark yellowish green.","#e7bf8e"
"Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa)","Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa)","BaNa4CaFe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","BaNa4CaFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","BaNa_4_CaFe_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","BaNa_4_CaFe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","Ba Na Ca Fe Al P O H F","IMA2016-075"," ",5343,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","Ba Na Ca Fe^2+ Al P O H F","Fajd-BaNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish-brown to greenish-yellow","#9b7a01,#cdfd02"
"Fluorbarytolamprophyllite","Fluorbarytolamprophyllite","(BaK)Ti4+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2F2","(BaK)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2","(BaK)Ti_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","(BaK)Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba K Ti Na Si O F","IMA2016-089"," ",6615,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba K Ti^4+ Na Si O F","Fblmp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown","#653700"
"Fluorbritholite-(Ce)","Fluorbritholite-(Ce)","Ca2Ce3+3(SiO4)3F","(Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3F","(Ce,Ca)_5_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ca_2_Ce^3+^_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ce Ca Si O F","IMA1991-027"," ",1955,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Ce^3+ Si O F","Fbri-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Tan, Colorless, Reddish brown.","#ffff00,#d1b26f,#afafaf,#7f2b0a"
"Fluorbritholite-(La)","Fluorbritholite-(La)","Ca2La3+3(SiO4)3F","Ca2La3(SiO4)3F","Ca_2_La_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ca_2_La^3+^_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ca La Si O F","IMA2025-027"," ",7588,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca La^3+ Si O F","Fbri-La",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorbritholite-(Nd)","Fluorbritholite-(Nd)","Ca2Nd3(SiO4)3F","Ca2Nd3(SiO4)3F","Ca_2_Nd_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ca_2_Nd_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Ca Nd Si O F","IMA2023-001"," ",7359,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Nd Si O F","Fbri-Nd",,"No","brownish pink","#c27e79"
"Fluorbritholite-(Y)","Fluorbritholite-(Y)","(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3F","(Y,Ca)5(SiO4)3F","(Y,Ca)_5_(SiO_4_)_3_F","(Y,Ca)_5_(SiO_4_)_3_F","Y Ca Si O F","IMA2009-005"," ",5733,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Y Ca Si O F","Fbri-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light pinkish-brown to brownish-pink; light brown; dark brown","#c2a487,#c27e79,#b5651d,#73532a"
"Fluor-buergerite","Fluor-buergerite","NaFe3+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3F","NaFe3+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3F","NaFe^3+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_O_3_F","NaFe^3+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_O_3_F","Na Fe Al Si O B F","IMA1965-005"," ",1243,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^3+ Al Si O B F","Fbu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorcalciobritholite","Fluorcalciobritholite","(Ca,REE)5(SiO4,PO4)3F","(Ca,REE)5(SiO4,PO4)3F","(Ca,REE)_5_(SiO_4_,PO_4_)_3_F","(Ca,REE)_5_(SiO_4_,PO_4_)_3_F","Ca REE Si O P F","IMA2006-010"," ",5519,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca REE Si O P F","Fcbri","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale pinkish brown, Brown.","#efcddb,#653700"
"Fluorcalciomicrolite","Fluorcalciomicrolite","(Ca,Na)2Ta5+2O6F","(Ca,Na,☐)2Ta2O6F","(Ca,Na,[box])_2_Ta_2_O_6_F","(Ca,Na)_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_F","Ca Na Ta O F","IMA2012-036"," ",6040,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ca Na Ta^5+ O F","Fcmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Fluorcalciopyrochlore","Fluorcalciopyrochlore","(Ca,Na)2(Nb5+,Ti4+)2O6F","(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F","(Ca,Na)_2_(Nb,Ti)_2_O_6_F","(Ca,Na)_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_O_6_F","Ca Na Nb Ti O F","IMA2013-055"," ",6218,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ca Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O F","Fcpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish-yellow to reddish-orange","#c9b003,#f8481c"
"Fluorcalcioroméite","Fluorcalcioromeite","(Ca,Na)2Sb5+2O6F","(Ca,Na)2Sb5+2O6F","(Ca,Na)_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_6_F","(Ca,Na)_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_6_F","Ca Na Sb O F","IMA2012-093"," ",6143,"Pyrochlore-Roméite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ca Na Sb^5+ O F","Fcrm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to orange","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Fluorcanasite","Fluorcanasite","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4·H2O","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4·H2O","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_F_4_·H_2_O","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_F_4_·H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O F H","IMA2007-031"," ",5632," ","monoclinic","Cm","K Na Ca Si O F H","Fcns","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Purple","#800080"
"Fluorcaphite","Fluorcaphite","SrCaCa3(PO4)3F","SrCaCa3(PO4)3F","SrCaCa_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","SrCaCa_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Sr Ca P O F","IMA1996-022"," ",1956,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63","Sr Ca P O F","Fcp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Light yellow, Bright yellow.","#fffe7a,#fffd01"
"Fluorcarletonite","Fluorcarletonite","KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4F·H2O","KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4F·H2O","KNa_4_Ca_4_Si_8_O_18_(CO_3_)_4_F·H_2_O","KNa_4_Ca_4_Si_8_O_18_(CO_3_)_4_F·H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O C F H","IMA2019-038"," ",6926,"Carletonite","tetragonal","P4/mbm","K Na Ca Si O C F H","Fcto","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light blue to blue, colorless in thin sections","#add8e6,#0000ff,#afafaf"
"Fluorcarmoite-(BaNa)","Fluorcarmoite-(BaNa)","Ba☐Na2Na2☐CaMg13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","Ba☐Na2Na2☐CaMg13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2","Ba[box]Na_2_Na_2_[box]CaMg_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","Ba[box]Na_2_Na_2_[box]CaMg_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)F_2_","Ba Na Ca Mg Al P O H F","IMA2015-062"," ",6464,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","Ba Na Ca Mg Al P O H F","Fcm-BaNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","yellow–orange","#fcb001"
"Fluorchegemite","Fluorchegemite","Ca7(SiO4)3F2","Ca7(SiO4)3F2","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Ca Si O F","IMA2011-112"," ",6055,"Humite",,,"Ca Si O F","Fcgm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluor-dravite","Fluor-dravite","NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","NaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Na Mg Al Si O B H F","IMA2009-089"," ",5818,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mg Al Si O B H F","Fdrv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blackish brown","#453b32"
"Fluor-elbaite","Fluor-elbaite","Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","Na(Li_1.5_Al_1.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Na(Li_1.5_Al_1.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Na Li Al Si O B H F","IMA2011-071"," ",6014,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Li Al Si O B H F","Felb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, blue-green, blue, red to pink, orange, yellow, colourless","#00ff00,#137e6d,#0000ff,#ff0000,#ffc0cb,#ffa500,#ffff00,#afafaf"
"Fluorellestadite","Fluorellestadite","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(S6+O4)1.5F","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5F","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(SO_4_)_1.5_F","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(S^6+^O_4_)_1.5_F","Ca Si O S F","IMA1987-002"," ",1957,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Si O S^6+ F","Fel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue to pale bluish, light rose-red, yellow","#0000ff,#dfafa4,#f4d4d6,#ffff00"
"Fluorite","Fluorite","CaF2","CaF2","CaF_2_","CaF_2_","Ca F"," "," ",1958,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Ca F","Flr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Yellow, Green, Red, Blue.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#00ff00,#ff0000,#0000ff"
"Fluorkyuygenite","Fluorkyuygenite","Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2]","Ca12Al14O32[(H2O)4F2]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[(H_2_O)_4_F_2_]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[(H_2_O)_4_F_2_]","Ca Al O H F","IMA2013-043"," ",6207,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Al O H F","Fky","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Fluorlamprophyllite","Fluorlamprophyllite","(SrNa)Ti4+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2F2","(SrNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2","(SrNa)Ti_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","(SrNa)Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Sr Na Ti Si O F","IMA2013-102"," ",6198,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic",,"Sr Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Flmp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish-orange","#cb7723"
"Fluor-liddicoatite","Fluor-liddicoatite","Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","Ca(Li_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Ca(Li_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Ca Li Al Si O B H F","IMA1976-041"," ",2843,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Li Al Si O B H F","Fld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light-brown, pink to red, green, blue, rarely white.","#b5651d,#ffc0cb,#ff0000,#00ff00,#0000ff,#e1e3dd"
"Fluorluanshiweiite","Fluorluanshiweiite","KLiAl1.5☐0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2","KLiAl1.5☐0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2","KLiAl_1.5_[box]_0.5_(Si_3.5_Al_0.5_)O_10_F_2_","KLiAl_1.5_[box]_0.5_(Si_3.5_Al_0.5_)O_10_F_2_","K Li Al Si O F","IMA2019-053"," ",6942,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Li Al Si O F","Flw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Silvery white","#e7e8e3"
"Fluormacraeite","Fluormacraeite","[(H2O)K]Mn2+2(Fe3+2Ti4+)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H2O)K]Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn_2_(Fe_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O K Mn Fe Ti P F","IMA2024-054"," ",7508,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic","P21/c","H O K Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ P F","Fmacr",,"No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Fluormayenite","Fluormayenite","Ca12Al14O32[☐4F2]","Ca12Al14O32[☐4F2]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[[box]_4_F_2_]","Ca_12_Al_14_O_32_[[box]_4_F_2_]","Ca Al O F","IMA2013-019"," ",6182,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Al O F","Fmy","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Fluornatrocoulsellite","Fluornatrocoulsellite","(Na1.5Ca0.5)(Mg1.5Al0.5)F6F","(Na1.5Ca0.5)(Mg1.5Al0.5)F6F","(Na_1.5_Ca_0.5_)(Mg_1.5_Al_0.5_)F_6_F","(Na_1.5_Ca_0.5_)(Mg_1.5_Al_0.5_)F_6_F","Na Ca Mg Al F","IMA2009-070"," ",5799,"Pyrochlore","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Mg Al F","Fnc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluornatromicrolite","Fluornatromicrolite","(Na1.5Bi3+0.5)Ta5+2O6F","(Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F","(Na_1.5_Bi_0.5_)Ta_2_O_6_F","(Na_1.5_Bi^3+^_0.5_)Ta^5+^_2_O_6_F","Na Bi Ta O F","IMA1998-018"," ",5188,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Na Bi^3+ Ta^5+ O F","Fnmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Fluornatropyrochlore","Fluornatropyrochlore","(Na,Pb2+,Ca,REE3+,U6+)2Nb5+2O6F","(Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F","(Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)_2_Nb_2_O_6_F","(Na,Pb^2+^,Ca,REE^3+^,U^6+^)_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_F","Na Pb Ca REE U Nb O F","IMA2013-056"," ",6219,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Na Pb^2+ Ca REE^3+ U^6+ Nb^5+ O F","Fnpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow to reddish orange","#c9b003,#f8481c"
"Fluoro-cannilloite","Fluoro-cannilloite","CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2","CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2","CaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_F_2_","CaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_F_2_","Ca Mg Al Si O F","IMA1993-033, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1962,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Al Si O F","Fca","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Grey-green","#86a17d"
"Fluorocronite","Fluorocronite","Pb2+F2","PbF2","PbF_2_","Pb^2+^F_2_","Pb F","IMA2010-023"," ",5852,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Pb^2+ F","Flc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Fluoro-edenite","Fluoro-edenite","NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2","NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2","NaCa_2_Mg_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","NaCa_2_Mg_5_(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Si Al O F","IMA1994-059, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1959,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Si Al O F","Fled","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Intense yellow.","#e19c35"
"Fluorokinoshitalite","Fluorokinoshitalite","BaMg3Al2Si2O10F2","BaMg3Al2Si2O10F2","BaMg_3_Al_2_Si_2_O_10_F_2_","BaMg_3_Al_2_Si_2_O_10_F_2_","Ba Mg Al Si O F","IMA2010-001"," ",5828,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Mg Al Si O F","Flkns","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluoro-leakeite","Fluoro-leakeite","NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Mg Al Li Si O F","IMA2009-012, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5741,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al Li Si O F","Fllk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black; mustard yellow to brownish yellow","#000000,#e1ad01,#c9b003"
"Fluoro-nybøite","Fluoro-nyboite","NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(Si7Al)O22F2","NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(Si7Al)O22F2","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","Na Mg Al Si O F","IMA2002-010, IMA2012 s.p."," ",4998,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al Si O F","Fnyb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluoro-pargasite","Fluoro-pargasite","NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2","NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O F","IMA2003-050, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5251,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O F","Flprg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluoro-pedrizite","Fluoro-pedrizite","NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2","NaLi_2_(Mg_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaLi_2_(Mg_2_Al_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Li Mg Al Si O F","IMA2004-002, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5265,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Li Mg Al Si O F","Flpd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorophlogopite","Fluorophlogopite","KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2","KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2","KMg_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","KMg_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","K Mg Si Al O F","IMA2006-011"," ",5325,"Mica","monoclinic, hexagonal","Cm, P3112, C2/m","K Mg Si Al O F","Fphl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Fluoro-richterite","Fluoro-richterite","Na(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22F2","Na(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22F2","Na(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Si O F","IMA1992-020, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1963,"Amphibole","monoclinic","I2/m","Na Ca Mg Si O F","Flrct","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluoro-riebeckite","Fluoro-riebeckite","☐Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22F2","☐Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22F2","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Fe Si O F","IMA2012 s.p."," ",5338,"Amphibole-amphiboles sodic","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O F","Frbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Bluish-black","#413f44"
"Fluoro-taramite","Fluoro-taramite","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22F2","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22F2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O F","IMA2006-025, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5527,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O F","Fltrm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorotetraferriphlogopite","Fluorotetraferriphlogopite","KMg3Fe3+Si3O10F2","KMg3Fe3+Si3O10F2","KMg_3_Fe^3+^Si_3_O_10_F_2_","KMg_3_Fe^3+^Si_3_O_10_F_2_","K Mg Fe Si O F","IMA2010-002"," ",5829,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg Fe^3+ Si O F","Ftfphl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown","#653700"
"Fluoro-tremolite","Fluoro-tremolite","☐Ca2Mg5Si8O22F2","☐Ca2Mg5Si8O22F2","[box]Ca_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","[box]Ca_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Ca Mg Si O F","IMA2016-018"," ",6546,"Amphibole-amphiboles calcic","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Si O F","Ftr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light-greenish to colourless","#d7ddcd,#afafaf"
"Fluorowardite","Fluorowardite","NaAl3(PO4)2F2(OH)2·2H2O","NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)2F2·2H2O","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_F_2_·2H_2_O","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Al P O H F","IMA2012-016"," ",6074,"Wardite","tetragonal","P41212","Na Al P O F H","Fwd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to white or cream-colored","#afafaf,#ffffff,#dcc356"
"Fluorphosphohedyphane","Fluorphosphohedyphane","Ca2Pb2+3(PO4)3F","Ca2Pb3(PO4)3F","Ca_2_Pb_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca_2_Pb^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca Pb P O F","IMA2008-068"," ",5727,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Pb^2+ P O F","Fphdy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Fluorpyromorphite","Fluorpyromorphite","Pb2+5(PO4)3F","Pb5(PO4)3F","Pb_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Pb^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Pb P O F","IMA2021-120"," ",7224,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ P O F","Fpym","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluor-rewitzerite","Fluor-rewitzerite","[(H2O)K]Mn2+2(Al2Ti4+)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H2O)K]Mn2(Al2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn_2_(Al_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn^2+^_2_(Al_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O K Mn Al Ti P F","IMA2023-115"," ",7463,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic","P21/c","H O K Mn^2+ Al Ti^4+ P F","Frwz",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Fluor-rossmanite","Fluor-rossmanite","☐(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","☐(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","[box](Al_2_Li)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","[box](Al_2_Li)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Al Li Si O B H F","IMA2023-111"," ",7458,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Al Li Si O B H F","Frsm",,"No"," light pink","#ffd1df"
"Fluor-schorl","Fluor-schorl","NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","NaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Na Fe Al Si O B H F","IMA2010-067"," ",5906,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^2+ Al Si O B H F","Fsrl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Fluorsigaiite","Fluorsigaiite","Ca2Sr3(PO4)3F","Ca2Sr3(PO4)3F","Ca_2_Sr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca_2_Sr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Ca Sr P O F","IMA2021-087a"," ",7217,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Sr P O F","Fsig","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colourless to yellowish white","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Fluorstrophite","Fluorstrophite","SrCaSr3(PO4)3F","SrCaSr3(PO4)3F","SrCaSr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","SrCaSr_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Sr Ca P O F","IMA2010 s.p."," ",4236,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63","Sr Ca P O F","Fstr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Green to yellow-green, colourless","#00ff00,#c8fd3d,#afafaf"
"Fluor-tsilaisite","Fluor-tsilaisite","NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","NaMn^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","NaMn^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Na Mn Al Si O B H F","IMA2012-044"," ",6097,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Al Si O B H F","Ftl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Fluor-uvite","Fluor-uvite","CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F","CaMg_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","CaMg_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_F","Ca Mg Al Si O B H F","IMA2011 s.p."," ",4552,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Mg Al Si O B H F","Fluvt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fluorvesuvianite","Fluorvesuvianite","Ca19(Al,Mg)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(F,OH)9","Ca19(Al,Mg)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(F,OH)9","Ca_19_(Al,Mg)_13_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O(F,OH)_9_","Ca_19_(Al,Mg)_13_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O(F,OH)_9_","Ca Al Mg Si O F H","IMA2000-037"," ",4999,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Al Mg Si O F H","Fves","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Silky white.","#afafaf,#efebe2"
"Fluorwavellite","Fluorwavellite","Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F·5H2O","Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F·5H2O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_F·5H_2_O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_F·5H_2_O","Al P O H F","IMA2015-077"," ",6476,"Wavellite","orthorhombic","Pcnm","Al P O H F","Fwav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green to yellowish-green and yellow","#00ff00,#b0dd16"
"Flurlite","Flurlite","Zn2+Zn2+3Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","Zn2+Zn2+3Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","Zn^2+^Zn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^Zn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2014-064"," ",6363,"Flurlite","monoclinic","P21/m","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Flu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bright orange red to dark maroon red","#ff7034,#3c0008"
"Foggite","Foggite","CaAlPO4(OH)2·H2O","CaAl(PO4)(OH)2·H2O","CaAl(PO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","CaAlPO_4_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Al P O H","IMA1973-067"," ",1965," ","orthorhombic","A2122","Ca Al P O H","Fgg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Fogoite-(Y)","Fogoite-(Y)","Ca2Y2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2Y2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_Y_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_Y_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Y Na Ti Si O F","IMA2014-098"," ",6396,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1","Ca Y Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Fog-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless; creamy white","#afafaf,#f0e9d6"
"Foitite","Foitite","☐(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","☐(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","[box](Fe^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","[box](Fe^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Fe Al Si O B H","IMA1992-034"," ",1966,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Foi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish black.","#413f44"
"Folvikite","Folvikite","Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4","Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4","Sb^5+^Mn^3+^(Mg,Mn^2+^)_10_O_8_(BO_3_)_4_","Sb^5+^Mn^3+^(Mg,Mn^2+^)_10_O_8_(BO_3_)_4_","Sb Mn Mg O B","IMA2016-026"," ",6554,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2","Sb^5+ Mn^3+ Mg Mn^2+ O B","Fvk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black to dark reddish-brown","#000000,#4a2125"
"Fontanite","Fontanite","Ca(U6+O2)3(CO3)2O2·6H2O","Ca(UO2)3(CO3)2O2·6H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_2_O_2_·6H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_2_O_2_·6H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA1991-034"," ",1967," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca U^6+ O C H","Ftn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Honey yellow.","#ca9456"
"Fontarnauite","Fontarnauite","(Na,K)2(Sr,Ca)(S6+O4)[B5O8(OH)]·2H2O","(Na,K)2(Sr,Ca)(SO4)[B5O8(OH)](H2O)2","(Na,K)_2_(Sr,Ca)(SO_4_)[B_5_O_8_(OH)](H_2_O)_2_","(Na,K)_2_(Sr,Ca)(S^6+^O_4_)[B_5_O_8_(OH)]·2H_2_O","Na K Sr Ca S O B H","IMA2009-096a"," ",6346,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na K Sr Ca S^6+ O B H","Fon","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless to light brown","#afafaf,#b5651d"
"Foordite","Foordite","Sn2+Nb5+2O6","Sn2+Nb2O6","Sn^2+^Nb_2_O_6_","Sn^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_6_","Sn Nb O","IMA1984-070"," ",1968," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Sn^2+ Nb^5+ O","Foo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Footemineite","Footemineite","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Mn Be P O H","IMA2006-029"," ",5529," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Be P O H","Ftm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Forêtite","Foretite","Cu2+2Al2(As5+O4)(OH,O,H2O)6","Cu2Al2(AsO4)(OH,O,H2O)6","Cu_2_Al_2_(AsO_4_)(OH,O,H_2_O)_6_","Cu^2+^_2_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH,O,H_2_O)_6_","Cu Al As O H","IMA2011-100"," ",6037,"Not in a structural group",,,"Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Frê","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue","#d0fefe"
"Formanite-(Y)","Formanite-(Y)","YTa5+O4","YTaO4","YTaO_4_","YTa^5+^O_4_","Y Ta O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1969," ","monoclinic","P2/a","Y Ta^5+ O","Frm-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Formicaite","Formicaite","Ca(HCOO)1-2","Ca(CHOO)2","Ca(CHOO)_2_","Ca(HCOO)^1-^_2_","Ca C H O","IMA1998-030"," ",1970,"Formate","tetragonal","P41212","Ca H C O","Fmc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White, Light blue.","#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Fornacite","Fornacite","Cu2+Pb2+2(Cr6+O4)(As5+O4)(OH)","CuPb2(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH)","CuPb_2_(CrO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Cu Pb Cr O As H"," "," ",1971,"Fornacite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O As^5+ H","For","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow, Olive green, Greenish yellow.","#00ff00,#ffff00,#8ead2c,#cdfd02"
"Forsterite","Forsterite","Mg2SiO4","Mg2(SiO4)","Mg_2_(SiO_4_)","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Mg Si O"," "," ",1972,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Mg Si O","Fo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, Green, Yellow, Yellow green, White.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Foshagite","Foshagite","Ca4(SiO3)3(OH)2","Ca4(SiO3)3(OH)2","Ca_4_(SiO_3_)_3_(OH)_2_","Ca_4_(SiO_3_)_3_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H"," "," ",1973," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Fos","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Fougèrite","Fougerite","Fe2+4Fe3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Fe2+4Fe3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe O H C","IMA2003-057"," ",5256,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O H C","Fgè","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Bluish green, green, green-black, blackish","#10a674,#00ff00,#373a3a,#5b5c61"
"Fourmarierite","Fourmarierite","Pb2+1-xO3-2x(U6+O2)4(OH)4+2x·4H2O","Pb1-xO3-2x(UO2)4(OH)4+2x·4H2O","Pb_1-x_O_3-2x_(UO_2_)_4_(OH)_4+2x_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^_1-x_O_3-2x_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(OH)_4+2x_·4H_2_O","Pb O U H"," "," ",1975,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","Bb21m","Pb^2+ O U^6+ H","Fmr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Carmine red, Pink orange, Red, Reddish brown.","#653700,#ff0038,#ff9066,#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Fowlerite","Fowlerite","(Mn2+,Zn2+)SiO3","(Mn,Zn)SiO3","(Mn,Zn)SiO_3_","(Mn^2+^,Zn^2+^)SiO_3_","Mn Zn Si O"," "," ",5456," ",,,"Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Si O","Fwl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark pink, red, red-brown, dark brown, brown-black","#cb416b,#ff0000,#a52a2f,#73532a,#263145"
"Fraipontite","Fraipontite","(Zn2+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Zn,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Zn,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Zn^2+^,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Zn Al Si O H"," "," ",1976,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic",,"Zn^2+ Al Si O H","Fpt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish, Yellowish white, Light green.","#2976bb,#e9f1d0,#76ff7b"
"Francevillite","Francevillite","Ba(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·5H2O","Ba(UO2)2(VO4)2·5H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ba U O V H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1977,"Fritzscheite","orthorhombic","Pcan","Ba U^6+ O V^5+ H","Fvl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow, Yellow green.","#c9b003,#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Franciscanite","Franciscanite","Mn2+6(V5+☐)(SiO4)2O3(OH)3","Mn2+6(V5+☐)(SiO4)2O3(OH)3","Mn^2+^_6_(V^5+^[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_3_(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^_6_(V^5+^[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_3_(OH)_3_","Mn V Si O H","IMA1985-038"," ",4915,"Welinite","hexagonal","P3","Mn^2+ V^5+ Si O H","Fcc","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown red, red","#922b05,#ff0000"
"Francisite","Francisite","Cu2+3Bi3+(Se4+O3)2O2Cl","Cu3Bi(Se4+O3)2O2Cl","Cu_3_Bi(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_Cl","Cu^2+^_3_Bi^3+^(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_Cl","Cu Bi Se O Cl","IMA1989-028"," ",1980," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Cu^2+ Bi^3+ Se^4+ O Cl","Fcs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Franckeite","Franckeite","Pb2+21.7Sn4+9.3(Fe2+,Fe3+)4.0Sb3+8.1S2-56.9","Pb21.7Sn9.3Fe4.0Sb8.1S56.9","Pb_21.7_Sn_9.3_Fe_4.0_Sb_8.1_S_56.9_","Pb^2+^_21.7_Sn^4+^_9.3_(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_4.0_Sb^3+^_8.1_S^2-^_56.9_","Pb Sn Fe Sb S"," "," ",1981,"Cylindrite","triclinic","C1","Pb^2+ Sn^4+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Fke","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black, Blackish gray.","#555152,#5b5c61"
"Francoanellite","Francoanellite","K3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·12H2O","K3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·12H2O","K_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","K_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","K Al P O H","IMA1974-051"," ",1982," ","hexagonal","R3c","K Al P O H","Fan","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Françoisite-(Ce)","Francoisite-(Ce)","Ce3+(U6+O2)3(PO4)2O(OH)·6H2O","Ce(UO2)3O(OH)(PO4)2·6H2O","Ce(UO_2_)_3_O(OH)(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ce^3+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)·6H_2_O","Ce U O H P","IMA2004-029"," ",5530," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ U^6+ O P H","Frç-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Françoisite-(Nd)","Francoisite-(Nd)","Nd(U6+O2)3(PO4)2O(OH)·6H2O","Nd(UO2)3O(OH)(PO4)2·6H2O","Nd(UO_2_)_3_O(OH)(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Nd(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)·6H_2_O","Nd U O H P","IMA1987-041"," ",1983," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Nd U^6+ O P H","Frç-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Franconite","Franconite","NaNb5+2O5(OH)·3H2O","NaNb2O5(OH)·3H2O","NaNb_2_O_5_(OH)·3H_2_O","NaNb^5+^_2_O_5_(OH)·3H_2_O","Na Nb O H","IMA1981-006a"," ",1984," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Nb^5+ O H","Fra","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Frankamenite","Frankamenite","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F3(OH)·H2O","K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F3(OH)·H2O","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_F_3_(OH)·H_2_O","K_3_Na_3_Ca_5_Si_12_O_30_F_3_(OH)·H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O F H","IMA1994-050"," ",1985," ","triclinic","P1","K Na Ca Si O F H","Fkm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish blue, Bluish gray, Greenish gray, Lilac gray.","#0b8b87,#748b97,#96ae8d,#3b3131"
"Frankdicksonite","Frankdicksonite","BaF2","BaF2","BaF_2_","BaF_2_","Ba F","IMA1974-015"," ",1986,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Ba F","Fds","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Frankhawthorneite","Frankhawthorneite","Cu2+2Te6+O4(OH)2","Cu2Te6+O4(OH)2","Cu_2_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_2_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_","Cu Te O H","IMA1993-047"," ",1987," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Fht","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Medium leaf green.","#90ac74"
"Franklinfurnaceite","Franklinfurnaceite","Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+Fe3+Zn2+2Si2O10(OH)8","Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+Fe3+Zn2Si2O10(OH)8","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_Mn^3+^Fe^3+^Zn_2_Si_2_O_10_(OH)_8_","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_Mn^3+^Fe^3+^Zn^2+^_2_Si_2_O_10_(OH)_8_","Ca Mn Fe Zn Si O H","IMA1986-034"," ",1988," ","monoclinic","C2","Ca Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Fe^3+ Zn^2+ Si O H","Fkf","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Franklinite","Franklinite","Zn2+Fe3+2O4","ZnFe3+2O4","ZnFe^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn Fe O"," "," ",1989,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ O","Frk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Franklinphilite","Franklinphilite","(K,Na)4(Mn2+,Mg,Zn2+)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216·6H2O","(K,Na)4(Mn2+,Mg,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216·6H2O","(K,Na)_4_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Zn)_48_(Si,Al)_72_(O,OH)_216_·6H_2_O","(K,Na)_4_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Zn^2+^)_48_(Si,Al)_72_(O,OH)_216_·6H_2_O","K Na Mn Mg Zn Si Al O H","IMA1990-050"," ",1990,"Stilpnomelane","triclinic",,"K Na Mn^2+ Mg Zn^2+ Si Al O H","Fkp","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Franksousaite","Franksousaite","Pb2+Cu2+(Se6+O4)(OH)2","PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2","PbCu(Se^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^(Se^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Pb Cu Se O H","IMA2021-096"," ",7199,"Linarite","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Se^6+ O H","Fns","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Fransoletite","Fransoletite","Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca_3_Be_2_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_3_Be_2_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Be P O H","IMA1982-096"," ",1991," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Be P O H","Fsl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Franzinite","Franzinite","(Na,K)30Ca10(Si30Al30)O120(S6+O4)10·2H2O","(Na,K)30Ca10(Si30Al30)O120(SO4)10·2H2O","(Na,K)_30_Ca_10_(Si_30_Al_30_)O_120_(SO_4_)_10_·2H_2_O","(Na,K)_30_Ca_10_(Si_30_Al_30_)O_120_(S^6+^O_4_)_10_·2H_2_O","Na K Ca Si Al O S H","IMA1976-020"," ",1992,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P321","Na K Ca Si Al O S^6+ H","Frz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Freboldite","Freboldite","CoSe","CoSe","CoSe","CoSe","Co Se"," "," ",1993,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc","Co Se","Fbd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Copper red, Pink.","#cb6d51,#ffc0cb"
"Fredrikssonite","Fredrikssonite","Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3)","Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Mn O B","IMA1983-040"," ",1994,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Mg Mn^3+ O B","Fdk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Freedite","Freedite","Cu1+Pb2+8(As3+O3)2O3Cl5","Cu1+Pb8(As3+O3)2O3Cl5","Cu^1+^Pb_8_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_O_3_Cl_5_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^_8_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_O_3_Cl_5_","Cu Pb As O Cl","IMA1984-012"," ",1995," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ O Cl","Fre","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Freieslebenite","Freieslebenite","Ag1+Pb2+Sb3+S2-3","AgPbSbS3","AgPbSbS_3_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Pb Sb S"," "," ",1997," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Flb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Silver white, Blackish lead gray.","#808080,#e7e8e3,#474c4d"
"Freitalite","Freitalite","C14H10","C14H10","C_14_H_10_","C_14_H_10_","C H","IMA2019-116"," ",7000," ","monoclinic","P21/a","C H","Fta","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","intense violet or whitish-violet to white","#4d404f,#4a148c,#ffffff"
"Fresnoite","Fresnoite","Ba2Ti4+O(Si2O7)","Ba2TiO(Si2O7)","Ba_2_TiO(Si_2_O_7_)","Ba_2_Ti^4+^O(Si_2_O_7_)","Ba Ti O Si","IMA1964-012"," ",1998,"Melilite","tetragonal","P4bm","Ba Ti^4+ O Si","Fno","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish yellow, Lemon.","#cdfd02,#fff700"
"Freudenbergite","Freudenbergite","Na(Ti4+3Fe3+)O8","Na(Ti4+3Fe3+)O8","Na(Ti^4+^_3_Fe^3+^)O_8_","Na(Ti^4+^_3_Fe^3+^)O_8_","Na Ti Fe O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",1999," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O","Fdb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Brownish black, Gray, Black.","#413936,#808080,#000000"
"Friedelite","Friedelite","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH)10","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH)10","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_10_","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_10_","Mn Si O H"," "," ",2000,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Si O H","Fdl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Brown red, Yellow, Light pink, Dark red.","#653700,#922b05,#ffff00,#ffd1df,#840000"
"Friedrichbeckeite","Friedrichbeckeite","K(☐Na)Mg2(MgBe2Si12)O30","K(☐Na)Mg2(Be2Mg)Si12O30","K([box]Na)Mg_2_(Be_2_Mg)Si_12_O_30_","K([box]Na)Mg_2_(MgBe_2_Si_12_)O_30_","K Na Mg Be Si O","IMA2008-019"," ",5678,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Mg Be Si O","Fri","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Friedrichite","Friedrichite","Cu1+5Pb2+5Bi3+7S2-18","Cu5Pb5Bi7S18","Cu_5_Pb_5_Bi_7_S_18_","Cu^1+^_5_Pb^2+^_5_Bi^3+^_7_S^2-^_18_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA1977-031"," ",2001,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pb21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Frd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Friisite","Friisite","Pb8Al3Si8O27Cl3","Pb8Al3Si8O27Cl3","Pb_8_Al_3_Si_8_O_27_Cl_3_","Pb_8_Al_3_Si_8_O_27_Cl_3_","Pb Al Si O Cl","IMA2024-047"," ",7501," ","hexagonal","P6c2","Pb Al Si O Cl","Fii",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fritzscheite","Fritzscheite","Mn2+(U6+O2)2(V5+O4,PO4)2·4H2O","Mn2+(UO2)2(VO4,PO4)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_,PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_,PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn U O V P H"," "," ",2002,"Fritzscheite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Mn^2+ U^6+ O V^5+ P H","Fzs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Reddish brown.","#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Frohbergite","Frohbergite","FeTe2","FeTe2","FeTe_2_","FeTe_2_","Fe Te"," "," ",2003,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pmnn","Fe Te","Frb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white, Tin white.","#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Frolovite","Frolovite","Ca[B(OH)4]2","Ca[B(OH)4]2","Ca[B(OH)_4_]_2_","Ca[B(OH)_4_]_2_","Ca B O H"," "," ",2004," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B O H","Flv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Gray white, White.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Frondelite","Frondelite","(Mn2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5","(Mn2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5","(Mn^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_5_","(Mn^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_5_","Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",2005,"Rockbridgeite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Fnd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brown green, Brownish black, Green black, Dark green.","#653700,#706c11,#413936,#373a3a,#033500"
"Froodite","Froodite","PdBi2","PdBi2","PdBi_2_","PdBi_2_","Pd Bi"," "," ",2006," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pd Bi","Fro","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Fuchunite","Fuchunite","Ba(C2H3O3)2(C2H4O3)2","Ba(C2H3O3)2(C2H4O3)2","Ba(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_(C_2_H_4_O_3_)_2_","Ba(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_(C_2_H_4_O_3_)_2_","Ba C H O","IMA2025-011"," ",7540,"Not in a structural group, Glycolate","monoclinic","P21/n","Ba C H O","Fun",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Fuenzalidaite","Fuenzalidaite","K3Na5Mg5(I5+O3)6(S6+O4)6·6H2O","K3Na5Mg5(IO3)6(SO4)6·6H2O","K_3_Na_5_Mg_5_(IO_3_)_6_(SO_4_)_6_·6H_2_O","K_3_Na_5_Mg_5_(I^5+^O_3_)_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·6H_2_O","K Na Mg I O S H","IMA1993-021"," ",2007," ","hexagonal","P3c1","K Na Mg I^5+ O S^6+ H","Fzl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pale yellow.","#ffffff,#eecf9e"
"Fuettererite","Fuettererite","Pb2+3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5","Pb3Cu2+6Te6+O6(OH)7Cl5","Pb_3_Cu^2+^_6_Te^6+^O_6_(OH)_7_Cl_5_","Pb^2+^_3_Cu^2+^_6_Te^6+^O_6_(OH)_7_Cl_5_","Pb Cu Te O H Cl","IMA2011-111"," ",6054,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H Cl","Fue","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green","#10a674"
"Fukalite","Fukalite","Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH)2","Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH)2","Ca_4_Si_2_O_6_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Ca_4_Si_2_O_6_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Ca Si O C H","IMA1976-003"," ",2008," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Bmmb, P21/c","Ca Si O C H","Fk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White, Light brown.","#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Fukuchilite","Fukuchilite","Cu2+3Fe2+(S2)2-4","Cu3FeS8","Cu_3_FeS_8_","Cu^2+^_3_Fe^2+^(S_2_)^2-^_4_","Cu Fe S","IMA1967-009"," ",2009,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Cu^2+ Fe^2+ S","Fuk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Fulbrightite","Fulbrightite","Ca(V4+O)2(As5+O4)2·4H2O","Ca(VO)2(AsO4)2·4H2O","Ca(VO)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca(V^4+^O)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca V O As H","IMA2019-032"," ",6923,"Meta-autunite","triclinic","P1","Ca V^4+ O As^5+ H","Fbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Shades of light green, pale blue (rarely)","#605f5f,#d0fefe"
"Fülöppite","Fuloppite","Pb2+3Sb3+8S2-15","Pb3Sb8S15","Pb_3_Sb_8_S_15_","Pb^2+^_3_Sb^3+^_8_S^2-^_15_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",2011," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Fül","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead grey, tarnishing to steel blue or bronzy","#8a7963,#331155,#4682b4,#a87900"
"Furongite","Furongite","Al13(U6+O2)7(PO4)13(OH)14·58H2O","Al4(UO2)4(PO4)6(OH)2(H2O)19.5","Al_4_(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_19.5_","Al_13_(U^6+^O_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_13_(OH)_14_·58H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",2012," ","triclinic",,"Al U^6+ O P H","Frg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Furutobeite","Furutobeite","(Cu1+,Ag1+)6Pb2+S2-4","(Cu,Ag)6PbS4","(Cu,Ag)_6_PbS_4_","(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_6_Pb^2+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Ag Pb S","IMA1978-040"," ",2013," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ S^2-","Fur","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Fuyuanite","Fuyuanite","Mg7Nb5+6O18(OH)8","Mg7Nb6O18(OH)8","Mg_7_Nb_6_O_18_(OH)_8_","Mg_7_Nb^5+^_6_O_18_(OH)_8_","Mg Nb O H","IMA2024-059"," ",7512," ","hexagonal","P3","Mg Nb^5+ O H","Fuy",,"No","reddish-brown to brown","#7f2b0a,#653700"
"Gabrielite","Gabrielite","Tl1+2Ag1+Cu1+2As3+3S2-7","Tl2AgCu2As3S7","Tl_2_AgCu_2_As_3_S_7_","Tl^1+^_2_Ag^1+^Cu^1+^_2_As^3+^_3_S^2-^_7_","Tl Ag Cu As S","IMA2002-053"," ",5205," ","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Ag^1+ Cu^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Gab","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Gabrielsonite","Gabrielsonite","Pb2+Fe3+(As3+O3)O","PbFe3+(AsO3)O","PbFe^3+^(AsO_3_)O","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^(As^3+^O_3_)O","Pb Fe As O","IMA1966-011, IMA2017 s.p."," ",2014," ","orthorhombic","P21ma","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^3+ O","Gbr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish brown, Black.","#696112,#000000"
"Gachingite","Gachingite","Au(Te1-xSex) 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5","Au(Te1-xSex) 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5","Au(Te_1-x_Se_x_) 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5","Au(Te_1-x_Se_x_) 0.2 ≈ x ≤ 0.5","Au Te Se","IMA2021-008"," ",7129,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmca","Au Te Se","Gac","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Gadolinite-(Ce)","Gadolinite-(Ce)","Fe2+Be2Ce3+2(SiO4)2O2","Ce2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2","Ce_2_Fe^2+^Be_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_2_","Fe^2+^Be_2_Ce^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_O_2_","Ce Fe Be O Si","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2015,"Gadolinite","monoclinic",,"Fe^2+ Be Ce^3+ Si O","Gad-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Gadolinite-(Nd)","Gadolinite-(Nd)","Nd2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2","Nd2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2","Nd_2_Fe^2+^Be_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_2_","Nd_2_Fe^2+^Be_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_2_","Nd Fe Be O Si","IMA2016-013"," ",6542,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Nd Fe^2+ Be O Si","Gad-Nd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Olive-green","#8ead2c"
"Gadolinite-(Y)","Gadolinite-(Y)","Fe2+Be2Y2(SiO4)2O2","Y2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2","Y_2_Fe^2+^Be_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_2_","Fe^2+^Be_2_Y_2_(SiO_4_)_2_O_2_","Y Fe Be O Si","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2016,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/a","Fe^2+ Be Y Si O","Gad-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Green, Green black, Light green, Black.","#653700,#00ff00,#373a3a,#76ff7b,#000000"
"Gagarinite-(Ce)","Gagarinite-(Ce)","NaCaCe3+F6","NaCaCeF6","NaCaCeF_6_","NaCaCe^3+^F_6_","Na Ca Ce F","IMA1993-038"," ",4784,"Gagarinite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Ca Ce^3+ F","Gag-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless to light pink","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Gagarinite-(Y)","Gagarinite-(Y)","NaCaYF6","NaCaYF6","NaCaYF_6_","NaCaYF_6_","Na Ca Y F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2017,"Gagarinite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Ca Y F","Gag-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Cream white, Light brown, Pink.","#ffff00,#f2eee2,#b5651d,#ffc0cb"
"Gageite","Gageite","Mn2+21Si8O27(OH)20","Mn2+21Si8O27(OH)20","Mn^2+^_21_Si_8_O_27_(OH)_20_","Mn^2+^_21_Si_8_O_27_(OH)_20_","Mn Si O H"," "," ",2018," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Mn^2+ Si O H","Gge","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Gahnite","Gahnite","Zn2+Al2O4","ZnAl2O4","ZnAl_2_O_4_","Zn^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Zn Al O"," "," ",2020,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Zn^2+ Al O","Ghn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Bluish green, Grayish green, Deep leek green, Greenish black, Bluish black.","#10a674,#82a67d,#02590f,#454445,#413f44"
"Gaidonnayite","Gaidonnayite","Na2Zr4+Si3O9·2H2O","Na2ZrSi3O9·2H2O","Na_2_ZrSi_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1973-008"," ",2021,"Gaidonnayite","orthorhombic","P21nb","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Gdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White, Light lilac.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#dcc6d2"
"Gaildunningite","Gaildunningite","Hg2+3[N3-Hg2+2]18(Cl,I1-)24","Hg2+3[NHg2+2]18(Cl,I)24","Hg^2+^_3_[NHg^2+^_2_]_18_(Cl,I)_24_","Hg^2+^_3_[N^3-^Hg^2+^_2_]_18_(Cl,I^1-^)_24_","Hg N Cl I","IMA2018-029"," ",6774," ","orthorhombic","Amam","Hg^2+ N^3- Cl I^1-","Gai","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow to orange to darker orange-red","#ffff00,#ffa500,#c65102"
"Gainesite","Gainesite","Na2(Be,Li)Zr4+2(PO4)4·1.5H2O","Na2(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4·1.5H2O","Na_2_(Be,Li)Zr_2_(PO_4_)_4_·1.5H_2_O","Na_2_(Be,Li)Zr^4+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_·1.5H_2_O","Na Be Li Zr P O H","IMA1978-020"," ",2022," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Na Be Li Zr^4+ P O H","Gns","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Gaitite","Gaitite","Ca2+2Zn2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Zn(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Zn(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca^2+^_2_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn As O H","IMA1978-047"," ",2023,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Gt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gajardoite","Gajardoite","KCa0.5As3+4O6Cl2·5H2O","KCa0.5As3+4O6Cl2·5H2O","KCa_0.5_As^3+^_4_O_6_Cl_2_·5H_2_O","KCa_0.5_As^3+^_4_O_6_Cl_2_·5H_2_O","K Ca As O Cl H","IMA2015-040"," ",6441,"Lucabindiite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","K Ca As^3+ O Cl H","Gaj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Gajardoite-(NH4)","Gajardoite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)As3+4O6Cl2(Ca0.5☐0.5)(H2O)5","(NH4)As3+4O6Cl2(Ca0.5☐0.5)(H2O)5","(NH_4_)As^3+^_4_O_6_Cl_2_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)(H_2_O)_5_","(N^3-^H_4_)As^3+^_4_O_6_Cl_2_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)(H_2_O)_5_","N H As O Cl Ca","IMA2023-070"," ",7412,"Lucabindiite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","N^3- H As^3+ O Cl Ca","Gaj-NH_4_",,"No","colourless (crystals) to white (aggregates)","#afafaf,#bbcc99"
"Galaxite","Galaxite","Mn2+Al2O4","Mn2+Al2O4","Mn^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Mn Al O"," "," ",2024,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mn^2+ Al O","Glx","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown red, Black.","#922b05,#000000"
"Galeaclolusite","Galeaclolusite","Al6(As5+O4)3(OH)9(H2O)4·8H2O","Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4·8H2O","Al_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_4_·8H_2_O","Al_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_4_·8H_2_O","Al As O H","IMA2020-052"," ",7065,"Bulachite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Al As^5+ O H","Gcl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Galeite","Galeite","Na15(S6+O4)5ClF4","Na15(SO4)5ClF4","Na_15_(SO_4_)_5_ClF_4_","Na_15_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_ClF_4_","Na S O Cl F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2025," ","hexagonal","P31m","Na S^6+ O Cl F","Gle","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Galena","Galena","Pb2+S2-","PbS","PbS","Pb^2+^S^2-^","Pb S"," "," ",2026,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Pb^2+ S^2-","Gn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Light lead gray, Dark lead gray.","#ff7f7f,#840000"
"Galenobismutite","Galenobismutite","Pb2+Bi3+2S2-4","PbBi2S4","PbBi_2_S_4_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Pb Bi S"," "," ",2027,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnam, Pnma","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Gbit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray, Light gray, Tin white.","#8a7963,#808080,#d8dcd6,#cfd5db"
"Galgenbergite-(Ce)","Galgenbergite-(Ce)","CaCe3+2(CO3)4·H2O","CaCe2(CO3)4·H2O","CaCe_2_(CO_3_)_4_·H_2_O","CaCe^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_·H_2_O","Ca Ce C O H","IMA1997-036"," ",2028," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Ce^3+ C O H","Ggb-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Galileiite","Galileiite","NaFe2+4(PO4)3","NaFe2+4(PO4)3","NaFe^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_3_","NaFe^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_3_","Na Fe P O","IMA1996-028"," ",2029,"Fillowite","hexagonal","R3","Na Fe^2+ P O","Gll","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Very pale amber brown.","#927288"
"Galkhaite","Galkhaite","(Hg2+5Cu1+)CsAs3+4S2-12","(Hg5Cu)CsAs4S12","(Hg_5_Cu)CsAs_4_S_12_","(Hg^2+^_5_Cu^1+^)CsAs^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Hg Cu Cs As S","IMA1971-029"," ",2030,"Galkhaite, Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Hg^2+ Cu^1+ Cs As^3+ S^2-","Gkh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange red, Reddish, Black.","#fe4401,#c44240,#000000"
"Galliskiite","Galliskiite","Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8·5H2O","Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8·5H2O","Ca_4_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_8_·5H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_8_·5H_2_O","Ca Al P O F H","IMA2009-038"," ",5765,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Al P O F H","Glk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Gallite","Gallite","Cu1+Ga3+S2-2","CuGaS2","CuGaS_2_","Cu^1+^Ga^3+^S^2-^_2_","Cu Ga S"," "," ",2031,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","I42d","Cu^1+ Ga^3+ S^2-","Gal","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Gallobeudantite","Gallobeudantite","Pb2+Ga3+3(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6","PbGa_3_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Ga^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb Ga As O S H","IMA1994-021"," ",2032,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Ga^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Gbdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow, Slightly greenish yellow, Cream.","#eecf9e,#d7ddcd,#ffffc2"
"Galloplumbogummite","Galloplumbogummite","Pb2+(Ga,Al)2Ge(PO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^(Ga,Al)_2_Ge(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Ga Al Ge P O H","IMA2010-088"," ",5930,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Ga Al Ge P O H","Gpbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to frosted white","#afafaf,#ddddd6"
"Galuskinite","Galuskinite","Ca7(SiO4)3(CO3)","Ca7(SiO4)3(CO3)","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)","Ca Si O C","IMA2010-075"," ",5915,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Si O C","Gkn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colourless, white, pale grey","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fdfdfe"
"Gamagarite","Gamagarite","Ba2Fe3+(V5+O4)2(OH)","Ba2Fe3+(VO4)2(OH)","Ba_2_Fe^3+^(VO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba_2_Fe^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba Fe V O H"," "," ",2033,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Gam","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#73532a,#000000"
"Gananite","Gananite","Bi3+F3","BiF3","BiF_3_","Bi^3+^F_3_","Bi F","IMA1983-006"," ",2034," ","cubic","P43m","Bi^3+ F","Gan","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Brown, Black, Greenish black.","#653700,#000000,#454445"
"Ganomalite","Ganomalite","Pb2+3Ca2(SiO4)(Si2O7)","Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)4(SiO4)O","Pb_9_Ca_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(SiO_4_)O","Pb^2+^_3_Ca_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)","Pb Ca Si O"," "," ",2035,"Ganomalite","hexagonal","P6","Pb^2+ Ca Si O","Gnm","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff"
"Ganophyllite","Ganophyllite","(K,Na)1-2Mn2+6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·7-11H2O","(K,Na)xMn2+6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·nH2O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(K,Na)_x_Mn^2+^_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(K,Na)_1-2_Mn^2+^_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·7-11H_2_O","K Na Mn Si Al O H"," "," ",2036,"Clay","monoclinic","I2/a, A2/a","K Na Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Gnp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Cinnamon brown.","#c9b003,#9e6a19"
"Ganterite","Ganterite","Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2","Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2","Ba_0.5_(Na,K)_0.5_Al_2_(Si_2.5_Al_1.5_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ba_0.5_(Na,K)_0.5_Al_2_(Si_2.5_Al_1.5_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ba Na K Al Si O H","IMA2000-033"," ",2037," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ba Na K Al Si O H","Gtr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light gray, Silver.","#d8dcd6,#c0c0c0"
"Gaotaiite","Gaotaiite","Ir3Te8","Ir3Te8","Ir_3_Te_8_","Ir_3_Te_8_","Ir Te","IMA1993-017"," ",2038,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ir Te","Gao","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel black.","#464d4a"
"Garavellite","Garavellite","Fe2+Sb3+Bi3+S2-4","FeSbBiS4","FeSbBiS_4_","Fe^2+^Sb^3+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_4_","Fe Sb Bi S","IMA1978-018"," ",2039,"Berthierite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Fe^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Grv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Garmite","Garmite","CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2","CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2","CsLiMg_2_(Si_4_O_10_)F_2_","CsLiMg_2_(Si_4_O_10_)F_2_","Cs Li Mg Si O F","IMA2017-008"," ",6650,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","Cs Li Mg Si O F","Grm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, white in aggregates","#afafaf,#f8eee3"
"Garpenbergite","Garpenbergite","Mn2+6As5+Sb5+O10(OH)2","Mn6AsSbO10(OH)2","Mn_6_AsSbO_10_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_6_As^5+^Sb^5+^O_10_(OH)_2_","Mn As Sb O H","IMA2020-099"," ",7113,"Manganostibite","orthorhombic","Ibmm","Mn^2+ As^5+ Sb^5+ O H","Gpb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blackish to greyish brown","#5b5c61,#7a6a4f"
"Garrelsite","Garrelsite","NaBa3B7Si2O16(OH)4","NaBa3B7Si2O16(OH)4","NaBa_3_B_7_Si_2_O_16_(OH)_4_","NaBa_3_B_7_Si_2_O_16_(OH)_4_","Na Ba B Si O H"," "," ",2040," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ba B Si O H","Grr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Garronite-Ca","Garronite-Ca","Ca3(Al6Si10O32)·14H2O","Ca3(Al6Si10O32)·14H2O","Ca_3_(Al_6_Si_10_O_32_)·14H_2_O","Ca_3_(Al_6_Si_10_O_32_)·14H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2042,"Gismondine","tetragonal","I4m2, I41/a","Ca Al Si O H","Grn-Ca","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White","#ffffff"
"Garronite-Na","Garronite-Na","Na6(Al6Si10O32)·8.5H2O","Na6(Al6Si10O32)·8.5H2O","Na_6_(Al_6_Si_10_O_32_)·8.5H_2_O","Na_6_(Al_6_Si_10_O_32_)·8.5H_2_O","Na Al Si O H","IMA2015-015"," ",6429,"Gismondine","monoclinic","I2","Na Al Si O H","Grn-Na","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Pale yellow to white","#eecf9e,#ffffff"
"Gartrellite","Gartrellite","Pb2+Cu2+Fe3+(As5+O4)2(OH)·H2O","PbCuFe3+(AsO4)2(OH)·H2O","PbCuFe^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb Cu Fe As O H","IMA1988-039"," ",2043,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Gtl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Garutiite","Garutiite","(Ni,Fe,Ir)","(Ni,Fe,Ir)","(Ni,Fe,Ir)","(Ni,Fe,Ir)","Ni Fe Ir","IMA2008-055"," ",5715," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ni Fe Ir","Gar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","gray to gray-black","#808080,#373a3a"
"Garyansellite","Garyansellite","Mg2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","Mg2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","Mg_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","Mg_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","Mg Fe P O H","IMA1981-019"," ",2044,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna","Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Gas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Gasparite-(Ce)","Gasparite-(Ce)","Ce3+As5+O4","Ce(AsO4)","Ce(AsO_4_)","Ce^3+^As^5+^O_4_","Ce As O","IMA1986-031"," ",2045,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ce^3+ As^5+ O","Gsp-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red.","#9e3623"
"Gasparite-(La)","Gasparite-(La)","La3+(As5+O4)","La(AsO4)","La(AsO_4_)","La^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)","La As O","IMA2018-079"," ",6809,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","La^3+ As^5+ O","Gsp-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow (in polished sections)","#ddedbd"
"Gaspéite","Gaspeite","Ni2+CO3","Ni(CO3)","Ni(CO_3_)","Ni^2+^CO_3_","Ni C O","IMA1965-029"," ",2046,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c","Ni^2+ C O","Gpé","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green","#76ff7b"
"Gatedalite","Gatedalite","Zr4+Mn2+2Mn3+4SiO12","ZrMn2+2Mn3+4O8(SiO4)","ZrMn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_4_O_8_(SiO_4_)","Zr^4+^Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_4_SiO_12_","Zr Mn O Si","IMA2013-091"," ",6249,"Braunite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Zr^4+ Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O","Gtd","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Grey","#808080"
"Gatehouseite","Gatehouseite","Mn2+5(PO4)2(OH)4","Mn2+5(PO4)2(OH)4","Mn^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn P O H","IMA1992-016"," ",2047,"Arsenoclasite","orthorhombic","P212121","Mn^2+ P O H","Ghs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Yellow, Yellow, Pale orange.","#ffff00,#ffff00,#db9c7b"
"Gatelite-(Ce)","Gatelite-(Ce)","(Ca,Ce3+)4(Al,Mg,Fe2+)4(Si2O7)(SiO4)3(O,F,OH)3","(Ca,Ce)4(Al,Mg,Fe)4(Si2O7)(SiO4)3(O,F,OH)3","(Ca,Ce)_4_(Al,Mg,Fe)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_(O,F,OH)_3_","(Ca,Ce^3+^)_4_(Al,Mg,Fe^2+^)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_(O,F,OH)_3_","Ca Ce Al Mg Fe Si O F H","IMA2001-050"," ",2048,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Ce^3+ Al Mg Fe^2+ Si O F H","Gat-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Gatewayite","Gatewayite","Ca6(As3+V4+3V5+9As5+6O51)·31H2O","Ca6(As3+V4+3V5+9As5+6O51)·31H2O","Ca_6_(As^3+^V^4+^_3_V^5+^_9_As^5+^_6_O_51_)·31H_2_O","Ca_6_(As^3+^V^4+^_3_V^5+^_9_As^5+^_6_O_51_)·31H_2_O","Ca As V O H","IMA2014-096"," ",6394," ","monoclinic","P21","Ca As^3+ V^4+ V^5+ As^5+ O H","Gwy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark greenish blue","#3a4859"
"Gatumbaite","Gatumbaite","CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·H2O","CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·H2O","CaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","CaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Al P O H","IMA1976-019"," ",2049," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Al P O H","Gtb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Gaudefroyite","Gaudefroyite","Ca4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O3","Ca4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O3","Ca_4_Mn^3+^_3_(BO_3_)_3_(CO_3_)O_3_","Ca_4_Mn^3+^_3_(BO_3_)_3_(CO_3_)O_3_","Ca Mn B O C","IMA1964-006"," ",2050," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Mn^3+ B O C","Gfy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Black.","#000000"
"Gaultite","Gaultite","Na4Zn2+2Si7O18·5H2O","Na4Zn2Si7O18·5H2O","Na_4_Zn_2_Si_7_O_18_·5H_2_O","Na_4_Zn^2+^_2_Si_7_O_18_·5H_2_O","Na Zn Si O H","IMA1992-040"," ",2051," ","orthorhombic","F2dd","Na Zn^2+ Si O H","Gau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale mauve.","#afafaf,#c6a4a4"
"Gauthierite","Gauthierite","KPb2+[(U6+O2)7O5(OH)7]·8H2O","KPb[(UO2)7O5(OH)7]·8H2O","KPb[(UO_2_)_7_O_5_(OH)_7_]·8H_2_O","KPb^2+^[(U^6+^O_2_)_7_O_5_(OH)_7_]·8H_2_O","K Pb U O H","IMA2016-004"," ",6532,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Gut","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish-orange","#ffab0f"
"Gayite","Gayite","NaMn2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMnFe5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMnFe_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","NaMn^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Mn Fe P O H","IMA2008-056"," ",5716,"Dufrénite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Gy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Gaylussite","Gaylussite","Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O","Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na Ca C O H"," "," ",2052," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca C O H","Gyl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, Yellow, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#e9f1d0"
"Gazeevite","Gazeevite","BaCa6(SiO4)2(S6+O4)2O","BaCa6(SiO4)2(SO4)2O","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_O","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O","Ba Ca Si O S","IMA2015-037"," ",6438,"Zadovite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O S^6+","Gaz","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Gearksutite","Gearksutite","CaAlF4(OH)·H2O","CaAlF4(OH)·H2O","CaAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","CaAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Ca Al F O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2053," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Al F O H","Gak","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Gebhardite","Gebhardite","Pb2+8As3+4O11Cl6","Pb8As3+4O11Cl6","Pb_8_As^3+^_4_O_11_Cl_6_","Pb^2+^_8_As^3+^_4_O_11_Cl_6_","Pb As O Cl","IMA1979-071"," ",2054," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ As^3+ O Cl","Geb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Gedrite","Gedrite","☐Mg2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","☐Mg2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","[box]Mg_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mg_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2055,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg Al Si O H","Ged","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brown green, Green, Gray, Gray white.","#653700,#706c11,#00ff00,#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Geerite","Geerite","Cu8S5","Cu8S5","Cu_8_S_5_","Cu_8_S_5_","Cu S","IMA1978-024"," ",2056," ","cubic","F43m","Cu S","Gee","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White, Blue gray.","#ffffff,#758da3"
"Geffroyite","Geffroyite","(Cu,Fe,Ag)9Se8","(Cu,Fe,Ag)9Se8","(Cu,Fe,Ag)_9_Se_8_","(Cu,Fe,Ag)_9_Se_8_","Cu Fe Ag Se","IMA1980-090"," ",2057,"Pentlandite","cubic","Fm3m","Cu Fe Ag Se","Gef","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Gehlenite","Gehlenite","Ca2Al(SiAl)O7","Ca2Al(SiAl)O7","Ca_2_Al(SiAl)O_7_","Ca_2_Al(SiAl)O_7_","Ca Al Si O"," "," ",2058,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Al Si O","Gh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Greenish, Gray, Yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#40a368,#808080,#ffff00"
"Geigerite","Geigerite","Mn2+5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·10H2O","Mn2+5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·10H2O","Mn^2+^_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Mn^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA1985-028"," ",2059,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ggr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Colorless.","#ff0000,#afafaf"
"Geikielite","Geikielite","MgTi4+O3","MgTiO3","MgTiO_3_","MgTi^4+^O_3_","Mg Ti O"," "," ",2060,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Mg Ti^4+ O","Gk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Bluish black, Brownish black.","#413f44,#413936"
"Gelosaite","Gelosaite","Bi3+Mo6+(2-5x)Mo5+6xO7(OH)·H2O (0≤x≤0.4)","BiMo6+(2-5x)Mo5+6xO7(OH)·H2O (0 < x < 0.4)","BiMo^6+^_(2-5x)_Mo^5+^_6x_O_7_(OH)·H_2_O (0 < x < 0.4)","Bi^3+^Mo^6+^_(2-5x)_Mo^5+^_6x_O_7_(OH)·H_2_O (0≤x≤0.4)","Bi Mo O H","IMA2009-022"," ",5768,"Not in a structural group, Gelosaite","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ Mo^6+ Mo^5+ O H","Gel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow, yellowish green, pale blue, colorless","#ffff00,#b0dd16,#d0fefe,#afafaf"
"Geminite","Geminite","Cu2+(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Cu2+(AsO3OH)·H2O","Cu^2+^(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA1988-045"," ",2061," ","triclinic","P1, C1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Gem","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light green, Sea green.","#76ff7b,#53fca1"
"Gengenbachite","Gengenbachite","KFe3+3(H2PO4)2(HPO4)4·6H2O","KFe3(H2PO4)2(HPO4)4·6H2O","KFe_3_(H_2_PO_4_)_2_(HPO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","KFe^3+^_3_(H_2_PO_4_)_2_(HPO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","K Fe H P O","IMA2001-003b"," ",5531," ","hexagonal","P31c","K Fe^3+ H P O","Gnb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale brown","#b1916e"
"Genkinite","Genkinite","Pt4Sb3","Pt4Sb3","Pt_4_Sb_3_","Pt_4_Sb_3_","Pt Sb","IMA1976-051"," ",2062," ","tetragonal",,"Pt Sb","Gki","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Genplesite","Genplesite","Ca3Sn4+(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca3Sn(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca_3_Sn(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca_3_Sn^4+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Sn S O H","IMA2014-034"," ",6316,"Fleischerite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Sn^4+ S^6+ O H","Gpl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Genthelvite","Genthelvite","Be3Zn2+4(SiO4)3S2-","Be3Zn4(SiO4)3S","Be_3_Zn_4_(SiO_4_)_3_S","Be_3_Zn^2+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_S^2-^","Be Zn Si O S"," "," ",2063,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic","P43n","Be Zn^2+ Si O S^2-","Ghv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue green, Brown, Colorless, Green, Yellow.","#137e6d,#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffff00"
"Geocronite","Geocronite","Pb2+14Sb3+6S2-23","Pb14Sb6S23","Pb_14_Sb_6_S_23_","Pb^2+^_14_Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_23_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",2064,"Geocronite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Geo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Gray, Silver white.","#758da3,#808080,#e7e8e3"
"Georgbarsanovite","Georgbarsanovite","Na12(Mn2+,Sr,REE)3Ca6Fe2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O76Cl2·H2O","Na12(Mn,Sr,REE)3Ca6Fe2+3Zr3NbSi25O76Cl2·H2O","Na_12_(Mn,Sr,REE)_3_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr_3_NbSi_25_O_76_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Na_12_(Mn^2+^,Sr,REE)_3_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_76_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Na Mn Sr REE Ca Fe Zr Nb Si O Cl H","IMA2003-013"," ",5228,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Sr REE Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O Cl H","Gba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish green.","#b0dd16"
"Georgbokiite","Georgbokiite","Cu2+5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl2","Cu5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl2","Cu_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_2_","Cu O Se Cl","IMA1996-015"," ",2065," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Gbk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Chestnut brown, Dark brown.","#6d1008,#73532a"
"Georgechaoite","Georgechaoite","KNaZr4+Si3O9·2H2O","KNaZrSi3O9·2H2O","KNaZrSi_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","KNaZr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","K Na Zr Si O H","IMA1984-024"," ",2066,"Gaidonnayite","orthorhombic","P21nb","K Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Gch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"George-ericksenite","George-ericksenite","Na6CaMg(I5+O3)6(Cr6+O4)2·12H2O","Na6CaMg(IO3)6(CrO4)2·12H2O","Na_6_CaMg(IO_3_)_6_(CrO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Na_6_CaMg(I^5+^O_3_)_6_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Na Ca Mg I O Cr H","IMA1996-049"," ",2067," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mg I^5+ O Cr^6+ H","Gek","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Pale yellow, Bright lemon yellow.","#eecf9e,#87fd05"
"Georgeite","Georgeite","[Cu2+(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2","[Cu(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2","[Cu(OH)_2-x_(H_2_O)_x_][CO_3_]_x/2_","[Cu^2+^(OH)_2-x_(H_2_O)_x_][CO_3_]_x/2_","Cu O H C","IMA1977-004, IMA2023 s.p., IMA20"," ",2068,"Amorphous",,,"Cu^2+ O H C","Gg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Georgerobinsonite","Georgerobinsonite","Pb2+4(Cr6+O4)2(OH)2FCl","Pb4(CrO4)2(OH)2FCl","Pb_4_(CrO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_FCl","Pb^2+^_4_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_FCl","Pb Cr O H F Cl","IMA2009-068"," ",5797,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O H F Cl","Grb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange-red","#fe4401"
"Georgiadesite","Georgiadesite","Pb2+4(As3+O3)Cl4(OH)","Pb4(As3+O3)Cl4(OH)","Pb_4_(As^3+^O_3_)Cl_4_(OH)","Pb^2+^_4_(As^3+^O_3_)Cl_4_(OH)","Pb As O Cl H"," "," ",2069," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ As^3+ O Cl H","Ggd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brownish yellow, White.","#c9b003,#ffffff"
"Gerasimovskite","Gerasimovskite","Mn2+Ti4+3Nb5+2O12·9H2O","Mn2+(Ti,Nb)5O12·9H2O (?)","Mn^2+^(Ti,Nb)_5_O_12_·9H_2_O (?)","Mn^2+^Ti^4+^_3_Nb^5+^_2_O_12_·9H_2_O","Mn Ti Nb O H"," "," ",5097," ",,,"Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O H","Gms","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Gray, Light gray.","#653700,#808080,#d8dcd6"
"Gerdtremmelite","Gerdtremmelite","Zn2+Al2As5+O4(OH)5","ZnAl2(AsO4)(OH)5","ZnAl_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)_5_","Zn^2+^Al_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)_5_","Zn Al As O H","IMA1983-049a"," ",2070," ","triclinic",,"Zn^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Gtm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Yellowish brown, Dark brown.","#653700,#9b7a01,#73532a"
"Gerenite-(Y)","Gerenite-(Y)","NaCaY3Si6O18·2H2O","(Ca,Na,☐)2Y3Si6O18·2H2O","(Ca,Na,[box])_2_Y_3_Si_6_O_18_·2H_2_O","NaCaY_3_Si_6_O_18_·2H_2_O","Ca Na Y Si O H","IMA1993-034"," ",2071," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Y Si O H","Gnt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Cream white.","#ffffff,#f2eee2"
"Gerhardtite","Gerhardtite","Cu2+2N5+O3(OH)3","Cu2(NO3)(OH)3","Cu_2_(NO_3_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_N^5+^O_3_(OH)_3_","Cu N O H"," "," ",2072," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^2+ N^5+ O H","Ghd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green, Dark green.","#00ff00,#033500"
"Germanite","Germanite","Cu1+8Cu2+5Fe3+2Ge4+2S2-16","Cu13Fe2Ge2S16","Cu_13_Fe_2_Ge_2_S_16_","Cu^1+^_8_Cu^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_2_Ge^4+^_2_S^2-^_16_","Cu Fe Ge S"," "," ",2073,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","P43n","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Fe^3+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Ger","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Red gray.","#653700,#99686a"
"Germanocolusite","Germanocolusite","Cu1+9Cu2+4V3+Ge4+3S2-16","Cu13VGe3S16","Cu_13_VGe_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_9_Cu^2+^_4_V^3+^Ge^4+^_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu V Ge S","IMA1991-044"," ",2074,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","P43m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ V^3+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Gclu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, Grayish yellow, Greenish yellow, Olive yellow, Cream yellow.","#ffff00,#877254,#cdfd02,#c2b709,#f1f1e6"
"Gersdorffite","Gersdorffite","Ni3+(AsS)3-","NiAsS","NiAsS","Ni^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Ni As S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",2075,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Ni^3+ As S","Gdf-P213","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray, Grayish black, Silver white, Tin white.","#808080,#555152,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Gerstleyite","Gerstleyite","Na2(Sb,As)8S13·2H2O","Na2(Sb,As)8S13·2H2O","Na_2_(Sb,As)_8_S_13_·2H_2_O","Na_2_(Sb,As)_8_S_13_·2H_2_O","Na Sb As S H O"," "," ",2076," ","monoclinic","Cm","Na Sb As S H O","Gst","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Vermilion, Black.","#f4320c,#000000"
"Gerstmannite","Gerstmannite","Mn2+MgZn2+SiO4(OH)2","Mn2+MgZn(SiO4)(OH)2","Mn^2+^MgZn(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^MgZn^2+^SiO_4_(OH)_2_","Mn Mg Zn Si O H","IMA1975-030"," ",2077," ","orthorhombic","Bbcm","Mn^2+ Mg Zn^2+ Si O H","Gmn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Light pink.","#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Geschieberite","Geschieberite","K2(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2·2H2O","K2(UO2)(SO4)2·2H2O","K_2_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","K_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","K U O S H","IMA2014-006"," ",6299," ","orthorhombic","Pna21, Pnma","K U^6+ O S^6+ H","Gsb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bright green","#66ff00"
"Getchellite","Getchellite","SbAsS3","SbAsS3","SbAsS_3_","SbAsS_3_","Sb As S","IMA1965-010"," ",2078," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Sb As S","Get","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blood red, Dark red, Purple red.","#71383f,#840000,#990147"
"Geuerite","Geuerite","Ag1+2Tl1+4Pb2+4As3+22S2-40","Ag2Tl4Pb4As22S40","Ag_2_Tl_4_Pb_4_As_22_S_40_","Ag^1+^_2_Tl^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_4_As^3+^_22_S^2-^_40_","Ag Tl Pb As S","IMA2019-027a"," ",7432,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Geu",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Geversite","Geversite","PtSb2","PtSb2","PtSb_2_","PtSb_2_","Pt Sb","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2079,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Pt Sb","Gev","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Ghiaraite","Ghiaraite","CaCl2·4H2O","CaCl2·4H2O","CaCl_2_·4H_2_O","CaCl_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Cl H O","IMA2012-072"," ",6126," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Cl H O","Ghi","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Giacovazzoite","Giacovazzoite","K5Fe3+3O(S6+O4)6·10H2O","K5Fe3+3O(SO4)6·10H2O","K_5_Fe^3+^_3_O(SO_4_)_6_·10H_2_O","K_5_Fe^3+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·10H_2_O","K Fe O S H","IMA2018-165"," ",6888," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Gvz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange–brown","#b16002"
"Gianellaite","Gianellaite","[(N3-Hg2+2)2](S6+O4)(H2O)x","(Hg2N)2(SO4)(H2O)x","(Hg_2_N)_2_(SO_4_)(H_2_O)_x_","[(N^3-^Hg^2+^_2_)_2_](S^6+^O_4_)(H_2_O)_x_","Hg N S O H","IMA1972-020"," ",2080," ","cubic","F43m","N^3- Hg^2+ S^6+ O H","Gia","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow, Straw yellow.","#ffff00,#f0d696"
"Gibbsite","Gibbsite","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)_3_","Al(OH)_3_","Al O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2081,"Gibbsite","monoclinic","P21/n","Al O H","Gbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Bluish, Green, Green white, Gray, Gray white.","#2976bb,#00ff00,#deddcb,#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Giessenite","Giessenite","(Cu1+,Fe2+)2Pb2+26.4(Bi3+,Sb3+)19.6S2-57","(Cu,Fe)2Pb26.4(Bi,Sb)19.6S57","(Cu,Fe)_2_Pb_26.4_(Bi,Sb)_19.6_S_57_","(Cu^1+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Pb^2+^_26.4_(Bi^3+^,Sb^3+^)_19.6_S^2-^_57_","Cu Fe Pb Bi Sb S","IMA1963-004"," ",5007,"Kobellite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P212121, P21/n","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Gie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Giftgrubeite","Giftgrubeite","CaMn2+2Ca2(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","CaMn2Ca2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2O","CaMn_2_Ca_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","CaMn^2+^_2_Ca_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H","IMA2016-102"," ",6629,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Gif","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","colorless, rarely pearl white to pale yellow","#afafaf,#edebdb,#eecf9e"
"Gilalite","Gilalite","Cu2+5Si6O17·7H2O","Cu5Si6O17·7H2O","Cu_5_Si_6_O_17_·7H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_Si_6_O_17_·7H_2_O","Cu Si O H","IMA1979-021"," ",2082," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Si O H","Gil","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue green, Green.","#137e6d,#00ff00"
"Gillardite","Gillardite","Cu2+3Ni2+Cl2(OH)6","Cu3NiCl2(OH)6","Cu_3_NiCl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_Ni^2+^Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Ni Cl O H","IMA2006-041"," ",5386,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^2+ Ni^2+ Cl O H","Gla","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Gillespite","Gillespite","BaFe2+Si4O10","BaFe2+Si4O10","BaFe^2+^Si_4_O_10_","BaFe^2+^Si_4_O_10_","Ba Fe Si O"," "," ",2083,"Gillespite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P4/ncc, P21212","Ba Fe^2+ Si O","Gls","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Gillulyite","Gillulyite","Tl2As7.5Sb0.3S13","Tl2As7.5Sb0.3S13","Tl_2_As_7.5_Sb_0.3_S_13_","Tl_2_As_7.5_Sb_0.3_S_13_","Tl As Sb S","IMA1989-029"," ",2084," ","monoclinic","P2/n","Tl As Sb S","Gly","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Red, Maroon, Dark red, Blue.","#ff0000,#800000,#840000,#0000ff"
"Gilmarite","Gilmarite","Cu2+3(As5+O4)(OH)3","Cu2+3(AsO4)(OH)3","Cu^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu As O H","IMA1996-017"," ",2085,"Gilmarite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Gmr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Ginelfite","Ginelfite","Ag1+2(Ag1+0.5Fe2+0.5)Tl1+Pb2+23.5(Sb3+,As3+)33.5S2-76","Ag2(Ag0.5Fe2+0.5)TlPb23.5(Sb,As)33.5S76","Ag_2_(Ag_0.5_Fe^2+^_0.5_)TlPb_23.5_(Sb,As)_33.5_S_76_","Ag^1+^_2_(Ag^1+^_0.5_Fe^2+^_0.5_)Tl^1+^Pb^2+^_23.5_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_33.5_S^2-^_76_","Ag Fe Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA2022-110"," ",7328,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Glf",,"No","dark grey","#363737"
"Giniite","Giniite","Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)2·2H2O","Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)2·2H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1977-017"," ",2086," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Cmmm, P2/a, P2/n","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Gin","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Blackish brown, Black, Blackish green.","#453b32,#000000,#5d6161"
"Ginorite","Ginorite","Ca2B14O20(OH)6·5H2O","Ca2B14O20(OH)6·5H2O","Ca_2_B_14_O_20_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Ca_2_B_14_O_20_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",2087," ",,,"Ca B O H","Gnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Giorgiosite","Giorgiosite","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Mg C O H"," "," ",2088," ",,,"Mg C O H","Gio","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Giraudite-(Zn)","Giraudite-(Zn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)As3+4Se2-13","Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4Se13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)As_4_Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_Se^2-^_13_","Cu Zn As Se","IMA1980-089, IMA2019 s.p."," ",2089,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ As^3+ Se^2-","Gir-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Girvasite","Girvasite","NaCa2Mg3(PO4)3(CO3)(H2O)6","NaCa2Mg3(PO4)3(CO3)(H2O)6","NaCa_2_Mg_3_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_6_","NaCa_2_Mg_3_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_6_","Na Ca Mg P O C H","IMA1988-046"," ",2091," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca Mg P O C H","Gvs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gismondine-Ca","Gismondine-Ca","Ca2(Si4Al4)O16·8H2O","Ca2(Si4Al4)O16·8H2O","Ca_2_(Si_4_Al_4_)O_16_·8H_2_O","Ca_2_(Si_4_Al_4_)O_16_·8H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2092,"Gismondine","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Si Al O H","Gis-Ca","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, white, grayish, bluish white, reddish","#afafaf,#ffffff,#cfcac7,#e5dad4,#c44240"
"Gismondine-Sr","Gismondine-Sr","Sr4(Si8Al8O32)·9H2O","Sr4(Si8Al8O32)·9H2O","Sr_4_(Si_8_Al_8_O_32_)·9H_2_O","Sr_4_(Si_8_Al_8_O_32_)·9H_2_O","Sr Si Al O H","IMA2021-043"," ",7155,"Gismondine","orthorhombic","B2212","Sr Si Al O H","Gis-Sr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White","#ffffff"
"Gittinsite","Gittinsite","CaZr4+Si2O7","CaZrSi2O7","CaZrSi_2_O_7_","CaZr^4+^Si_2_O_7_","Ca Zr Si O","IMA1979-034"," ",2093,"Thortveitite","monoclinic","C2","Ca Zr^4+ Si O","Git","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Lemon white.","#fbf6e0"
"Giuşcăite","Giuscaite","Ag1+2Tl1+4Pb2+4As3+20Sb3+2S2-40","Ag2Tl4Pb4As20Sb2S40","Ag_2_Tl_4_Pb_4_As_20_Sb_2_S_40_","Ag^1+^_2_Tl^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_4_As^3+^_20_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_40_","Ag Tl Pb As Sb S","IMA2023-099"," ",7441,"Sartorite","monoclinic","Pn","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Gic",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Giuseppettite","Giuseppettite","Na42K16Ca6Si48Al48O192(S6+O4)10Cl2·5H2O","Na42K16Ca6Si48Al48O192(SO4)10Cl2·5H2O","Na_42_K_16_Ca_6_Si_48_Al_48_O_192_(SO_4_)_10_Cl_2_·5H_2_O","Na_42_K_16_Ca_6_Si_48_Al_48_O_192_(S^6+^O_4_)_10_Cl_2_·5H_2_O","Na K Ca Si Al O S Cl H","IMA1979-064"," ",2094,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na K Ca Si Al O S^6+ Cl H","Giu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light violet blue.","#d6b4fc"
"Gjerdingenite-Ca","Gjerdingenite-Ca","K2Ca(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K_2_Ca(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K_2_Ca(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K Ca Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2005-029"," ",5533,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Gje-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Pale brown, Pinkish brown.","#ffffff,#b1916e,#b17261"
"Gjerdingenite-Fe","Gjerdingenite-Fe","K2Fe2+(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K2Fe(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K_2_Fe(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K_2_Fe^2+^(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K Fe Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2001-009"," ",2095,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Gje-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale yellow, Yellow, Yellow orange.","#eecf9e,#ffff00,#fcb001"
"Gjerdingenite-Mn","Gjerdingenite-Mn","K2Mn2+(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K2Mn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K_2_Mn(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K_2_Mn^2+^(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K Mn Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2003-015"," ",5230,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Gje-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange yellow, Brownish yellow.","#fdb915,#c9b003"
"Gjerdingenite-Na","Gjerdingenite-Na","(K,Na)2Na(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4·5H2O","K2Na(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(OH,O)4·5H2O","K_2_Na(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(OH,O)_4_·5H_2_O","(K,Na)_2_Na(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(OH,O)_4_·5H_2_O","K Na Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2005-030"," ",5534,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Gje-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale pink.","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Gladite","Gladite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+5S2-9","CuPbBi5S9","CuPbBi_5_S_9_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_5_S^2-^_9_","Cu Pb Bi S"," "," ",2096,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pmcn, Pbnm","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Gld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray, Tin white.","#8a7963,#808080,#cfd5db"
"Gladiusite","Gladiusite","Fe3+2Fe2+4PO4(OH)11·H2O","Fe3+2Fe2+4(PO4)(OH)11·H2O","Fe^3+^_2_Fe^2+^_4_(PO_4_)(OH)_11_·H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_Fe^2+^_4_PO_4_(OH)_11_·H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1998-011"," ",2097," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ Fe^2+ P O H","Gds","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Gladkovskyite","Gladkovskyite","Mn2+Tl1+As3+3S2-6","MnTlAs3S6","MnTlAs_3_S_6_","Mn^2+^Tl^1+^As^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Mn Tl As S","IMA2018-098"," ",6827,"Not in a structural group",,,"Mn^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Gkv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark cherry-red","#774d41"
"Glagolevite","Glagolevite","Na(Mg,Al)6(Si3Al)O10(OH,O)8","Na(Mg,Al)6(Si3Al)O10(OH,O)8","Na(Mg,Al)_6_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH,O)_8_","Na(Mg,Al)_6_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH,O)_8_","Na Mg Al Si O H","IMA2001-064"," ",2098," ","triclinic","C1","Na Mg Al Si O H","Ggl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Glauberite","Glauberite","Na2Ca(S6+O4)2","Na2Ca(SO4)2","Na_2_Ca(SO_4_)_2_","Na_2_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Na Ca S O"," "," ",2099," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca S^6+ O","Glb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, Yellow, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#e9f1d0"
"Glaucocerinite","Glaucocerinite","Zn2+1-xAlx(S6+O4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x<0.5, n>3x/2)","(Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Zn_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","Zn^2+^_1-x_Al_x_(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x<0.5, n>3x/2)","Zn Al S O H"," "," ",2100,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Zn^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Gc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Sky blue, Gray, Greenish, Brownish.","#ffffff,#9fb9e2,#808080,#40a368,#9c6d57"
"Glaucochroite","Glaucochroite","CaMn2+SiO4","CaMn2+(SiO4)","CaMn^2+^(SiO_4_)","CaMn^2+^SiO_4_","Ca Mn Si O"," "," ",2101,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ca Mn^2+ Si O","Glc","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green, White, Pinkish.","#00ff00,#ffffff,#d46a7e"
"Glaucodot","Glaucodot","Co3+Fe3+(AsS)3-2","(Co0.5Fe0.5)AsS","(Co_0.5_Fe_0.5_)AsS","Co^3+^Fe^3+^(AsS)^3-^_2_","Co Fe As S"," "," ",2102,"Arsenopyrite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Co^3+ Fe^3+ As S","Gl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish tin white, Reddish silver white.","#c88d94,#e0e7dd"
"Glaucophane","Glaucophane","☐Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Na_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Na_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2104,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al Si O H","Gln","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Gray, Bluish black, Lavender blue, Azure blue.","#808080,#413f44,#ccccff,#4d91c6"
"Glaukosphaerite","Glaukosphaerite","Cu2+Ni2+CO3(OH)2","CuNi(CO3)(OH)2","CuNi(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Ni^2+^CO_3_(OH)_2_","Cu Ni C O H","IMA1972-028"," ",2105,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ Ni^2+ C O H","Gks","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Glecklerite","Glecklerite","Na(C2H3O3)1-","Na(C2H3O3)","Na(C_2_H_3_O_3_)","Na(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^","Na C H O","IMA2023-071"," ",7388,"Glycolate","orthorhombic",,"Na C H O"," ","Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Glikinite","Glikinite","Zn2+3O(S6+O4)2","Zn3O(SO4)2","Zn_3_O(SO_4_)_2_","Zn^2+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Zn O S","IMA2018-119"," ",6851," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Zn^2+ O S^6+","Gli","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Glucine","Glucine","CaBe4(PO4)2(OH)4·0.5H2O","CaBe4(PO4)2(OH)4·0.5H2O","CaBe_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·0.5H_2_O","CaBe_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·0.5H_2_O","Ca Be P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2106," ",,,"Ca Be P O H","Glu","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Glushinskite","Glushinskite","Mg(C2)6+O4·2H2O","Mg(C2O4)·2H2O","Mg(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Mg(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Mg C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2107,"Humboldtine, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg C O H","Gsk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Gmalimite","Gmalimite","K6☐Fe2+24S2-27","K6☐Fe2+24S27","K_6_[box]Fe^2+^_24_S_27_","K_6_[box]Fe^2+^_24_S^2-^_27_","K Fe S","IMA2019-007"," ",6898,"Djerfisherite","cubic","Pm3m","K Fe^2+ S^2-","Gma","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","bronze","#a87900"
"Gmelinite-Ca","Gmelinite-Ca","Ca2(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","Ca2(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","Ca_2_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","Ca_2_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2108,"Gmelinite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Si Al O H","Gme-Ca","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Reddish white, Pink, Greenish white, Flesh red.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#ffc0cb,#d1f1de,#b8aa7d"
"Gmelinite-K","Gmelinite-K","K4(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","K4(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","K_4_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","K_4_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA1999-039"," ",2109,"Gmelinite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Si Al O H","Gme-K","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Brownish white.","#afafaf,#d1f1de"
"Gmelinite-Na","Gmelinite-Na","Na4(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","Na4(Si8Al4)O24·11H2O","Na_4_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","Na_4_(Si_8_Al_4_)O_24_·11H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2110,"Gmelinite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Si Al O H","Gme-Na","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White, Reddish white, Pink, Greenish white, Flesh red.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#ffc0cb,#d1f1de,#b8aa7d"
"Gobbinsite","Gobbinsite","Na5(Si11Al5)O32·11H2O","Na5(Si11Al5)O32·11H2O","Na_5_(Si_11_Al_5_)O_32_·11H_2_O","Na_5_(Si_11_Al_5_)O_32_·11H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1980-070"," ",2111,"Gismondine","orthorhombic","Pmnb, Pmn21","Na Si Al O H","Gbb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Lemon white, Chalky white, Light brown.","#fbf6e0,#e5f1ed,#b5651d"
"Gobelinite","Gobelinite","Co2+Cu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·6H2O","CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·6H2O","CoCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Co^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Co Cu S O H","IMA2018-167"," ",6890,"Ktenasite","monoclinic","P21/c","Co^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Gob","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, bluish green, greyish green","#69b076,#10a674,#82a67d"
"Godlevskite","Godlevskite","(Ni,Fe)9S8","(Ni,Fe)9S8","(Ni,Fe)_9_S_8_","(Ni,Fe)_9_S_8_","Ni Fe S","IMA1968-032"," ",2112,"Pentlandite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","I42d, C222","Ni Fe S","Go","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Bronze yellow.","#737000"
"Godovikovite","Godovikovite","(N3-H4)Al(S6+O4)2","(NH4)Al(SO4)2","(NH_4_)Al(SO_4_)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","N H Al S O","IMA1987-019"," ",2113,"Sabieite","hexagonal","P321","N^3- H Al S^6+ O","God","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Goedkenite","Goedkenite","Sr2Al(PO4)2(OH)","Sr2Al(PO4)2(OH)","Sr_2_Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr_2_Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr Al P O H","IMA1974-004"," ",2114,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Al P O H","Goe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Goethite","Goethite","Fe3+O(OH)","FeO(OH)","FeO(OH)","Fe^3+^O(OH)","Fe O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2115,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Fe^3+ O H","Gth","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Brown, Reddish brown, Yellowish brown, Brownish yellow, Ocher yellow.","#653700,#7f2b0a,#9b7a01,#c9b003,#ecc100"
"Gold","Gold","Au","Au","Au","Au","Au"," "," ",2116,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Au","Au","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","Yes","Yellow, Pale yellow, Orange, Yellow white, Reddish white.","#ffff00,#eecf9e,#ffa500,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Goldfieldite","Goldfieldite","(Cu1+4☐2)Cu1+6Te4+4S2-13","(Cu4☐2)Cu6Te4S13","(Cu_4_[box]_2_)Cu_6_Te_4_S_13_","(Cu^1+^_4_[box]_2_)Cu^1+^_6_Te^4+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Te S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",2117,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Te^4+ S^2-","Gf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark lead gray, Iron black.","#840000,#263145"
"Goldhillite","Goldhillite","Cu2+5Zn2+(As5+O4)2(OH)6·H2O","Cu5Zn(AsO4)2(OH)6·H2O","Cu_5_Zn(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu Zn As O H","IMA2021-034"," ",7144,"Philipsburgite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Gdh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright emerald-green","#9fe2bf"
"Goldichite","Goldichite","KFe3+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","KFe3+(SO4)2·4H2O","KFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","KFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K Fe S O H"," "," ",2118," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Gol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow green.","#fffe7a"
"Goldmanite","Goldmanite","Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3","Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3","Ca_3_V^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_V^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca V Si O","IMA1963-003"," ",2119,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca V^3+ Si O","Glm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark green, Brownish green.","#033500,#6a6e09"
"Goldquarryite","Goldquarryite","Cu2+Cd2+2Al3(PO4)4F3·10H2O","CuCd2Al3(PO4)4F3·10H2O","CuCd_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_F_3_·10H_2_O","Cu^2+^Cd^2+^_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_F_3_·10H_2_O","Cu Cd Al P O F H","IMA2001-058"," ",2120," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Cd^2+ Al P O F H","Gqy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue, Bluish gray.","#d0fefe,#748b97"
"Goldschmidtite","Goldschmidtite","KNb5+O3","KNbO3","KNbO_3_","KNb^5+^O_3_","K Nb O","IMA2018-034"," ",6776,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","K Nb^5+ O","Gsc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Dark green","#033500"
"Golyshevite","Golyshevite","Na10Ca9Zr4+3Fe2+2SiNb5+(Si3O9)2(Si9O27)2(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","Na10Ca9Zr3Fe2SiNb(Si3O9)2(Si9O27)2(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","Na_10_Ca_9_Zr_3_Fe_2_SiNb(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(Si_9_O_27_)_2_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na_10_Ca_9_Zr^4+^_3_Fe^2+^_2_SiNb^5+^(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(Si_9_O_27_)_2_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na Ca Zr Fe Si Nb O H C","IMA2004-039"," ",5324,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Zr^4+ Fe^2+ Si Nb^5+ O H C","Gsv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Gonnardite","Gonnardite","(Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10·3H2O","(Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10·3H2O","(Na,Ca)_2_(Si,Al)_5_O_10_·3H_2_O","(Na,Ca)_2_(Si,Al)_5_O_10_·3H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2121,"Natrolite","tetragonal","I42d","Na Ca Si Al O H","Gon","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Gonyerite","Gonyerite","Mn2+5Fe3+(Si3Fe3+O10)(OH)8","Mn2+5Fe3+(Si3Fe3+O10)(OH)8","Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^(Si_3_Fe^3+^O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^(Si_3_Fe^3+^O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mn Fe Si O H"," "," ",2122,"Chlorite, Clay","orthorhombic",,"Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Gye","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown, Brownish black, Bright green.","#73532a,#413936,#66ff00"
"Goosecreekite","Goosecreekite","Ca(Si6Al2)O16·5H2O","Ca(Si6Al2)O16·5H2O","Ca(Si_6_Al_2_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Ca(Si_6_Al_2_)O_16_·5H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1980-004"," ",2123," ","monoclinic","P21","Ca Si Al O H","Gck","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gorbunovite","Gorbunovite","CsLi2(Ti3+,Fe3+)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2","CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2","CsLi_2_(Ti,Fe)Si_4_O_10_(F,OH,O)_2_","CsLi_2_(Ti^3+^,Fe^3+^)Si_4_O_10_(F,OH,O)_2_","Cs Li Ti Fe Si O F H","IMA2017-040"," ",6683,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","Cs Li Ti^3+ Fe^3+ Si O F H","Gbv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gorceixite","Gorceixite","BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","BaAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","BaAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ba Al P O H"," "," ",2124,"Alunite-crandallite","monoclinic, hexagonal","R3m, R3m, Cm","Ba Al P O H","Gcx","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Brown, Gray white, Sky blue, White.","#653700,#d7d5cb,#9fb9e2,#ffffff"
"Gordaite","Gordaite","NaZn2+4(S6+O4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O","NaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O","NaZn_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","NaZn^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","Na Zn S O H Cl","IMA1996-006"," ",2125,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","P3","Na Zn^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Gda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gordonite","Gordonite","MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","MgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg Al P O H"," "," ",2126,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mg Al P O H","Gdo","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Gray white, White, Light green, Light pink.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#76ff7b,#ffd1df"
"Gorerite","Gorerite","CaAlFe3+11O19","CaAlFe3+11O19","CaAlFe^3+^_11_O_19_","CaAlFe^3+^_11_O_19_","Ca Al Fe O","IMA2019-080"," ",6964,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Al Fe^3+ O","Gor","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No"," black","#000000"
"Görgeyite","Gorgeyite","K2Ca5(S6+O4)6·H2O","K2Ca5(SO4)6·H2O","K_2_Ca_5_(SO_4_)_6_·H_2_O","K_2_Ca_5_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·H_2_O","K Ca S O H"," "," ",2127," ","monoclinic","C2/c, B2/b","K Ca S^6+ O H","Gög","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, white, pale yellow, greenish yellow","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#cdfd02"
"Gormanite","Gormanite","Fe2+3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Fe2+3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Fe^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA1977-030"," ",2128,"Souzalite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Gm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Gortdrumite","Gortdrumite","Cu24Fe2Hg9S23","Cu24Fe2Hg9S23","Cu_24_Fe_2_Hg_9_S_23_","Cu_24_Fe_2_Hg_9_S_23_","Cu Fe Hg S","IMA1979-039"," ",2129," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu Fe Hg S","Gdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Goryainovite","Goryainovite","Ca2(PO4)Cl","Ca2(PO4)Cl","Ca_2_(PO_4_)Cl","Ca_2_(PO_4_)Cl","Ca P O Cl","IMA2015-090"," ",6490," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Ca P O Cl","Gyv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Goslarite","Goslarite","Zn2+S6+O4·7H2O","Zn(SO4)·7H2O","Zn(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Zn S O H"," "," ",2130,"Epsomite","orthorhombic","P212121","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Gos","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue, Brown, Colorless, Green, Green blue.","#0000ff,#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#42b395"
"Gottardiite","Gottardiite","Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272·93H2O","Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272·93H2O","Na_3_Mg_3_Ca_5_Al_19_Si_117_O_272_·93H_2_O","Na_3_Mg_3_Ca_5_Al_19_Si_117_O_272_·93H_2_O","Na Mg Ca Al Si O H","IMA1994-054"," ",2131," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na Mg Ca Al Si O H","Gtt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Gottlobite","Gottlobite","CaMg(V5+O4)(OH)","CaMg(VO4)(OH)","CaMg(VO_4_)(OH)","CaMg(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Ca Mg V O H","IMA1998-066"," ",2132,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Mg V^5+ O H","Got","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Brown orange.","#ffa500,#b96902"
"Götzenite","Gotzenite","Ca4NaCa2Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca4NaCa2Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_4_NaCa_2_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_4_NaCa_2_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Na Ti Si O F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",2133,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1","Ca Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Göz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Very pale yellow, tan, off-white, colorless, white.","#927288,#d1b26f,#ffffe4,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Goudeyite","Goudeyite","Cu2+6Al(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu6Al(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu_6_Al(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Al(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu Al As O H","IMA1978-015"," ",2134,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Gdy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow green.","#afafaf,#c8fd3d"
"Gowerite","Gowerite","Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O","Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O","Ca[B_5_O_8_(OH)][B(OH)_3_]·3H_2_O","Ca[B_5_O_8_(OH)][B(OH)_3_]·3H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2135," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Gow","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Goyazite","Goyazite","SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","SrAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","SrAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Sr Al P O H","IMA1999 s.p."," ",2136,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Al P O H","Goy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Lemon yellow, Pink, Colorless.","#cfff04,#ffc0cb,#afafaf"
"Graemite","Graemite","Cu2+Te4+O3·H2O","Cu2+(Te4+O3)·H2O","Cu^2+^(Te^4+^O_3_)·H_2_O","Cu^2+^Te^4+^O_3_·H_2_O","Cu Te O H","IMA1974-022"," ",2137," ","orthorhombic","Pcmm","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O H","Gmi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green.","#137e6d,#00ff00"
"Graeserite","Graeserite","Fe3+4Ti4+3As3+O13(OH)","Fe3+4Ti3As3+O13(OH)","Fe^3+^_4_Ti_3_As^3+^O_13_(OH)","Fe^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_3_As^3+^O_13_(OH)","Fe Ti As O H","IMA1996-010"," ",2138," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ As^3+ O H","Gsr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Graftonite","Graftonite","Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2","Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2","Fe^2+^Fe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Fe^2+^Fe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Fe P O"," "," ",2139,"Graftonite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ P O","Gft","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Pink, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#ffc0cb,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Graftonite-(Ca)","Graftonite-(Ca)","CaFe2+2(PO4)2","CaFe2+2(PO4)2","CaFe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","CaFe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Fe P O","IMA2017-048"," ",6684,"Graftonite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Fe^2+ P O","Gft-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish","#9c6d57"
"Graftonite-(Mn)","Graftonite-(Mn)","Mn2+Fe2+2(PO4)2","MnFe2+2(PO4)2","MnFe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Mn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Mn Fe P O","IMA2017-050"," ",6685,"Graftonite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Fe^2+ P O","Gft-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pinkish brown","#b17261"
"Grahampearsonite","Grahampearsonite","Ca2P2O7","Ca2P2O7","Ca_2_P_2_O_7_","Ca_2_P_2_O_7_","Ca P O","IMA2025-017"," ",7587,"Percleveite","tetragonal","P41","Ca P O","Gps",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Gramaccioliite-(Y)","Gramaccioliite-(Y)","(Pb2+,Sr)(Y,Mn2+)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+)18O38","(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38","(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","(Pb^2+^,Sr)(Y,Mn^2+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","Pb Sr Y Mn Fe Ti O","IMA2001-034"," ",2140,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Sr Y Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Gmc-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Grammatikopoulosite","Grammatikopoulosite","NiVP","NiVP","NiVP","NiVP","Ni V P","IMA2019-090"," ",6976,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ni V P","Gmk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Grandaite","Grandaite","Sr2+2Al(As5+O4)2(OH)","Sr2Al(AsO4)2(OH)","Sr_2_Al(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr^2+^_2_Al(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Sr Al As O H","IMA2013-059"," ",6226,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Grd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Bright orange to salmon to brown colour","#ff7034,#ff796c,#c37c59"
"Grandidierite","Grandidierite","MgAl3O2(BO3)SiO4","MgAl3O2(BO3)(SiO4)","MgAl_3_O_2_(BO_3_)(SiO_4_)","MgAl_3_O_2_(BO_3_)SiO_4_","Mg Al O B Si"," "," ",2141," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mg Al O B Si","Gdd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Grandreefite","Grandreefite","Pb2+2(S6+O4)F2","Pb2(SO4)F2","Pb_2_(SO_4_)F_2_","Pb^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)F_2_","Pb S O F","IMA1988-016"," ",2142," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Pb^2+ S^6+ O F","Grf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Grandviewite","Grandviewite","Cu2+3Al2(S6+O4)(OH)10·H2O","Cu3Al2(SO4)(OH)10·H2O","Cu_3_Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_·H_2_O","Cu Al S O H","IMA2007-004, IMA2022 s.p."," ",5574," ","monoclinic, triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Gvw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Turquoise blue.","#00ffef"
"Grantsite","Grantsite","(Na,Ca)2+x(V5+,V4+)6O16·4H2O","(Na,Ca)2+x(V5+,V4+)6O16·4H2O","(Na,Ca)_2+x_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_6_O_16_·4H_2_O","(Na,Ca)_2+x_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_6_O_16_·4H_2_O","Na Ca V O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2143,"Hewettite","monoclinic",,"Na Ca V^5+ V^4+ O H","Gs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green black, Dark green, Olive green.","#373a3a,#033500,#8ead2c"
"Graphite","Graphite","C","C","C","C","C"," "," ",2144," ","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P63mc, Fmmm, Cmma, Cmmm, Pcca, Pban, P63/mmc, R3m","C","Gr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Iron black, Dark gray, Black, Steel gray.","#263145,#363737,#000000,#43464b"
"Graţianite","Gratianite","Mn2+Bi3+2S2-4","MnBi2S4","MnBi_2_S_4_","Mn^2+^Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Mn Bi S","IMA2013-076"," ",6235,"Berthierite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Gţi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bulk color could not be determined","#a46454"
"Gratonite","Gratonite","Pb2+9As3+4S2-15","Pb9As4S15","Pb_9_As_4_S_15_","Pb^2+^_9_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_15_","Pb As S"," "," ",2145," ","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Gtn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Lead gray, Dark lead gray.","#8a7963,#840000"
"Grattarolaite","Grattarolaite","Fe3+3O3PO4","Fe3+3O3(PO4)","Fe^3+^_3_O_3_(PO_4_)","Fe^3+^_3_O_3_PO_4_","Fe O P","IMA1995-037"," ",2146," ","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^3+ O P","Gra","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Red brown.","#653700,#a52a2f"
"Graulichite-(Ce)","Graulichite-(Ce)","Ce3+Fe3+3(As5+O4)2(OH)6","CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6","CeFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce^3+^Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ce Fe As O H","IMA2002-001"," ",5008,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ce^3+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Grl-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green, Brownish green.","#76ff7b,#6a6e09"
"Graulichite-(La)","Graulichite-(La)","LaFe3+3(As5+O4)2(OH)6","LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6","LaFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","LaFe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","La Fe As O H","IMA2020-093"," ",7108,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","La Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Grl-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Gravegliaite","Gravegliaite","Mn2+S4+O3·3H2O","Mn2+(S4+O3)·3H2O","Mn^2+^(S^4+^O_3_)·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^S^4+^O_3_·3H_2_O","Mn S O H","IMA1990-020"," ",2147,"Gravegliaite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ S^4+ O H","Gvg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Grayite","Grayite","(Th3+,Pb2+,Ca)(PO4)·H2O","(Th,Pb,Ca)(PO4)·H2O","(Th,Pb,Ca)(PO_4_)·H_2_O","(Th^3+^,Pb^2+^,Ca)(PO_4_)·H_2_O","Th Pb Ca P O H"," "," ",2148,"Rhabdophane",,,"Th^3+ Pb^2+ Ca P O H","Gry","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light yellow, Reddish brown.","#fffe7a,#7f2b0a"
"Grechishchevite","Grechishchevite","Hg2+3S2-2BrCl0.5I1-0.5","Hg3S2BrCl0.5I0.5","Hg_3_S_2_BrCl_0.5_I_0.5_","Hg^2+^_3_S^2-^_2_BrCl_0.5_I^1-^_0.5_","Hg S Br Cl I","IMA1988-027"," ",2149," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Hg^2+ S^2- Br Cl I^1-","Gcv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Orange, Reddish orange.","#413936,#ffa500,#f8481c"
"Greenalite","Greenalite","(Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4","(Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2-3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2-3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Fe Si O H"," "," ",2150,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Gre","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Blue green, Light yellow green, Dark green, Black.","#137e6d,#fffe7a,#033500,#000000"
"Greenlizardite","Greenlizardite","(N3-H4)Na(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","(NH4)Na(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","(NH_4_)Na(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Na(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","N H Na U O S","IMA2017-001"," ",6644,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Na U^6+ O S^6+","Glz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light green-yellow","#f7d28c"
"Greenockite","Greenockite","Cd2+S2-","CdS","CdS","Cd^2+^S^2-^","Cd S"," "," ",2151,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Cd^2+ S^2-","Gnk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Honey yellow, Citron yellow, Orange yellow.","#ca9456,#d7c275,#fdb915"
"Greenwoodite","Greenwoodite","Ba2-x(V3+OH)xV3+9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Si2O22","Ba2-x(V3+OH)xV3+9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Si2O22","Ba_2-x_(V^3+^OH)_x_V^3+^_9_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Si_2_O_22_","Ba_2-x_(V^3+^OH)_x_V^3+^_9_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Si_2_O_22_","Ba V O H Fe Si","IMA2010-007"," ",5836,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3m1","Ba V^3+ O H Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si","Gwd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Gregoryite","Gregoryite","Na2CO3","Na2(CO3)","Na_2_(CO_3_)","Na_2_CO_3_","Na C O","IMA1981-045"," ",5009," ",,,"Na C O","Ggy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Greifensteinite","Greifensteinite","Ca2Fe2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Be4Fe2+5(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Be_4_Fe^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Be Fe P O H","IMA2001-044"," ",2152,"Roscherite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Fe^2+ Be P O H","Gfs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark olive green.","#373e02"
"Greigite","Greigite","Fe2+Fe3+2S4","Fe2+Fe3+2S4","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_S_4_","Fe S","IMA1963-007"," ",2153,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S","Grg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Blue, Blue black, Bronze, Pink.","#0000ff,#24313d,#a87900,#ffc0cb"
"Grenmarite","Grenmarite","Na2Zr4+2Na2Mn2+Zr4+(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na2Zr2Na2MnZr(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na_2_Zr_2_Na_2_MnZr(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Zr^4+^_2_Na_2_Mn^2+^Zr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na Zr Mn Si O F","IMA2003-024"," ",5235,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P2/c","Na Zr^4+ Mn^2+ Si O F","Grn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish brown, Dark brown.","#9b7a01,#73532a"
"Grguricite","Grguricite","CaCr3+2(CO3)2(OH)4·4H2O","CaCr2(CO3)2(OH)4·4H2O","CaCr_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","CaCr^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca Cr C O H","IMA2019-123"," ",7006,"Alumohydrocalcite","triclinic","P1","Ca Cr^3+ C O H","Ggu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","lilac","#cea2fd"
"Griceite","Griceite","LiF","LiF","LiF","LiF","Li F","IMA1986-043"," ",2154,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Li F","Gri","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green white, Yellowish white, White.","#deddcb,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Griffinite","Griffinite","Al2Ti4+O5","Al2TiO5","Al_2_TiO_5_","Al_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","Al Ti O","IMA2021-110"," ",7213,"Pseudobrookite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Al Ti^4+ O","Gfn","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Grigorievite","Grigorievite","Cu2+3Fe3+2Al2(V5+O4)6","Cu3Fe3+2Al2(VO4)6","Cu_3_Fe^3+^_2_Al_2_(VO_4_)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_Al_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_","Cu Fe Al V O","IMA2012-047"," ",6104,"Howardevansite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ Al V^5+ O","Ggv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Grimaldiite","Grimaldiite","Cr3+O(OH)","CrO(OH)","CrO(OH)","Cr^3+^O(OH)","Cr O H","IMA1967-036"," ",2155," ","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Cr^3+ O H","Gmd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red, Reddish brown.","#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Grimmite","Grimmite","Ni2+Co3+2S2-4","NiCo2S4","NiCo_2_S_4_","Ni^2+^Co^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Ni Co S","IMA2020-060"," ",7074,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ni^2+ Co^3+ S^2-","Gmm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey with a pinkish tint","#d7d5cb"
"Grimselite","Grimselite","K3Na(U6+O2)(CO3)3·H2O","K3Na(UO2)(CO3)3·H2O","K_3_Na(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·H_2_O","K_3_Na(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·H_2_O","K Na U O C H","IMA1971-040"," ",2156," ","hexagonal","P62c","K Na U^6+ O C H","Gsl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Griphite","Griphite","Ca(Mn2+,Na,Li)6Fe2+Al2(PO4)6(F,OH)2","Ca(Mn2+,Na,Li)6Fe2+Al2(PO4)6(F,OH)2","Ca(Mn^2+^,Na,Li)_6_Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_6_(F,OH)_2_","Ca(Mn^2+^,Na,Li)_6_Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_6_(F,OH)_2_","Ca Mn Na Li Fe Al P O F H"," "," ",2157," ","cubic","Pa3","Ca Mn^2+ Na Li Fe^2+ Al P O F H","Gph","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Yellow, Dark brown.","#413936,#ffff00,#73532a"
"Grischunite","Grischunite","NaCa2Mn2+5Fe3+(As5+O4)6·2H2O","NaCa2Mn2+5Fe3+(AsO4)6·2H2O","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Mn Fe As O H","IMA1981-028"," ",2158,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Gcn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Groatite","Groatite","☐NaCaMn2+2(PO4)(HPO4)2","☐NaCaMn2(PO4)(HPO4)2","[box]NaCaMn_2_(PO_4_)(HPO_4_)_2_","[box]NaCaMn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)(HPO_4_)_2_","Na Ca Mn P O H","IMA2008-054"," ",5714,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mn^2+ P O H","Goa","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Grokhovskyite","Grokhovskyite","CuCrS2","CuCrS2","CuCrS_2_","CuCrS_2_","Cu Cr S","IMA2019-065"," ",6952,"Scacchite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu Cr S","Ghy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","yellow–brown","#ae8b0c"
"Grootfonteinite","Grootfonteinite","Pb2+3O(CO3)2","Pb3O(CO3)2","Pb_3_O(CO_3_)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_O(CO_3_)_2_","Pb O C","IMA2015-051"," ",6451," ","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Pb^2+ O C","Gtf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Grossite","Grossite","CaAl4O7","CaAl4O7","CaAl_4_O_7_","CaAl_4_O_7_","Ca Al O","IMA1993-052"," ",2159," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al O","Gss","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Grossmanite","Grossmanite","Ca(Ti3+,Mg,Ti4+)AlSiO6","Ca(Ti3+,Mg,Ti4+)AlSiO6","Ca(Ti^3+^,Mg,Ti^4+^)AlSiO_6_","Ca(Ti^3+^,Mg,Ti^4+^)AlSiO_6_","Ca Ti Mg Al Si O","IMA2008-042a"," ",5735,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Ti^3+ Mg Ti^4+ Al Si O","Gsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light gray","#d8dcd6"
"Grossular","Grossular","Ca3Al2(SiO4)3","Ca3Al2(SiO4)3","Ca_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca Al Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2160,"Garnet","cubic, triclinic","Ia3d, Ia3d, I1","Ca Al Si O","Grs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, Gray, Yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#808080,#ffff00"
"Groutite","Groutite","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn O H"," "," ",2161,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","Mn^3+ O H","Gro","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue black.","#24313d"
"Grumantite","Grumantite","NaSi2O4(OH)·H2O","NaSi2O4(OH)·H2O","NaSi_2_O_4_(OH)·H_2_O","NaSi_2_O_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1985-029"," ",2162," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Na Si O H","Gmt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Snow white.","#ffffff,#eeffee"
"Grumiplucite","Grumiplucite","Hg2+Bi3+2S2-4","HgBi2S4","HgBi_2_S_4_","Hg^2+^Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Hg Bi S","IMA1997-021"," ",2163,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Hg^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Gpc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Grundmannite","Grundmannite","Cu1+Bi3+Se2-2","CuBiSe2","CuBiSe_2_","Cu^1+^Bi^3+^Se^2-^_2_","Cu Bi Se","IMA2015-038"," ",6439,"Chalcostibite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Gdm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Grunerite","Grunerite","☐Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Fe^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Fe^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2164,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ Si O H","Gru","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Ashen, Brown, Brownish green, Dark gray.","#c9bfb2,#653700,#6a6e09,#363737"
"Gruzdevite","Gruzdevite","Cu1+6Hg2+3Sb3+4S2-12","Cu6Hg3Sb4S12","Cu_6_Hg_3_Sb_4_S_12_","Cu^1+^_6_Hg^2+^_3_Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Cu Hg Sb S","IMA1980-053"," ",2165,"Nowackiite","hexagonal",,"Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Gzd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Guanacoite","Guanacoite","MgCu2+2Mg2(As5+O4)2(OH)4(H2O)4","Cu2Mg3(OH)4(AsO4)2·4H2O","Cu_2_Mg_3_(OH)_4_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","MgCu^2+^_2_Mg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Cu Mg O H As","IMA2003-021"," ",5234,"Akrochordite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Gnc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Pale blue.","#0000ff,#d0fefe"
"Guanajuatite","Guanajuatite","Bi3+2Se2-3","Bi2Se3","Bi_2_Se_3_","Bi^3+^_2_Se^2-^_3_","Bi Se"," "," ",2166,"Stibnite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Bi^3+ Se^2-","Gj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Bluish gray.","#8a7963,#748b97"
"Guangyuanite","Guangyuanite","Pb2+3Cl3(Se4+O3)(OH)","Pb3Cl3(Se4+O3)(OH)","Pb_3_Cl_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_3_Cl_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)(OH)","Pb Cl Se O H","IMA2022-124"," ",7341,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ Cl Se^4+ O H","Gyn",,"No","pale yellow-brown","#523f21"
"Guanine","Guanine","C5H3(NH2)N4O","C5H3(NH2)N4O","C_5_H_3_(NH_2_)N_4_O","C_5_H_3_(NH_2_)N_4_O","C H N O","IMA1973-056"," ",2167," ","monoclinic","P21/n","C H N O","Gni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Guarinoite","Guarinoite","Zn2+6S6+O4(OH)10·5H2O","Zn6(SO4)(OH)10·5H2O","Zn_6_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·5H_2_O","Zn^2+^_6_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_10_·5H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA1991-005"," ",2168,"Guarinoite","hexagonal",,"Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Gua","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Deep pink.","#ffc0cb,#557138"
"Guastoniite-(Y)","Guastoniite-(Y)","Pb2+4(YCa)(Si8B4O28)F","Pb4(YCa)(Si8B4O28)F","Pb_4_(YCa)(Si_8_B_4_O_28_)F","Pb^2+^_4_(YCa)(Si_8_B_4_O_28_)F","Pb Y Ca Si B O F","IMA2024-082"," ",7533,"Hyalotekite","triclinic","I1","Pb^2+ Y Ca Si B O F","Gsn-Y",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Gudmundite","Gudmundite","Fe3+(SbS)3-","FeSbS","FeSbS","Fe^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Fe Sb S"," "," ",2169,"Arsenopyrite","monoclinic","P21/c, B21/d","Fe^3+ Sb S","Gu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silvery white, Steel gray.","#e7e8e3,#43464b"
"Guérinite","Guerinite","Ca6(HAs5+O4)3(As5+O4)2·10.5H2O","Ca6(HAsO4)3(AsO4)2·10.5H2O","Ca_6_(HAsO_4_)_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·10.5H_2_O","Ca_6_(HAs^5+^O_4_)_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10.5H_2_O","Ca H As O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2170," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca H As^5+ O","Gué","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Guettardite","Guettardite","Pb2+Sb3+As3+S2-4","PbSbAsS4","PbSbAsS_4_","Pb^2+^Sb^3+^As^3+^S^2-^_4_","Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-018"," ",2171,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Gue","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Gugiaite","Gugiaite","Ca2BeSi2O7","Ca2BeSi2O7","Ca_2_BeSi_2_O_7_","Ca_2_BeSi_2_O_7_","Ca Be Si O","IMA1983-072"," ",2172,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Be Si O","Gug","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Guidottiite","Guidottiite","Mn2+2Fe3+(SiFe3+)O5(OH)4","Mn2Fe3+(SiFe3+)O5(OH)4","Mn_2_Fe^3+^(SiFe^3+^)O_5_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(SiFe^3+^)O_5_(OH)_4_","Mn Fe Si O H","IMA2009-061"," ",5794,"Serpentine, Clay","hexagonal","P63","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Gdt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Guildite","Guildite","Cu2+Fe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·4H2O","CuFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CuFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Cu Fe S O H"," "," ",2173," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Gdi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown, Honey yellow, Dark brown.","#653700,#ca9456,#73532a"
"Guilleminite","Guilleminite","Ba(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·3H2O","Ba(UO2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·3H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·3H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·3H_2_O","Ba U O Se H","IMA1964-031"," ",2174,"Guilleminite","orthorhombic","P21nm","Ba U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Gul","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Guimarãesite","Guimaraesite","Ca2Zn2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Be4Zn5(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Be_4_Zn_5_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Be Zn P O H","IMA2006-028"," ",5535,"Roscherite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Zn^2+ Be P O H","Grã","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Guite","Guite","Co2+Co3+2O4","Co2+Co3+2O4","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_O_4_","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_O_4_","Co O","IMA2017-080"," ",6710,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Co^2+ Co^3+ O","Gui","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Guixiangite","Guixiangite","Ni3+(BiS)3-","NiBiS","NiBiS","Ni^3+^(BiS)^3-^","Ni Bi S","IMA2025-019"," ",7579,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Ni^3+ Bi S","Gx",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Gungerite","Gungerite","TlAs5Sb4S13","TlAs5Sb4S13","TlAs_5_Sb_4_S_13_","TlAs_5_Sb_4_S_13_","Tl As Sb S","IMA2020-009"," ",7025,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Tl As Sb S","Gng","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bright orange","#ff7034"
"Gunmaite","Gunmaite","(Na2Sr)Sr2Al10(PO4)4F14(OH)12","(Na2Sr)Sr2Al10(PO4)4F14(OH)12","(Na_2_Sr)Sr_2_Al_10_(PO_4_)_4_F_14_(OH)_12_","(Na_2_Sr)Sr_2_Al_10_(PO_4_)_4_F_14_(OH)_12_","Na Sr Al P O F H","IMA2022-080"," ",7300,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3m","Na Sr Al P O F H","Gum",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Gunningite","Gunningite","Zn2+S6+O4·H2O","Zn(SO4)·H2O","Zn(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2175,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Gnn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Günterblassite","Gunterblassite","(K,Ca,Ba,Na,☐)3Fe2+[(Si,Al)13O25(OH,O)4]·7H2O","(K,Ca,Ba,Na,☐)3Fe[(Si,Al)13O25(OH,O)4]·7H2O","(K,Ca,Ba,Na,[box])_3_Fe[(Si,Al)_13_O_25_(OH,O)_4_]·7H_2_O","(K,Ca,Ba,Na,[box])_3_Fe^2+^[(Si,Al)_13_O_25_(OH,O)_4_]·7H_2_O","K Ca Ba Na Fe Si Al O H","IMA2011-032"," ",5960,"Günterblassite","orthorhombic","Pnm21","K Ca Ba Na Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Gbl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, white, pale yellow, or brown","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#9c6b08"
"Gunterite","Gunterite","Na4Ca[V5+10O28]·20H2O","Na4Ca[V10O28]·20H2O","Na_4_Ca[V_10_O_28_]·20H_2_O","Na_4_Ca[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·20H_2_O","Na Ca V O H","IMA2011-001, IMA2021 s.p."," ",5932,"Pascoite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca V^5+ O H","Gun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Gupeiite","Gupeiite","Fe3Si","Fe3Si","Fe_3_Si","Fe_3_Si","Fe Si","IMA1983-087"," ",2176," ","cubic","Fm3m","Fe Si","Gup","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Steel gray, Black.","#43464b,#000000"
"Gurimite","Gurimite","Ba3(V5+O4)2","Ba3(VO4)2","Ba_3_(VO_4_)_2_","Ba_3_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Ba V O","IMA2013-032"," ",6193,"Palmierite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba V^5+ O","Gur","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Gurzhiite","Gurzhiite","Al(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2F·10H2O","Al(UO2)(SO4)2F·10H2O","Al(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_F·10H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F·10H_2_O","Al U O S F H","IMA2021-086"," ",7193," ","triclinic","P1","Al U^6+ O S^6+ F H","Grz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow (crystals) to lemon yellow (aggregates)","#eecf9e,#cfff04"
"Gustavite","Gustavite","Ag1+Pb2+Bi3+3S2-6","AgPbBi3S6","AgPbBi_3_S_6_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1967-048"," ",5010,"Lillianite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, Cmcm","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Gus","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Gutkovaite-Mn","Gutkovaite-Mn","CaK2Mn2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·5H2O","CaK2Mn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·5H2O","CaK_2_Mn(Ti,Nb)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·5H_2_O","CaK_2_Mn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Ca K Mn Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2001-038"," ",5011,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm, C2/m","Ca K Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Gko-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale yellowish pink.","#bdd4d1"
"Guyanaite","Guyanaite","Cr3+O(OH)","CrO(OH)","CrO(OH)","Cr^3+^O(OH)","Cr O H","IMA1967-034"," ",2177," ","orthorhombic","P21nm, Pnnm","Cr^3+ O H","Guy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown, Golden brown, Reddish brown.","#696112,#b27a01,#7f2b0a"
"Gwihabaite","Gwihabaite","(N3-H4)N5+O3","(NH4)(NO3)","(NH_4_)(NO_3_)","(N^3-^H_4_)N^5+^O_3_","N H O","IMA1994-011"," ",2178," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","N^3- H N^5+ O","Gwi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Gypsum","Gypsum","CaS6+O4·2H2O","Ca(SO4)·2H2O","Ca(SO_4_)·2H_2_O","CaS^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Ca S O H"," "," ",2179,"Gypsum","monoclinic","I2/a, I2/c, C2/c","Ca S^6+ O H","Gp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Colorless, Yellowish white, Greenish white, Brown.","#ffffff,#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de,#653700"
"Gyrolite","Gyrolite","NaCa16(Si23Al)O60(OH)8·14H2O","NaCa16(Si23Al)O60(OH)8·14H2O","NaCa_16_(Si_23_Al)O_60_(OH)_8_·14H_2_O","NaCa_16_(Si_23_Al)O_60_(OH)_8_·14H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O H"," "," ",2180,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si Al O H","Gyr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellow, White, Light green.","#653700,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Gysinite-(Ce)","Gysinite-(Ce)","Pb2+Ce3+(CO3)2(OH)(H2O)","PbCe(CO3)2(OH)(H2O)","PbCe(CO_3_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","Pb^2+^Ce^3+^(CO_3_)_2_(OH)(H_2_O)","Pb Ce C O H","IMA2023-035"," ",7387,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Pb^2+ Ce^3+ C O H","Gys-Ce",,"No","brownish yellow","#c9b003"
"Gysinite-(La)","Gysinite-(La)","Pb2+La(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","PbLa(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","PbLa(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^La(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb La C O H","IMA2022-008"," ",7232,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Pb^2+ La C O H","Gys-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Gysinite-(Nd)","Gysinite-(Nd)","Pb2+Nd(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","PbNd(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","PbNd(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Nd(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Pb Nd C O H","IMA1981-046, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2181,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pmcn","Pb^2+ Nd C O H","Gys-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light pink, Red pink.","#ffd1df,#fa2a55"
"Haapalaite","Haapalaite","2[(Fe2+,Ni2+)S2-]·1.61[(Mg,Fe2+)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Ni)S]·1.61[(Mg,Fe)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Ni)S]·1.61[(Mg,Fe)(OH)_2_]","2[(Fe^2+^,Ni^2+^)S^2-^]·1.61[(Mg,Fe^2+^)(OH)_2_]","Fe Ni S Mg O H","IMA1972-021"," ",2182,"Valleriite","hexagonal",,"Fe^2+ Ni^2+ S^2- Mg O H","Ha","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze red.","#8d8752"
"Hafnon","Hafnon","Hf4+SiO4","Hf(SiO4)","Hf(SiO_4_)","Hf^4+^SiO_4_","Hf Si O","IMA1974-018"," ",2183,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Hf^4+ Si O","Haf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Brownish, Yellow.","#afafaf,#9c6d57,#ffff00"
"Hagendorfite","Hagendorfite","Na2Mn2+Fe2+Fe3+(PO4)3","Na2MnFe2+Fe3+(PO4)3","Na_2_MnFe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","Na_2_Mn^2+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Fe P O"," "," ",2184,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Hag","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Haggertyite","Haggertyite","BaMgFe2+4Fe3+2Ti4+5O19","BaFe2+4Fe3+2Ti5MgO19","BaFe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_Ti_5_MgO_19_","BaMgFe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_5_O_19_","Ba Fe Ti Mg O","IMA1996-054"," ",2185,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ba Mg Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Hgt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Häggite","Haggite","V3+V4+O2(OH)3","V3+V4+O2(OH)3","V^3+^V^4+^O_2_(OH)_3_","V^3+^V^4+^O_2_(OH)_3_","V O H"," "," ",2186," ","monoclinic","C2/m","V^3+ V^4+ O H","Hgg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black","#000000"
"Hagstromite","Hagstromite","Pb2+8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4","Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4","Pb_8_Cu^2+^(Te^6+^O_6_)_2_(CO_3_)Cl_4_","Pb^2+^_8_Cu^2+^(Te^6+^O_6_)_2_(CO_3_)Cl_4_","Pb Cu Te O C Cl","IMA2019-093"," ",6979,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ibam","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O C Cl","Hgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow–green","#9dff00"
"Haidingerite","Haidingerite","Ca(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Ca(AsO3OH)·H2O","Ca(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Ca(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Ca As O H"," "," ",2187," ","orthorhombic","Pcnb","Ca As^5+ O H","Hdi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Haigerachite","Haigerachite","KFe3+3(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2·4H2O","KFe3+3(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2·4H2O","KFe^3+^_3_(H_2_PO_4_)_6_(HPO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","KFe^3+^_3_(H_2_PO_4_)_6_(HPO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K Fe H P O","IMA1997-049"," ",2188," ","monoclinic","C2/c","K Fe^3+ H P O","Hga","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Haineaultite","Haineaultite","(Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti4+,Nb5+)5Si12O34(OH,F)8·5H2O","(Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti,Nb)5Si12O34(OH,F)8·5H2O","(Na,Ca)_5_Ca(Ti,Nb)_5_Si_12_O_34_(OH,F)_8_·5H_2_O","(Na,Ca)_5_Ca(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_5_Si_12_O_34_(OH,F)_8_·5H_2_O","Na Ca Ti Nb Si O H F","IMA1997-015"," ",5012," ","orthorhombic","C222","Na Ca Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H F","Hnt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown, Brown, Orange yellow.","#b1916e,#653700,#fdb915"
"Hainite-(Y)","Hainite-(Y)","Ca2(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Y Na Ti Si O F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",2189,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1, P1","Ca Y Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Hai-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Wine-yellow, honey-yellow; milk white, brownish, pale pink","#d7c485,#ca9456,#dcd9cd,#9c6d57,#efcddb"
"Haitaite-(La)","Haitaite-(La)","LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti4+13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38","LaU4+Fe3+2(Ti13Fe2+4Fe3+)O38","LaU^4+^Fe^3+^_2_(Ti_13_Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)O_38_","LaU^4+^Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^_13_Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)O_38_","La U Fe Ti O","IMA2019-033a"," ",7096,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","La U^4+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Hti-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black","#000000"
"Haiweeite","Haiweeite","Ca(U6+O2)2Si5O12(OH)2·6H2O","Ca(UO2)2(Si5O12)(OH)2·6H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(Si_5_O_12_)(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_Si_5_O_12_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca U O Si H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2190," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm, Pbcn","Ca U^6+ O Si H","Hwe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Hakite-(Cd)","Hakite-(Cd)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Cd2+2)Sb3+4Se2-13","Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4Se13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Cd_2_)Sb_4_Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cd^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_Se^2-^_13_","Cu Cd Sb Se","IMA2022-090"," ",7309,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Cd^2+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Hak-Cd",,"No"," black","#000000"
"Hakite-(Fe)","Hakite-(Fe)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)Sb3+4Se2-13","Cu6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4Se13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)Sb_4_Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_Se^2-^_13_","Cu Fe Sb Se","IMA2022-082"," ",7302,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Hak-Fe",,"No"," black","#000000"
"Hakite-(Hg)","Hakite-(Hg)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Hg2+2)Sb3+4Se2-13","Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4Se13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Hg_2_)Sb_4_Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Hg^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_Se^2-^_13_","Cu Hg Sb Se","IMA1970-019, IMA2019 s.p."," ",2191,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Hak-Hg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey-brown to creamy-white","#7f7053,#f0e9d6"
"Hakite-(Zn)","Hakite-(Zn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)Sb3+4Se2-13","Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4Se13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)Sb_4_Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_Se^2-^_13_","Cu Zn Sb Se","IMA2022-083"," ",7303,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Hak-Zn",,"No"," black","#000000"
"Halamishite","Halamishite","Ni5P4","Ni5P4","Ni_5_P_4_","Ni_5_P_4_","Ni P","IMA2013-105"," ",6264,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63mc","Ni P","Hla","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Håleniusite-(Ce)","Haleniusite-(Ce)","Ce3+OF","CeOF","CeOF","Ce^3+^OF","Ce O F","IMA2021-042"," ",7150,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Ce^3+ O F","Hål-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","cream","#ffffc2"
"Håleniusite-(La)","Haleniusite-(La)","LaOF","LaOF","LaOF","LaOF","La O F","IMA2003-028"," ",5237,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","La O F","Hål-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","lemon yellow to ochre yellow","#cfff04,#ffa700"
"Halilsarpite","Halilsarpite","[Mg(H2O)6][CaAs3+2(Fe3+2.67Mo6+0.33)(As5+O4)2O7]","[Mg(H2O)6][CaAs3+2(Fe3+2.67Mo6+0.33)(AsO4)2O7]","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][CaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.67_Mo^6+^_0.33_)(AsO_4_)_2_O_7_]","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][CaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.67_Mo^6+^_0.33_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_O_7_]","Mg H O Ca As Fe Mo","IMA2019-023"," ",6911,"Walentaite","orthorhombic","Imma","Mg H O Ca As^3+ Fe^3+ Mo^6+ As^5+","Hsp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow","#cfff04"
"Halite","Halite","NaCl","NaCl","NaCl","NaCl","Na Cl"," "," ",2192,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Na Cl","Hl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White, Clear, Light blue, Dark blue, Pink.","#ffffff,#dfefea,#add8e6,#315b7d,#ffc0cb"
"Hallimondite","Hallimondite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)(As5+O4)2·nH2O","Pb2(UO2)(AsO4)2·nH2O","Pb_2_(UO_2_)(AsO_4_)_2_·nH_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·nH_2_O","Pb U O As H","IMA1965-008"," ",2193," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Hll","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Halloysite","Halloysite","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al Si O H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",2194,"Clay, Kaolinite","monoclinic","Cm","Al Si O H","Hly-7Å","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellowish white, Reddish white, Brownish white, Greenish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5,#d1f1de,#d1f1de"
"Halotrichite","Halotrichite","Fe2+Al2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","Fe2+Al2(SO4)4·22H2O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe Al S O H"," "," ",2195,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Hth","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Green, Gray white, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Halurgite","Halurgite","Mg4[B8O13(OH)2]2·7H2O","Mg4[B8O13(OH)2]2·7H2O","Mg_4_[B_8_O_13_(OH)_2_]_2_·7H_2_O","Mg_4_[B_8_O_13_(OH)_2_]_2_·7H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2196," ",,,"Mg B O H","Hlg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hambergite","Hambergite","Be2BO3(OH)","Be2(BO3)(OH)","Be_2_(BO_3_)(OH)","Be_2_BO_3_(OH)","Be B O H"," "," ",2197," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Be B O H","Hb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Gray white, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Hammarite","Hammarite","Cu1+2Pb2+2Bi3+4S2-9","Cu2Pb2Bi4S9","Cu_2_Pb_2_Bi_4_S_9_","Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_2_Bi^3+^_4_S^2-^_9_","Cu Pb Bi S"," "," ",5099,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Hmr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Reddish steel gray.","#997570"
"Hanahanite","Hanahanite","[Zn2+8(OH)14(S6+O4)]·3H2O","[Zn8(OH)14(SO4)]·3H2O","[Zn_8_(OH)_14_(SO_4_)]·3H_2_O","[Zn^2+^_8_(OH)_14_(S^6+^O_4_)]·3H_2_O","Zn O H S","IMA2022-012"," ",7236,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","P63","Zn^2+ O H S^6+","Hnh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light blue","#add8e6"
"Hanauerite","Hanauerite","Ag1+Hg2+S2-I1-","AgHgSI","AgHgSI","Ag^1+^Hg^2+^S^2-^I^1-^","Ag Hg S I","IMA2018-045"," ",6783,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmma","Ag^1+ Hg^2+ S^2- I^1-","Hna","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Hanawaltite","Hanawaltite","Hg1+6Hg2+O3Cl2","Hg1+6Hg2+O3Cl2","Hg^1+^_6_Hg^2+^O_3_Cl_2_","Hg^1+^_6_Hg^2+^O_3_Cl_2_","Hg O Cl","IMA1994-036"," ",2198," ","orthorhombic","Pbma","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ O Cl","Hnw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Dark brown black, Dark red brown.","#000000,#73532a,#840000"
"Hancockite","Hancockite","CaPb2+Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaPb(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaPb(Al_2_Fe^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaPb^2+^Fe^3+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Pb Al Fe Si O H","IMA2006 s.p."," ",2199,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Hnc","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brick-red (TL), greenish-brown, yellow-brown","#cb4154,#696112,#ae8b0c"
"Hanjiangite","Hanjiangite","Ba2Ca(V3+Al)(AlSi3O10)(OH)2F(CO3)2","Ba2Ca(V3+Al)(AlSi3O10)(OH)2F(CO3)2","Ba_2_Ca(V^3+^Al)(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_F(CO_3_)_2_","Ba_2_Ca(V^3+^Al)(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_F(CO_3_)_2_","Ba Ca V Al Si O H F C","IMA2009-082"," ",5811,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2","Ba Ca V^3+ Al Si O H F C","Hji","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow-green to dark green","#c8fd3d,#033500"
"Hanksite","Hanksite","KNa22(S6+O4)9(CO3)2Cl","KNa22(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl","KNa_22_(SO_4_)_9_(CO_3_)_2_Cl","KNa_22_(S^6+^O_4_)_9_(CO_3_)_2_Cl","K Na S O C Cl"," "," ",2200," ","hexagonal","P63/m","K Na S^6+ O C Cl","Hks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Gray, Grayish black, Yellow, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#808080,#555152,#ffff00,#e9f1d0"
"Hannayite","Hannayite","(N3-H4)2Mg3(PO3OH)4·8H2O","(NH4)2Mg3(PO3OH)4·8H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Mg_3_(PO_3_OH)_4_·8H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg_3_(PO_3_OH)_4_·8H_2_O","N H Mg P O"," "," ",2201," ","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Mg P O","Han","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Hannebachite","Hannebachite","(CaS4+O3)2·H2O","Ca(SO3)·0.5H2O","Ca(SO_3_)·0.5H_2_O","(CaS^4+^O_3_)_2_·H_2_O","Ca S O H","IMA1983-056"," ",2202," ","orthorhombic","Pbna","Ca S^4+ O H","Hbc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Hansblockite","Hansblockite","(Cu1+,Hg2+)(Bi3+,Pb2+)Se2-2","(Cu,Hg)(Bi,Pb)Se2","(Cu,Hg)(Bi,Pb)Se_2_","(Cu^1+^,Hg^2+^)(Bi^3+^,Pb^2+^)Se^2-^_2_","Cu Hg Bi Pb Se","IMA2015-103"," ",6503," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Bi^3+ Pb^2+ Se^2-","Hbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Hansesmarkite","Hansesmarkite","Ca2Mn2+2Nb5+6O19·20H2O","Ca2Mn2Nb6O19·20H2O","Ca_2_Mn_2_Nb_6_O_19_·20H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_2_Nb^5+^_6_O_19_·20H_2_O","Ca Mn Nb O H","IMA2015-067"," ",6468,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Nb^5+ O H","Hmk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Faint yellow; yellow","#fc9e21,#ffff00"
"Hanswilkeite","Hanswilkeite","KFe3+S2-2","KFeS2","KFeS_2_","KFe^3+^S^2-^_2_","K Fe S","IMA2022-041"," ",7264,"Raguinite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Fe^3+ S^2-","Hsw","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","deep-purple","#36013f"
"Hapkeite","Hapkeite","Fe2Si","Fe2Si","Fe_2_Si","Fe_2_Si","Fe Si","IMA2003-014"," ",5229," ","cubic","Pm3m","Fe Si","Hpk",,"No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Haradaite","Haradaite","SrV4+Si2O7","SrV4+Si2O7","SrV^4+^Si_2_O_7_","SrV^4+^Si_2_O_7_","Sr V Si O","IMA1963-011"," ",2203," ","orthorhombic","Amam, Cmcm","Sr V^4+ Si O","Hra","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green, Light blue, Light green.","#00ff00,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Hardystonite","Hardystonite","Ca2Zn2+Si2O7","Ca2ZnSi2O7","Ca_2_ZnSi_2_O_7_","Ca_2_Zn^2+^Si_2_O_7_","Ca Zn Si O"," "," ",2204,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Zn^2+ Si O","Hdy","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","White, Light brown, Pink.","#ffffff,#b5651d,#ffc0cb"
"Harkerite","Harkerite","Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16·2(H2O,HCl)","Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16·2(H2O,HCl)","Ca_48_Mg_16_[AlSi_4_O_15_(OH)]_4_(BO_3_)_16_(CO_3_)_16_·2(H_2_O,HCl)","Ca_48_Mg_16_[AlSi_4_O_15_(OH)]_4_(BO_3_)_16_(CO_3_)_16_·2(H_2_O,HCl)","Ca Mg Al Si O H B C Cl","IMA2021 s.p."," ",2205,"Harkerite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Mg Al Si O H B C Cl","Hkr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Harmotome","Harmotome","Ba2(Si12Al4)O32·12H2O","Ba2(Si12Al4)O32·12H2O","Ba_2_(Si_12_Al_4_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Ba_2_(Si_12_Al_4_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Ba Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2206,"Harmotome","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Si Al O H","Hrm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Gray, Yellow, Red, Brown.","#ffffff,#808080,#ffff00,#ff0000,#653700"
"Harmunite","Harmunite","CaFe3+2O4","CaFe2O4","CaFe_2_O_4_","CaFe^3+^_2_O_4_","Ca Fe O","IMA2012-045"," ",6102,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Fe^3+ O","Hmu","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Harrisonite","Harrisonite","CaFe2+6(SiO4)2(PO4)2","CaFe2+6(SiO4)2(PO4)2","CaFe^2+^_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_","CaFe^2+^_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Fe Si O P","IMA1991-010"," ",2207," ","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Fe^2+ Si O P","Hrs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow brown, Orange brown.","#ae8b0c,#b16002"
"Harstigite","Harstigite","Ca6Mn2+Be4(SiO4)2(Si2O7)2(OH)2","Ca6Be4Mn2+(SiO4)2(Si2O7)2(OH)2","Ca_6_Be_4_Mn^2+^(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca_6_Mn^2+^Be_4_(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca Be Mn Si O H"," "," ",2208," ","orthorhombic","Pnam","Ca Mn^2+ Be Si O H","Har","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hasanovite","Hasanovite","KNa(Mo6+O2)(S6+O4)2","KNa(MoO2)(SO4)2","KNa(MoO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_","KNa(Mo^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Na Mo O S","IMA2020-033"," ",7045,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Na Mo^6+ O S^6+","Has","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Hashemite","Hashemite","BaCr6+O4","Ba(CrO4)","Ba(CrO_4_)","BaCr^6+^O_4_","Ba Cr O","IMA1978-006"," ",2209,"Baryte","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba Cr^6+ O","Hsh","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brown, Greenish brown, Yellow brown, Light yellow brown, Dark greenish brow.","#653700,#696112,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a,#033500"
"Hastingsite","Hastingsite","NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2210,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Hst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark green, Black.","#033500,#000000"
"Hatchite","Hatchite","Ag1+Pb2+Tl1+As3+2S2-5","AgTlPbAs2S5","AgTlPbAs_2_S_5_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Ag Tl Pb As S"," "," ",2212," ","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Hat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Grayish black.","#8a7963,#555152"
"Hatertite","Hatertite","NaNaCa(Cu2+Fe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaCa(Cu2+Fe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaCa(Cu^2+^Fe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaCa(Cu^2+^Fe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Cu Fe As O","IMA2012-048"," ",6105,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Htt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hatrurite","Hatrurite","Ca3SiO5","Ca3SiO5","Ca_3_SiO_5_","Ca_3_SiO_5_","Ca Si O"," "," ",2213," ","monoclinic, hexagonal","Cm, R3m","Ca Si O","Hrr","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brownish red, Colorless.","#9e3623,#afafaf"
"Hauchecornite","Hauchecornite","Ni9BiSbS8","Ni9BiSbS8","Ni_9_BiSbS_8_","Ni_9_BiSbS_8_","Ni Bi Sb S","IMA1975-006a"," ",2214,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Ni Bi Sb S","Hau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Brown, Dark.","#a87900,#653700,#1b2431"
"Hauckite","Hauckite","Fe3+3Mg24Zn2+18(S6+O4)4(CO3)2(OH)81","Fe3+3Mg24Zn18(SO4)4(CO3)2(OH)81","Fe^3+^_3_Mg_24_Zn_18_(SO_4_)_4_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_81_","Fe^3+^_3_Mg_24_Zn^2+^_18_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_81_","Fe Mg Zn S O C H","IMA1979-012"," ",5024," ","hexagonal",,"Fe^3+ Mg Zn^2+ S^6+ O C H","Hck","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bright orange, Light yellow.","#ff7034,#fffe7a"
"Hauerite","Hauerite","Mn2+(S2)2-","MnS2","MnS_2_","Mn^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Mn S"," "," ",2215,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Mn^2+ S","Hr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Blackish gray, Brownish gray, Brownish black.","#5b5c61,#86775f,#413936"
"Hausmannite","Hausmannite","Mn2+Mn3+2O4","Mn2+Mn3+2O4","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn O"," "," ",2216,"Spinel","tetragonal","I41/amd","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ O","Hsm","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish black, Grayish.","#413936,#cfcac7"
"Haüyne","Hauyne","Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(S6+O4)","Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)","Na_3_Ca(Si_3_Al_3_)O_12_(SO_4_)","Na_3_Ca(Si_3_Al_3_)O_12_(S^6+^O_4_)","Na Ca Si Al O S"," "," ",2217,"Sodalite, Cancrinite-sodalite","cubic","P43n","Na Ca Si Al O S^6+","Hyn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Blue, white, grey, yellow, green, pink","#0000ff,#ffffff,#808080,#ffff00,#00ff00,#ffc0cb"
"Hawleyite","Hawleyite","Cd2+S2-","CdS","CdS","Cd^2+^S^2-^","Cd S"," "," ",2218,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Cd^2+ S^2-","Hwl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Hawthorneite","Hawthorneite","BaMgTi4+3Cr3+4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19","BaMgTi3Cr4Fe2+2Fe3+2O19","BaMgTi_3_Cr_4_Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_19_","BaMgTi^4+^_3_Cr^3+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_19_","Ba Mg Ti Cr Fe O","IMA1988-019"," ",2219,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ba Mg Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O","Hwt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black, Brown.","#000000,#653700"
"Haxonite","Haxonite","(Fe,Ni)23C6","(Fe,Ni)23C6","(Fe,Ni)_23_C_6_","(Fe,Ni)_23_C_6_","Fe Ni C","IMA1971-001"," ",2220,"Haxonite","cubic",,"Fe Ni C","Hax","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Haycockite","Haycockite","Cu4Fe5S8","Cu4Fe5S8","Cu_4_Fe_5_S_8_","Cu_4_Fe_5_S_8_","Cu Fe S","IMA1971-028"," ",2221,"Chalcopyrite","orthorhombic","P222","Cu Fe S","Hyc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brass yellow, Metallic.","#b58735,#bcc3c7"
"Haydeeite","Haydeeite","Cu2+3Mg(OH)6Cl2","Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2","Cu_3_Mg(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Mg(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu Mg O H Cl","IMA2006-046"," ",5565,"Atacamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu^2+ Mg O H Cl","Hyd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Hayelasdiite","Hayelasdiite","[Pb2+4O1.5(OH)2.5]2[Cu1+5(S6+O3S2-)4(S6+O3S2-H)2(H2O)]·4H2O","[Pb4O1.5(OH)2.5]2[Cu1+5(S2O3)4(S2O2OH)2(H2O)]·4H2O","[Pb_4_O_1.5_(OH)_2.5_]_2_[Cu^1+^_5_(S_2_O_3_)_4_(S_2_O_2_OH)_2_(H_2_O)]·4H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_4_O_1.5_(OH)_2.5_]_2_[Cu^1+^_5_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_4_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^H)_2_(H_2_O)]·4H_2_O","Pb O H Cu S","IMA2022-021"," ",7249," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ O H Cu^1+ S^6+ S^2-","Hyl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Haynesite","Haynesite","(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2(OH)2·5H2O","(UO2)3(Se4+O3)2(OH)2·5H2O","(UO_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","U O Se H","IMA1990-023"," ",2222," ","orthorhombic",,"U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Hay","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Amber.","#c9b003,#ffbf00"
"Haywoodite","Haywoodite","[Pb2+(H2O)10][Zn2+12(OH)20(H2O)(S6+O4)3]","[Pb(H2O)10][Zn12(OH)20(H2O)(SO4)3]","[Pb(H_2_O)_10_][Zn_12_(OH)_20_(H_2_O)(SO_4_)_3_]","[Pb^2+^(H_2_O)_10_][Zn^2+^_12_(OH)_20_(H_2_O)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_]","Pb H O Zn S","IMA2021-115"," ",7219,"Ktenasite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ H O Zn^2+ S^6+","Hyw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to pale pink","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Hayyanite","Hayyanite","Cu1+5Ag1+11Pb2+76Sb3+71As3+17As2+8S2-224","Cu5Ag11Pb76Sb71As17(As2+)8S224","Cu_5_Ag_11_Pb_76_Sb_71_As_17_(As^2+^)_8_S_224_","Cu^1+^_5_Ag^1+^_11_Pb^2+^_76_Sb^3+^_71_As^3+^_17_As^2+^_8_S^2-^_224_","Cu Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2023-048"," ",7396,"Madocite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ As^2+ S^2-","Hyy",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hazenite","Hazenite","KNaMg2(PO4)2·14H2O","KNaMg2(PO4)2·14H2O","KNaMg_2_(PO_4_)_2_·14H_2_O","KNaMg_2_(PO_4_)_2_·14H_2_O","K Na Mg P O H","IMA2007-061"," ",5660,"Struvite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pmnb","K Na Mg P O H","Hz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Heamanite-(Ce)","Heamanite-(Ce)","(K0.5Ce3+0.5)Ti4+O3","(K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3","(K_0.5_Ce_0.5_)TiO_3_","(K_0.5_Ce^3+^_0.5_)Ti^4+^O_3_","K Ce Ti O","IMA2020-001"," ",7019,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","K Ce^3+ Ti^4+ O","Hea-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","brown","#653700"
"Heazlewoodite","Heazlewoodite","Ni3S2","Ni3S2","Ni_3_S_2_","Ni_3_S_2_","Ni S"," "," ",2223," ","hexagonal","R32","Ni S","Hzl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Light bronze, Brass yellow.","#a05822,#b58735"
"Hechtsbergite","Hechtsbergite","Bi3+2O(V5+O4)(OH)","Bi2O(VO4)(OH)","Bi_2_O(VO_4_)(OH)","Bi^3+^_2_O(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Bi O V H","IMA1995-050"," ",2224,"Atelestite","monoclinic","P21/c","Bi^3+ O V^5+ H","Heb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Hectorfloresite","Hectorfloresite","Na9(I5+O3)(S6+O4)4","Na9(IO3)(SO4)4","Na_9_(IO_3_)(SO_4_)_4_","Na_9_(I^5+^O_3_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","Na I O S","IMA1987-050a"," ",2225," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Na I^5+ O S^6+","Hfl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hectorite","Hectorite","Na0.3(Mg,Li)3Si4O10(F,OH)2·nH2O","Na0.3(Mg,Li)3Si4O10(F,OH)2·nH2O","Na_0.3_(Mg,Li)_3_Si_4_O_10_(F,OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na_0.3_(Mg,Li)_3_Si_4_O_10_(F,OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na Mg Li Si O F H"," "," ",2226,"Clay",,,"Na Mg Li Si O F H","Htr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hedegaardite","Hedegaardite","(Ca,Na)9(Ca,Na)Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)","(Ca,Na)9(Ca,Na)Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)","(Ca,Na)_9_(Ca,Na)Mg(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)","(Ca,Na)_9_(Ca,Na)Mg(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)","Ca Na Mg P O H","IMA2014-069"," ",6368,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Na Mg P O H","Hed","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hedenbergite","Hedenbergite","CaFe2+Si2O6","CaFe2+Si2O6","CaFe^2+^Si_2_O_6_","CaFe^2+^Si_2_O_6_","Ca Fe Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",2227,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Fe^2+ Si O","Hd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish green, Gray green, Grayish black, Dark green, Black.","#6a6e09,#86a17d,#555152,#033500,#000000"
"Hedleyite","Hedleyite","Bi7Te3","Bi7Te3","Bi_7_Te_3_","Bi_7_Te_3_","Bi Te"," "," ",4867,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te","Hdl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black, Black, Tin white.","#263145,#000000,#cfd5db"
"Hedyphane","Hedyphane","Ca2Pb2+3(As5+O4)3Cl","Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3Cl","Ca_2_Pb_3_(AsO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_2_Pb^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Ca Pb As O Cl","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2228,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Pb^2+ As^5+ O Cl","Hdp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Gray white, Yellowish white, White.","#0000ff,#d7d5cb,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Heflikite","Heflikite","Ca2(Al2Sc)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2(Al2Sc)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_Sc)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_Sc)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al Sc Si O H","IMA2022-139"," ",7350,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Al Sc Si O H","Hfk",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Heftetjernite","Heftetjernite","ScTa5+O4","ScTaO4","ScTaO_4_","ScTa^5+^O_4_","Sc Ta O","IMA2006-056"," ",5613,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Sc Ta^5+ O","Hef","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Very dark brown (to greenish brown in part)","#3a4859"
"Heideite","Heideite","(Fe2+,Cr2+)1.15(Ti3+,Fe2+)2S2-4","(Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4","(Fe,Cr)_1.15_(Ti,Fe)_2_S_4_","(Fe^2+^,Cr^2+^)_1.15_(Ti^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Cr Ti S","IMA1973-062"," ",2229,"Wilkmanite","monoclinic","I2/m","Fe^2+ Cr^2+ Ti^3+ S^2-","Hei","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Heidornite","Heidornite","Na2Ca3B5O8(S6+O4)2(OH)2Cl","Na2Ca3B5O8(SO4)2(OH)2Cl","Na_2_Ca_3_B_5_O_8_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_Cl","Na_2_Ca_3_B_5_O_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_Cl","Na Ca B O S H Cl"," "," ",2230," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca B O S^6+ H Cl","Hdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Heimaeyite","Heimaeyite","Na3Al(S6+O4)3","Na3Al(SO4)3","Na_3_Al(SO_4_)_3_","Na_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Na Al S O","IMA2023-127a"," ",7476,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Na Al S^6+ O","Hme",,"No","orange","#ffa500"
"Heimite","Heimite","Pb2+Cu2+2(As5+O4)(OH)3·2H2O","PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3·2H2O","PbCu_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Pb Cu As O H","IMA2022-019"," ",7247,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Him","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Heinrichite","Heinrichite","Ba(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ba U O As H"," "," ",2231," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Ba U^6+ O As^5+ H","Hrc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Heisenbergite","Heisenbergite","U6+O2(OH)2·H2O","(UO2)(OH)2·H2O","(UO_2_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","U^6+^O_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","U O H","IMA2010-076"," ",5924,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic",,"U^6+ O H","Hsb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, yellow brown or orange brown","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#b16002"
"Hejtmanite","Hejtmanite","Ba2Mn2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2","Ba2Mn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2","Ba_2_Mn^2+^_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F_2_","Ba_2_Mn^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F_2_","Ba Mn Ti Si O H F","IMA1989-038"," ",2232,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","monoclinic","P21/m, Cm","Ba Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Hej","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Golden yellow, Orange brown.","#ffdf00,#b16002"
"Heklaite","Heklaite","KNaSiF6","KNaSiF6","KNaSiF_6_","KNaSiF_6_","K Na Si F","IMA2008-052"," ",5712," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Na Si F","Hek","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Cololess, White.","#d6eafc,#ffffff"
"Hellandite-(Ce)","Hellandite-(Ce)","(Ca,REE)4Ce3+2Al☐2(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","(Ca,REE)4Ce2Al☐2(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","(Ca,REE)_4_Ce_2_Al[box]_2_(B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","(Ca,REE)_4_Ce^3+^_2_Al[box]_2_(B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Ca REE Ce Al B Si O H","IMA2001-019"," ",2234,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca REE Ce^3+ Al B Si O H","Hld-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown, Light green.","#b1916e,#76ff7b"
"Hellandite-(Y)","Hellandite-(Y)","(Ca,REE)4Y2Al☐2(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","(Ca,REE)4Y2Al☐2(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","(Ca,REE)_4_Y_2_Al[box]_2_(B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","(Ca,REE)_4_Y_2_Al[box]_2_(B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Ca REE Y Al B Si O H","IMA2002 s.p."," ",2235,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca REE Y Al B Si O H","Hld-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Green yellow, Grayish black, Reddish brown, Black.","#c6f808,#555152,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Hellyerite","Hellyerite","Ni2+CO3·6H2O","Ni(CO3)·6H2O","Ni(CO_3_)·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^CO_3_·6H_2_O","Ni C O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2236," ",,,"Ni^2+ C O H","Hy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Helmutwinklerite","Helmutwinklerite","Pb2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","PbZn2(AsO4)2·2H2O","PbZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Zn As O H","IMA1979-010"," ",2237,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Hwk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Sky blue.","#afafaf,#9fb9e2"
"Helvine","Helvine","Mn2+4(BeSiO4)3S2-","Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S","Be_3_Mn^2+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_S","Mn^2+^_4_(BeSiO_4_)_3_S^2-^","Be Mn Si O S"," "," ",2238,"Sodalite, Cancrinite-sodalite","cubic","P43n","Mn^2+ Be Si O S^2-","Hlv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hematite","Hematite","Fe3+2O3","Fe2O3","Fe_2_O_3_","Fe^3+^_2_O_3_","Fe O","IMA1971 s.p."," ",2239,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3c","Fe^3+ O","Hem","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM15 - Black smokers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Reddish gray, Black, Blackish red.","#997570,#000000,#5b5c61"
"Hematolite","Hematolite","(Mn2+,Mg,Al)15(As3+O3)(As5+O4)2(OH)23","(Mn,Mg,Al)15(AsO4)2(AsO3)(OH)23","(Mn,Mg,Al)_15_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_)(OH)_23_","(Mn^2+^,Mg,Al)_15_(As^3+^O_3_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_23_","Mn Mg Al As O H"," "," ",2240,"Hematolite","hexagonal","R3","Mn^2+ Mg Al As^3+ O As^5+ H","Hmt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blood red, Brown red, Black, Black red.","#71383f,#922b05,#000000,#584043"
"Hematophanite","Hematophanite","Pb2+4Fe3+3O8(Cl,OH)","Pb4Fe3+3O8(Cl,OH)","Pb_4_Fe^3+^_3_O_8_(Cl,OH)","Pb^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_3_O_8_(Cl,OH)","Pb Fe O Cl H"," "," ",2241,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P4mm","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ O Cl H","Hph","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Hemihedrite","Hemihedrite","Pb2+10Zn2+(Cr6+O4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","ZnPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","ZnPb_10_(CrO_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_10_Zn^2+^(Cr^6+^O_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Zn Pb Cr O Si H","IMA1967-011"," ",2242,"Iranite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Cr^6+ O Si H","Hhe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Brown, Black.","#ffa500,#653700,#000000"
"Hemimorphite","Hemimorphite","Zn2+4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","Zn_4_(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Zn Si O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2243,"Hemimorphite","orthorhombic","Imm2","Zn^2+ Si O H","Hmp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Greenish gray, Yellow brown, White.","#653700,#afafaf,#96ae8d,#ae8b0c,#ffffff"
"Hemleyite","Hemleyite","Fe2+SiO3","FeSiO3","FeSiO_3_","Fe^2+^SiO_3_","Fe Si O","IMA2016-085"," ",6611,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Fe^2+ Si O","Hle","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hemloite","Hemloite","(Ti4+,V3+,Fe3+,Al)12As3+2O23(OH)","(Ti,V3+,Fe3+,Al)12As3+2O23(OH)","(Ti,V^3+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_As^3+^_2_O_23_(OH)","(Ti^4+^,V^3+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_12_As^3+^_2_O_23_(OH)","Ti V Fe Al As O H","IMA1987-015"," ",2244," ","triclinic","P1","Ti^4+ V^3+ Fe^3+ Al As^3+ O H","Hlo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Dark gray, Dark brown.","#000000,#363737,#73532a"
"Hemusite","Hemusite","Cu1+4Cu2+2Sn4+Mo4+S2-8","Cu1+4Cu2+2SnMoS8","Cu^1+^_4_Cu^2+^_2_SnMoS_8_","Cu^1+^_4_Cu^2+^_2_Sn^4+^Mo^4+^S^2-^_8_","Cu Sn Mo S","IMA1968-038"," ",2245,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic",,"Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Sn^4+ Mo^4+ S^2-","Hm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Hendekasartorite","Hendekasartorite","Tl1+2Pb2+48As3+82S2-172","Tl2Pb48As82S172","Tl_2_Pb_48_As_82_S_172_","Tl^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_48_As^3+^_82_S^2-^_172_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2015-075"," ",6473,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Hksat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey, grey","#8a7963,#808080"
"Hendersonite","Hendersonite","Ca1.3(V5+,V4+)6O16·6H2O","Ca1.3(V5+,V4+)6O16·6H2O","Ca_1.3_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_6_O_16_·6H_2_O","Ca_1.3_(V^5+^,V^4+^)_6_O_16_·6H_2_O","Ca V O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2246,"Hewettite",,,"Ca V^5+ V^4+ O H","Hdr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish black, Black.","#454445,#000000"
"Hendricksite","Hendricksite","KZn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KZn_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","KZn^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Zn Si Al O H","IMA1965-027"," ",5025,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Zn^2+ Si Al O H","Hds","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Copper brown, Red, Reddish black.","#9a6051,#ff0000,#433635"
"Heneuite","Heneuite","CaMg5(PO4)3(CO3)(OH)","CaMg5(PO4)3(CO3)(OH)","CaMg_5_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(OH)","CaMg_5_(PO_4_)_3_(CO_3_)(OH)","Ca Mg P O C H","IMA1983-057"," ",2247," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg P O C H","Hn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish violet, Light blue green.","#4e32b2,#add8e6"
"Henmilite","Henmilite","Ca2Cu2+[B(OH)4]2(OH)4","Ca2Cu[B(OH)4]2(OH)4","Ca_2_Cu[B(OH)_4_]_2_(OH)_4_","Ca_2_Cu^2+^[B(OH)_4_]_2_(OH)_4_","Ca Cu B O H","IMA1981-050"," ",2248,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ B O H","Hen","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Bluish violet.","#4e32b2"
"Hennomartinite","Hennomartinite","SrMn3+2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","SrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","SrMn^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","SrMn^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Sr Mn Si O H","IMA1992-033"," ",2249,"Lawsonite","orthorhombic","P21cn","Sr Mn^3+ Si O H","Hma","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Yellow brown.","#653700,#ae8b0c"
"Henritermierite","Henritermierite","Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4","Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4","Ca_3_Mn^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca_3_Mn^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1968-029"," ",2250,"Garnet","tetragonal, cubic","I41/acd, Ia3d","Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Hri","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Clove brown, Orange brown.","#766051,#b16002"
"Henryite","Henryite","(Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 (x~0.4)","(Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 (x~0.4)","(Cu,Ag)_3+x_Te_2_ (x~0.4)","(Cu,Ag)_3+x_Te_2_ (x~0.4)","Cu Ag Te","IMA1982-094"," ",2251," ","cubic","Fd3c","Cu Ag Te","Hry","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Henrymeyerite","Henrymeyerite","Ba(Ti4+7Fe2+)O16","Ba(Ti7Fe2+)O16","Ba(Ti_7_Fe^2+^)O_16_","Ba(Ti^4+^_7_Fe^2+^)O_16_","Ba Ti Fe O","IMA1999-016"," ",2252,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Ba Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Hmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Henrysunite","Henrysunite","Na2(C2H3O3)2(H2O)","Na2(C2H3O3)2(H2O)","Na_2_(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_(H_2_O)","Na_2_(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_(H_2_O)","Na C H O","IMA2025-065"," ",7603,"Glycolate","orthorhombic","Ama2","Na C H O"," ",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hentschelite","Hentschelite","Cu2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","CuFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Fe P O H","IMA1985-057"," ",2253,"Lazulite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Hsl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Hephaistosite","Hephaistosite","Tl1+Pb2+2Cl5","TlPb2Cl5","TlPb_2_Cl_5_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^_2_Cl_5_","Tl Pb Cl","IMA2006-043"," ",5578," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Cl","Hep","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Heptasartorite","Heptasartorite","Tl1+7Pb2+22As3+55S2-108","Tl7Pb22As55S108","Tl_7_Pb_22_As_55_S_108_","Tl^1+^_7_Pb^2+^_22_As^3+^_55_S^2-^_108_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2015-073"," ",6471,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Hsat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey, grey","#8a7963,#808080"
"Herbertsmithite","Herbertsmithite","Cu2+3Zn2+(OH)6Cl2","Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2","Cu_3_Zn(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu Zn O H Cl","IMA2003-041"," ",5246,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3, R3m","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ O H Cl","Her","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Dark green, Blue green.","#033500,#137e6d"
"Hercynite","Hercynite","Fe2+Al2O4","Fe2+Al2O4","Fe^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Fe Al O"," "," ",2254,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ Al O","Hc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Herderite","Herderite","CaBePO4F","CaBe(PO4)F","CaBe(PO_4_)F","CaBePO_4_F","Ca Be P O F"," "," ",2255,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Be P O F","Hrd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Yellowish white, Greenish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Hereroite","Hereroite","[Pb2+32(O,☐)21](As5+O4)2[(Si,As5+,V5+,Mo6+)O4]2Cl10","[Pb32(O,☐)21](AsO4)2[(Si,As,V,Mo)O4]2Cl10","[Pb_32_(O,[box])_21_](AsO_4_)_2_[(Si,As,V,Mo)O_4_]_2_Cl_10_","[Pb^2+^_32_(O,[box])_21_](As^5+^O_4_)_2_[(Si,As^5+^,V^5+^,Mo^6+^)O_4_]_2_Cl_10_","Pb O As Si V Mo Cl","IMA2011-027"," ",5955,"Hereroite","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ O As^5+ Si V^5+ Mo^6+ Cl","Hre","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright orange","#ff7034"
"Hermannjahnite","Hermannjahnite","Cu2+Zn2+(S6+O4)2","CuZn(SO4)2","CuZn(SO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu Zn S O","IMA2015-050"," ",6450,"Zinkosite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O","Hjh","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","white or colourless, sometimes with light greyish, yellowish, greenish or bluish tints","#ffffff,#afafaf,#afafaf,#faee66,#40a368,#d9e6e0"
"Hermannroseite","Hermannroseite","CaCu2+(PO4)(OH)","CaCu(PO4)(OH)","CaCu(PO_4_)(OH)","CaCu^2+^(PO_4_)(OH)","Ca Cu P O H","IMA2010-006"," ",5833,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Cu^2+ P O H","Hro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grassy green","#419c03"
"Herzenbergite","Herzenbergite","SnS","SnS","SnS","SnS","Sn S"," "," ",5100,"Arsenolamprite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pmcn","Sn S","Hzb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Hessite","Hessite","Ag2Te","Ag2Te","Ag_2_Te","Ag_2_Te","Ag Te"," "," ",2256," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag Te","Hes","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Hetaerolite","Hetaerolite","Zn2+Mn3+2O4","ZnMn3+2O4","ZnMn^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn Mn O"," "," ",2257,"Spinel","tetragonal","I41/amd","Zn^2+ Mn^3+ O","Hta","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Heterogenite","Heterogenite","Co3+O(OH)","Co3+O(OH)","Co^3+^O(OH)","Co^3+^O(OH)","Co O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2258," ","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","Co^3+ O H","Htg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Black, reddish, blackish-brown","#000000,#c44240,#453b32"
"Heteromorphite","Heteromorphite","Pb2+7Sb3+8S2-19","Pb7Sb8S19","Pb_7_Sb_8_S_19_","Pb^2+^_7_Sb^3+^_8_S^2-^_19_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",2260," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Htm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Heterosite","Heterosite","Fe3+☐PO4","Fe3+(PO4)","Fe^3+^(PO_4_)","Fe^3+^[box]PO_4_","Fe P O"," "," ",2261,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pmnb, Pbnm","Fe^3+ P O","Het","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Violet brown, Greenish brown, Dark brown, Dark pink.","#413936,#674403,#696112,#73532a,#cb416b"
"Heulandite-Ba","Heulandite-Ba","(Ba,Ca,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·22H2O","(Ba,Ca,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·22H2O","(Ba,Ca,K)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·22H_2_O","(Ba,Ca,K)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·22H_2_O","Ba Ca K Si Al O H","IMA2003-001"," ",5218,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Ca K Si Al O H","Hul-Ba","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorelss, White, Yellowish white, Pale biege.","#585d40,#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#ccc7b1"
"Heulandite-Ca","Heulandite-Ca","(Ca,Na,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O","(Ca,Na,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O","(Ca,Na,K)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·26H_2_O","(Ca,Na,K)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·26H_2_O","Ca Na K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2262,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m, Cm","Ca Na K Si Al O H","Hul-Ca","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Grayish white, Brownish white, Yellow.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#d6dee9,#d1f1de,#ffff00"
"Heulandite-K","Heulandite-K","(K,Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O","(K,Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O","(K,Ca,Na)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·26H_2_O","(K,Ca,Na)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·26H_2_O","K Ca Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2263,"Heulandite",,,"K Ca Na Si Al O H","Hul-K","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Grayish white, Brownish white, Yellow.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#d6dee9,#d1f1de,#ffff00"
"Heulandite-Na","Heulandite-Na","(Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)36O72·22H2O","(Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)36O72·22H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_6_(Si,Al)_36_O_72_·22H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_6_(Si,Al)_36_O_72_·22H_2_O","Na Ca K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2264,"Heulandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca K Si Al O H","Hul-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Grayish white, Brownish white, Yellow.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#d6dee9,#d1f1de,#ffff00"
"Heulandite-Sr","Heulandite-Sr","(Sr,Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72·24H2O","(Sr,Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72·24H2O","(Sr,Ca,Na)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·24H_2_O","(Sr,Ca,Na)_5_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·24H_2_O","Sr Ca Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2265,"Heulandite","monoclinic","Cm","Sr Ca Na Si Al O H","Hul-Sr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Reddish white, Grayish white, Brownish white, Yellow.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#d6dee9,#d1f1de,#ffff00"
"Hewettite","Hewettite","CaV5+6O16·9H2O","CaV5+6O16·9H2O","CaV^5+^_6_O_16_·9H_2_O","CaV^5+^_6_O_16_·9H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",2266,"Hewettite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca V^5+ O H","Hew","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Hexacelsian","Hexacelsian","BaAl2Si2O8","Ba(Al2Si2O8)","Ba(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","BaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ba Al Si O","IMA2015-045"," ",6446,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Ba Al Si O","Hcls","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Hexaferrum","Hexaferrum","(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)","(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)","(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)","(Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)","Fe Os Ru Ir","IMA1995-032"," ",2267," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Fe Os Ru Ir","Hfe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Yellowish steel gray.","#b0dd16"
"Hexahydrite","Hexahydrite","MgS6+O4·6H2O","Mg(SO4)·6H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Mg S O H"," "," ",2268,"Hexahydrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg S^6+ O H","Hhy","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Greenish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d1f1de"
"Hexahydroborite","Hexahydroborite","Ca[B(OH)4]2·2H2O","Ca[B(OH)4]2·2H2O","Ca[B(OH)_4_]_2_·2H_2_O","Ca[B(OH)_4_]_2_·2H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1977-015"," ",2269," ","monoclinic","C2/c, P2/c, P2/a","Ca B O H","Hhb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hexamolybdenum","Hexamolybdenum","(Mo,Ru,Fe,Ir,Os)","(Mo,Ru,Fe,Ir,Os)","(Mo,Ru,Fe,Ir,Os)","(Mo,Ru,Fe,Ir,Os)","Mo Ru Fe Ir Os","IMA2007-029"," ",5630," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Mo Ru Fe Ir Os","Hmo","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hexathioplumbite","Hexathioplumbite","[Pb2+4(OH)4]Pb2+(S6+O3S2-)3","[Pb4(OH)4]Pb(S2O3)3","[Pb_4_(OH)_4_]Pb(S_2_O_3_)_3_","[Pb^2+^_4_(OH)_4_]Pb^2+^(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_3_","Pb O H S","IMA2021-092"," ",7198,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63","Pb^2+ O H S^6+ S^2-","Htpb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Heyerdahlite","Heyerdahlite","Na3Mn2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2","Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2","Na_3_Mn_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F(H_2_O)_2_","Na_3_Mn^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F(H_2_O)_2_","Na Mn Ti Si O H F","IMA2016-108"," ",6635,"Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Hdh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless to pale brown","#afafaf,#b1916e"
"Heyite","Heyite","Pb2+5Fe2+2O4(V5+O4)2","Pb5Fe2+2O4(VO4)2","Pb_5_Fe^2+^_2_O_4_(VO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_5_Fe^2+^_2_O_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Pb Fe O V","IMA1971-042"," ",2271,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ O V^5+","Hyt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow orange.","#ffff00,#fcb001"
"Heyrovskýite","Heyrovskyite","Pb2+6Bi3+2S2-9","Pb6Bi2S9","Pb_6_Bi_2_S_9_","Pb^2+^_6_Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_9_","Pb Bi S","IMA1970-022"," ",2272,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Bbmm, Cmcm","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Hyv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white","#cfd5db"
"Hezuolinite","Hezuolinite","(Sr,REE)4Zr4+(Ti4+,Fe3+,Fe2+)2Ti4+2O8(Si2O7)2","(Sr,REE)4Zr(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)2Ti2O8(Si2O7)2","(Sr,REE)_4_Zr(Ti,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Ti_2_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","(Sr,REE)_4_Zr^4+^(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr REE Zr Ti Fe O Si","IMA2010-045"," ",5901,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Sr REE Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O Si","Hez","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Hiärneite","Hiarneite","Ca2Zr4+4Mn3+Sb5+Ti4+O16","Ca2Zr4Mn3+SbTiO16","Ca_2_Zr_4_Mn^3+^SbTiO_16_","Ca_2_Zr^4+^_4_Mn^3+^Sb^5+^Ti^4+^O_16_","Ca Zr Mn Sb Ti O","IMA1996-040"," ",2273,"Calzirtite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Ca Zr^4+ Mn^3+ Sb^5+ Ti^4+ O","Hiä","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Red","#ff0000"
"Hibbingite","Hibbingite","Fe2+2(OH)3Cl","Fe2+2(OH)3Cl","Fe^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl","Fe^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl","Fe O H Cl","IMA1991-036"," ",2274,"Atacamite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Fe^2+ O H Cl","Hib","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow, Light green, Red.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#76ff7b,#ff0000"
"Hibonite","Hibonite","CaAl12O19","CaAl12O19","CaAl_12_O_19_","CaAl_12_O_19_","Ca Al O","IMA2020 s.p."," ",2275,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Al O","Hbn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black, Black, Reddish brown.","#000000,#000000,#7f2b0a"
"Hidalgoite","Hidalgoite","Pb2+Al3(S6+O4)(As5+O4)(OH)6","PbAl3(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6","PbAl_3_(SO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb Al S O As H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2277,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Al S^6+ O As^5+ H","Hid","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray white, White, Light green, Light gray.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#76ff7b,#d8dcd6"
"Hielscherite","Hielscherite","Ca3Si(S6+O4)(S4+O3)(OH)6·11H2O","Ca6Si2[(SO4)2(SO3)2(OH)12]·22H2O","Ca_6_Si_2_[(SO_4_)_2_(SO_3_)_2_(OH)_12_]·22H_2_O","Ca_3_Si(S^6+^O_4_)(S^4+^O_3_)(OH)_6_·11H_2_O","Ca Si S O H","IMA2011-037"," ",5964,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Si S^6+ O S^4+ H","Hsc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Hieratite","Hieratite","K2SiF6","K2SiF6","K_2_SiF_6_","K_2_SiF_6_","K Si F"," "," ",2278," ","cubic","Fm3m","K Si F","Hie","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080"
"Hilairite","Hilairite","Na2Zr4+Si3O9·3H2O","Na2ZrSi3O9·3H2O","Na_2_ZrSi_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1972-019"," ",2279," ","hexagonal","R32","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Hlr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Hilarionite","Hilarionite","Fe3+2(S6+O4)(As5+O4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe3+2(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)·6H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)·6H_2_O","Fe S O As H","IMA2011-089"," ",6032,"Kaňkite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ S^6+ O As^5+ H","Hrn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green (with typically olive or greyish tint) to light yellowish-green, grey-green","#76ff7b,#c88d94,#c2ff89,#86a17d"
"Hilgardite","Hilgardite","Ca2B5O9Cl·H2O","Ca2B5O9Cl·H2O","Ca_2_B_5_O_9_Cl·H_2_O","Ca_2_B_5_O_9_Cl·H_2_O","Ca B O Cl H"," "," ",5026,"Hilgardite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, Aa","Ca B O Cl H","Hgr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Hillebrandite","Hillebrandite","Ca2SiO3(OH)2","Ca2SiO3(OH)2","Ca_2_SiO_3_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_SiO_3_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H"," "," ",2281," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Ca Si O H","Hil","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Greenish white, White.","#afafaf,#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Hillesheimite","Hillesheimite","(K,Ca,Ba,☐)2(Mg,Fe2+,Ca,☐)2[(Si,Al)13O23(OH)6](OH)·8H2O","(K,Ca,Ba,☐)2(Mg,Fe,Ca,☐)2[(Si,Al)13O23(OH)6](OH)·8H2O","(K,Ca,Ba,[box])_2_(Mg,Fe,Ca,[box])_2_[(Si,Al)_13_O_23_(OH)_6_](OH)·8H_2_O","(K,Ca,Ba,[box])_2_(Mg,Fe^2+^,Ca,[box])_2_[(Si,Al)_13_O_23_(OH)_6_](OH)·8H_2_O","K Ca Ba Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2011-080"," ",6023,"Günterblassite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","K Ca Ba Mg Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Hlh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to brownish","#ffff00,#9c6d57"
"Hillite","Hillite","Ca2Zn2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Zn(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Zn(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn P O H","IMA2003-005"," ",5030,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Zn^2+ P O H","Hi","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Greenish gray, Bluish gray.","#afafaf,#808080,#96ae8d,#748b97"
"Hingganite-(Ce)","Hingganite-(Ce)","BeCe3+(SiO4)(OH)","BeCe(SiO4)(OH)","BeCe(SiO_4_)(OH)","BeCe^3+^(SiO_4_)(OH)","Be Ce Si O H","IMA2004-004"," ",5267,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Be Ce^3+ Si O H","Hin-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale tan, Reddish brown.","#e5d5ba,#7f2b0a"
"Hingganite-(Nd)","Hingganite-(Nd)","Nd2☐Be2Si2O8(OH)2","Nd2☐Be2Si2O8(OH)2","Nd_2_[box]Be_2_Si_2_O_8_(OH)_2_","Nd_2_[box]Be_2_Si_2_O_8_(OH)_2_","Nd Be Si O H","IMA2019-028"," ",6915,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Nd Be Si O H","Hin-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark greenish-brown","#696112"
"Hingganite-(Y)","Hingganite-(Y)","BeY(SiO4)(OH)","BeY(SiO4)(OH)","BeY(SiO_4_)(OH)","BeY(SiO_4_)(OH)","Be Y Si O H","IMA1981-052, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2283,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Be Y Si O H","Hin-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green, Yellow brown, White, Light blue, Light yellow.","#00ff00,#ae8b0c,#ffffff,#add8e6,#fffe7a"
"Hingganite-(Yb)","Hingganite-(Yb)","BeYb3+(SiO4)(OH)","BeYb(SiO4)(OH)","BeYb(SiO_4_)(OH)","BeYb^3+^(SiO_4_)(OH)","Be Yb Si O H","IMA1982-041"," ",2284,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/a","Be Yb^3+ Si O H","Hin-Yb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Hinokageite","Hinokageite","Mn2+Mg(SiO4)","MnMg(SiO4)","MnMg(SiO_4_)","Mn^2+^Mg(SiO_4_)","Mn Mg Si O","IMA2024-093a"," ",7600,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mn^2+ Mg Si O","Hkg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hinsdalite","Hinsdalite","Pb2+Al3(S6+O4)(PO4)(OH)6","PbAl3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6","PbAl_3_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Pb Al S O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2285,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Al S^6+ O P H","Hda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Green.","#afafaf,#00ff00"
"Hiortdahlite","Hiortdahlite","Na2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr4+0.5)Zr4+(Si2O7)2OF3","Na2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3","Na_2_Ca_4_(Ca_0.5_Zr_0.5_)Zr(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","Na_2_Ca_4_(Ca_0.5_Zr^4+^_0.5_)Zr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","Na Ca Zr Si O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5111,"Wöhlerite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O F","Hio","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellow brown, Honey yellow, Light yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#ae8b0c,#ca9456,#fffe7a"
"Hiroseite","Hiroseite","Fe2+SiO3","FeSiO3","FeSiO_3_","Fe^2+^SiO_3_","Fe Si O","IMA2019-019"," ",6907,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ Si O","Hir","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hisingerite","Hisingerite","Fe3+2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O","Fe2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O","Fe_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Fe Si O H"," "," ",2287,"Kaolinite, Clay",,,"Fe^3+ Si O H","Hsg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Hitachiite","Hitachiite","Pb2+5Bi3+2Te2-2S2-6","Pb5Bi2Te2S6","Pb_5_Bi_2_Te_2_S_6_","Pb^2+^_5_Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_2_S^2-^_6_","Pb Bi Te S","IMA2018-027"," ",6771,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Hit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","silver gray","#a8a8a4"
"Hizenite-(Y)","Hizenite-(Y)","Ca2Y6(CO3)11·14H2O","Ca2Y6(CO3)11·14H2O","Ca_2_Y_6_(CO_3_)_11_·14H_2_O","Ca_2_Y_6_(CO_3_)_11_·14H_2_O","Ca Y C O H","IMA2011-030"," ",5958,"Tengerite","orthorhombic",,"Ca Y C O H","Hiz-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","white","#ffffff"
"Hjalmarite","Hjalmarite","Na(NaMn2+)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaMn)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaMn)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaMn^2+^)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mn Mg Si O H","IMA2017-070"," ",6702,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Mg Si O H","Hja","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","gray-white","#d7d5cb"
"Hloušekite","Hlousekite","(Ni2+,Co2+)Cu2+4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·9H2O","(Ni,Co)Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2O","(Ni,Co)Cu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","(Ni^2+^,Co^2+^)Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Ni Co Cu As O H","IMA2013-048"," ",6212,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Ni^2+ Co^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Hšk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale green","#69b076"
"Hocartite","Hocartite","Ag1+2Fe2+Sn4+S2-4","Ag2FeSnS4","Ag_2_FeSnS_4_","Ag^1+^_2_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Ag Fe Sn S","IMA1967-046"," ",2288,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal",,"Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Hoc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Brownish gray.","#86775f"
"Hochelagaite","Hochelagaite","CaNb5+4O11·8H2O","CaNb4O11·8H2O","CaNb_4_O_11_·8H_2_O","CaNb^5+^_4_O_11_·8H_2_O","Ca Nb O H","IMA1983-088"," ",2289," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Nb^5+ O H","Haga","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hochleitnerite","Hochleitnerite","[(H2O)K]Mn2+2(Ti4+2Fe3+)(PO4)4O2(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H2O)K]Mn2(Ti2Fe3+)(PO4)4O2(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn_2_(Ti_2_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn^2+^_2_(Ti^4+^_2_Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O K Mn Ti Fe P","IMA2022-141"," ",7352,"Paulkerrite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pbca, P21/c","H O K Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ P","Hln",,"No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Hodgesmithite","Hodgesmithite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)6Zn2+(S6+O4)2(OH)10·3H2O","(Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2O","(Cu,Zn)_6_Zn(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·3H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_6_Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·3H_2_O","Cu Zn S O H","IMA2015-112"," ",6510,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","P3","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Hdg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hodgkinsonite","Hodgkinsonite","Zn2+2Mn2+SiO4(OH)2","Zn2Mn2+(SiO4)(OH)2","Zn_2_Mn^2+^(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^_2_Mn^2+^SiO_4_(OH)_2_","Zn Mn Si O H"," "," ",2290," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Si O H","Hgk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light pink, Orange, Reddish brown.","#ffd1df,#ffa500,#7f2b0a"
"Hodrušite","Hodrusite","Cu1+4Bi3+6S2-11","Cu8Bi12S22","Cu_8_Bi_12_S_22_","Cu^1+^_4_Bi^3+^_6_S^2-^_11_","Cu Bi S","IMA1969-025"," ",2291," ","monoclinic","A2/m, C2/m","Cu^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Hod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel-grey with slight yellowish tint - tarnishes to brownish bronze","#43464b,#cb7723"
"Hoelite","Hoelite","C14H8O2","C14H8O2","C_14_H_8_O_2_","C_14_H_8_O_2_","C H O"," "," ",5113," ","monoclinic","P21/a","C H O","Hoe","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow, Yellow green.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Hoganite","Hoganite","Cu2+(CH3COO)1-2·H2O","Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O","Cu(CH_3_COO)_2_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^(CH_3_COO)^1-^_2_·H_2_O","Cu C H O","IMA2001-029"," ",2292,"Acetate","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ C H O","Hgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Hogarthite","Hogarthite","(Na,K)2CaTi4+2Si10O26·8H2O","(Na,K)2CaTi2Si10O26·8H2O","(Na,K)_2_CaTi_2_Si_10_O_26_·8H_2_O","(Na,K)_2_CaTi^4+^_2_Si_10_O_26_·8H_2_O","Na K Ca Ti Si O H","IMA2009-043"," ",5772,"Lemoynite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Ca Ti^4+ Si O H","Hog","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Tan to white to colorless","#d1b26f,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Høgtuvaite","Hogtuvaite","Ca4(Fe2+6Fe3+6)O4[Si8Be2Al2O36]","Ca4[Fe2+6Fe3+6]O4[Si8Be2Al2O36]","Ca_4_[Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^_6_]O_4_[Si_8_Be_2_Al_2_O_36_]","Ca_4_(Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^_6_)O_4_[Si_8_Be_2_Al_2_O_36_]","Ca Fe O Si Be Al","IMA1990-051"," ",2293,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O Si Be Al","Htu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Hohmannite","Hohmannite","Fe3+2O(S6+O4)2·8H2O","Fe3+2O(SO4)2·8H2O","Fe^3+^_2_O(SO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe O S H"," "," ",2294,"Amarantite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Hoh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Orange brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#b16002,#7f2b0a"
"Hokkaidoite","Hokkaidoite","C22H12","C22H12","C_22_H_12_","C_22_H_12_","C H","IMA2022-104"," ",7325," ","monoclinic","P21/c","C H","Hkd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Holdawayite","Holdawayite","Mn2+6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH)","Mn2+6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH)","Mn^2+^_6_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_7_(Cl,OH)","Mn^2+^_6_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_7_(Cl,OH)","Mn C O H Cl","IMA1986-001"," ",2295," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ C O H Cl","Hdw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pink, Light pink.","#ffc0cb,#ffd1df"
"Holdenite","Holdenite","Mn2+6Zn2+3(As5+O4)2(SiO4)(OH)8","Mn2+6Zn3(AsO4)2(SiO4)(OH)8","Mn^2+^_6_Zn_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_6_Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)(OH)_8_","Mn Zn As O Si H"," "," ",2296," ","orthorhombic","Abma","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O Si H","Hde","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish red, Dark red, Pink, Orange.","#edeeda,#840000,#ffc0cb,#ffa500"
"Holfertite","Holfertite","(U6+O2)1.75Ca0.25Ti4+O4·3H2O","(UO2)1.75Ca0.25TiO4·3H2O","(UO_2_)_1.75_Ca_0.25_TiO_4_·3H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_1.75_Ca_0.25_Ti^4+^O_4_·3H_2_O","U O Ca Ti H","IMA2003-009"," ",5189," ","hexagonal","P3","U^6+ O Ca Ti^4+ H","Hlf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow, Orange yellow.","#f1f1e6,#fdb915"
"Hollandite","Hollandite","Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Ba(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba Mn O","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2297,"Coronadite","tetragonal, monoclinic","I2/m","Ba Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O","Hol","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Grayish black, Black, Silver gray.","#555152,#000000,#a8a8a4"
"Hollingworthite","Hollingworthite","Rh3+(AsS)3-","RhAsS","RhAsS","Rh^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Rh As S","IMA1964-029"," ",2298,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Rh^3+ As S","Hlw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Hollisterite","Hollisterite","Al3Fe","Al3Fe","Al_3_Fe","Al_3_Fe","Al Fe","IMA2016-034"," ",6560," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Al Fe","Hli","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Holmquistite","Holmquistite","☐Li2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Li2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Li_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Li_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Li Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2299,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Li Mg Al Si O H","Hlm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Blue, Violet, Light blue, Dark violet, Black.","#0000ff,#9a0eea,#add8e6,#34013f,#000000"
"Holtedahlite","Holtedahlite","Mg12(PO3OH,CO3)(PO4)5(OH,O)6","Mg12(PO3OH,CO3)(PO4)5(OH,O)6","Mg_12_(PO_3_OH,CO_3_)(PO_4_)_5_(OH,O)_6_","Mg_12_(PO_3_OH,CO_3_)(PO_4_)_5_(OH,O)_6_","Mg P O H C","IMA1976-054"," ",2300,"Holtedahlite","hexagonal","P31m","Mg P O H C","Htd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Holtite","Holtite","(Ta0.6☐0.4)Al6BSi3O18","(Ta0.6☐0.4)Al6BSi3O18","(Ta_0.6_[box]_0.4_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","(Ta_0.6_[box]_0.4_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","Ta Al B Si O","IMA1969-029"," ",2301,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ta Al B Si O","Hlt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Beige white, Brown, Greenish, Greenish brown, Light brown white.","#f6f2f1,#653700,#40a368,#696112,#b5651d"
"Holtstamite","Holtstamite","Ca3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)4","Ca3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)4","Ca_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Ca Al Si O H","IMA2003-047"," ",4903,"Garnet","tetragonal","I41/acd","Ca Al Si O H","Hts","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Holubite","Holubite","Ag1+3Pb2+6(Sb3+8Bi3+3)S2-24","Ag3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24","Ag_3_Pb_6_(Sb_8_Bi_3_)S_24_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_6_(Sb^3+^_8_Bi^3+^_3_)S^2-^_24_","Ag Pb Sb Bi S","IMA2022-112"," ",7334,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Hlb",,"No","steel-grey","#43464b"
"Homilite","Homilite","Ca2Fe2+B2(SiO4)2O2","Ca2Fe2+B2Si2O10","Ca_2_Fe^2+^B_2_Si_2_O_10_","Ca_2_Fe^2+^B_2_(SiO_4_)_2_O_2_","Ca Fe B Si O"," "," ",2302,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Fe^2+ B Si O","Hom","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Blackish brown.","#000000,#453b32"
"Honeaite","Honeaite","Au3TlTe2","Au3TlTe2","Au_3_TlTe_2_","Au_3_TlTe_2_","Au Tl Te","IMA2015-060"," ",6462,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Au Tl Te","Hne","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Honessite","Honessite","(Ni2+1-xFe3+x)(S6+O4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Ni1-xFe3+x)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Ni_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Ni^2+^_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","Ni Fe S O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2303,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Ni^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Hon","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Green, Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#653700,#00ff00,#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Hongheite","Hongheite","Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(☐,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9","Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(☐,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9","Ca_19_Fe^2+^Al_4_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al)_8_([box],B)_4_BSi_18_O_69_(O,OH)_9_","Ca_19_Fe^2+^Al_4_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al)_8_([box],B)_4_BSi_18_O_69_(O,OH)_9_","Ca Fe Al Mg B Si O H","IMA2017-027"," ",6686,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Fe^2+ Al Fe^3+ Mg B Si O H","Hgh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Dark green","#033500"
"Hongshiite","Hongshiite","PtCu","PtCu","PtCu","PtCu","Pt Cu","IMA1988-xxx"," ",5114," ","hexagonal","R3m","Pt Cu","Hng","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Lead gray, Bronze.","#8a7963,#a87900"
"Honzaite","Honzaite","Ni2+2[As5+O3(OH)]2(H2O)5","Ni2[AsO3(OH)]2(H2O)5","Ni_2_[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Ni^2+^_2_[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Ni As O H","IMA2014-105"," ",6404,"Burgessite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Hzt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale pink (some with purplish or violet tints); pale greenish","#efcddb,#ba97a9,#69b076"
"Hopeite","Hopeite","Zn2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn P O H"," "," ",2304,"Hopeite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","Zn^2+ P O H","Hop","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Gray white, Yellow, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Hoperanchite","Hoperanchite","(N3-H4)2(S6+O3S2-)","(NH4)2(S2O3)","(NH_4_)_2_(S_2_O_3_)","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)","N H S O","IMA2024-017"," ",7494,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2","N^3- H S^6+ O S^2-","Hpr",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Hopmannite","Hopmannite","Ba2(Ti4+5Fe2+)O13","Ba2(Ti5Fe)O13","Ba_2_(Ti_5_Fe)O_13_","Ba_2_(Ti^4+^_5_Fe^2+^)O_13_","Ba Ti Fe O","IMA2025-034"," ",7597,"Jeppeite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Hpn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Horákite","Horakite","(Bi3+7O7OH)[(U6+O2)4(PO4)2(As5+O4)2(OH)2]·3.5H2O","(Bi7O7OH)[(UO2)4(PO4)2(AsO4)2(OH)2]·3.5H2O","(Bi_7_O_7_OH)[(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_]·3.5H_2_O","(Bi^3+^_7_O_7_OH)[(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_]·3.5H_2_O","Bi O H U P As","IMA2017-033"," ",6670,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Bi^3+ O H U^6+ P As^5+","Hor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish-yellow to pale yellow","#cdfd02,#eecf9e"
"Horiite","Horiite","Ba2Mn2+2Mn2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2","Ba2Mn2Mn4Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2","Ba_2_Mn_2_Mn_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba_2_Mn^2+^_2_Mn^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba Mn Ti Si O P H","IMA2025-029"," ",7589,"Seidozerite","triclinic","P1","Ba Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O P H","Hrt",,"No","orange","#ffa500"
"Hörnesite","Hornesite","Mg3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Mg3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Mg_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg As O H"," "," ",2305,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg As^5+ O H","Hns","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Horomanite","Horomanite","Fe6Ni3S8","Fe6Ni3S8","Fe_6_Ni_3_S_8_","Fe_6_Ni_3_S_8_","Fe Ni S","IMA2007-037"," ",5637," ","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Fe Ni S","Hmn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","white with yellowish tint","#d6d0cc"
"Horváthite-(Y)","Horvathite-(Y)","NaY(CO3)F2","NaY(CO3)F2","NaY(CO_3_)F_2_","NaY(CO_3_)F_2_","Na Y C O F","IMA1996-032"," ",2307," ","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Na Y C O F","Hrv-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to pale beige","#afafaf,#ccc7b1"
"Höslite","Hoslite","Fe3+3(VO4)2(SO4)(OH)(H2O)4·3H2O","Fe3+3(VO4)2(SO4)(OH)(H2O)4·3H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(VO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)(H_2_O)_4_·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(VO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)(H_2_O)_4_·3H_2_O","Fe V O S H","IMA2021-084"," ",7192," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ V O S H","Hös","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hotsonite","Hotsonite","Al5(S6+O4)(PO4)(OH)10·8H2O","Al5(SO4)(PO4)(OH)10·8H2O","Al_5_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_10_·8H_2_O","Al_5_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_10_·8H_2_O","Al S O P H","IMA1983-033"," ",2308," ","triclinic",,"Al S^6+ O P H","Hot","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Housleyite","Housleyite","Pb2+6Cu2+Te6+4O18(OH)2","Pb6CuTe4O18(OH)2","Pb_6_CuTe_4_O_18_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_6_Cu^2+^Te^6+^_4_O_18_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu Te O H","IMA2009-024"," ",5752,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Hou","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale to medium greenish blue","#fff9d0,#418c53"
"Howardevansite","Howardevansite","NaCu2+Fe3+2(V5+O4)3","NaCu2+Fe3+2(VO4)3","NaCu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(VO_4_)_3_","NaCu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Cu Fe V O","IMA1987-011"," ",2310,"Howardevansite","triclinic","P1","Na Cu^2+ Fe^3+ V^5+ O","Hdv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Howieite","Howieite","Na(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al,Mg)12(Si6O17)2(O,OH)10","Na(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al,Mg)12(Si6O17)2(O,OH)10","Na(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Al,Mg)_12_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(O,OH)_10_","Na(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Al,Mg)_12_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(O,OH)_10_","Na Fe Al Mg Si O H","IMA1964-017"," ",2311," ","triclinic","P1","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al Mg Si O H","Hw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark green, Black.","#033500,#000000"
"Howlite","Howlite","Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5","Ca2SiB5O9(OH)5","Ca_2_SiB_5_O_9_(OH)_5_","Ca_2_B_5_SiO_9_(OH)_5_","Ca Si B O H"," "," ",2312," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca B Si O H","How","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hrabákite","Hrabakite","Ni9PbSbS8","Ni9PbSbS8","Ni_9_PbSbS_8_","Ni_9_PbSbS_8_","Ni Pb Sb S","IMA2020-034"," ",7046,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Ni Pb Sb S","Hbá","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey with a brownish tint","#d7d5cb"
"Hsianghualite","Hsianghualite","Li2Ca3(BeSiO4)3F2","Li2Ca3Be3(SiO4)3F2","Li_2_Ca_3_Be_3_(SiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Li_2_Ca_3_(BeSiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Li Ca Be Si O F","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2313,"Analcime","cubic","I213","Li Ca Be Si O F","Hsi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Huanghoite-(Ce)","Huanghoite-(Ce)","BaCe3+(CO3)2F","BaCe(CO3)2F","BaCe(CO_3_)_2_F","BaCe^3+^(CO_3_)_2_F","Ba Ce C O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2314,"Huanghoite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ce^3+ C O F","Hho-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Yellow green, Honey yellow.","#c8fd3d,#ca9456"
"Huanghoite-(Nd)","Huanghoite-(Nd)","BaNd(CO3)2F","BaNd(CO3)2F","BaNd(CO_3_)_2_F","BaNd(CO_3_)_2_F","Ba Nd C O F","IMA2025-014"," ",7577,"Huanghoite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Nd C O F","Hho-Nd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Huangite","Huangite","Ca0.5Al3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6","Ca_0.5_Al_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ca_0.5_Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ca Al S O H","IMA1991-009"," ",2315,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Al S^6+ O H","Hua","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","White, Yellowish.","#ffffff,#faee66"
"Huanzalaite","Huanzalaite","MgW6+O4","Mg(WO4)","Mg(WO_4_)","MgW^6+^O_4_","Mg W O","IMA2009-018"," ",5747,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Mg W^6+ O","Hza","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hubbardite","Hubbardite","Mg(H2O)6[(U6+O2)2O(OH)(S6+O4)]2·8H2O","Mg(H2O)6[(UO2)2O(OH)(SO4)]2·8H2O","Mg(H_2_O)_6_[(UO_2_)_2_O(OH)(SO_4_)]_2_·8H_2_O","Mg(H_2_O)_6_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_O(OH)(S^6+^O_4_)]_2_·8H_2_O","Mg H O U S","IMA2025-041"," ",7601," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Mg H O U^6+ S^6+","Hbb",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hubeite","Hubeite","Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH)·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH)·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Si_4_O_12_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Si_4_O_12_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe Si O H","IMA2000-022"," ",2316," ","triclinic","P1, P1","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Hub","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Light brown.","#73532a,#b5651d"
"Hübnerite","Hubnerite","Mn2+W6+O4","Mn2+(WO4)","Mn^2+^(WO_4_)","Mn^2+^W^6+^O_4_","Mn W O"," "," ",2317,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Mn^2+ W^6+ O","Hbr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Huemulite","Huemulite","Na4Mg[V5+10O28]·24H2O","Na4MgV5+10O28·24H2O","Na_4_MgV^5+^_10_O_28_·24H_2_O","Na_4_Mg[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·24H_2_O","Na Mg V O H","IMA1965-012"," ",2318,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Na Mg V^5+ O H","Hml","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Yellow orange, Red orange.","#ffff00,#fcb001,#ff3f34"
"Huenite","Huenite","Cu2+4(Mo6+O4)3(OH)2","Cu4(MoO4)3(OH)2","Cu_4_(MoO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_4_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Cu Mo O H","IMA2015-122"," ",6523," ","hexagonal","P31c","Cu^2+ Mo^6+ O H","Hue","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark reddish-brown","#3a4859"
"Hügelite","Hugelite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)3(As5+O4)2O2·5H2O","Pb2(UO2)3(AsO4)2O2·5H2O","Pb_2_(UO_2_)_3_(AsO_4_)_2_O_2_·5H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_O_2_·5H_2_O","Pb U O As H"," "," ",2319," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Hüg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, orange-yellow, yellowish brown","#653700,#fdb915,#9b7a01"
"Hughesite","Hughesite","Na3Al[V5+10O28]·22H2O","Na3AlV10O28·22H2O","Na_3_AlV_10_O_28_·22H_2_O","Na_3_Al[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·22H_2_O","Na Al V O H","IMA2009-035a"," ",6035,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Na Al V^5+ O H","Hug","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange to golden orange","#ffa500,#d7942d"
"Huizingite-(Al)","Huizingite-(Al)","(N3-H4)9Al3(S6+O4)8](OH)2·4H2O","(NH4)9Al3(SO4)8(OH)2·4H2O","(NH_4_)_9_Al_3_(SO_4_)_8_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_9_Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_](OH)_2_·4H_2_O","N H Al S O","IMA2015-014"," ",6419,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Al S^6+ O","Hui-Al","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","light greenish-yellow","#e8f4d2"
"Hulsite","Hulsite","Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Fe O B"," "," ",2320,"Hulsite","monoclinic","P2/m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O B","Hls","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Black.","#000000"
"Humberstonite","Humberstonite","K3Na7Mg2(S6+O4)6(N5+O3)2·6H2O","K3Na7Mg2(SO4)6(NO3)2·6H2O","K_3_Na_7_Mg_2_(SO_4_)_6_(NO_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","K_3_Na_7_Mg_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(N^5+^O_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","K Na Mg S O N H","IMA1967-015"," ",2321," ","hexagonal","R3","K Na Mg S^6+ O N^5+ H","Hbe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Humboldtine","Humboldtine","Fe2+(C2)6+O4·2H2O","Fe2+(C2O4)·2H2O","Fe^2+^(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Fe^2+^(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Fe C O H"," "," ",2322,"Humboldtine, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ C O H","Hbd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow.","#c9b003,#ffff00"
"Humite","Humite","Mg7(SiO4)3F2","Mg7(SiO4)3F2","Mg_7_(SiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Mg_7_(SiO_4_)_3_F_2_","Mg Si O F"," "," ",2323,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mg Si O F","Hu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Yellow, White, Dark orange.","#653700,#ffff00,#ffffff,#c65102"
"Hummerite","Hummerite","K2Mg2[V5+10O28]·16H2O","KMgV5+5O14·8H2O","KMgV^5+^_5_O_14_·8H_2_O","K_2_Mg_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·16H_2_O","K Mg V O H"," "," ",2324,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","K Mg V^5+ O H","Hum","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Light orange.","#ffff00,#ff7034"
"Hunchunite","Hunchunite","Au2Pb","Au2Pb","Au_2_Pb","Au_2_Pb","Au Pb","IMA1991-033"," ",2325," ","cubic","Fd3m","Au Pb","Hcn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Lead gray, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#a8a8a4"
"Hundholmenite-(Y)","Hundholmenite-(Y)","(Y,REE,Ca,Na)15(Al,Fe3+)CaxAs3+1-x(Si,As5+)Si6B3(O,F)48","(Y,REE,Ca,Na)15(Al,Fe3+)CaxAs3+1-x(Si,As5+)Si6B3(O,F)48","(Y,REE,Ca,Na)_15_(Al,Fe^3+^)Ca_x_As^3+^_1-x_(Si,As^5+^)Si_6_B_3_(O,F)_48_","(Y,REE,Ca,Na)_15_(Al,Fe^3+^)Ca_x_As^3+^_1-x_(Si,As^5+^)Si_6_B_3_(O,F)_48_","Y REE Ca Na Al Fe As Si B O F","IMA2006-005"," ",5553,"Okanoganite","hexagonal","R3m","Y REE Ca Na Al Fe^3+ As^3+ Si As^5+ B O F","Hhm-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Hungchaoite","Hungchaoite","MgB4O5(OH)4·7H2O","MgB4O5(OH)4·7H2O","MgB_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","MgB_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2326," ","triclinic","P1","Mg B O H","Hch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Huntingdonite","Huntingdonite","Pb2+19Sb3+16As3+6S2-51Cl2","Pb19Sb16As6S51Cl2","Pb_19_Sb_16_As_6_S_51_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_19_Sb^3+^_16_As^3+^_6_S^2-^_51_Cl_2_","Pb Sb As S Cl","IMA2024-027"," ",7550,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2- Cl","Hgd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Huntite","Huntite","CaMg3(CO3)4","CaMg3(CO3)4","CaMg_3_(CO_3_)_4_","CaMg_3_(CO_3_)_4_","Ca Mg C O"," "," ",2327,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R32","Ca Mg C O","Hun","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Lemon white.","#ffffff,#fbf6e0"
"Hureaulite","Hureaulite","Mn2+5(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O","Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^_5_(PO_3_OH)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn P O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2328,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ P O H","Hur","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, White, Grayish white, Yellowish white, Reddish white.","#ff0000,#ffffff,#d6dee9,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Hurlbutite","Hurlbutite","CaBe2P2O8","CaBe2(PO4)2","CaBe_2_(PO_4_)_2_","CaBe_2_P_2_O_8_","Ca Be P O"," "," ",2329,"Danburite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Be P O","Hrb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Greenish white, Yellow.","#afafaf,#d1f1de,#ffff00"
"Hutcheonite","Hutcheonite","Ca3Ti4+2(Al2Si)O12","Ca3Ti2(SiAl2)O12","Ca_3_Ti_2_(SiAl_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^_2_(Al_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Ti Si Al O","IMA2013-029"," ",6190,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Ti^4+ Al Si O","Htn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hutchinsonite","Hutchinsonite","Pb2+Tl1+As3+5S2-9","TlPbAs5S9","TlPbAs_5_S_9_","Pb^2+^Tl^1+^As^3+^_5_S^2-^_9_","Tl Pb As S"," "," ",2330," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Pb^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Hut","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Cherry red, Pink, Black.","#f7022a,#ffc0cb,#000000"
"Huttonite","Huttonite","Th4+SiO4","Th(SiO4)","Th(SiO_4_)","Th^4+^SiO_4_","Th Si O"," "," ",2331,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Th^4+ Si O","Ht","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Hyalotekite","Hyalotekite","(Ba,Pb2+,K)4(Ca,Y)2(B,Be)2(Si,B)2Si8O28F","(Ba,Pb,K)4(Ca,Y)2(B,Be)2(Si,B)2Si8O28F","(Ba,Pb,K)_4_(Ca,Y)_2_(B,Be)_2_(Si,B)_2_Si_8_O_28_F","(Ba,Pb^2+^,K)_4_(Ca,Y)_2_(B,Be)_2_(Si,B)_2_Si_8_O_28_F","Ba Pb K Ca Y B Be Si O F"," "," ",2333,"Hyalotekite","triclinic","I1","Ba Pb^2+ K Ca Y B Be Si O F","Hya","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Pearly gray.","#ffffff,#a6978a"
"Hyblerite","Hyblerite","Pb2+4Bi3+2(S6+O4)2(CO3)O4","Pb2+4Bi3+2(SO4)2(CO3)O4","Pb^2+^_4_Bi^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)O_4_","Pb^2+^_4_Bi^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(CO_3_)O_4_","Pb Bi S O C","IMA2024-052"," ",7505,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^6+ O C","Hyi",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydrobasaluminite","Hydrobasaluminite","Al4(S6+O4)(OH)10·15H2O","Al4(SO4)(OH)10·15H2O","Al_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·15H_2_O","Al_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_·15H_2_O","Al S O H"," "," ",2335," ","monoclinic",,"Al S^6+ O H","Hba","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hydrobiotite","Hydrobiotite","K(Mg,Fe2+)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·nH2O","K(Mg,Fe2+)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·nH2O","K(Mg,Fe^2+^)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O","K(Mg,Fe^2+^)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O","K Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA1983 s.p."," ",2336,"Corrensite, Clay",,,"K Mg Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Hbt","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Black.","#ffdf00,#000000"
"Hydroboracite","Hydroboracite","CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2·3H2O","CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2·3H2O","CaMg[B_3_O_4_(OH)_3_]_2_·3H_2_O","CaMg[B_3_O_4_(OH)_3_]_2_·3H_2_O","Ca Mg B O H"," "," ",2337," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Ca Mg B O H","Hbo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Greenish, White, Light brown, Wine yellow.","#afafaf,#40a368,#ffffff,#b5651d,#d7c485"
"Hydrocalumite","Hydrocalumite","Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2·4H2O","Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2·4H2O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(Cl,CO_3_,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(Cl,CO_3_,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Al O H Cl C"," "," ",2338,"Hydrotalcite","monoclinic","P2/c, C2/c","Ca Al O H Cl C","Hcl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Hydrocerussite","Hydrocerussite","Pb2+3(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb C O H"," "," ",2339," ","hexagonal","R3m, P31m","Pb^2+ C O H","Hcer","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff"
"Hydrochlorborite","Hydrochlorborite","Ca2B4O4Cl(OH)7·7H2O","Ca2B3O3(OH)4·BO(OH)3Cl·7H2O","Ca_2_B_3_O_3_(OH)_4_·BO(OH)_3_Cl·7H_2_O","Ca_2_B_4_O_4_Cl(OH)_7_·7H_2_O","Ca B O H Cl"," "," ",2340," ","monoclinic","I2/a","Ca B O Cl H","Hcb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Hydrodelhayelite","Hydrodelhayelite","KCa2(Si7Al)O17(OH)2·6H2O","KCa2(Si7Al)O17(OH)2·6H2O","KCa_2_(Si_7_Al)O_17_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","KCa_2_(Si_7_Al)O_17_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","K Ca Si Al O H","IMA1979-023"," ",2341," ","orthorhombic","Pnm21","K Ca Si Al O H","Hdhy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pearl gray.","#ffffff,#a6978a"
"Hydrodresserite","Hydrodresserite","BaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·3H2O","BaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·3H2O","BaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","BaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ba Al C O H","IMA1976-036"," ",2342,"Dundasite","triclinic","P1","Ba Al C O H","Hdrs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydroglauberite","Hydroglauberite","Na10Ca3(S6+O4)8·6H2O","Na10Ca3(SO4)8·6H2O","Na_10_Ca_3_(SO_4_)_8_·6H_2_O","Na_10_Ca_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_·6H_2_O","Na Ca S O H","IMA1968-026"," ",2343," ",,,"Na Ca S^6+ O H","Hglb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Hydrohalite","Hydrohalite","NaCl·2H2O","NaCl·2H2O","NaCl·2H_2_O","NaCl·2H_2_O","Na Cl H O"," "," ",2344," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Cl H O","Hhl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM18 - Minerals formed by freezing","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydrohalloysite","Hydrohalloysite","Al2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O","Al2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Al Si O H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5394,"Clay, Kaolinite",,,"Al Si O H","Hly-10Å","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydrohonessite","Hydrohonessite","(Ni2+1-xFe3+x)(S6+O4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Ni1-xFe3+x)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Ni_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Ni^2+^_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","Ni Fe S O H","IMA1980-037a"," ",2346,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Ni^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Hhon","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Bright yellow.","#ffff00,#fffd01"
"Hydrokenoelsmoreite","Hydrokenoelsmoreite","☐2W6+2O6(H2O)","☐2W2O6(H2O)","[box]_2_W_2_O_6_(H_2_O)","[box]_2_W^6+^_2_O_6_(H_2_O)","W O H","IMA2003-059, IMA2010 s.p."," ",5257,"Pyrochlore-Elsmoreite","cubic","Fd3m","W^6+ O H","Hkm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, black, dark green, yellowish, brownish","#ffffff,#000000,#033500,#faee66,#9c6d57"
"Hydrokenomicrolite","Hydrokenomicrolite","(☐,H2O)2Ta5+2(O,OH)6·H2O","(☐,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O)","([box],H_2_O)_2_Ta_2_(O,OH)_6_(H_2_O)","([box],H_2_O)_2_Ta^5+^_2_(O,OH)_6_·H_2_O","H O Ta","IMA2011-103"," ",6046,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","H O Ta^5+","Hkmic","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pinkish brown","#b17261"
"Hydrokenopyrochlore","Hydrokenopyrochlore","(☐,Sb3+,Na)2Nb5+2O6·H2O","(☐,Sb3+,Na)2Nb2O6·H2O","([box],Sb^3+^,Na)_2_Nb_2_O_6_·H_2_O","([box],Sb^3+^,Na)_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_·H_2_O","Sb Na Nb O H","IMA2017-005"," ",6648,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Sb^3+ Na Nb^5+ O H","Hkpcl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Tan to beige","#d1b26f,#e6daa6"
"Hydrokenoralstonite","Hydrokenoralstonite","☐2Al2F6(H2O)","☐2Al2F6(H2O)","[box]_2_Al_2_F_6_(H_2_O)","[box]_2_Al_2_F_6_(H_2_O)","Al F H O"," "," ",3779,"Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Al F H O","Hkra","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydromagnesite","Hydromagnesite","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O","Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg C O H"," "," ",2347," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg C O H","Hmgs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydrombobomkulite","Hydrombobomkulite","(Ni2+,Cu2+)Al4(N5+O3,S6+O4)2(OH)12·14H2O","(Ni,Cu)Al4(NO3,SO4)2(OH)12·14H2O","(Ni,Cu)Al_4_(NO_3_,SO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·14H_2_O","(Ni^2+^,Cu^2+^)Al_4_(N^5+^O_3_,S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·14H_2_O","Ni Cu Al N O S H","IMA1979-079a"," ",2348,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ Cu^2+ Al N^5+ O S^6+ H","Hmbb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue.","#9fb9e2"
"Hydroniumjarosite","Hydroniumjarosite","(H3O)Fe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","(H_3_O)Fe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","(H_3_O)Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","H O Fe S","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2349,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","H O Fe^3+ S^6+","Hjrs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Dark straw yellow, Reddish brown, Brown.","#ffff00,#80444c,#7f2b0a,#653700"
"Hydroniumpharmacoalumite","Hydroniumpharmacoalumite","(H3O)Al4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·4.5H2O","(H3O)Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4·4.5H2O","(H_3_O)Al_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4.5H_2_O","(H_3_O)Al_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4.5H_2_O","H O Al As","IMA2012-050"," ",6158,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","H O Al As^5+","Hpal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydroniumpharmacosiderite","Hydroniumpharmacosiderite","(H3O)Fe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·4H2O","(H3O)Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·4H2O","(H_3_O)Fe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","(H_3_O)Fe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","H O Fe As","IMA2010-014"," ",5840,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","H O Fe^3+ As^5+","Hpsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"Hydronováčekite","Hydronovacekite","Mg(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·12H2O","Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2·12H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Mg U O As H","IMA2007 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",3390," ","triclinic","P1","Mg U^6+ O As^5+ H","Nvč-I","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, straw yellow","#fffe7a,#f0d696"
"Hydropascoite","Hydropascoite","Ca3[V5+10O28]·24H2O","Ca3(V10O28)·24H2O","Ca_3_(V_10_O_28_)·24H_2_O","Ca_3_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·24H_2_O","Ca V O H","IMA2016-032"," ",6558,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Ca V^5+ O H","Hpas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","dark yellow green","#e7bf8e"
"Hydroplumboelsmoreite","Hydroplumboelsmoreite","(Pb2+☐)(W6+1.33Fe3+0.67)O6(H2O)","(Pb☐)(W1.33Fe3+0.67)O6(H2O)","(Pb[box])(W_1.33_Fe^3+^_0.67_)O_6_(H_2_O)","(Pb^2+^[box])(W^6+^_1.33_Fe^3+^_0.67_)O_6_(H_2_O)","Pb W Fe O H","IMA1984-062, IMA2021 s.p."," ",2537,"Pyrochlore-Elsmoreite","cubic","Fd3m","Pb^2+ W^6+ Fe^3+ O H","Hpe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","red to brownish red; also yellow and colourless","#ff0000,#9e3623,#afafaf"
"Hydropyrochlore","Hydropyrochlore","(H2O,☐)2Nb5+2(O,OH)6(H2O)","(H2O,☐)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)","(H_2_O,[box])_2_Nb_2_(O,OH)_6_(H_2_O)","(H_2_O,[box])_2_Nb^5+^_2_(O,OH)_6_(H_2_O)","H O Nb","IMA2010 s.p."," ",2579,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","H O Nb^5+","Hpcl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydroredmondite","Hydroredmondite","[Pb2+8O2Zn2+(OH)6](S6+O3S2-)4·2H2O","[Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](S2O3)4·2H2O","[Pb_8_O_2_Zn(OH)_6_](S_2_O_3_)_4_·2H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_8_O_2_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_](S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_4_·2H_2_O","Pb O Zn H S","IMA2021-073"," ",7181,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ O Zn^2+ H S^6+ S^2-","Hrdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Hydroromarchite","Hydroromarchite","Sn2+3O2(OH)2","Sn2+3O2(OH)2","Sn^2+^_3_O_2_(OH)_2_","Sn^2+^_3_O_2_(OH)_2_","Sn O H","IMA1969-007"," ",2351," ","tetragonal","P421c, P4/mnc","Sn^2+ O H","Hrom","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hydroscarbroite","Hydroscarbroite","Al14(CO3)3(OH)36·nH2O","Al14(CO3)3(OH)36·nH2O","Al_14_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_36_·nH_2_O","Al_14_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_36_·nH_2_O","Al C O H"," "," ",2352," ",,,"Al C O H","Hsca","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Hydrotalcite","Hydrotalcite","Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO3)(H2O)4","Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO3)(H2O)4","Mg_6_Al_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_4_","Mg_6_Al_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)(H_2_O)_4_","Mg Al O H C","IMA2016 s.p."," ",2353,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al O H C","Htc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hydroterskite","Hydroterskite","Na2Zr4+Si6O12(OH)6","Na2ZrSi6O12(OH)6","Na_2_ZrSi_6_O_12_(OH)_6_","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_12_(OH)_6_","Na Zr Si O H","IMA2015-042"," ",6444,"Terskite","orthorhombic","Pnca","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Hter","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale gray","#fdfdfe"
"Hydrotungstite","Hydrotungstite","W6+O2(OH)2·H2O","WO2(OH)2·H2O","WO_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","W^6+^O_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","W O H"," "," ",2354," ","monoclinic","P2/m","W^6+ O H","Htgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Dark green.","#c8fd3d,#033500"
"Hydrowoodwardite","Hydrowoodwardite","(Cu2+1-xAlx)(S6+O4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Cu1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Cu_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Cu^2+^_1-x_Al_x_)(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","Cu Al S O H","IMA1996-038"," ",2355,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Hwwd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Pale blue.","#0000ff,#d0fefe"
"Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)","Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)","KCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O","KCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O","KCa_4_Si_8_O_20_(OH,F)·8H_2_O","KCa_4_Si_8_O_20_(OH,F)·8H_2_O","K Ca Si O H F","IMA1978 s.p."," ",2356,"Apophyllite","tetragonal","P4/mnc","K Ca Si O H F","Hapo-K","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydroxycalciomicrolite","Hydroxycalciomicrolite","Ca1.5Ta5+2O6(OH)","Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH)","Ca_1.5_Ta_2_O_6_(OH)","Ca_1.5_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Ca Ta O H","IMA2013-073"," ",6144,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic",,"Ca Ta^5+ O H","Hcmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, brownish, greenish","#ffff00,#9c6d57,#40a368"
"Hydroxycalciopyrochlore","Hydroxycalciopyrochlore","(Ca,Na,U4+,☐)2(Nb5+,Ti4+)2O6(OH)","(Ca,Na,U,☐)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH)","(Ca,Na,U,[box])_2_(Nb,Ti)_2_O_6_(OH)","(Ca,Na,U^4+^,[box])_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_O_6_(OH)","Ca Na U Nb Ti O H","IMA2011-026"," ",5954,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ca Na U^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O H","Hcpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish-black, greenish-black and black","#413936,#454445"
"Hydroxycalcioroméite","Hydroxycalcioromeite","(Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti4+)2O6(OH)","(Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH)","(Ca,Sb^3+^)_2_(Sb^5+^,Ti)_2_O_6_(OH)","(Ca,Sb^3+^)_2_(Sb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_O_6_(OH)","Ca Sb Ti O H","IMA2010 s.p."," ",5842,"Pyrochlore-Roméite","cubic","Fd3m, F43m, F23","Ca Sb^3+ Sb^5+ Ti^4+ O H","Hcr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Amber yellow, golden yellow, yellow brown","#fab75a,#ffdf00,#ae8b0c"
"Hydroxycancrinite","Hydroxycancrinite","(Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(OH,CO3)2·2H2O","(Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(OH,CO3)2·2H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(OH,CO_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(OH,CO_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Ca K Al Si O H C","IMA1990-014"," ",2357,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ca K Al Si O H C","Hccn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light blue.","#afafaf,#add8e6"
"Hydroxyferroroméite","Hydroxyferroromeite","(Fe2+1.5☐0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH)","(Fe2+1.5☐0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH)","(Fe^2+^_1.5_[box]_0.5_)Sb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","(Fe^2+^_1.5_[box]_0.5_)Sb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Fe Sb O H","IMA2016-006"," ",6534,"Pyrochlore-Roméite","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ Sb^5+ O H","Hfr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to yellow-brown","#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Hydroxykenoelsmoreite","Hydroxykenoelsmoreite","(☐,Pb2+)2(W6+,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH)","(☐,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH)","([box],Pb)_2_(W,Fe^3+^,Al)_2_(O,OH)_6_(OH)","([box],Pb^2+^)_2_(W^6+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_2_(O,OH)_6_(OH)","Pb W Fe Al O H","IMA2016-056"," ",6583,"Pyrochlore-Elsmoreite","hexagonal, cubic","R3","Pb^2+ W^6+ Fe^3+ Al O H","Hykm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow","#f1f1e6"
"Hydroxykenomicrolite","Hydroxykenomicrolite","(☐,Na,Sb3+)2Ta5+2O6(OH)","(☐,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH)","([box],Na,Sb^3+^)_2_Ta_2_O_6_(OH)","([box],Na,Sb^3+^)_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Na Sb Ta O H","IMA1980-021, IMA2010 s.p."," ",1382,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Na Sb^3+ Ta^5+ O H","Hykmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish, colorless, yellow-orange, black.","#cfcac7,#afafaf,#fcb001,#000000"
"Hydroxykenopyrochlore","Hydroxykenopyrochlore","(☐,Ce3+,Ba)2(Nb5+,Ti4+)2O6(OH,F)","(☐,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F)","([box],Ce,Ba)_2_(Nb,Ti)_2_O_6_(OH,F)","([box],Ce^3+^,Ba)_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_O_6_(OH,F)","Ce Ba Nb Ti O H F","IMA2017-030a"," ",6687,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Ce^3+ Ba Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O H F","Hykpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","lemon yellow to yellow","#cfff04,#ffff00"
"Hydroxylapatite","Hydroxylapatite","Ca5(PO4)3OH","Ca5(PO4)3OH","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_OH","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_3_OH","Ca P O H","IMA2010 s.p."," ",2358,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca P O H","Hap","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce)","Hydroxylbastnasite-(Ce)","Ce3+CO3(OH)","Ce(CO3)(OH)","Ce(CO_3_)(OH)","Ce^3+^CO_3_(OH)","Ce C O H","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2008 s.p."," ",2359,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P62c, P6","Ce^3+ C O H","Hbsn-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La)","Hydroxylbastnasite-(La)","La(CO3)(OH)","La(CO3)(OH)","La(CO_3_)(OH)","La(CO_3_)(OH)","La C O H","IMA2021-001"," ",5115,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P6","La C O H","Hbsn-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","light brown, light honey-yellow, colourless","#b5651d,#f7d28c,#afafaf"
"Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd)","Hydroxylbastnasite-(Nd)","NdCO3(OH)","Nd(CO3)(OH)","Nd(CO_3_)(OH)","NdCO_3_(OH)","Nd C O H","IMA1984-060, IMA2008 s.p."," ",2360,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P6","Nd C O H","Hbsn-Nd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Hydroxylbenyacarite","Hydroxylbenyacarite","(H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","(H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","(H_2_O)_2_Mn_2_(Ti_2_Fe)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","(H_2_O)_2_Mn_2_(Ti_2_Fe)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O Mn Ti Fe P","IMA2023-079"," ",7415,"Paulkerrite","orthorhombic","Pbca","H O Mn Ti Fe P","Hbyc",,"No","light greenish-yellow","#e8f4d2"
"Hydroxylborite","Hydroxylborite","Mg3(BO3)(OH)3","Mg3(BO3)(OH)3","Mg_3_(BO_3_)(OH)_3_","Mg_3_(BO_3_)(OH)_3_","Mg B O H","IMA2005-054"," ",5536," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg B O H","Hyb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Hydroxylchondrodite","Hydroxylchondrodite","Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mg_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mg_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA2010-019"," ",5848,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b, P21/c","Mg Si O H","Hchn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Reddish-brown","#7f2b0a"
"Hydroxylclinohumite","Hydroxylclinohumite","Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mg_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mg_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA1998-065"," ",2361,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Mg Si O H","Hchu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow orange, Pale yellow.","#fcb001,#eecf9e"
"Hydroxyledgrewite","Hydroxyledgrewite","Ca9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Ca9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Ca_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Ca_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA2011-113"," ",6056,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Ca Si O H","Hegr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Colorless, white in aggregates","#afafaf,#f8eee3"
"Hydroxylellestadite","Hydroxylellestadite","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(S6+O4)1.5(OH)","Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5OH","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(SO_4_)_1.5_OH","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(S^6+^O_4_)_1.5_(OH)","Ca Si O S H","IMA1970-026, IMA2010 s.p."," ",2362,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63/m, P21/m","Ca Si O S^6+ H","Hel","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Hydroxylgugiaite","Hydroxylgugiaite","(Ca3☐)Σ4(Si3.5Be2.5)Σ6O11(OH)3","(Ca3☐)Σ4(Si3.5Be2.5)Σ6O11(OH)3","(Ca_3_[box])_Σ4_(Si_3.5_Be_2.5_)_Σ6_O_11_(OH)_3_","(Ca_3_[box])_Σ4_(Si_3.5_Be_2.5_)_Σ6_O_11_(OH)_3_","Ca Si Be O H","IMA2016-009"," ",6536,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca Si Be O H","Hgug","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellowish, white, grey","#bdd4d1,#ffffff,#808080"
"Hydroxylhedyphane","Hydroxylhedyphane","Ca2Pb2+3(As5+O4)3(OH)","Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3(OH)","Ca_2_Pb_3_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)","Ca_2_Pb^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)","Ca Pb As O H","IMA2018-052"," ",5821,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3, P63/m","Ca Pb^2+ As^5+ O H","Hhdy","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Hydroxylherderite","Hydroxylherderite","CaBe(PO4)(OH)","CaBe(PO4)(OH)","CaBe(PO_4_)(OH)","CaBe(PO_4_)(OH)","Ca Be P O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2363,"Gadolinite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Be P O H","Hhd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Blue, Blue green, Colorless, Greenish white, White.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#afafaf,#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Hydroxylpyromorphite","Hydroxylpyromorphite","Pb2+5(PO4)3(OH)","Pb5(PO4)3(OH)","Pb_5_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)","Pb^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)","Pb P O H","IMA2017-075"," ",5507,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ P O H","Hpm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish white.","#d6dee9"
"Hydroxylwagnerite","Hydroxylwagnerite","Mg2PO4(OH)","Mg2(PO4)(OH)","Mg_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Mg_2_PO_4_(OH)","Mg P O H","IMA2004-009"," ",5558,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg P O H","Hwag","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Tan.","#d1b26f"
"Hydroxymanganopyrochlore","Hydroxymanganopyrochlore","(Mn2+,Th4+,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb5+,Ti4+)2O6(OH)","(Mn,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH)","(Mn,Th,Na,Ca,REE)_2_(Nb,Ti)_2_O_6_(OH)","(Mn^2+^,Th^4+^,Na,Ca,REE)_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_O_6_(OH)","Mn Th Na Ca REE Nb Ti O H","IMA2012-005"," ",6061,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Mn^2+ Th^4+ Na Ca REE Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O H","Hmpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark-brown; black","#73532a,#000000"
"Hydroxymcglassonite-(K)","Hydroxymcglassonite-(K)","KSr4Si8O20(OH)·8H2O","KSr4Si8O20(OH)·8H2O","KSr_4_Si_8_O_20_(OH)·8H_2_O","KSr_4_Si_8_O_20_(OH)·8H_2_O","K Sr Si O H","IMA2020-066"," ",7082,"Apophyllite","tetragonal",,"K Sr Si O H","Hmg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Hydroxynatropyrochlore","Hydroxynatropyrochlore","(Na,Ca,Ce3+)2Nb5+2O6(OH)","(Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH)","(Na,Ca,Ce)_2_Nb_2_O_6_(OH)","(Na,Ca,Ce^3+^)_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Na Ca Ce Nb O H","IMA2017-074"," ",6706,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Na Ca Ce^3+ Nb^5+ O H","Hnpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pale-brown","#b1916e"
"Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore","Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore","(Pb2+1.5☐0.5)Nb5+2O6(OH)","(Pb1.5☐0.5)Nb2O6(OH)","(Pb_1.5_[box]_0.5_)Nb_2_O_6_(OH)","(Pb^2+^_1.5_[box]_0.5_)Nb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Pb Nb O H","IMA2018-145"," ",6985,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Pb^2+ Nb^5+ O H","Hppcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","pale yellow to pale brown","#eecf9e,#b1916e"
"Hydrozincite","Hydrozincite","Zn2+5(CO3)2(OH)6","Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6","Zn_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Zn^2+^_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Zn C O H"," "," ",2364," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Zn^2+ C O H","Hznc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Yellowish white, Grayish white, Pinkish white, Bluish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d6dee9,#fff1fa,#e5dad4"
"Hylbrownite","Hylbrownite","Na3MgP3O10·12H2O","Na3MgP3O10·12H2O","Na_3_MgP_3_O_10_·12H_2_O","Na_3_MgP_3_O_10_·12H_2_O","Na Mg P O H","IMA2010-054"," ",5881,"Kanonerovite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mg P O H","Hbw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Hypercinnabar","Hypercinnabar","HgS","HgS","HgS","HgS","Hg S","IMA1977 s.p."," ",2365," ","hexagonal",,"Hg S","Hcin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red, Purple black.","#ff0000,#595652"
"Hyršlite","Hyrslite","Pb2+8As3+10Sb3+6S2-32","Pb8As10Sb6S32","Pb_8_As_10_Sb_6_S_32_","Pb^2+^_8_As^3+^_10_Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_32_","Pb As Sb S","IMA2016-097"," ",6624,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21","Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Hyr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray","#808080"
"Hyttsjöite","Hyttsjoite","Pb2+18Ba2Ca5Mn2+2Fe3+2Si30O90Cl·6H2O","Pb18Ba2Ca5Mn2+2Fe3+2Si30O90Cl·6H2O","Pb_18_Ba_2_Ca_5_Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Si_30_O_90_Cl·6H_2_O","Pb^2+^_18_Ba_2_Ca_5_Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Si_30_O_90_Cl·6H_2_O","Pb Ba Ca Mn Fe Si O Cl H","IMA1993-056"," ",2366," ","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Ba Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O Cl H","Hyj","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Ianbruceite","Ianbruceite","Zn2+2As5+O4(OH)·3H2O","Zn2(AsO4)(OH)(H2O)·2H2O","Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)(H_2_O)·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)·3H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA2011-049"," ",5977,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ibc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue to very pale blue, white, colourless","#9fb9e2,#927288,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Iangreyite","Iangreyite","Ca2Al7(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH,F)15·8H2O","Ca2Al7(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH,F)15·8H2O","Ca_2_Al_7_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH,F)_15_·8H_2_O","Ca_2_Al_7_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH,F)_15_·8H_2_O","Ca Al P O H F","IMA2009-087"," ",5816,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P321","Ca Al P O H F","Igy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless, white, cream, yellowish, light pink","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffffc2,#faee66,#ffd1df"
"Ianthinite","Ianthinite","U4+2(U6+O2)4O6(OH)4·9H2O","U4+2(UO2)4O6(OH)4·9H2O","U^4+^_2_(UO_2_)_4_O_6_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","U^4+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_6_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","U O H"," "," ",2367," ","orthorhombic","P21cn","U^4+ U^6+ O H","Ian","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Violet black, Violet, Violet purple.","#49434a,#9a0eea,#3a2f52"
"Ice","Ice","H2O","H2O","H_2_O","H_2_O","H O"," "," ",2368,"Amorphous, Tridymite",,,"H O","Ice","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, PM2 - Interstellar condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM18 - Minerals formed by freezing, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Colorless, Pale blue, Greenish blue, White.","#afafaf,#d0fefe,#0b8b87,#ffffff"
"Ichnusaite","Ichnusaite","Th4+(Mo6+O4)2·3H2O","Th(MoO4)2·3H2O","Th(MoO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Th^4+^(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Th Mo O H","IMA2013-087"," ",6246,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Th^4+ Mo^6+ O H","Ich","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Icosahedrite","Icosahedrite","Al63Cu24Fe13","Al63Cu24Fe13","Al_63_Cu_24_Fe_13_","Al_63_Cu_24_Fe_13_","Al Cu Fe","IMA2010-042"," ",5872,"Not in a structural group",,,"Al Cu Fe","Ihd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Dark grey-black","#363737"
"Idaite","Idaite","Cu3FeS2-4","Cu3FeS4","Cu_3_FeS_4_","Cu_3_FeS^2-^_4_","Cu Fe S"," "," ",2369,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","hexagonal, tetragonal","I42m","Cu Fe S^2-","Ida","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Copper red, Red.","#653700,#cb6d51,#ff0000"
"Idrialite","Idrialite","C22H14","C22H14","C_22_H_14_","C_22_H_14_","C H"," "," ",2370," ","orthorhombic",,"C H","Id","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Greenish yellow, Light brown, Colorless.","#cdfd02,#b5651d,#afafaf"
"Igelströmite","Igelstromite","Fe3+(Sb3+Pb2+)O4","Fe3+(SbPb)O4","Fe^3+^(SbPb)O_4_","Fe^3+^(Sb^3+^Pb^2+^)O_4_","Fe Sb Pb O","IMA2021-035"," ",7145,"Minium","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Fe^3+ Sb^3+ Pb^2+ O","Ig","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No"," dark reddish-brown to black","#4a2125,#000000"
"Iimoriite-(Y)","Iimoriite-(Y)","Y2(SiO4)(CO3)","Y2(SiO4)(CO3)","Y_2_(SiO_4_)(CO_3_)","Y_2_(SiO_4_)(CO_3_)","Y Si O C","IMA1967-033, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2371," ","triclinic","P1","Y Si O C","Iim-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Colorless, Gray pink, White, Purple gray.","#653700,#afafaf,#c3909b,#ffffff,#866f85"
"Ikaite","Ikaite","CaCO3·6H2O","Ca(CO3)·6H2O","Ca(CO_3_)·6H_2_O","CaCO_3_·6H_2_O","Ca C O H","IMA1962-005"," ",2372," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca C O H","Ika","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM18 - Minerals formed by freezing","No","Chalky white.","#e5f1ed"
"Ikorskyite","Ikorskyite","KMn3+(Si4O10)·3H2O","KMn3+(Si4O10)·3H2O","KMn^3+^(Si_4_O_10_)·3H_2_O","KMn^3+^(Si_4_O_10_)·3H_2_O","K Mn Si O H","IMA2022-035"," ",7279,"Clay, Palygorskite","monoclinic","P21/c","K Mn^3+ Si O H","Iko",,"No","light brown","#b5651d"
"Ikranite","Ikranite","(Na,H3O)15(Ca,Mn2+,Ce3+)6Fe3+2Zr4+3Si24O66(O,OH)6Cl·nH2O","(Na,H3O)15(Ca,Mn,REE)6Fe3+2Zr3Si24O66(O,OH)6Cl·nH2O","(Na,H_3_O)_15_(Ca,Mn,REE)_6_Fe^3+^_2_Zr_3_Si_24_O_66_(O,OH)_6_Cl·nH_2_O","(Na,H_3_O)_15_(Ca,Mn^2+^,Ce^3+^)_6_Fe^3+^_2_Zr^4+^_3_Si_24_O_66_(O,OH)_6_Cl·nH_2_O","Na H O Ca Mn REE Fe Zr Si Cl","IMA2000-010"," ",2373,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na H O Ca Mn^2+ Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Zr^4+ Si Cl","Ikr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Ikunolite","Ikunolite","Bi4S3","Bi4S3","Bi_4_S_3_","Bi_4_S_3_","Bi S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2374,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi S","Ik","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Ilesite","Ilesite","Mn2+S6+O4·4H2O","Mn2+(SO4)·4H2O","Mn^2+^(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Mn S O H"," "," ",2375,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Ile","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green, Greenish white, White.","#00ff00,#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Ilímaussite-(Ce)","Ilimaussite-(Ce)","(Ba,Na)10K3Na4.5Ce3+5(Nb5+,Ti4+)6O6(Si12O36)(Si9O18)(O,OH)24","(Ba,Na)10K3Na4.5Ce5(Nb,Ti)6O6(Si12O36)(Si9O18)(O,OH)24","(Ba,Na)_10_K_3_Na_4.5_Ce_5_(Nb,Ti)_6_O_6_(Si_12_O_36_)(Si_9_O_18_)(O,OH)_24_","(Ba,Na)_10_K_3_Na_4.5_Ce^3+^_5_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_6_O_6_(Si_12_O_36_)(Si_9_O_18_)(O,OH)_24_","Ba Na K Ce Nb Ti O Si H","IMA1965-025, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2376," ","hexagonal","R32","Ba Na K Ce^3+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ O Si H","Ilí-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow","#c9b003"
"Ilinskite","Ilinskite","NaCu2+5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl3","NaCu5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl3","NaCu_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_3_","NaCu^2+^_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_3_","Na Cu O Se Cl","IMA1996-027"," ",2377,"Ilinskite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Na Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Isk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Ilirneyite","Ilirneyite","Mg0.5Zn2+Mn3+(Te4+O3)3·4.5H2O","Mg0.5[ZnMn3+(TeO3)3]·4.5H2O","Mg_0.5_[ZnMn^3+^(TeO_3_)_3_]·4.5H_2_O","Mg_0.5_Zn^2+^Mn^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·4.5H_2_O","Mg Zn Mn Te O H","IMA2015-046"," ",6447,"Zemannite","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg Zn^2+ Mn^3+ Te^4+ O H","Iny","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown, dark brownish-red, brown, or light brown","#7f2b0a,#9e3623,#653700,#ccddff"
"Illoqite-(Ce)","Illoqite-(Ce)","Na2NaBaCe3+Zn2+Si6O17","Na2NaBaCeZnSi6O17","Na_2_NaBaCeZnSi_6_O_17_","Na_2_NaBaCe^3+^Zn^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Ba Ce Zn Si O","IMA2021-021"," ",7134,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Ba Ce^3+ Zn^2+ Si O","Ilo-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink in daylight, brownish yellow under fluorescent light and under some halogen lights","#ff1476,#c9b003"
"Ilmajokite-(Ce)","Ilmajokite-(Ce)","Na11KBaCe3+2Ti4+12Si37.5O94(OH)30·29H2O","Na11KBaCe2Ti12Si37.5O94(OH)30·29H2O","Na_11_KBaCe_2_Ti_12_Si_37.5_O_94_(OH)_30_·29H_2_O","Na_11_KBaCe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_12_Si_37.5_O_94_(OH)_30_·29H_2_O","Na K Ba Ce Ti Si O H","IMA1971-027"," ",5023," ",,,"Na K Ba Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Ijk-Ce",,"No","Bright yellow","#fffd01"
"Ilmenite","Ilmenite","Fe2+Ti4+O3","Fe2+Ti4+O3","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Fe Ti O"," "," ",2378,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Ilm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Iron black, Black.","#263145,#000000"
"Ilsemannite","Ilsemannite","Mo4+Mo6+2O8·nH2O","Mo3O8·nH2O (?)","Mo_3_O_8_·nH_2_O (?)","Mo^4+^Mo^6+^_2_O_8_·nH_2_O","Mo O H"," "," ",5000," ",,,"Mo^4+ Mo^6+ O H","Ils","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blue, Blue black, Black.","#0000ff,#24313d,#000000"
"Iltisite","Iltisite","Hg2+Ag1+S2-Cl","HgAgSCl","HgAgSCl","Hg^2+^Ag^1+^S^2-^Cl","Hg Ag S Cl","IMA1994-031"," ",2380," ","hexagonal",,"Hg^2+ Ag^1+ S^2- Cl","Iti","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Brownish red.","#ff0000,#9e3623"
"Ilvaite","Ilvaite","CaFe2+2Fe3+OSi2O7(OH)","CaFe3+Fe2+2O(Si2O7)(OH)","CaFe^3+^Fe^2+^_2_O(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)","CaFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^OSi_2_O_7_(OH)","Ca Fe O Si H"," "," ",2381,"Ilvaite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pnam, P21/a, Pbnm","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O Si H","Ilv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Iron black, Dark grayish black.","#263145,#363737"
"Ilyukhinite","Ilyukhinite","(H3O,Na)14Ca6Mn2+2Zr4+3Si26O72(OH)2·3H2O","(H3O,Na)14Ca6Mn2Zr3Si26O72(OH)2·3H2O","(H_3_O,Na)_14_Ca_6_Mn_2_Zr_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","(H_3_O,Na)_14_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_2_Zr^4+^_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","H O Na Ca Mn Zr Si","IMA2015-065"," ",6467,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","H O Na Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Si","Ily","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish-orange","#cb7723"
"Imandrite","Imandrite","Na12Ca3Fe3+2Si12O36","Na12Ca3Fe3+2Si12O36","Na_12_Ca_3_Fe^3+^_2_Si_12_O_36_","Na_12_Ca_3_Fe^3+^_2_Si_12_O_36_","Na Ca Fe Si O","IMA1979-025"," ",2458,"Lovozerite-Imandrite","orthorhombic","Pmnn","Na Ca Fe^3+ Si O","Ima","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Honey yellow.","#ca9456"
"Imayoshiite","Imayoshiite","Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O","Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O","Ca_3_Al(CO_3_)[B(OH)_4_](OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Al(CO_3_)[B(OH)_4_](OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Al C O B H","IMA2013-069"," ",6230,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63, P63/mcm","Ca Al C O B H","Iys","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Imhofite","Imhofite","Tl1+5.8As3+15.4S2-26","Tl5.8As15.4S26","Tl_5.8_As_15.4_S_26_","Tl^1+^_5.8_As^3+^_15.4_S^2-^_26_","Tl As S","IMA1971 s.p."," ",2459," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Imh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Copper red.","#cb6d51"
"Imiterite","Imiterite","Ag2HgS2","Ag2HgS2","Ag_2_HgS_2_","Ag_2_HgS_2_","Ag Hg S","IMA1983-038"," ",2460," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag Hg S","Imi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray, Black, Silver gray.","#d8dcd6,#000000,#a8a8a4"
"Imogolite","Imogolite","Al2SiO3(OH)4","Al2SiO3(OH)4","Al_2_SiO_3_(OH)_4_","Al_2_SiO_3_(OH)_4_","Al Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2461,"Allophane",,,"Al Si O H","Imo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Yellowish white, Light brownish yellow, Blue, Green, Brown.","#e9f1d0,#b5651d,#0000ff,#00ff00,#653700"
"Inaglyite","Inaglyite","Pb2+Cu2+3Ir3+8S2-16","PbCu3Ir8S16","PbCu_3_Ir_8_S_16_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_3_Ir^3+^_8_S^2-^_16_","Pb Cu Ir S","IMA1983-054"," ",2462," ","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Ir^3+ S^2-","Ina","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Incomsartorite","Incomsartorite","Tl1+6Pb2+144As3+246S2-516","Tl6Pb144As246S516","Tl_6_Pb_144_As_246_S_516_","Tl^1+^_6_Pb^2+^_144_As^3+^_246_S^2-^_516_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2016-035"," ",6563,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/n","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Isat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Inderborite","Inderborite","CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O","CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O","CaMg[B_3_O_3_(OH)_5_]_2_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","CaMg[B_3_O_3_(OH)_5_]_2_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca Mg B O H"," "," ",2464," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg B O H","Ibo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Inderite","Inderite","Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O","Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O","Mg[B_3_O_3_(OH)_5_](H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","Mg[B_3_O_3_(OH)_5_](H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2465," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg B O H","Idr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Indialite","Indialite","Mg2Al3(AlSi5)O18","Mg2Al3(AlSi5)O18","Mg_2_Al_3_(AlSi_5_)O_18_","Mg_2_Al_3_(AlSi_5_)O_18_","Mg Al Si O"," "," ",2466,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Mg Al Si O","Ind","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Pale mauve.","#afafaf,#c6a4a4"
"Indigirite","Indigirite","Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2·15H2O","Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2·15H2O","Mg_2_Al_2_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·15H_2_O","Mg_2_Al_2_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·15H_2_O","Mg Al C O H","IMA1971-012"," ",2467,"Artinite",,,"Mg Al C O H","Idg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Indite","Indite","Fe2+In3+2S2-4","FeIn2S4","FeIn_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^In^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe In S","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2468,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Fe^2+ In^3+ S^2-","Idt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Iron black.","#263145"
"Indium","Indium","In","In","In","In","In","IMA1968 s.p."," ",2469," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","In","In","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","Yes","Yellow gray.","#c8fd3d"
"Inesite","Inesite","Ca2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O","Ca2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_7_Si_10_O_28_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_7_Si_10_O_28_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H"," "," ",2470," ","triclinic","P1, P1","Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Ins","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Brown, Brown, Pink, Orange.","#653700,#653700,#ffc0cb,#ffa500"
"Ingersonite","Ingersonite","Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14","Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14","Ca_3_Mn^2+^Sb^5+^_4_O_14_","Ca_3_Mn^2+^Sb^5+^_4_O_14_","Ca Mn Sb O","IMA1986-021"," ",2471," ","hexagonal","P3121","Ca Mn^2+ Sb^5+ O","Igs","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Ingodite","Ingodite","Bi2TeS","Bi2TeS","Bi_2_TeS","Bi_2_TeS","Bi Te S","IMA1980-045"," ",2472,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te S","Ing","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Innelite","Innelite","Ba4Ti4+2Na(NaMn2+)Ti4+(Si2O7)2[(S6+O4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]","Ba4Ti2Na(NaMn2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]","Ba_4_Ti_2_Na(NaMn^2+^)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[(SO_4_)(PO_4_)]O_2_[O(OH)]","Ba_4_Ti^4+^_2_Na(NaMn^2+^)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)]O_2_[O(OH)]","Ba Ti Na Mn Si O S P H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",2473,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P1, P2/c","Ba Ti^4+ Na Mn^2+ Si O S^6+ P H","Inn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Light yellow.","#653700,#fffe7a"
"Innsbruckite","Innsbruckite","Mn2+33(Si2O5)14(OH)38","Mn33(Si2O5)14(OH)38","Mn_33_(Si_2_O_5_)_14_(OH)_38_","Mn^2+^_33_(Si_2_O_5_)_14_(OH)_38_","Mn Si O H","IMA2013-038"," ",6203,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cm","Mn^2+ Si O H","Ibk","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale brownish (no colour stated in original description; inferred from similarity to bementite), nearly colourless in transmitted light (thin section).","#b1916e,#cc3344,#656470,#afafaf"
"Insizwaite","Insizwaite","PtBi2","PtBi2","PtBi_2_","PtBi_2_","Pt Bi","IMA1971-031"," ",2474,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Pt Bi","Isw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Interliveingite","Interliveingite","Ag1+Pb2+18As3+25S2-56","AgPb18As25S56","AgPb_18_As_25_S_56_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_18_As^3+^_25_S^2-^_56_","Ag Pb As S","IMA2022-144"," ",7355,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Iliv",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Intersilite","Intersilite","Na6Mn2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)Si10(O,OH)28·4H2O","Na6Mn(Ti,Nb)Si10(O,OH)28·4H2O","Na_6_Mn(Ti,Nb)Si_10_(O,OH)_28_·4H_2_O","Na_6_Mn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)Si_10_(O,OH)_28_·4H_2_O","Na Mn Ti Nb Si O H","IMA1995-033"," ",2475," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Isi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Pinkish yellow, Pink.","#ffff00,#f6b511,#ffc0cb"
"Inyoite","Inyoite","CaB3O3(OH)5·4H2O","CaB3O3(OH)5·4H2O","CaB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·4H_2_O","CaB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·4H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",2476," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Iyo","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Pinkish white.","#ffffff,#fff1fa"
"Iodargyrite","Iodargyrite","Ag1+I1-","AgI","AgI","Ag^1+^I^1-^","Ag I","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2477,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Ag^1+ I^1-","Iag","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pale yellow, Yellow, Greenish yellow, Gray.","#afafaf,#eecf9e,#ffff00,#cdfd02,#808080"
"Iowaite","Iowaite","Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O","Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Fe O H Cl","IMA1967-002"," ",2478,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Fe^3+ O H Cl","Iow","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green, Greenish white, Honey yellow.","#10a674,#d1f1de,#ca9456"
"Iquiqueite","Iquiqueite","K3Na4Mg(Cr6+O4)B24O39(OH)·12H2O","K3Na4Mg(CrO4)B24O39(OH)·12H2O","K_3_Na_4_Mg(CrO_4_)B_24_O_39_(OH)·12H_2_O","K_3_Na_4_Mg(Cr^6+^O_4_)B_24_O_39_(OH)·12H_2_O","K Na Mg Cr O B H","IMA1984-019"," ",2479," ","hexagonal","P31c","K Na Mg Cr^6+ O B H","Iqu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Iranite","Iranite","Pb2+10Cu2+(Cr6+O4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","CuPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","CuPb_10_(CrO_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_10_Cu^2+^(Cr^6+^O_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Pb Cr O Si H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2480,"Iranite","triclinic","P1, P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Cr^6+ O Si H","Irn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow, Honey brown.","#c9b003,#ffff00,#816e5c"
"Iraqite-(La)","Iraqite-(La)","KCa2(La,Ce3+,Th4+)Si8O20","KCa2(La,Ce,Th)Si8O20","KCa_2_(La,Ce,Th)Si_8_O_20_","KCa_2_(La,Ce^3+^,Th^4+^)Si_8_O_20_","K Ca La Ce Th Si O","IMA1973-041"," ",2481,"Steacyite",,,"K Ca La Ce^3+ Th^4+ Si O","Irq-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Irarsite","Irarsite","Ir3+(AsS)3-","IrAsS","IrAsS","Ir^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Ir As S","IMA1966-028"," ",2482,"Pyrite","cubic",,"Ir^3+ As S","Irs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Iron black.","#263145"
"Irhtemite","Irhtemite","Ca4Mg(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","Ca4Mg(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca_4_Mg(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_4_Mg(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA1971-034"," ",2483," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Irh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Pale rose, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#efd6da,#ffc0cb"
"Iridarsenite","Iridarsenite","IrAs2","IrAs2","IrAs_2_","IrAs_2_","Ir As","IMA1973-021"," ",2484," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ir As","Ird","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Iridium","Iridium","Ir","Ir","Ir","Ir","Ir","IMA1991 s.p."," ",2485,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Ir","Ir","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","White.","#ffffff"
"Iriginite","Iriginite","(U6+O2)Mo6+2O7·3H2O","(UO2)Mo6+2O7·3H2O","(UO_2_)Mo^6+^_2_O_7_·3H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)Mo^6+^_2_O_7_·3H_2_O","U O Mo H"," "," ",2486," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Irg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Irinarassite","Irinarassite","Ca3Sn4+2(Al2Si)O12","Ca3Sn2(SiAl2)O12","Ca_3_Sn_2_(SiAl_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Sn^4+^_2_(Al_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Sn Si Al O","IMA2010-073"," ",5913,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Sn^4+ Al Si O","Inr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","pale brown to yellow","#b1916e,#ffff00"
"Iron","Iron","Fe","Fe","Fe","Fe","Fe"," "," ",2487,"Iron","cubic","Im3m, Fm3m","Fe","Fe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Iron black, Dark gray, Steel gray.","#263145,#363737,#43464b"
"Irtyshite","Irtyshite","Na2Ta5+4O11","Na2Ta4O11","Na_2_Ta_4_O_11_","Na_2_Ta^5+^_4_O_11_","Na Ta O","IMA1984-025"," ",2488," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Ta^5+ O","Irt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Iseite","Iseite","Mn2+2Mo4+3O8","Mn2Mo3O8","Mn_2_Mo_3_O_8_","Mn^2+^_2_Mo^4+^_3_O_8_","Mn Mo O","IMA2012-020"," ",6080,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mn^2+ Mo^4+ O","Is","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pale yellow (with a tinge of green),","#eecf9e"
"Ishiharaite","Ishiharaite","(Cu1+,Ga3+,Fe3+,In3+,Zn2+)S2-","(Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S","(Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S","(Cu^1+^,Ga^3+^,Fe^3+^,In^3+^,Zn^2+^)S^2-^","Cu Ga Fe In Zn S","IMA2013-119"," ",6277,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Cu^1+ Ga^3+ Fe^3+ In^3+ Zn^2+ S^2-","Ish","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray","#363737"
"Ishikawaite","Ishikawaite","(U4+,Fe2+,Y)Nb5+O4","(U,Fe,Y)NbO4","(U,Fe,Y)NbO_4_","(U^4+^,Fe^2+^,Y)Nb^5+^O_4_","U Fe Y Nb O","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5118,"Columbite","monoclinic",,"U^4+ Fe^2+ Y Nb^5+ O","Ikw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Iskandarovite","Iskandarovite","Sb3+6O7(S6+O4)2","Sb6O7(SO4)2","Sb_6_O_7_(SO_4_)_2_","Sb^3+^_6_O_7_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Sb O S","IMA2022-034"," ",7259,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ccc2","Sb^3+ O S^6+","Iska","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Isoclasite","Isoclasite","Ca2PO4(OH)·2H2O","Ca2(PO4)(OH)·2H2O","Ca_2_(PO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca_2_PO_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca P O H"," "," ",5397," ",,,"Ca P O H","Icl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Isocubanite","Isocubanite","Cu1+Fe2+Fe3+S2-3","CuFe2S3","CuFe_2_S_3_","Cu^1+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Fe S","IMA1983 s.p."," ",2489,"Cubanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Icb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Isoferroplatinum","Isoferroplatinum","Pt3Fe","Pt3Fe","Pt_3_Fe","Pt_3_Fe","Pt Fe","IMA1974-012a"," ",2490,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Pt Fe","Ifpt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray, Dark gray.","#808080,#363737"
"Isokite","Isokite","CaMgPO4F","CaMg(PO4)F","CaMg(PO_4_)F","CaMgPO_4_F","Ca Mg P O F"," "," ",2491,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg P O F","Iso","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray pink, Pink.","#afafaf,#c3909b,#ffc0cb"
"Isolueshite","Isolueshite","NaNb5+O3","NaNbO3","NaNbO_3_","NaNb^5+^O_3_","Na Nb O","IMA1995-024"," ",2492,"Perovskite","orthorhombic, cubic","Cmcm, Pm3m, Pm3m","Na Nb^5+ O","Isl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Isomertieite","Isomertieite","Pd11Sb2As2","Pd11Sb2As2","Pd_11_Sb_2_As_2_","Pd_11_Sb_2_As_2_","Pd Sb As","IMA1973-057"," ",2493,"Isomertieite","cubic","Fd3m","Pd Sb As","Ism","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Isovite","Isovite","(Cr,Fe)23C6","(Cr,Fe)23C6","(Cr,Fe)_23_C_6_","(Cr,Fe)_23_C_6_","Cr Fe C","IMA1996-039"," ",2494,"Haxonite","cubic","Fm3m","Cr Fe C","Isv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Iron gray.","#7c7f7c"
"Isselite","Isselite","Cu2+6(S6+O4)(OH)10(H2O)4·H2O","Cu6(SO4)(OH)10(H2O)4·H2O","Cu_6_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_(H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_(H_2_O)_4_·H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA2018-139"," ",6870,"Guarinoite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Iss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue","#0000ff"
"Itelmenite","Itelmenite","Na2Cu2+Mg2(S6+O4)4","Na2CuMg2(SO4)4","Na_2_CuMg_2_(SO_4_)_4_","Na_2_Cu^2+^Mg_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","Na Cu Mg S O","IMA2015-047"," ",6448,"Itelmenite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Na Cu^2+ Mg S^6+ O","Itm","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light grey-blue","#c2d2d8"
"Itoigawaite","Itoigawaite","SrAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","SrAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","SrAl_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","SrAl_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Sr Al Si O H","IMA1998-034"," ",2495,"Lawsonite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Al Si O H","Ito","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Itoite","Itoite","Pb2+3GeO2(S6+O4)2(OH)2","Pb3GeO2(SO4)2(OH)2","Pb_3_GeO_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_GeO_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Ge O S H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2496," ","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ Ge O S^6+ H","It","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Silky white.","#efebe2"
"Itsiite","Itsiite","Ba2Ca(BSi2O7)2","Ba2Ca(BSi2O7)2","Ba_2_Ca(BSi_2_O_7_)_2_","Ba_2_Ca(BSi_2_O_7_)_2_","Ba Ca B Si O","IMA2013-085"," ",6244,"Hyalotekite","tetragonal","I42m","Ba Ca B Si O","Its","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless and light blue to medium greenish-blue","#afafaf,#418c53"
"Ivanyukite-Cu","Ivanyukite-Cu","Cu2+Ti4+4(SiO4)3O2(OH)2·7H2O","Cu[Ti4O2(OH)2(SiO4)3]·7H2O","Cu[Ti_4_O_2_(OH)_2_(SiO_4_)_3_]·7H_2_O","Cu^2+^Ti^4+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Cu Ti O H Si","IMA2007-043"," ",5645,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Cu^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Iv-Cu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Ivanyukite-K","Ivanyukite-K","K2Ti4+4(SiO4)3O2(OH)2·9H2O","K2[Ti4O2(OH)2(SiO4)3]·9H2O","K_2_[Ti_4_O_2_(OH)_2_(SiO_4_)_3_]·9H_2_O","K_2_Ti^4+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_·9H_2_O","K Ti O H Si","IMA2007-042"," ",5644,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","K Ti^4+ Si O H","Iv-K","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale blue","#d0fefe"
"Ivanyukite-Na","Ivanyukite-Na","Na2Ti4+4(SiO4)3O2(OH)2·6H2O","Na2[Ti4O2(OH)2(SiO4)3]·6H2O","Na_2_[Ti_4_O_2_(OH)_2_(SiO_4_)_3_]·6H_2_O","Na_2_Ti^4+^_4_(SiO_4_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Na Ti O H Si","IMA2007-041"," ",5643,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic, hexagonal","P43m, R3m","Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Iv-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, white, pale yellow, pale pink, pale orange","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#efcddb,#db9c7b"
"Ivsite","Ivsite","Na3H(S6+O4)2","Na3H(SO4)2","Na_3_H(SO_4_)_2_","Na_3_H(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Na H S O","IMA2013-138"," ",6296," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na H S^6+ O","Ivs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Iwashiroite-(Y)","Iwashiroite-(Y)","YTa5+O4","YTaO4","YTaO_4_","YTa^5+^O_4_","Y Ta O","IMA2003-053"," ",5254,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/a","Y Ta^5+ O","Iwa-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Amber brown, Brown.","#b46a4d,#653700"
"Iwateite","Iwateite","Na2BaMn2+(PO4)2","Na2BaMn(PO4)2","Na_2_BaMn(PO_4_)_2_","Na_2_BaMn^2+^(PO_4_)_2_","Na Ba Mn P O","IMA2013-034"," ",6199,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ba Mn^2+ P O","Iw","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Ixiolite-(Fe2+)","Ixiolite-(Fe2+)","(Ta5+2/3Fe2+1/3)O2","(Ta2/3Fe2+1/3)O2","(Ta_2/3_Fe^2+^_1/3_)O_2_","(Ta^5+^_2/3_Fe^2+^_1/3_)O_2_","Ta Fe O","IMA2022 s.p."," ",7261,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pcan","Ta^5+ Fe^2+ O","Ix-Fe^2+^",,"No","Brown, clove-brown, plum blue, pearl gray","#653700,#766051,#4b6176,#a6978a"
"Ixiolite-(Mn2+)","Ixiolite-(Mn2+)","(Ta5+2/3Mn2+1/3)O2","(Ta2/3Mn2+1/3)O2","(Ta_2/3_Mn^2+^_1/3_)O_2_","(Ta^5+^_2/3_Mn^2+^_1/3_)O_2_","Ta Mn O","IMA2022 s.p."," ",2498,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ta^5+ Mn^2+ O","Ix-Mn^2+^","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, golden-yellow","#653700,#ffdf00"
"Iyoite","Iyoite","Mn2+Cu2+Cl(OH)3","MnCuCl(OH)3","MnCuCl(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^Cu^2+^Cl(OH)_3_","Mn Cu Cl O H","IMA2013-130"," ",6289,"Atacamite","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Cu^2+ Cl O H","Iy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green","#69b076"
"Izoklakeite","Izoklakeite","Pb2+26.4(Cu1+,Fe2+)2(Sb3+,Bi3+)19.6S2-57","Pb26.4(Cu,Fe)2(Sb,Bi)19.6S57","Pb_26.4_(Cu,Fe)_2_(Sb,Bi)_19.6_S_57_","Pb^2+^_26.4_(Cu^1+^,Fe^2+^)_2_(Sb^3+^,Bi^3+^)_19.6_S^2-^_57_","Pb Cu Fe Sb Bi S","IMA1983-065"," ",2499,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Iz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Jáchymovite","Jachymovite","(U6+O2)8(S6+O4)(OH)14·13H2O","(UO2)8(SO4)(OH)14·13H2O","(UO_2_)_8_(SO_4_)(OH)_14_·13H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_8_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_14_·13H_2_O","U O S H","IMA1994-025"," ",2500," ","monoclinic",,"U^6+ O S^6+ H","Jác","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Jacobsite","Jacobsite","Mn2+Fe3+2O4","Mn2+Fe3+2O4","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn Fe O","IMA1982 s.p."," ",2501,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ O","Jcb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Iron black, Black.","#263145,#000000"
"Jacquesdietrichite","Jacquesdietrichite","Cu2+2BO(OH)5","Cu2BO(OH)5","Cu_2_BO(OH)_5_","Cu^2+^_2_BO(OH)_5_","Cu B O H","IMA2003-012"," ",5227," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ B O H","Jdt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Jacutingaite","Jacutingaite","Pt2HgSe3","Pt2HgSe3","Pt_2_HgSe_3_","Pt_2_HgSe_3_","Pt Hg Se","IMA2010-078"," ",5917,"Jacutingaite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pt Hg Se","Jac","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","gray","#808080"
"Jadarite","Jadarite","LiNaB3SiO7(OH)","LiNaB3SiO7(OH)","LiNaB_3_SiO_7_(OH)","LiNaB_3_SiO_7_(OH)","Li Na B Si O H","IMA2006-036"," ",5537," ","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/c","Li Na B Si O H","Jad","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Dark gray with abundant white internal reflections.","#363737"
"Jadeite","Jadeite","NaAlSi2O6","NaAlSi2O6","NaAlSi_2_O_6_","NaAlSi_2_O_6_","Na Al Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",2502,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al Si O","Jd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, White, Pale bluish gray, Grayish green, Pale purple.","#00ff00,#ffffff,#dfafa4,#82a67d,#b790d4"
"Jaffeite","Jaffeite","Ca6Si2O7(OH)6","Ca6Si2O7(OH)6","Ca_6_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca_6_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca Si O H","IMA1987-056"," ",2503," ","hexagonal","P3","Ca Si O H","Jaf","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Jagoite","Jagoite","Pb2+9Fe3+2[Si2(Si,Fe3+)3][Pb2+2Si8(Si,Fe3+)2]O41Cl3","Pb18Fe3+4[Si4(Si,Fe3+)6][Pb4Si16(Si,Fe)4]O82Cl6","Pb_18_Fe^3+^_4_[Si_4_(Si,Fe^3+^)_6_][Pb_4_Si_16_(Si,Fe)_4_]O_82_Cl_6_","Pb^2+^_9_Fe^3+^_2_[Si_2_(Si,Fe^3+^)_3_][Pb^2+^_2_Si_8_(Si,Fe^3+^)_2_]O_41_Cl_3_","Pb Fe Si O Cl"," "," ",2504," ","hexagonal","P62c","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Si O Cl","Jg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Jagowerite","Jagowerite","BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2","BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2","BaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","BaAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ba Al P O H","IMA1973-001"," ",2505," ","triclinic","P1","Ba Al P O H","Jgw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Jagüéite","Jagueite","Cu1+2Pd2+3Se2-4","Cu2Pd3Se4","Cu_2_Pd_3_Se_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Pd^2+^_3_Se^2-^_4_","Cu Pd Se","IMA2002-060"," ",5209,"Chrisstanleyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^1+ Pd^2+ Se^2-","Jag","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Jahnsite-(CaFeMg)","Jahnsite-(CaFeMg)","CaFe2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaFe2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaFe^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaFe^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Fe Mg P O H","IMA2013-111"," ",6269,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Fe^2+ Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-CaFeMg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Brownish orange","#cb7723"
"Jahnsite-(CaMnFe)","Jahnsite-(CaMnFe)","CaMn2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1978 s.p."," ",2506,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-CaMnFe","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Purplish brown, Yellow, Yellow orange.","#653700,#6b4247,#ffff00,#fcb001"
"Jahnsite-(CaMnMg)","Jahnsite-(CaMnMg)","CaMn2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Mg Fe P O H","IMA1973-022"," ",2507,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-CaMnMg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Purplish brown, Yellow, Yellow orange, Greenish yellow.","#653700,#6b4247,#ffff00,#fcb001,#cdfd02"
"Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)","Jahnsite-(CaMnMn)","CaMn2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1987-020a"," ",2508,"Jahnsite","monoclinic",,"Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-CaMnMn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Jahnsite-(CaMnZn)","Jahnsite-(CaMnZn)","CaMn2+Zn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Zn2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Zn_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Zn Fe P O H","IMA2019-073"," ",6959,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-CaMnZn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","yellow, brown","#ffff00,#653700"
"Jahnsite-(MnMnFe)","Jahnsite-(MnMnFe)","Mn2+Mn2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H","IMA2018-096"," ",6826,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-MnMnFe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Jahnsite-(MnMnMg)","Jahnsite-(MnMnMg)","Mn2+Mn2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Mg Fe P O H","IMA2017-118"," ",6763,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-MnMnMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow to honey-colored or greenish-yellow","#ffff00,#e1b67c,#cdfd02"
"Jahnsite-(MnMnMn)","Jahnsite-(MnMnMn)","Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H","IMA1978 s.p."," ",2509,"Jahnsite",,,"Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-MnMnMn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Purplish brown, Yellow, Yellow orange.","#653700,#6b4247,#ffff00,#fcb001"
"Jahnsite-(MnMnZn)","Jahnsite-(MnMnZn)","Mn2+Mn2+Zn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Zn2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Zn_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Zn Fe P O H","IMA2017-113"," ",6739,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-MnMnZn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No"," light golden brown","#cb904e"
"Jahnsite-(NaFeMg)","Jahnsite-(NaFeMg)","NaFe3+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaFe3+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaFe^3+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","NaFe^3+^Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na Fe Mg P O H","IMA2007-016"," ",5586,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Na Fe^3+ Mg P O H","Jah-NaFeMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Jahnsite-(NaMnMg)","Jahnsite-(NaMnMg)","(Na,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe3+)(Mg,Fe3+)2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)8","(Na,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe3+)(Mg,Fe3+)2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)8","(Na,Ca)(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_8_","(Na,Ca)(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_8_","Na Ca Mn Fe Mg P O H","IMA2018-017"," ",6760,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Mg P O H","Jah-NaMnMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Jahnsite-(NaMnMn)","Jahnsite-(NaMnMn)","NaMn2+(Mn2+Fe3+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaMn2+(Mn2+Fe3+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaMn^2+^(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","NaMn^2+^(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na Mn Fe P O H","IMA2019-051"," ",6957,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jah-NaMnMn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Jaipurite","Jaipurite","CoS","CoS","CoS","CoS","Co S"," "," ",5398,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Co S","Jai","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Jakobssonite","Jakobssonite","CaAlF5","CaAlF5","CaAlF_5_","CaAlF_5_","Ca Al F","IMA2011-036"," ",5963,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al F","Jak","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Jalpaite","Jalpaite","Ag1+3Cu1+S2-2","Ag3CuS2","Ag_3_CuS_2_","Ag^1+^_3_Cu^1+^S^2-^_2_","Ag Cu S"," "," ",2510,"Jalpaite","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ S^2-","Jal","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Dark gray.","#808080,#363737"
"Jamborite","Jamborite","Ni2+1-xCo3+x(OH)2-x(S6+O4)x·nH2O [x ≤ 1/3; n ≤ (1-x)]","Ni2+1-xCo3+x(OH)2-x(SO4)x·nH2O [x ≤ 1/3 n; ≤ (1-x)]","Ni^2+^_1-x_Co^3+^_x_(OH)_2-x_(SO_4_)_x_·nH_2_O [x ≤ 1/3 n; ≤ (1-x)]","Ni^2+^_1-x_Co^3+^_x_(OH)_2-x_(S^6+^O_4_)_x_·nH_2_O [x ≤ 1/3; n ≤ (1-x)]","Ni Co O H S","IMA1971-037, IMA2014 s.p."," ",2511,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Ni^2+ Co^3+ O H S^6+","Jbr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Jamesite","Jamesite","Pb2+2Zn2+Fe3+2(Fe3+,Zn2+)4(As5+O4)4(OH)8(OH,O)2","Pb2ZnFe3+2(Fe3+,Zn)4(AsO4)4(OH)8(OH,O)2","Pb_2_ZnFe^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Zn)_4_(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_(OH,O)_2_","Pb^2+^_2_Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Zn^2+^)_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_8_(OH,O)_2_","Pb Zn Fe As O H","IMA1978-079"," ",2512,"Jamesite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Jms","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Jamesonite","Jamesonite","Pb2+4Fe2+Sb3+6S2-14","Pb4FeSb6S14","Pb_4_FeSb_6_S_14_","Pb^2+^_4_Fe^2+^Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_14_","Pb Fe Sb S"," "," ",2513," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ja","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Lead gray, Steel gray, Dark lead gray.","#8a7963,#43464b,#840000"
"Janchevite","Janchevite","Pb2+9V5+O10.25☐0.75Cl2.5","Pb9VO10.25☐0.75Cl2.5","Pb_9_VO_10.25_[box]_0.75_Cl_2.5_","Pb^2+^_9_V^5+^O_10.25_[box]_0.75_Cl_2.5_","Pb V O Cl","IMA2017-079"," ",6709,"Asisite","tetragonal, triclinic","I4/mmm, P1","Pb^2+ V^5+ O Cl","Jan","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Orange-red","#fe4401"
"Janggunite","Janggunite","(Mn4+,Mn2+,Fe3+)6O8(OH)6","(Mn4+,Mn2+,Fe3+)6O8(OH)6","(Mn^4+^,Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_6_O_8_(OH)_6_","(Mn^4+^,Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_6_O_8_(OH)_6_","Mn Fe O H","IMA1975-011"," ",2514," ","orthorhombic",,"Mn^4+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ O H","Jgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Janhaugite","Janhaugite","Na3Mn2+3Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(O,OH,F)4","Na3Mn2+3Ti2(Si2O7)2(O,OH,F)4","Na_3_Mn^2+^_3_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(O,OH,F)_4_","Na_3_Mn^2+^_3_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(O,OH,F)_4_","Na Mn Ti Si O H F","IMA1981-018"," ",2515,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Jhg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Jankovićite","Jankovicite","Tl1+5Sb3+9(As3+,Sb3+)4S2-22","Tl5Sb9(As,Sb)4S22","Tl_5_Sb_9_(As,Sb)_4_S_22_","Tl^1+^_5_Sb^3+^_9_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_4_S^2-^_22_","Tl Sb As S","IMA1993-050"," ",2516," ","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Jkv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Jarandolite","Jarandolite","CaB3O4(OH)3","CaB3O4(OH)3","CaB_3_O_4_(OH)_3_","CaB_3_O_4_(OH)_3_","Ca B O H","IMA1995-020c"," ",5312," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Jdo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Jarlite","Jarlite","Na2(Sr,Na)14(Mg,☐)2Al12F64(OH)4_","Na2(Sr,Na)14(Mg,☐)2Al12F64(OH)4","Na_2_(Sr,Na)_14_(Mg,[box])_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4_","Na_2_(Sr,Na)_14_(Mg,[box])_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4__","Na Sr Mg Al F O H"," "," ",2517,"Jarlite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Sr Mg Al F O H","Jar","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Jarosewichite","Jarosewichite","Mn3+Mn2+3As5+O4(OH)6","Mn3+Mn2+3(AsO4)(OH)6","Mn^3+^Mn^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)(OH)_6_","Mn^3+^Mn^2+^_3_As^5+^O_4_(OH)_6_","Mn As O H","IMA1981-060"," ",2518," ","orthorhombic",,"Mn^3+ Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Jrw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Jarosite","Jarosite","KFe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","KFe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","KFe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","K Fe S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2519,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","K Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Jrs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Brown, Yellow, Yellow brown, Light yellow.","#653700,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Jaskólskiite","Jaskolskiite","Cu1+0.15Pb2+2.15(Sb3+,Bi3+)1.85S2-5","CuxPb2+x(Sb,Bi)2-xS5 (x ≈ 0.15)","Cu_x_Pb_2+x_(Sb,Bi)_2-x_S_5_ (x ≈ 0.15)","Cu^1+^_0.15_Pb^2+^_2.15_(Sb^3+^,Bi^3+^)_1.85_S^2-^_5_","Cu Pb Sb Bi S","IMA1982-057"," ",2520,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Jks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead grey","#8a7963"
"Jasmundite","Jasmundite","Ca11O2(SiO4)4S2-","Ca11O2(SiO4)4S","Ca_11_O_2_(SiO_4_)_4_S","Ca_11_O_2_(SiO_4_)_4_S^2-^","Ca O Si S","IMA1981-047"," ",2521,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4m2, I4/mmm","Ca O Si S^2-","Jas","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brownish green, Greenish brown, Dark brown.","#6a6e09,#696112,#73532a"
"Jasonsmithite","Jasonsmithite","Mn2+4Zn2+Al(PO4)4(OH)(H2O)7·3.5H2O","Mn2+4ZnAl(PO4)4(OH)(H2O)7·3.5H2O","Mn^2+^_4_ZnAl(PO_4_)_4_(OH)(H_2_O)_7_·3.5H_2_O","Mn^2+^_4_Zn^2+^Al(PO_4_)_4_(OH)(H_2_O)_7_·3.5H_2_O","Mn Zn Al P O H","IMA2019-121"," ",7004,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Al P O H","Jsm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless to light brown (indistinct color boundaries)","#afafaf,#b5651d"
"Jasrouxite","Jasrouxite","Ag1+16Pb2+4(Sb3+25As3+15)S2-72","Ag16Pb4(Sb25As15)Σ40S72","Ag_16_Pb_4_(Sb_25_As_15_)_Σ40_S_72_","Ag^1+^_16_Pb^2+^_4_(Sb^3+^_25_As^3+^_15_)S^2-^_72_","Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2012-058"," ",6114,"Lillianite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Jrx","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray","#363737"
"Jaszczakite","Jaszczakite","[Bi3S3][AuS2]","[Bi3S3][AuS2]","[Bi_3_S_3_][AuS_2_]","[Bi_3_S_3_][AuS_2_]","Bi S Au","IMA2016-077"," ",6603,"Buckhornite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Bi S Au","Jzz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin-white","#cfd5db"
"Javorieite","Javorieite","KFe2+Cl3","KFeCl3","KFeCl_3_","KFe^2+^Cl_3_","K Fe Cl","IMA2016-020"," ",6548," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Fe^2+ Cl","Jav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Jeanbandyite","Jeanbandyite","Fe3+Sn4+(OH)5O","Fe3+Sn(OH)5O","Fe^3+^Sn(OH)_5_O","Fe^3+^Sn^4+^(OH)_5_O","Fe Sn O H","IMA1980-043"," ",2522,"Perovskite","tetragonal, cubic","P42/n, Pn3","Fe^3+ Sn^4+ O H","Jbd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown orange, Red brown, Pale yellow.","#b96902,#a52a2f,#eecf9e"
"Jeankempite","Jeankempite","Ca5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2(H2O)7","Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2(H2O)7","Ca_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_","Ca As O H","IMA2018-090"," ",6819," ","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Jkp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Jedwabite","Jedwabite","Fe7Ta3","Fe7Ta3","Fe_7_Ta_3_","Fe_7_Ta_3_","Fe Ta","IMA1995-043"," ",2523," ","hexagonal",,"Fe Ta","Jed","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Grayish yellow.","#877254"
"Jeffbenite","Jeffbenite","Mg3Al2Si3O12","Mg3Al2Si3O12","Mg_3_Al_2_Si_3_O_12_","Mg_3_Al_2_Si_3_O_12_","Mg Al Si O","IMA2014-097"," ",6395,"Jeffbenite","tetragonal","I42d","Mg Al Si O","Jef","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Deep emerald green","#556551"
"Jeffreyite","Jeffreyite","(Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)Si2(O,OH)7","(Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)Si2(O,OH)7","(Ca,Na)_2_(Be,Al)Si_2_(O,OH)_7_","(Ca,Na)_2_(Be,Al)Si_2_(O,OH)_7_","Ca Na Be Al Si O H","IMA1982-095"," ",2524,"Melilite","orthorhombic","C2221","Ca Na Be Al Si O H","Jfy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Jennite","Jennite","Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)6·8H2O","Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)6·8H2O","Ca_9_(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ca_9_(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA1965-021"," ",2525," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Jnn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Jensenite","Jensenite","Cu2+3Te6+O6·2H2O","Cu2+3Te6+O6·2H2O","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_·2H_2_O","Cu Te O H","IMA1994-043"," ",2526," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Jen","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Jentschite","Jentschite","Pb2+Tl1+As3+2Sb3+S2-6","TlPbAs2SbS6","TlPbAs_2_SbS_6_","Pb^2+^Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_Sb^3+^S^2-^_6_","Tl Pb As Sb S","IMA1993-025"," ",2527," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Jts","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Dark red.","#000000,#840000"
"Jeppeite","Jeppeite","(K,Ba)2(Ti4+,Fe3+)6O13","(K,Ba)2(Ti,Fe3+)6O13","(K,Ba)_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^)_6_O_13_","(K,Ba)_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_6_O_13_","K Ba Ti Fe O","IMA1980-080"," ",2528,"Jeppeite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ba Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O","Jep","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Jeremejevite","Jeremejevite","Al6(BO3)5F3","Al6(BO3)5F3","Al_6_(BO_3_)_5_F_3_","Al_6_(BO_3_)_5_F_3_","Al B O F"," "," ",2529," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Al B O F","Jer","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish white, Bluish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#e5dad4"
"Jerrygibbsite","Jerrygibbsite","Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mn^2+^_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H","IMA1981-059"," ",2531,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pbn21","Mn^2+ Si O H","Jgb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Violet pink.","#fb5ffc"
"Jervisite","Jervisite","NaScSi2O6","NaSc3+Si2O6","NaSc^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaScSi_2_O_6_","Na Sc Si O","IMA1980-012"," ",2532,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Sc Si O","Je","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Ježekite","Jezekite","Na8(U6+O2)(CO3)3(S6+O4)2·3H2O","Na8[(UO2)(CO3)3](SO4)2·3H2O","Na_8_[(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_](SO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na_8_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na U O C S H","IMA2014-079"," ",6377,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P62m","Na U^6+ O C S^6+ H","Jež","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow to sulfuric yellow","#fffe7a,#ccc050"
"Jianmuite","Jianmuite","ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16","ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16","ZrTi^4+^Ti^3+^_5_Al_3_O_16_","ZrTi^4+^Ti^3+^_5_Al_3_O_16_","Zr Ti Al O","IMA2023-057"," ",7401,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4","Zr Ti^4+ Ti^3+ Al O","Jmu",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Jianshuiite","Jianshuiite","MgMn4+3O7·3H2O","MgMn4+3O7·3H2O","MgMn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","MgMn^4+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Mg Mn O H","IMA1990-019"," ",2533," ","triclinic","P1","Mg Mn^4+ O H","Jia","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish black.","#653700,#413936"
"Jimboite","Jimboite","Mn2+3(BO3)2","Mn2+3(BO3)2","Mn^2+^_3_(BO_3_)_2_","Mn^2+^_3_(BO_3_)_2_","Mn B O","IMA1963-002"," ",2534," ","orthorhombic","Pnmn","Mn^2+ B O","Jbo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Light purple brown, Reddish brown.","#65648b,#7f2b0a"
"Jimkrieghite","Jimkrieghite","Ca(C2H3O3)1-2","Ca(C2H3O3)2","Ca(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_","Ca(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_","Ca C H O","IMA2022-138"," ",7312,"Glycolate","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca C H O","Jkg","Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Jimthompsonite","Jimthompsonite","Mg5Si6O16(OH)2","Mg5Si6O16(OH)2","Mg_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Mg_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA1977-011"," ",2535," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg Si O H","Jim","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Pink brown.","#afafaf,#67594c"
"Jingsuiite","Jingsuiite","TiB2","TiB2","TiB_2_","TiB_2_","Ti B","IMA2018-117b"," ",6955," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm","Ti B","Ji","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","black?","#000000"
"Jingwenite-(Y)","Jingwenite-(Y)","YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2","YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2","YAlV^4+^(SiO_4_)O_2_(OH)_2_","YAlV^4+^(SiO_4_)O_2_(OH)_2_","Y Al V Si O H","IMA2021-070"," ",7177,"Jingwenite","monoclinic","I2/a","Y Al V^4+ Si O H","Jw-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Light brown","#b5651d"
"Jinshajiangite","Jinshajiangite","BaNaFe2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F","BaNaFe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F","BaNaFe^2+^_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F","BaNaFe^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F","Ba Na Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA1981-061"," ",2536,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","monoclinic","C2, C2/m, P2/m","Ba Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Jsh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown red, Yellow red, Black, Black red.","#922b05,#f49f35,#000000,#584043"
"Joanneumite","Joanneumite","Cu(C3N3O3H2)2(N3-H3)2","Cu(C3N3O3H2)2(NH3)2","Cu(C_3_N_3_O_3_H_2_)_2_(NH_3_)_2_","Cu(C_3_N_3_O_3_H_2_)_2_(N^3-^H_3_)_2_","Cu C N O H","IMA2012-001"," ",6067,"Not in a structural group",,,"Cu C N O H N^3-","Joa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Violet","#9a0eea"
"Joaquinite-(Ce)","Joaquinite-(Ce)","NaBa2Fe2+Ti4+2Ce3+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)·H2O","NaBa2Fe2+Ti2Ce2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)·H2O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^Ti_2_Ce_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)·H_2_O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^Ti^4+^_2_Ce^3+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Na Ba Fe Ti Ce Si O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2538,"Joaquinite","monoclinic","C2","Na Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Ce^3+ Si O H","Jq-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Honey yellow, Orange.","#653700,#ca9456,#ffa500"
"Joegoldsteinite","Joegoldsteinite","Mn2+Cr3+2S2-4","MnCr2S4","MnCr_2_S_4_","Mn^2+^Cr^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Mn Cr S","IMA2015-049"," ",6449,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mn^2+ Cr^3+ S^2-","Jgs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Joëlbruggerite","Joelbruggerite","Pb2+3Zn2+3Sb5+As5+2O13(OH)","Pb3Zn3Sb5+As2O13(OH)","Pb_3_Zn_3_Sb^5+^As_2_O_13_(OH)","Pb^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_3_Sb^5+^As^5+^_2_O_13_(OH)","Pb Zn Sb As O H","IMA2008-034"," ",5694,"Dugganite","hexagonal","P321","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Sb^5+ As^5+ O H","Jbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Joesmithite","Joesmithite","Pb2+Ca2Mg3Fe3+2(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2","Pb2+Ca2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2","Pb^2+^Ca_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_6_Be_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Ca_2_Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_6_Be_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Pb Ca Mg Fe Si Be O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2539,"Amphibole","monoclinic","P2/a","Pb^2+ Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Be O H","Joe","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Johachidolite","Johachidolite","CaAlB3O7","CaAlB3O7","CaAlB_3_O_7_","CaAlB_3_O_7_","Ca Al B O","IMA1977 s.p."," ",2540," ","orthorhombic","Cmma","Ca Al B O","Jhd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Johanngeorgenstadtite","Johanngeorgenstadtite","Ni2+4.5(As5+O4)3","Ni2+4.5(AsO4)3","Ni^2+^_4.5_(AsO_4_)_3_","Ni^2+^_4.5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Ni As O","IMA2019-122"," ",7005,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ni^2+ As^5+ O","Jgg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink-orange","#ff9066"
"Johannite","Johannite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Cu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu U O S H"," "," ",2541,"Johannite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Jh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Johannsenite","Johannsenite","CaMn2+Si2O6","CaMnSi2O6","CaMnSi_2_O_6_","CaMn^2+^Si_2_O_6_","Ca Mn Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",2542,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ Si O","Jhn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Brownish black, Greenish, Gray, Gray green.","#653700,#413936,#40a368,#808080,#86a17d"
"Johillerite","Johillerite","NaCu2+MgMg2(As5+O4)3","NaCuMgMg2(AsO4)3","NaCuMgMg_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCu^2+^MgMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Cu Mg As O","IMA1980-014"," ",2543,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","I2/a, C2/c","Na Cu^2+ Mg As^5+ O","Jhl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Violet.","#9a0eea"
"Johnbaumite","Johnbaumite","Ca5(As5+O4)3OH","Ca5(AsO4)3(OH)","Ca_5_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_OH","Ca As O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2544,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63/m, P21/m","Ca As^5+ O H","Jbm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Johninnesite","Johninnesite","Na2Mn2+9Mg7(As5+O4)2(Si6O17)2(OH)8","Na2Mn2+9Mg7(AsO4)2(Si6O17)2(OH)8","Na_2_Mn^2+^_9_Mg_7_(AsO_4_)_2_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(OH)_8_","Na_2_Mn^2+^_9_Mg_7_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(OH)_8_","Na Mn Mg As O Si H","IMA1985-046"," ",2545," ","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Mg As^5+ O Si H","Jin","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Johnjamborite","Johnjamborite","Pb2+14Sb3+8.5As3+7.5S2-38","Pb14Sb8.5As7.5S38","Pb_14_Sb_8.5_As_7.5_S_38_","Pb^2+^_14_Sb^3+^_8.5_As^3+^_7.5_S^2-^_38_","Pb Sb As S","IMA2024-077"," ",7526,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Jjb",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Johnkoivulaite","Johnkoivulaite","Cs[Be2B]Mg2Si6O18","Cs[Be2B]Mg2Si6O18","Cs[Be_2_B]Mg_2_Si_6_O_18_","Cs[Be_2_B]Mg_2_Si_6_O_18_","Cs Be B Mg Si O","IMA2019-046"," ",6934,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Cs Be B Mg Si O","Joh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish violet","#9b8e8e"
"Johnsenite-(Ce)","Johnsenite-(Ce)","Na12Ce3+3Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3W6+Si25O73(CO3)(OH)2","Na12Ce3Ca6Mn3Zr3WSi25O73(CO3)(OH)2","Na_12_Ce_3_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_WSi_25_O_73_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Na_12_Ce^3+^_3_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_W^6+^Si_25_O_73_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Na Ce Ca Mn Zr W Si O C H","IMA2004-026"," ",5283,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ce^3+ Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ W^6+ Si O C H","Jsn-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale yellow, Bright orange.","#eecf9e,#ff7034"
"Johnsomervilleite","Johnsomervilleite","Na3CaFe2+11(PO4)9","Na3CaFe2+11(PO4)9","Na_3_CaFe^2+^_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na_3_CaFe^2+^_11_(PO_4_)_9_","Na Ca Fe P O","IMA1979-032"," ",2546,"Fillowite","hexagonal",,"Na Ca Fe^2+ P O","Jsv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark brown, Blackish gray.","#73532a,#5b5c61"
"Johntomaite","Johntomaite","BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","BaFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ba Fe P O H","IMA1999-009"," ",2547,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Jtm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Johnwalkite","Johnwalkite","K(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(Nb5+,Ta5+)O2(PO4)2·2(H2O,OH)","K(Mn2+,Fe3+)2(Nb,Ta)O2(PO4)2·2(H2O,OH)","K(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2_(Nb,Ta)O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2(H_2_O,OH)","K(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2_(Nb^5+^,Ta^5+^)O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2(H_2_O,OH)","K Mn Fe Nb Ta O P H","IMA1985-008"," ",2548," ","orthorhombic","Pb21m","K Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Nb^5+ Ta^5+ O P H","Jwk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Jôkokuite","Jokokuite","Mn2+S6+O4·5H2O","Mn2+(SO4)·5H2O","Mn^2+^(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","Mn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·5H_2_O","Mn S O H","IMA1976-045"," ",2549,"Chalcanthite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Jôk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Joliotite","Joliotite","(U6+O2)(CO3)·2H2O","(UO2)(CO3)·2H2O","(UO_2_)(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","U O C H","IMA1974-014"," ",5119,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic",,"U^6+ O C H","Jol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon yellow.","#cfff04"
"Jolliffeite","Jolliffeite","Ni3+(AsSe)3-","NiAsSe","NiAsSe","Ni^3+^(AsSe)^3-^","Ni As Se","IMA1989-011"," ",2550,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Ni^3+ As Se","Jlf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Jonassonite","Jonassonite","Au(Bi,Pb)5S4","Au(Bi,Pb)5S4","Au(Bi,Pb)_5_S_4_","Au(Bi,Pb)_5_S_4_","Au Bi Pb S","IMA2004-031"," ",5399,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic",,"Au Bi Pb S","Jo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Jonesite","Jonesite","KBa2Ti4+2(Si5Al)O18·nH2O","KBa2Ti2(Si5Al)O18·nH2O","KBa_2_Ti_2_(Si_5_Al)O_18_·nH_2_O","KBa_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_5_Al)O_18_·nH_2_O","K Ba Ti Si Al O H","IMA1976-040"," ",2551,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","K Ba Ti^4+ Si Al O H","Jon","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Jonlarsenite","Jonlarsenite","Al4Cu9","Al4Cu9","Al_4_Cu_9_","Al_4_Cu_9_","Al Cu","IMA2024-078a"," ",7585," ","cubic","P43m","Al Cu","Jlr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Joosteite","Joosteite","Mn2+Mn3+O(PO4)","Mn2+Mn3+O(PO4)","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^O(PO_4_)","Mn^2+^Mn^3+^O(PO_4_)","Mn O P","IMA2005-013"," ",5400,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","I2/a","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ O P","Joo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","grey with a brownish tinge, dark brown in thin section","#d7d5cb,#73532a"
"Jordanite","Jordanite","Pb2+14As3+6S2-23","Pb14As6S23","Pb_14_As_6_S_23_","Pb^2+^_14_As^3+^_6_S^2-^_23_","Pb As S"," "," ",2552,"Geocronite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Jrd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Jordisite","Jordisite","Mo4+S2-2","MoS2","MoS_2_","Mo^4+^S^2-^_2_","Mo S"," "," ",2553,"Amorphous",,,"Mo^4+ S^2-","Jds","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Blue gray, Black.","#758da3,#000000"
"Jørgensenite","Jorgensenite","Na2Sr14Na2Al12F64(OH)4","Na2Sr14Na2Al12F64(OH)4","Na_2_Sr_14_Na_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4_","Na_2_Sr_14_Na_2_Al_12_F_64_(OH)_4_","Na Sr Al F O H","IMA1995-046"," ",2554,"Jarlite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Sr Al F O H","Jør","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Jörgkellerite","Jorgkellerite","(Na,☐)3Mn3+3(PO4)2(CO3)(O,OH)2·5H2O","Na3Mn3+3(PO4)2(CO3)O2·5H2O","Na_3_Mn^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)O_2_·5H_2_O","(Na,[box])_3_Mn^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)(O,OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Na Mn P O C H","IMA2015-020"," ",6424,"Jorgkellerite","hexagonal","P3","Na Mn^3+ P O C H","Jgk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown","#653700"
"Joséite-A","Joseite-A","Bi4TeS2","Bi4TeS2","Bi_4_TeS_2_","Bi_4_TeS_2_","Bi Te S"," "," ",2555,"Tetradymite",,,"Bi Te S","Js-A","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver-white","#e7e8e3"
"Joséite-B","Joseite-B","Bi4Te2S","Bi4Te2S","Bi_4_Te_2_S","Bi_4_Te_2_S","Bi Te S"," "," ",2556,"Tetradymite",,,"Bi Te S","Js-B","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver-white, tarnishing to lead-grey","#e7e8e3,#331155,#8a7963"
"Joteite","Joteite","Ca2Cu2+Al(As5+O4)[As5+O3(OH)]2(OH)2·5H2O","Ca2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2·5H2O","Ca_2_CuAl(AsO_4_)[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^Al(As^5+^O_4_)[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca Cu Al As O H","IMA2012-091"," ",6154,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Jot","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue to greenish blue","#9fb9e2,#0b8b87"
"Jouravskite","Jouravskite","Ca3Mn4+(S6+O4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O","Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O","Ca_3_Mn^4+^(SO_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Mn^4+^(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Mn S O C H","IMA1965-009"," ",2557,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Mn^4+ S^6+ O C H","Jou","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green orange, Greenish yellow.","#a0d9a3,#cdfd02"
"Juabite","Juabite","CaCu2+10(Te4+O3)4(As5+O4)4(OH)2·4H2O","CaCu10(Te4+O3)4(AsO4)4(OH)2·4H2O","CaCu_10_(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_10_(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Cu Te O As H","IMA1996-001"," ",2558,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ Te^4+ O As^5+ H","Jua","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green, Light green.","#046307,#76ff7b"
"Juangodoyite","Juangodoyite","Na2Cu2+(CO3)2","Na2Cu(CO3)2","Na_2_Cu(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Cu^2+^(CO_3_)_2_","Na Cu C O","IMA2004-036"," ",5288,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Cu^2+ C O","Jgd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright blue.","#0165fc"
"Juanitaite","Juanitaite","(Cu2+,Ca,Fe2+)10Bi3+(As5+O4)4(OH)11·2H2O","(Cu,Ca,Fe)10Bi(AsO4)4(OH)11·2H2O","(Cu,Ca,Fe)_10_Bi(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_11_·2H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Ca,Fe^2+^)_10_Bi^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_11_·2H_2_O","Cu Ca Fe Bi As O H","IMA1999-022"," ",2559,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P42/nnm","Cu^2+ Ca Fe^2+ Bi^3+ As^5+ O H","Jni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green, Grass green.","#8ead2c,#419c03"
"Juanite","Juanite","Ca10(Mg,Fe2+)4(Si,Al)13(O,OH)39·4H2O","Ca10(Mg,Fe2+)4(Si,Al)13(O,OH)39·4H2O (?)","Ca_10_(Mg,Fe^2+^)_4_(Si,Al)_13_(O,OH)_39_·4H_2_O (?)","Ca_10_(Mg,Fe^2+^)_4_(Si,Al)_13_(O,OH)_39_·4H_2_O","Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H"," "," ",5039," ",,,"Ca Mg Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Jn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White, Pistachio green, Brown.","#ffffff,#a9d39e,#653700"
"Juansilvaite","Juansilvaite","Na5Al3[As5+O3(OH)]4[As5+O2(OH)2]2(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na5Al3[AsO3(OH)]4[AsO2(OH)2]2(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_5_Al_3_[AsO_3_(OH)]_4_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_2_(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_5_Al_3_[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_4_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Al As O H S","IMA2015-080"," ",6479,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al As^5+ O H S^6+","Jsl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright pink (crystals), dull pale pink (opaque aggregates)","#ffd1df,#dbd4ab"
"Julgoldite-(Fe2+)","Julgoldite-(Fe2+)","Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Fe Si O H","IMA1966-033"," ",2560,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Jul-Fe2+","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Julgoldite-(Fe3+)","Julgoldite-(Fe3+)","Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)·H2O","Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)·H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)·H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)·H_2_O","Ca Fe Si O H","IMA1972-003a, IMA1973 s.p."," ",5018,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m","Ca Fe^3+ Si O H","Jul-Fe3+","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Julgoldite-(Mg)","Julgoldite-(Mg)","Ca2MgFe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)·H2O","Ca2MgFe3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_MgFe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_MgFe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)·H_2_O","Ca Mg Fe Si O H","IMA1972-003a, IMA1973 s.p."," ",5021,"Pumpellyite",,,"Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Jul-Mg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Julienite","Julienite","Na2Co2+(S2-CN3-)4·8H2O","Na2Co(SCN)4·8H2O","Na_2_Co(SCN)_4_·8H_2_O","Na_2_Co^2+^(S^2-^CN^3-^)_4_·8H_2_O","Na Co S C N H O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",5309,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Co^2+ S^2- C N^3- H O","Jln","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Jungite","Jungite","Ca2Zn24Fe3+8(PO4)9(OH)9·16H2O","Ca2Zn4Fe3+8(PO4)9(OH)9·16H2O","Ca_2_Zn_4_Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_9_(OH)_9_·16H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2^_4_Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_9_(OH)_9_·16H_2_O","Ca Zn Fe P O H","IMA1977-034"," ",2561,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic",,"Ca Zn Fe^3+ P O H","Jun","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark green, Yellow, Green yellow.","#033500,#ffff00,#c6f808"
"Junitoite","Junitoite","CaZn2+2Si2O7·H2O","CaZn2Si2O7·H2O","CaZn_2_Si_2_O_7_·H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_Si_2_O_7_·H_2_O","Ca Zn Si O H","IMA1975-042"," ",2562,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Aba2, Ama2","Ca Zn^2+ Si O H","Jit","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Junoite","Junoite","Cu1+2Pb2+3Bi3+8(S2-,Se2-)16","Cu2Pb3Bi8(S,Se)16","Cu_2_Pb_3_Bi_8_(S,Se)_16_","Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^_8_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_16_","Cu Pb Bi S Se","IMA1974-011"," ",2563,"Junoite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Jnt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Juonniite","Juonniite","CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgSc(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","CaMgSc(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Ca Mg Sc P O H","IMA1996-060"," ",2564,"Overite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mg Sc P O H","Juo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Light yellow, Yellowish brown, Gray, Bright orange.","#afafaf,#fffe7a,#9b7a01,#808080,#ff7034"
"Jurbanite","Jurbanite","Al(S6+O4)(OH)·5H2O","Al(SO4)(OH)·5H2O","Al(SO_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","Al(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA1974-023"," ",2565,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Al S^6+ O H","Jur","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Jusite","Jusite","Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54·17H2O","Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54·17H2O","Na_2_Ca_15_Al_4_Si_16_O_54_·17H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_15_Al_4_Si_16_O_54_·17H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",5505," ",,,"Na Ca Al Si O H","Ju","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Juxingite","Juxingite","Bi6Cu140Fe30S125","Bi6Cu140Fe30S125","Bi_6_Cu_140_Fe_30_S_125_","Bi_6_Cu_140_Fe_30_S_125_","Bi Cu Fe S","IMA2024-011"," ",7491," ","cubic","F43m","Bi Cu Fe S","Jux",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kaatialaite","Kaatialaite","Fe3+[As5+O2(OH)2]3·5H2O","Fe3+[AsO2(OH)2]3·5H2O","Fe^3+^[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]_3_·5H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA1982-021"," ",2566," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Kaa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue, Gray, Yellow, White.","#0b8b87,#808080,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Kabalovite","Kabalovite","Fe2+3Fe3+4(PO4)6","Fe2+3Fe3+4(PO4)6","Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_","Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_","Fe P O","IMA2021-117"," ",7221,"Howardevansite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Kbv","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kadyrelite","Kadyrelite","([Hg1+]2)3OBr3(OH)","([Hg1+]2)3OBr3(OH)","([Hg^1+^]_2_)_3_OBr_3_(OH)","([Hg^1+^]_2_)_3_OBr_3_(OH)","Hg O Br H","IMA1986-042"," ",2567," ","cubic","Ia3d","Hg^1+ O Br H","Kad","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange, Dull orange.","#ffa500,#d8863b"
"Kaersutite","Kaersutite","NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_AlTi^4+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_AlTi^4+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Ti Si O","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2568,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Ti^4+ Si O","Krs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Kahlenbergite","Kahlenbergite","KAl11O17","KAl11O17","KAl_11_O_17_","KAl_11_O_17_","K Al O","IMA2018-158"," ",6883,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Al O","Klb","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","light brown, yellow-brown, or light orange","#b5651d,#ae8b0c,#ccddff"
"Kahlerite","Kahlerite","Fe2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·12H2O","Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2·12H2O","Fe^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Fe U O As H"," "," ",2569," ",,,"Fe^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Kah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green, Lemon.","#c8fd3d,#fff700"
"Kainite","Kainite","KMg(S6+O4)Cl·2.75H2O","KMg(SO4)Cl·2.75H2O","KMg(SO_4_)Cl·2.75H_2_O","KMg(S^6+^O_4_)Cl·2.75H_2_O","K Mg S O Cl H"," "," ",2570," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg S^6+ O Cl H","Kai","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Colorless, Violet, Gray, Gray blue.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#808080,#77a1b5"
"Kainosite-(Y)","Kainosite-(Y)","Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3)·H2O","Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3)·H2O","Ca_2_Y_2_(SiO_3_)_4_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Ca_2_Y_2_(SiO_3_)_4_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Ca Y Si O C H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2571," ","orthorhombic","Pmnb","Ca Y Si O C H","Kno-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Green yellow, Yellow, Light yellow brown.","#653700,#afafaf,#c6f808,#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Kainotropite","Kainotropite","Cu2+4Fe3+O2(V5+2O7)(V5+O4)","Cu4Fe3+O2(V2O7)(VO4)","Cu_4_Fe^3+^O_2_(V_2_O_7_)(VO_4_)","Cu^2+^_4_Fe^3+^O_2_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)(V^5+^O_4_)","Cu Fe O V","IMA2015-053"," ",6453,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O V^5+","Ktr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Iron-black to reddish-black","#263145,#433635"
"Kaitianite","Kaitianite","Ti3+2Ti4+O5","Ti3+2Ti4+O5","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","Ti O","IMA2017-078a"," ",6740,"Berdesinskiite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ti^3+ Ti^4+ O","Ktn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kalborsite","Kalborsite","K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl","K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl","K_6_Al_4_BSi_6_O_20_(OH)_4_Cl","K_6_Al_4_BSi_6_O_20_(OH)_4_Cl","K Al B Si O H Cl","IMA1979-033"," ",2572,"Edingtonite","tetragonal","P421c","K Al B Si O H Cl","Kbs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish pink, Colorless.","#c27e79,#afafaf"
"Kalgoorlieite","Kalgoorlieite","As2Te3","As2Te3","As_2_Te_3_","As_2_Te_3_","As Te","IMA2015-119"," ",6518," ","monoclinic","C2/m","As Te","Kgl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kaliborite","Kaliborite","KHMg2B12O16(OH)10·4H2O","KHMg2B12O16(OH)10·4H2O","KHMg_2_B_12_O_16_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","KHMg_2_B_12_O_16_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","K H Mg B O"," "," ",2573," ","monoclinic","C2/c","K H Mg B O","Kbo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Gray white, White, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#7f2b0a"
"Kalicinite","Kalicinite","KH(CO3)","KH(CO3)","KH(CO_3_)","KH(CO_3_)","K H C O"," "," ",2574," ","monoclinic","P21/a","K H C O","Kcn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Yellowish, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#faee66,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Kalifersite","Kalifersite","K5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6·12H2O","K5Fe3+7Si20O50(OH)6·12H2O","K_5_Fe^3+^_7_Si_20_O_50_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","K_5_Fe^3+^_7_Si_20_O_50_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","K Fe Si O H","IMA1996-007"," ",2575," ","triclinic","P1","K Fe^3+ Si O H","Klf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish pink.","#c27e79"
"Kalininite","Kalininite","Zn2+Cr3+2S2-4","ZnCr2S4","ZnCr_2_S_4_","Zn^2+^Cr^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Zn Cr S","IMA1984-028"," ",2576,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Zn^2+ Cr^3+ S^2-","Kal","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Kalinite","Kalinite","KAl(S6+O4)2·11H2O","KAl(SO4)2·11H2O","KAl(SO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","KAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","K Al S O H"," "," ",2577," ",,,"K Al S^6+ O H","Kli","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kaliochalcite","Kaliochalcite","KCu2+2(S6+O4)2[(OH)(H2O)]","KCu2(SO4)2[(OH)(H2O)]","KCu_2_(SO_4_)_2_[(OH)(H_2_O)]","KCu^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_[(OH)(H_2_O)]","K Cu S O H","IMA2013-037"," ",6202,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Kch","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Light green, bright grass-green or almost colourless","#76ff7b,#70aa7c,#afafaf"
"Kaliophilite","Kaliophilite","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO_4_","KAlSiO_4_","K Al Si O"," "," ",2578,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal",,"K Al Si O","Klp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kalistrontite","Kalistrontite","K2Sr(S6+O4)2","K2Sr(SO4)2","K_2_Sr(SO_4_)_2_","K_2_Sr(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Sr S O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2580,"Palmierite","hexagonal",,"K Sr S^6+ O","Kst","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kalithallite","Kalithallite","K3Tl3+Cl6·2H2O","K3Tl3+Cl6·2H2O","K_3_Tl^3+^Cl_6_·2H_2_O","K_3_Tl^3+^Cl_6_·2H_2_O","K Tl Cl H O","IMA2017-044"," ",6688," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Tl^3+ Cl H O","Kth","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, white, pale cream, pale beige","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b8d7a6,#ccc7b1"
"Kalsilite","Kalsilite","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO_4_","KAlSiO_4_","K Al Si O"," "," ",2581,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P31c, P63, P63mc","K Al Si O","Kls","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Kalungaite","Kalungaite","Pd3+(AsSe)3-","PdAsSe","PdAsSe","Pd^3+^(AsSe)^3-^","Pd As Se","IMA2004-047"," ",5294,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Pd^3+ As Se","Klu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Kalyuzhnyite-(Ce)","Kalyuzhnyite-(Ce)","NaKCaSrCe3+Ti4+(Si8O21)OF(H2O)3","NaKCaSrCeTi(Si8O21)OF(H2O)3","NaKCaSrCeTi(Si_8_O_21_)OF(H_2_O)_3_","NaKCaSrCe^3+^Ti^4+^(Si_8_O_21_)OF(H_2_O)_3_","Na K Ca Sr Ce Ti Si O F H","IMA2022-133"," ",7346,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/c","Na K Ca Sr Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Si O F H","Kalu-Ce",,"No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Kamaishilite","Kamaishilite","Ca2(SiAl2)O6(OH)2","Ca2(SiAl2)O6(OH)2","Ca_2_(SiAl_2_)O_6_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_(SiAl_2_)O_6_(OH)_2_","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1980-052"," ",2583," ","tetragonal",,"Ca Si Al O H","Kam","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kamarizaite","Kamarizaite","Fe3+3(As5+O4)2(OH)3·3H2O","Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3·3H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA2008-017"," ",5676," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Kmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown, Biege.","#653700,#f1ba55"
"Kambaldaite","Kambaldaite","NaNi2+4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O","NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O","NaNi_4_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","NaNi^2+^_4_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Na Ni C O H","IMA1982-098"," ",2584," ","hexagonal","P63","Na Ni^2+ C O H","Kbd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green, Emerald green.","#76ff7b,#046307"
"Kamchatkite","Kamchatkite","KCu2+3O(S6+O4)2Cl","KCu3O(SO4)2Cl","KCu_3_O(SO_4_)_2_Cl","KCu^2+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl","K Cu O S Cl","IMA1987-018"," ",2585," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","K Cu^2+ O S^6+ Cl","Kmc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown.","#696112"
"Kamenevite","Kamenevite","K2Ti4+Si3O9·H2O","K2TiSi3O9·H2O","K_2_TiSi_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K_2_Ti^4+^Si_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K Ti Si O H","IMA2017-021"," ",6662,"Umbite","orthorhombic","P212121","K Ti^4+ Si O H","Kne","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to white in aggregates","#afafaf,#f8eee3"
"Kamiokite","Kamiokite","Fe2+2Mo4+3O8","Fe2+2Mo4+3O8","Fe^2+^_2_Mo^4+^_3_O_8_","Fe^2+^_2_Mo^4+^_3_O_8_","Fe Mo O","IMA1975-003"," ",2586,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","Fe^2+ Mo^4+ O","Kmk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Iron black.","#263145"
"Kamitugaite","Kamitugaite","Pb2+Al(U6+O2)5(PO4)3O2(OH)2(H2O)11.5","PbAl(UO2)5(PO4)3O2(OH)2(H2O)11.5","PbAl(UO_2_)_5_(PO_4_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_11.5_","Pb^2+^Al(U^6+^O_2_)_5_(PO_4_)_3_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_11.5_","Pb Al U O P H","IMA1983-030"," ",2587," ","triclinic",,"Pb^2+ Al U^6+ O P H","Ktg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Kamotoite-(Y)","Kamotoite-(Y)","Y2O4(U6+O2)4(CO3)3·14H2O","Y2O4(UO2)4(CO3)3·14H2O","Y_2_O_4_(UO_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_3_·14H_2_O","Y_2_O_4_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_3_·14H_2_O","Y O U C H","IMA1985-051"," ",2588," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Y O U^6+ C H","Kmt-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Bright yellow.","#ffff00,#fffd01"
"Kampelite","Kampelite","Ba3Mg1.5Sc4(PO4)6(OH)3·4H2O","Ba3Mg1.5Sc4(PO4)6(OH)3·4H2O","Ba_3_Mg_1.5_Sc_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Ba_3_Mg_1.5_Sc_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Ba Mg Sc P O H","IMA2016-084"," ",6610,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba Mg Sc P O H","Kpl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Kampfite","Kampfite","Ba12(Si11Al5)O31(CO3)8Cl5","Ba12(Si11Al5)O31(CO3)8Cl5","Ba_12_(Si_11_Al_5_)O_31_(CO_3_)_8_Cl_5_","Ba_12_(Si_11_Al_5_)O_31_(CO_3_)_8_Cl_5_","Ba Si Al O C Cl","IMA2000-003"," ",2589," ","monoclinic","Cc","Ba Si Al O C Cl","Kpf","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light blue gray.","#add8e6"
"Kamphaugite-(Y)","Kamphaugite-(Y)","CaY(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","CaY(CO3)2(OH)·H2O","CaY(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","CaY(CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Ca Y C O H","IMA1987-043"," ",2590," ","tetragonal","P41212","Ca Y C O H","Khg-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Kanatzidisite","Kanatzidisite","(Sb3+Bi3+S2-3)2Te2","(SbBiS3)2Te2","(SbBiS_3_)_2_Te_2_","(Sb^3+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_)_2_Te_2_","Sb Bi S Te","IMA2023-014"," ",7368,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2- Te","Ktz",,"No","black","#000000"
"Kanemite","Kanemite","NaSi2O4(OH)·3H2O","NaSi2O4(OH)·3H2O","NaSi_2_O_4_(OH)·3H_2_O","NaSi_2_O_4_(OH)·3H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1971-050"," ",2591," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na Si O H","Knm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kangite","Kangite","(Sc,Ti4+,Al,Zr4+,Mg,Ca,☐)2O3","(Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,☐)2O3","(Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca,[box])_2_O_3_","(Sc,Ti^4+^,Al,Zr^4+^,Mg,Ca,[box])_2_O_3_","Sc Ti Al Zr Mg Ca O","IMA2011-092"," ",6033,"Bixbyite","cubic","Ia3","Sc Ti^4+ Al Zr^4+ Mg Ca O","Kg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kangjinlaite","Kangjinlaite","Ti11Si10","Ti11Si10","Ti_11_Si_10_","Ti_11_Si_10_","Ti Si","IMA2019-112b"," ",7119," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ti Si","Kjl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kaňkite","Kankite","Fe3+As5+O4·3.5H2O","Fe3+(AsO4)·3.5H2O","Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)·3.5H_2_O","Fe^3+^As^5+^O_4_·3.5H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA1975-005"," ",2592,"Kaňkite","monoclinic",,"Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Kňk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish green, paler greenish yellow on exposure to air; very pale grayish yellow to pale yellow in transmitted light","#b0dd16,#69b076,#dae6e9,#927288,#eecf9e"
"Kannanite","Kannanite","Ca4Al4(MgAl)(V5+O4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6","Ca4Al4(MgAl)(VO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6","Ca_4_Al_4_(MgAl)(VO_4_)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(OH)_6_","Ca_4_Al_4_(MgAl)(V^5+^O_4_)(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)(OH)_6_","Ca Al Mg V O Si H","IMA2015-100"," ",6501,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Pnmm","Ca Al Mg V^5+ O Si H","Kna","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","yellow, yellow-brown, orange","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffa500"
"Kanoite","Kanoite","Mn2+MgSi2O6","MnMgSi2O6","MnMgSi_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^MgSi_2_O_6_","Mn Mg Si O","IMA1977-020"," ",2593,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Mg Si O","Knt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pink brown, Reddish brown.","#67594c,#7f2b0a"
"Kanonaite","Kanonaite","Mn3+AlOSiO4","Mn3+AlOSiO4","Mn^3+^AlOSiO_4_","Mn^3+^AlOSiO_4_","Mn Al O Si","IMA1976-047"," ",2594,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Mn^3+ Al O Si","Kan","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Kanonerovite","Kanonerovite","Na3Mn2+P3O10·12H2O","Na3MnP3O10·12H2O","Na_3_MnP_3_O_10_·12H_2_O","Na_3_Mn^2+^P_3_O_10_·12H_2_O","Na Mn P O H","IMA1997-016"," ",2595,"Kanonerovite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ P O H","Knr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kantorite","Kantorite","K2NaMg(S6+O4)2F","K2NaMg(SO4)2F","K_2_NaMg(SO_4_)_2_F","K_2_NaMg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F","K Na Mg S O F","IMA2024-042"," ",7556,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pna21","K Na Mg S^6+ O F","Kao",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Kaolinite","Kaolinite","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al Si O H","IMA1980 s.p, IMA2024-D"," ",2596,"Clay, Kaolinite","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, Cc","Al Si O H","Kln","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, Brownish white, Grayish white, Yellowish white, Grayish green.","#ffffff,#d1f1de,#d6dee9,#e9f1d0,#82a67d"
"Kapellasite","Kapellasite","Cu2+3Zn2+(OH)6Cl2","Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2","Cu_3_Zn(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu Zn O H Cl","IMA2005-009"," ",5217,"Atacamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ O H Cl","Kap","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Kapitsaite-(Y)","Kapitsaite-(Y)","Ba4Y2Si8B4O28F","Ba4Y2Si8B4O28F","Ba_4_Y_2_Si_8_B_4_O_28_F","Ba_4_Y_2_Si_8_B_4_O_28_F","Ba Y Si B O F","IMA1998-057"," ",2597,"Hyalotekite","triclinic","I1","Ba Y Si B O F","Ksa-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light pink, White.","#ffd1df,#ffffff"
"Kapundaite","Kapundaite","CaNaFe3+4(PO4)4(OH)3·5H2O","CaNaFe3+4(PO4)4(OH)3·5H2O","CaNaFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","CaNaFe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Ca Na Fe P O H","IMA2009-047"," ",5776," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Na Fe^3+ P O H","Kpd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale to golden yellow","#fff9d0,#ffdf00"
"Kapustinite","Kapustinite","Na6Zr4+Si6O16(OH)2","Na6ZrSi6O16(OH)2","Na_6_ZrSi_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Na_6_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_","Na Zr Si O H","IMA2003-018"," ",5232,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","hexagonal, monoclinic","R3c, C2/m","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Kpu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark cherry red.","#774d41"
"Karasugite","Karasugite","SrCaAlF7","SrCaAlF7","SrCaAlF_7_","SrCaAlF_7_","Sr Ca Al F","IMA1993-013"," ",2598," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Sr Ca Al F","Krg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Karchevskyite","Karchevskyite","Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6(H3O)5","Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6(H3O)5","Mg_18_Al_9_(OH)_54_Sr_2_(CO_3_)_9_(H_2_O)_6_(H_3_O)_5_","Mg_18_Al_9_(OH)_54_Sr_2_(CO_3_)_9_(H_2_O)_6_(H_3_O)_5_","Mg Al O H Sr C","IMA2005-015a"," ",5328,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Mg Al O H Sr C","Kcv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Karelianite","Karelianite","V3+2O3","V2O3","V_2_O_3_","V^3+^_2_O_3_","V O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2599,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3c","V^3+ O","Kar","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Karenwebberite","Karenwebberite","NaFe2+(PO4)","NaFe2+(PO4)","NaFe^2+^(PO_4_)","NaFe^2+^(PO_4_)","Na Fe P O","IMA2011-015"," ",5944,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Na Fe^2+ P O","Kwb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale green","#69b076"
"Karibibite","Karibibite","Fe3+3(As3+O2)4(As3+2O5)(OH)","Fe3+3(As3+O2)4(As3+2O5)(OH)","Fe^3+^_3_(As^3+^O_2_)_4_(As^3+^_2_O_5_)(OH)","Fe^3+^_3_(As^3+^O_2_)_4_(As^3+^_2_O_5_)(OH)","Fe As O H","IMA1973-007"," ",2600," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^3+ As^3+ O H","Kab","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Karlditmarite","Karlditmarite","Cu2+9O4(PO4)2(S6+O4)2","Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2","Cu_9_O_4_(PO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_9_O_4_(PO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O P S","IMA2021-003"," ",7121,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O P S^6+","Kdt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","olive green","#8ead2c"
"Karlite","Karlite","(Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(☐,Cl)0.5","(Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(☐,Cl)0.5","(Mg,Al)_6.5_(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_4_([box],Cl)_0.5_","(Mg,Al)_6.5_(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_4_([box],Cl)_0.5_","Mg Al B O H Cl","IMA1980-030"," ",2601," ","orthorhombic","P21212","Mg Al B O H Cl","Ka","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Light green, Silky white.","#76ff7b,#efebe2"
"Karlleuite","Karlleuite","Ca2Mn4+O4","Ca2MnO4","Ca_2_MnO_4_","Ca_2_Mn^4+^O_4_","Ca Mn O","IMA2023-102"," ",7450,"Rocksalt, Perovskite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ca Mn^4+ O","Kll",,"No","brown","#653700"
"Karlseifertite","Karlseifertite","Pb2+(Ga2Ge)(As5+O4)2(OH)6","Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Ga_2_Ge)(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^(Ga_2_Ge)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Ga Ge As O H","IMA2024-007"," ",7471,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Ga Ge As^5+ O H","Karl",,"No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Karnasurtite-(Ce)","Karnasurtite-(Ce)","Ce3+Ti4+AlSi2O7(OH)4·3H2O","CeTiAlSi2O7(OH)4·3H2O","CeTiAlSi_2_O_7_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ce^3+^Ti^4+^AlSi_2_O_7_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ce Ti Al Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5031," ",,,"Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Al Si O H","Ksu-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Honey, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#ae8934,#fffe7a"
"Karpenkoite","Karpenkoite","Co2+3(V5+2O7)(OH)2·2H2O","Co3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2O","Co_3_(V_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Co^2+^_3_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Co V O H","IMA2014-092"," ",6390,"Volborthite","hexagonal","P3m1","Co^2+ V^5+ O H","Kpk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Karpinskite","Karpinskite","(Mg,Ni2+)2Si2O5(OH)2","(Mg,Ni)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?)","(Mg,Ni)_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_ (?)","(Mg,Ni^2+^)_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_","Mg Ni Si O H"," "," ",5120,"Corrensite",,,"Mg Ni^2+ Si O H","Kpi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Colorless, Greenish blue, Light blue.","#afafaf,#0b8b87,#add8e6"
"Karpovite","Karpovite","Tl1+2V4+O(S6+O4)2·H2O","Tl2VO(SO4)2(H2O)","Tl_2_VO(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)","Tl^1+^_2_V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Tl V O S H","IMA2013-040"," ",6205,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21","Tl^1+ V^4+ O S^6+ H","Kpv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White, light blue","#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Karupmøllerite-Ca","Karupmollerite-Ca","(Na,Ca,K)2Ca(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","(Na,Ca,K)2Ca(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_2_Ca(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_2_Ca(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Na Ca K Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2001-028"," ",2603,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca K Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Kmø-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Grey-white to reddish-white","#d7d5cb,#fff8d5"
"Karwowskiite","Karwowskiite","Ca9Mg(Fe2+0.5☐0.5)(PO4)7","Ca9Mg(Fe2+0.5☐0.5)(PO4)7","Ca_9_Mg(Fe^2+^_0.5_[box]_0.5_)(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_Mg(Fe^2+^_0.5_[box]_0.5_)(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Mg Fe P O","IMA2023-080"," ",7416,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Mg Fe^2+ P O","Krw",,"No","Colorless with a green tint","#afafaf"
"Kasatkinite","Kasatkinite","Ba2Ca8B5Si8O32(OH)3·6H2O","Ba2Ca8B5Si8O32(OH)3·6H2O","Ba_2_Ca_8_B_5_Si_8_O_32_(OH)_3_·6H_2_O","Ba_2_Ca_8_B_5_Si_8_O_32_(OH)_3_·6H_2_O","Ba Ca B Si O H","IMA2011-045"," ",5973,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ba Ca B Si O H","Ksk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kashinite","Kashinite","Ir3+2S2-3","Ir2S3","Ir_2_S_3_","Ir^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","Ir S","IMA1982-036"," ",2604,"Bowieite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ir^3+ S^2-","Ksh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Kaskasite","Kaskasite","(Mo,Nb5+)S2·(Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Mo,Nb)S2·(Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Mo,Nb)S_2_·(Mg_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","(Mo,Nb^5+^)S_2_·(Mg_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","Mo Nb S Mg Al O H","IMA2013-025"," ",6186,"Valleriite","hexagonal",,"Mo Nb^5+ S Mg Al O H","Kks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Iron-black","#263145"
"Kasolite","Kasolite","Pb2+(U6+O2)SiO4·H2O","Pb(UO2)(SiO4)·H2O","Pb(UO_2_)(SiO_4_)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)SiO_4_·H_2_O","Pb U O Si H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2605," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Pb^2+ U^6+ O Si H","Kso","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Gray green, Yellow, Yellow brown, Reddish orange.","#00ff00,#86a17d,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#f8481c"
"Kassite","Kassite","CaTi4+2O4(OH)2","CaTi2O4(OH)2","CaTi_2_O_4_(OH)_2_","CaTi^4+^_2_O_4_(OH)_2_","Ca Ti O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",2606,"Kassite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Ti^4+ O H","Kas","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown red, Colorless, Light yellow.","#922b05,#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Kastningite","Kastningite","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Al P O H","IMA1997-033"," ",2607,"Stewartite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Kng","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Beige, Colorless.","#ffffff,#e6daa6,#afafaf"
"Katanite","Katanite","Ba2+3Nb5+Fe3+3Si2O14","Ba3NbFe3Si2O14","Ba_3_NbFe_3_Si_2_O_14_","Ba^2+^_3_Nb^5+^Fe^3+^_3_Si_2_O_14_","Ba Nb Fe Si O","IMA2025-022"," ",7581,"Dugganite","hexagonal","P321","Ba^2+ Nb^5+ Fe^3+ Si O","Kta",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Katayamalite","Katayamalite","KLi3Ca7Ti4+2(SiO3)12(OH)2","KLi3Ca7Ti2(SiO3)12(OH)2","KLi_3_Ca_7_Ti_2_(SiO_3_)_12_(OH)_2_","KLi_3_Ca_7_Ti^4+^_2_(SiO_3_)_12_(OH)_2_","K Li Ca Ti Si O H","IMA1982-004"," ",5032,"Baratovite","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/c, C1","K Li Ca Ti^4+ Si O H","Kyl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Katerinopoulosite","Katerinopoulosite","(N3-H4)2Zn2+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","(NH4)2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Zn(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","N H Zn S O","IMA2017-004"," ",6647,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/a","N^3- H Zn^2+ S^6+ O","Kpo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","white, pale blue, pale green","#ffffff,#d0fefe,#69b076"
"Katiarsite","Katiarsite","KTi4+O(As5+O4)","KTiO(AsO4)","KTiO(AsO_4_)","KTi^4+^O(As^5+^O_4_)","K Ti O As","IMA2014-025"," ",6326,"Katiarsite","orthorhombic","Pna21","K Ti^4+ O As^5+","Kts","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Katoite","Katoite","Ca3Al2(OH)12","Ca3Al2(OH)12","Ca_3_Al_2_(OH)_12_","Ca_3_Al_2_(OH)_12_","Ca Al O H","IMA1982-080"," ",2608,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca Al O H","Kto","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Milky white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Katophorite","Katophorite","NaNaCa(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNaCa(Mg_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2013-140"," ",2952,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Ktp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Black, Dark greenish black, Bluish black, Reddish yellow, Bluish green.","#000000,#033500,#413f44,#cdfd02,#10a674"
"Katoptrite","Katoptrite","Mn2+13Al4Sb5+2O20(SiO4)2","Mn2+13Al4Sb5+2O20(SiO4)2","Mn^2+^_13_Al_4_Sb^5+^_2_O_20_(SiO_4_)_2_","Mn^2+^_13_Al_4_Sb^5+^_2_O_20_(SiO_4_)_2_","Mn Al Sb O Si"," "," ",2610,"Katoptrite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Al Sb^5+ O Si","Ktt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Red.","#000000,#ff0000"
"Katsarosite","Katsarosite","Zn2+(C2)6+O4·2H2O","Zn(C2O4)·2H2O","Zn(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Zn C O H","IMA2020-014"," ",7043,"Humboldtine, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ C O H","Kat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","pure white (~ Fe-free samples) to yellow (Fe-rich specimens)","#f8f8f2,#f5f5d9"
"Kawazulite","Kawazulite","Bi3+2Te2-2Se2-","Bi2Te2Se","Bi_2_Te_2_Se","Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_2_Se^2-^","Bi Te Se","IMA1968-014"," ",2611,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi^3+ Te^2- Se^2-","Kaw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white, Tin white.","#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Kayrobertsonite","Kayrobertsonite","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","MnAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn Al P O H","IMA2015-029"," ",6432,"Nordgauite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Kay","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow-white","#eeffee"
"Kayupovaite","Kayupovaite","Na2Mn2+10[(Si14Al2)O38(OH)8]·7H2O","Na2Mn10[(Si14Al2)O38(OH)8]·7H2O","Na_2_Mn_10_[(Si_14_Al_2_)O_38_(OH)_8_]·7H_2_O","Na_2_Mn^2+^_10_[(Si_14_Al_2_)O_38_(OH)_8_]·7H_2_O","Na Mn Si Al O H","IMA2022-045"," ",7269,"Stilpnomelane, Clay","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Kyp",,"No","light gray","#d8dcd6"
"Kazakhstanite","Kazakhstanite","Fe3+5V4+3V5+12O39(OH)9·9H2O","Fe3+5V4+3V5+12O39(OH)9·9H2O","Fe^3+^_5_V^4+^_3_V^5+^_12_O_39_(OH)_9_·9H_2_O","Fe^3+^_5_V^4+^_3_V^5+^_12_O_39_(OH)_9_·9H_2_O","Fe V O H","IMA1988-044"," ",2612," ","monoclinic",,"Fe^3+ V^4+ V^5+ O H","Kaz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Kazakovite","Kazakovite","Na6Mn2+Ti4+Si6O18","Na6Mn2+TiSi6O18","Na_6_Mn^2+^TiSi_6_O_18_","Na_6_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^Si_6_O_18_","Na Mn Ti Si O","IMA1973-061"," ",2613,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O","Kzk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Kazanskyite","Kazanskyite","Ba☐Ti4+Nb5+Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ba☐TiNbNa3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ba[box]TiNbNa_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ba[box]Ti^4+^Nb^5+^Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ba Ti Nb Na Si O H","IMA2011-007"," ",5937,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Na Si O H","Kzs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to pale tan","#afafaf,#e5d5ba"
"Kaznakhtite","Kaznakhtite","Ni2+6Co3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Ni6Co3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Ni_6_Co^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_6_Co^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ni Co O H C","IMA2021-056"," ",7161,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3","Ni^2+ Co^3+ O H C","Kzt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light green","#76ff7b"
"Keckite","Keckite","CaMn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3·7H2O","CaMn(Fe3+,Mn)2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3·7H2O","CaMn(Fe^3+^,Mn)_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·7H_2_O","CaMn^2+^(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_3_·7H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1977-028"," ",2614,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Kec","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Gray brown, Yellow brown.","#653700,#7f7053,#ae8b0c"
"Kegelite","Kegelite","Pb2+4Al2Si4O10(S6+O4)(CO3)2(OH)4","Pb4Al2Si4O10(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)4","Pb_4_Al_2_Si_4_O_10_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_","Pb^2+^_4_Al_2_Si_4_O_10_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_","Pb Al Si O S C H","IMA1974-042"," ",2615," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Al Si O S^6+ C H","Keg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Kegginite","Kegginite","Pb2+3Ca3[As5+V5+12O40(V5+O)]·20H2O","Pb3Ca3[AsV12O40(VO)]·20H2O","Pb_3_Ca_3_[AsV_12_O_40_(VO)]·20H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_Ca_3_[As^5+^V^5+^_12_O_40_(V^5+^O)]·20H_2_O","Pb Ca As V O H","IMA2015-114"," ",6512,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3","Pb^2+ Ca As^5+ V^5+ O H","Kgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange-red","#fe4401"
"Keilite","Keilite","Fe2+S2-","FeS","FeS","Fe^2+^S^2-^","Fe S","IMA2001-053"," ",2616,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Fe^2+ S^2-","Ke","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Keithconnite","Keithconnite","Pd20Te7","Pd20Te7","Pd_20_Te_7_","Pd_20_Te_7_","Pd Te","IMA1978-032"," ",2617," ","hexagonal","R3","Pd Te","Kei","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Keiviite-(Y)","Keiviite-(Y)","Y2Si2O7","Y2Si2O7","Y_2_Si_2_O_7_","Y_2_Si_2_O_7_","Y Si O","IMA1984-054"," ",2618,"Thortveitite","monoclinic","C2/m","Y Si O","Kvi-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Pink brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#67594c"
"Keiviite-(Yb)","Keiviite-(Yb)","Yb3+2Si2O7","Yb2Si2O7","Yb_2_Si_2_O_7_","Yb^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_","Yb Si O","IMA1982-065, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2619,"Thortveitite","monoclinic","C2/m, A2/m","Yb^3+ Si O","Kvi-Yb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Keldyshite","Keldyshite","Na2Zr4+Si2O7","Na2ZrSi2O7","Na_2_ZrSi_2_O_7_","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_2_O_7_","Na Zr Si O","IMA1975-034"," ",2620," ","triclinic","P1","Na Zr^4+ Si O","Kel","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Kellyite","Kellyite","(Mn2+,Mg,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Mn2+,Mg,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Mn^2+^,Mg,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Mn^2+^,Mg,Al)_3_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mn Mg Al Si O H","IMA1974-002"," ",2621,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic, hexagonal",,"Mn^2+ Mg Al Si O H","Kly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Golden yellow, Lemon yellow.","#ffdf00,#cfff04"
"Kelyanite","Kelyanite","(Hg2)2+6Sb3+O6BrCl2","Hg12SbO6BrCl2","Hg_12_SbO_6_BrCl_2_","(Hg_2_)^2+^_6_Sb^3+^O_6_BrCl_2_","Hg Sb O Br Cl","IMA1981-013"," ",2622," ","hexagonal","P3","Hg Sb^3+ O Br Cl","Kyn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Kemmlitzite","Kemmlitzite","SrAl3(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6","SrAl_3_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","SrAl_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Sr Al As O S H","IMA1967-021"," ",2623,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal",,"Sr Al As^5+ O S^6+ H","Kml","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray brown, Light brown.","#afafaf,#7f7053,#b5651d"
"Kempite","Kempite","Mn2+2Cl(OH)3","Mn2+2Cl(OH)3","Mn^2+^_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^_2_Cl(OH)_3_","Mn Cl O H"," "," ",2624,"Atacamite",,,"Mn^2+ Cl O H","Kp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Kenhsuite","Kenhsuite","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg S Cl","IMA1996-026"," ",2625," ","orthorhombic","A2mm, Pbmm","Hg S Cl","Khs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Kenngottite","Kenngottite","Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2","Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2","Mn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","Mn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","Mn Fe P O H","IMA2018-063a"," ",6860,"Souzalite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Kgt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","brown","#653700"
"Kennygayite","Kennygayite","[Pb2+4O2(OH)2](S6+O4)","[Pb4O2(OH)2](SO4)","[Pb_4_O_2_(OH)_2_](SO_4_)","[Pb^2+^_4_O_2_(OH)_2_](S^6+^O_4_)","Pb O H S","IMA2022-032"," ",7258," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ O H S^6+","Kgy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe)","Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)As4S2-12☐","Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S12☐","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)As_4_S_12_[box]","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)As_4_S^2-^_12_[box]","Ag Cu Fe As S","IMA2020-062"," ",7076,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ As S^2-","Katnt-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe)","Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe)","Ag1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)Sb4S2-12☐","Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S12☐","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)Sb_4_S_12_[box]","Ag^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)Sb_4_S^2-^_12_[box]","Ag Cu Fe Sb S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",6917,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sb S^2-","Kattr-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","greenish grey","#96ae8d"
"Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn)","Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn)","[Ag6]4+(Cu1+4Zn2+2)Sb3+4S2-12☐","Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12☐","Ag_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)Sb_4_S_12_[box]","[Ag_6_]^4+^(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_[box]","Ag Cu Zn Sb S","IMA2020-075"," ",7091,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Kattr-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","black","#000000"
"Kenomicrolite","Kenomicrolite","☐2Ta5+2[O4(OH)2]☐","☐2Ta2[O4(OH)2]☐","[box]_2_Ta_2_[O_4_(OH)_2_][box]","[box]_2_Ta^5+^_2_[O_4_(OH)_2_][box]","Ta O H","IMA2024-097"," ",7564,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Ta^5+ O H","Kmic",,"No","Pinkish brown","#b17261"
"Kenoplumbomicrolite","Kenoplumbomicrolite","(Pb2+,☐)2Ta5+2O6[☐,(OH),O]","(Pb,☐)2Ta2O6[☐,(OH),O]","(Pb,[box])_2_Ta_2_O_6_[[box],(OH),O]","(Pb^2+^,[box])_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_[[box],(OH),O]","Pb Ta O H","IMA2015-007a"," ",6590,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Pb^2+ Ta^5+ O H","Kpmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish brown","#9b7a01"
"Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe)","Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe)","[Ag6]4+(Ag1+4Fe2+2)Sb3+4S2-12☐","Ag6(Ag4Fe2)Sb4S12☐","Ag_6_(Ag_4_Fe_2_)Sb_4_S_12_[box]","[Ag_6_]^4+^(Ag^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_[box]","Ag Fe Sb S","IMA2022-001"," ",7225,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Kroz-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","black","#000000"
"Kenotobermorite","Kenotobermorite","Ca4Si6O15(OH)2·5H2O","Ca4Si6O15(OH)2(H2O)2·3H2O","Ca_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA2014 s.p."," ",6499,"Tobermorite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","F2dd, Bm","Ca Si O H","Ktbm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kentbrooksite","Kentbrooksite","(Na,REE)15(Ca,REE)6Mn2+3Zr4+3Nb5+(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(F,Cl)2","(Na,REE)15(Ca,REE)6Mn3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(F,Cl)2","(Na,REE)_15_(Ca,REE)_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_Nb(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(F,Cl)_2_","(Na,REE)_15_(Ca,REE)_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(F,Cl)_2_","Na REE Ca Mn Zr Nb Si O H F Cl","IMA1996-023"," ",2626,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m, R3","Na REE Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H F Cl","Ktb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish brown.","#9b7a01"
"Kentrolite","Kentrolite","Pb2+2Mn3+2O2(Si2O7)","Pb2Mn3+2O2(Si2O7)","Pb_2_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)","Pb Mn O Si"," "," ",2627," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn, P21221","Pb^2+ Mn^3+ O Si","Ken","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark reddish brown, Reddish black.","#840000,#433635"
"Kenyaite","Kenyaite","Na2Si22O41(OH)8·6H2O","Na2Si22O41(OH)8·6H2O","Na_2_Si_22_O_41_(OH)_8_·6H_2_O","Na_2_Si_22_O_41_(OH)_8_·6H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1967-018"," ",2628," ","tetragonal",,"Na Si O H","Kya","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Keplerite","Keplerite","Ca9(Ca0.5☐0.5)Mg(PO4)7","Ca9(Ca0.5☐0.5)Mg(PO4)7","Ca_9_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Mg(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Mg(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Mg P O","IMA2019-108"," ",6991,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Mg P O","Kep","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Kerimasite","Kerimasite","Ca3Zr4+2(Fe3+2Si)O12","Ca3Zr2(SiFe3+2)O12","Ca_3_Zr_2_(SiFe^3+^_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Zr^4+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Zr Si Fe O","IMA2009-029"," ",5756,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Zr^4+ Fe^3+ Si O","Kms","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","light to dark brown","#f2eeaf,#73532a"
"Kermesite","Kermesite","Sb3+2OS2-2","Sb2OS2","Sb_2_OS_2_","Sb^3+^_2_OS^2-^_2_","Sb O S"," "," ",2629," ","triclinic","P1, F1","Sb^3+ O S^2-","Kem","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Violet red, Cherry red, Red.","#a50055,#f7022a,#ff0000"
"Kernite","Kernite","Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O","Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O","Na_2_B_4_O_6_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na_2_B_4_O_6_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na B O H"," "," ",2630," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na B O H","Ker","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kernowite","Kernowite","Cu2+2Fe3+(As5+O4)(OH)4·4H2O","Cu2Fe3+(AsO4)(OH)4·4H2O","Cu_2_Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Cu Fe As O H","IMA2020-053"," ",7068,"Liroconite","monoclinic","I2/a","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Knw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald-green","#046307"
"Kesebolite-(Ce)","Kesebolite-(Ce)","Ce3+Ca2Mn2+(As5+O4)(SiO3)3","CeCa2Mn(AsO4)(SiO3)3","CeCa_2_Mn(AsO_4_)(SiO_3_)_3_","Ce^3+^Ca_2_Mn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)(SiO_3_)_3_","Ce Ca Mn As O Si","IMA2019-097"," ",6982,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O Si","Ksb-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","dark brown to grayish brown","#73532a,#7a6a4f"
"Kësterite","Kesterite","Cu1+2Zn2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu2ZnSnS4","Cu_2_ZnSnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Zn^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Zn Sn S"," "," ",2631,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I4, I42m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Kës","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kettnerite","Kettnerite","CaBi3+O(CO3)F","CaBiO(CO3)F","CaBiO(CO_3_)F","CaBi^3+^O(CO_3_)F","Ca Bi O C F"," "," ",2632,"Bismutite","orthorhombic","Pbaa, Pmmn","Ca Bi^3+ O C F","Ket","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Yellow, Yellow brown, Light yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Keutschite","Keutschite","Ag1+Cu2AsS2-4","Cu2AgAsS4","Cu_2_AgAsS_4_","Ag^1+^Cu_2_AsS^2-^_4_","Cu Ag As S","IMA2014-038"," ",6310,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Ag^1+ Cu As S^2-","Keu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Keyite","Keyite","(☐0.5Cu2+0.5)Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)3·H2O","(☐0.5Cu0.5)CuCdZn2(AsO4)3·H2O","([box]_0.5_Cu_0.5_)CuCdZn_2_(AsO_4_)_3_·H_2_O","([box]_0.5_Cu^2+^_0.5_)Cu^2+^Cd^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_·H_2_O","Cu Cd Zn As O H","IMA1975-002"," ",2633,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","I2/a","Cu^2+ Cd^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Key","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure.","#007fff"
"Keystoneite","Keystoneite","Mg0.5Ni2+Fe3+(Te4+O3)3·4H2O","Mg0.5NiFe3+(Te4+O3)3·4H2O","Mg_0.5_NiFe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·4H_2_O","Mg_0.5_Ni^2+^Fe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·4H_2_O","Mg Ni Fe Te O H","IMA1987-049"," ",2634,"Zemannite","hexagonal","P63/m, P63","Mg Ni^2+ Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Kys","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Orange yellow.","#ffdf00,#fdb915"
"Khademite","Khademite","Al(S6+O4)F·5H2O","Al(SO4)F·5H2O","Al(SO_4_)F·5H_2_O","Al(S^6+^O_4_)F·5H_2_O","Al S O F H","IMA1973-028"," ",2635,"Khademite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Al S^6+ O F H","Kdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Khaidarkanite","Khaidarkanite","Cu2+4Al3(OH)14F3·2H2O","Cu4Al3(OH)14F3·2H2O","Cu_4_Al_3_(OH)_14_F_3_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_Al_3_(OH)_14_F_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Al O H F","IMA1998-013"," ",2636,"Cyanotrichite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Al O H F","Kdk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright blue.","#0165fc"
"Khamrabaevite","Khamrabaevite","Ti4+C4-","TiC","TiC","Ti^4+^C^4-^","Ti C","IMA1983-059"," ",2637,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ti^4+ C^4-","Krb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Khanneshite","Khanneshite","(Na,Ca)3(Ba,Sr,Ce3+,Ca)3(CO3)5","(Na,Ca)3(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)3(CO3)5","(Na,Ca)_3_(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","(Na,Ca)_3_(Ba,Sr,Ce^3+^,Ca)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ca Ba Sr Ce C O","IMA1981-025"," ",2638,"Burbankite","hexagonal","P63mc","Na Ca Ba Sr Ce^3+ C O","Kha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Kharaelakhite","Kharaelakhite","(Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)9S8","(Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)9S8","(Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)_9_S_8_","(Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)_9_S_8_","Cu Pt Pb Fe Ni S","IMA1983-080"," ",2639,"Pentlandite","orthorhombic","Pmmm","Cu Pt Pb Fe Ni S","Klh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Khatyrkite","Khatyrkite","CuAl2","CuAl2","CuAl_2_","CuAl_2_","Cu Al","IMA1983-085"," ",2640,"Khatyrkite","tetragonal","I4/mcm","Cu Al","Ktk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Steel-gray yellow.","#b8a899"
"Khesinite","Khesinite","Ca4(Mg2Fe3+10)O4(Fe3+10Si2)O36","Ca4(Mg2Fe3+10)O4(Fe3+10Si2)O36","Ca_4_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_10_)O_4_(Fe^3+^_10_Si_2_)O_36_","Ca_4_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_10_)O_4_(Fe^3+^_10_Si_2_)O_36_","Ca Mg Fe O Si","IMA2014-033"," ",6317,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Fe^3+ O Si","Khe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Black to dark brown","#000000,#73532a"
"Khibinskite","Khibinskite","K2Zr4+Si2O7","K2ZrSi2O7","K_2_ZrSi_2_O_7_","K_2_Zr^4+^Si_2_O_7_","K Zr Si O","IMA1973-014"," ",2641," ","monoclinic","P21/b","K Zr^4+ Si O","Khi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light yellow, Colorless.","#ffffff,#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Khinite","Khinite","Cu2+3Pb2+Te6+O6(OH)2","Cu2+3PbTe6+O6(OH)2","Cu^2+^_3_PbTe^6+^O_6_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Pb^2+^Te^6+^O_6_(OH)_2_","Cu Pb Te O H","IMA1978-035"," ",2642," ","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P32, Fdd2","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Te^6+ O H","Khn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Khmaralite","Khmaralite","Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si5Be2Al5O36]","Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si5Be2Al5O36]","Mg_4_(Mg_3_Al_9_)O_4_[Si_5_Be_2_Al_5_O_36_]","Mg_4_(Mg_3_Al_9_)O_4_[Si_5_Be_2_Al_5_O_36_]","Mg Al O Si Be","IMA1998-027"," ",2643,"Sapphirine","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Al O Si Be","Kma","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Very dark green.","#3a4859"
"Khomyakovite","Khomyakovite","Na12Ca6Sr3Fe2+3W6+Zr4+3(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na12Sr3Ca6Fe3Zr3W(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na_12_Sr_3_Ca_6_Fe_3_Zr_3_W(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na_12_Ca_6_Sr_3_Fe^2+^_3_W^6+^Zr^4+^_3_(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na Sr Ca Fe Zr W Si O H Cl","IMA1998-042"," ",2644,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Sr Fe^2+ W^6+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Kmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange, Orange red.","#ffa500,#fe4401"
"Khorixasite","Khorixasite","(Bi3+0.67☐0.33)Cu2+(V5+O4)(OH)","(Bi0.67☐0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH)","(Bi_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Cu(VO_4_)(OH)","(Bi^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Cu^2+^(V^5+^O_4_)(OH)","Bi Cu V O H","IMA2016-048"," ",6576,"Descloizite","monoclinic","P2/m","Bi^3+ Cu^2+ V^5+ O H","Kho","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Khrenovite","Khrenovite","Na3Fe3+2(As5+O4)3","Na3Fe3+2(AsO4)3","Na_3_Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","Na_3_Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Fe As O","IMA2017-105"," ",6731,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Khr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Honey-coloured, red-brown, orange-brown, yellow-brown","#dcb6b5,#a52a2f,#b16002,#ae8b0c"
"Khristovite-(Ce)","Khristovite-(Ce)","CaCe3+(MgAlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)F(OH)","CaCe(MgAlMn2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]F(OH)","CaCe(MgAlMn^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]F(OH)","CaCe^3+^(MgAlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)F(OH)","Ca Ce Mg Al Mn Si O F H","IMA1991-055"," ",2645,"Dollaseite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Mg Al Mn^2+ Si O F H","Kh-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Dark brown.","#653700,#73532a"
"Khurayyimite","Khurayyimite","Ca7Zn2+4(Si2O7)2(OH)10·4H2O","Ca7Zn4(Si2O7)2(OH)10·4H2O","Ca_7_Zn_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Ca_7_Zn^2+^_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Ca Zn Si O H","IMA2018-140"," ",6871,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Zn^2+ Si O H","Khu","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Khvorovite","Khvorovite","Pb2+4Ca2[Si8B2(SiB)O28]F","Pb4Ca2[Si8B2(SiB)O28]F","Pb_4_Ca_2_[Si_8_B_2_(SiB)O_28_]F","Pb^2+^_4_Ca_2_[Si_8_B_2_(SiB)O_28_]F","Pb Ca Si B O F","IMA2014-050"," ",6347,"Hyalotekite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Ca Si B O F","Khv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, rarely white","#afafaf,#e1e3dd"
"Kiddcreekite","Kiddcreekite","Cu6WSnS8","Cu6WSnS8","Cu_6_WSnS_8_","Cu_6_WSnS_8_","Cu W Sn S","IMA1982-106"," ",2646," ","cubic",,"Cu W Sn S","Kck","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Gray brown.","#808080,#7f7053"
"Kidwellite","Kidwellite","NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11·3H2O (x ≈ 1/3)","NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11·3H2O (x ≈ 0.33)","NaFe^3+^_9+x_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_11_·3H_2_O (x ≈ 0.33)","NaFe^3+^_9+x_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_11_·3H_2_O (x ≈ 1/3)","Na Fe P O H","IMA1974-024"," ",2647," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Na Fe^3+ P O H","Kdw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Greenish white, Yellow, Light green.","#cdfd02,#d1f1de,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Kieftite","Kieftite","CoSb3","CoSb3","CoSb_3_","CoSb_3_","Co Sb","IMA1991-052"," ",2648,"Skutterudite, Perovskite","cubic","Im3","Co Sb","Kie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Kieserite","Kieserite","MgS6+O4·H2O","Mg(SO4)·H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2649,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg S^6+ O H","Ksr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Green yellow, Gray white, Yellowish, White.","#afafaf,#c6f808,#d7d5cb,#faee66,#ffffff"
"Kihlmanite-(Ce)","Kihlmanite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Ti4+O2(SiO4)(HCO3)2·H2O","Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2(H2O)","Ce_2_TiO_2_(SiO_4_)(HCO_3_)_2_(H_2_O)","Ce^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_2_(SiO_4_)(HCO_3_)_2_·H_2_O","Ce Ti O Si H C","IMA2012-081"," ",6137,"Tundrite","triclinic","P1","Ce^3+ Ti^4+ O Si H C","Kih-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, reddish-brown","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Kilchoanite","Kilchoanite","Ca6(SiO4)(Si3O10)","Ca6(SiO4)(Si3O10)","Ca_6_(SiO_4_)(Si_3_O_10_)","Ca_6_(SiO_4_)(Si_3_O_10_)","Ca Si O"," "," ",2650," ","orthorhombic","I2cm","Ca Si O","Ki","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Killalaite","Killalaite","Ca3.2[H0.6Si2O7](OH)","Ca6.4[H0.6Si2O7]2(OH)2","Ca_6.4_[H_0.6_Si_2_O_7_]_2_(OH)_2_","Ca_3.2_[H_0.6_Si_2_O_7_](OH)","Ca H Si O","IMA1973-033"," ",2651," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca H Si O","Kil","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kimrobinsonite","Kimrobinsonite","Ta5+(OH)3(O,CO3)","Ta(OH)3(O,CO3)","Ta(OH)_3_(O,CO_3_)","Ta^5+^(OH)_3_(O,CO_3_)","Ta O H C","IMA1983-023"," ",2652," ","cubic",,"Ta^5+ O H C","Kim","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon white.","#fbf6e0"
"Kimuraite-(Y)","Kimuraite-(Y)","CaY2(CO3)4·6H2O","CaY2(CO3)4·6H2O","CaY_2_(CO_3_)_4_·6H_2_O","CaY_2_(CO_3_)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Y C O H","IMA1984-073"," ",2653,"Tengerite","orthorhombic",,"Ca Y C O H","Kmu-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light purple pink, Light pink.","#ffffff,#65648b,#ffd1df"
"Kimzeyite","Kimzeyite","Ca3Zr4+2(Al2Si)O12","Ca3Zr2(SiAl2)O12","Ca_3_Zr_2_(SiAl_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Zr^4+^_2_(Al_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Zr Si Al O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2654,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Zr^4+ Al Si O","Kmz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Kingite","Kingite","Al3(PO4)2F2(OH)·7H2O","Al3(PO4)2F2(OH)·7H2O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Al P O F H"," "," ",2655," ","triclinic","P1","Al P O F H","Kgi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Kingsgateite","Kingsgateite","Zr4+Mo6+2O7(OH)2·2H2O","ZrMo6+2O7(OH)2·2H2O","ZrMo^6+^_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Zr^4+^Mo^6+^_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Zr Mo O H","IMA2019-048"," ",6936," ","tetragonal","I41cd","Zr^4+ Mo^6+ O H","Kgg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish green to bluish grey","#b0dd16,#748b97"
"Kingsmountite","Kingsmountite","Ca3Mn2+Fe2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca3MnFe2+Al4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_3_MnFe^2+^Al_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Mn^2+^Fe^2+^Al_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe Al P O H","IMA1978-041, IMA2019 s.p."," ",2656,"Calcioferrite","monoclinic","C2","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Al P O H","Kmo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Pearl white.","#b5651d,#f3f2ed"
"Kingstonite","Kingstonite","Rh3S4","Rh3S4","Rh_3_S_4_","Rh_3_S_4_","Rh S","IMA1993-046"," ",5403,"Kingstonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Rh S","Kgs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Kinichilite","Kinichilite","Mg0.5Mn2+Fe3+(Te4+O3)3·4.5H2O","Mg0.5Mn2+Fe3+(Te4+O3)3·4.5H2O","Mg_0.5_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·4.5H_2_O","Mg_0.5_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·4.5H_2_O","Mg Mn Fe Te O H","IMA1979-031"," ",2657,"Zemannite","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Kni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Kinoite","Kinoite","Ca2Cu2+2Si3O10·2H2O","Ca2Cu2Si3O10·2H2O","Ca_2_Cu_2_Si_3_O_10_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_2_Si_3_O_10_·2H_2_O","Ca Cu Si O H","IMA1969-037"," ",2658," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Cu^2+ Si O H","Kin","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Azure blue.","#4d91c6"
"Kinoshitalite","Kinoshitalite","BaMg3(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","BaMg3(Si2Al2O10)(OH)2","BaMg_3_(Si_2_Al_2_O_10_)(OH)_2_","BaMg_3_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ba Mg Si Al O H","IMA1973-011"," ",2659,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Mg Si Al O H","Kns","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow brown, Colorless.","#ae8b0c,#afafaf"
"Kintoreite","Kintoreite","Pb2+Fe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","PbFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","PbFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb Fe P O H","IMA1992-045"," ",2660,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Kt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cream white, Yellowish green, Brownish yellow.","#f2eee2,#b0dd16,#c9b003"
"Kipushite","Kipushite","Cu2+6(PO4)2(OH)6·H2O","Cu6(PO4)2(OH)6·H2O","Cu_6_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu P O H","IMA1983-046"," ",2661,"Philipsburgite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ P O H","Kip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Kircherite","Kircherite","(Na5Ca2K)(Si6Al6O24)(S6+O4)2·0.33H2O","[Na5Ca2K](Si6Al6O24)(SO4)2·0.33H2O","[Na_5_Ca_2_K](Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)(SO_4_)_2_·0.33H_2_O","(Na_5_Ca_2_K)(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·0.33H_2_O","Na Ca K Si Al O S H","IMA2009-084"," ",5813,"Cancrinite","hexagonal","R32","Na Ca K Si Al O S^6+ H","Kcr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to light gray","#afafaf,#d8dcd6"
"Kirchhoffite","Kirchhoffite","CsBSi2O6","CsBSi2O6","CsBSi_2_O_6_","CsBSi_2_O_6_","Cs B Si O","IMA2009-094"," ",5825," ","tetragonal","I41/acd","Cs B Si O","Khf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Kirkiite","Kirkiite","Pb2+10Bi3+3As3+3S2-19","Pb10Bi3As3S19","Pb_10_Bi_3_As_3_S_19_","Pb^2+^_10_Bi^3+^_3_As^3+^_3_S^2-^_19_","Pb Bi As S","IMA1984-030"," ",2662," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Krk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Kirschsteinite","Kirschsteinite","CaFe2+SiO4","CaFe2+(SiO4)","CaFe^2+^(SiO_4_)","CaFe^2+^SiO_4_","Ca Fe Si O"," "," ",2663,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ca Fe^2+ Si O","Kir","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Kiryuite","Kiryuite","NaMn2+Al(PO4)F3","NaMnAl(PO4)F3","NaMnAl(PO_4_)F_3_","NaMn^2+^Al(PO_4_)F_3_","Na Mn Al P O F","IMA2021-041"," ",7149,"Viitaniemiite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Mn^2+ Al P O F","Kyu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","white","#ffffff"
"Kishonite","Kishonite","VH2","VH2","VH_2_","VH_2_","V H","IMA2020-023"," ",7033," ","cubic","Fm3m","V H","Kis","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kitagohaite","Kitagohaite","Pt7Cu","Pt7Cu","Pt_7_Cu","Pt_7_Cu","Pt Cu","IMA2013-114"," ",6273," ","cubic","Fm3m","Pt Cu","Kgh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Greyish white","#d6dee9"
"Kitkaite","Kitkaite","NiTeSe","NiTeSe","NiTeSe","NiTeSe","Ni Te Se","IMA1968 s.p."," ",2664,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ni Te Se","Kk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow gray.","#c8fd3d"
"Kittatinnyite","Kittatinnyite","Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1982-083"," ",2665," ",,,"Ca Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O H","Kit","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bright yellow.","#fffd01"
"Kladnoite","Kladnoite","C6H4(CO)2NH","C6H4(CO)2NH","C_6_H_4_(CO)_2_NH","C_6_H_4_(CO)_2_NH","C H O N"," "," ",2666," ","monoclinic","P21/n","C H O N","Kdn","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Klajite","Klajite","Mn2+Cu2+4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·9H2O","MnCu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2O","MnCu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Mn^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Mn Cu As O H","IMA2010-004"," ",5831,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Klj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow to yellowish green","#cdfd02,#b0dd16"
"Klaprothite","Klaprothite","Na6(U6+O2)(S6+O4)4·4H2O","Na6(UO2)(SO4)4(H2O)4","Na_6_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Na_6_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·4H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2015-087"," ",6487," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Kpr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","yellowish green to greenish-yellow","#b0dd16,#cdfd02"
"Klebelsbergite","Klebelsbergite","Sb3+4O4(S6+O4)(OH)2","Sb3+4O4(SO4)(OH)2","Sb^3+^_4_O_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_2_","Sb^3+^_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Sb O S H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2667,"Klebelsbergite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Sb^3+ O S^6+ H","Kbb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow orange, White, Light yellow, Dark yellow.","#afafaf,#fcb001,#ffffff,#fffe7a,#e7bf8e"
"Kleberite","Kleberite","Fe3+Ti4+6O11(OH)5","Fe3+Ti6O11(OH)5","Fe^3+^Ti_6_O_11_(OH)_5_","Fe^3+^Ti^4+^_6_O_11_(OH)_5_","Fe Ti O H","IMA2012-023"," ",6082,"Tivanite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Kbr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Kleemanite","Kleemanite","Zn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·3H2O","ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2·3H2O","ZnAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Zn Al P O H","IMA1978-043"," ",2668," ","monoclinic",,"Zn^2+ Al P O H","Klm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Brownish yellow.","#afafaf,#c9b003"
"Kleinite","Kleinite","(Hg2N)1+(Cl,S6+O4)·nH2O","(Hg2N)(Cl,SO4)·nH2O","(Hg_2_N)(Cl,SO_4_)·nH_2_O","(Hg_2_N)^1+^(Cl,S^6+^O_4_)·nH_2_O","Hg N Cl S O H"," "," ",2669," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Hg N Cl S^6+ O H","Kle","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Klöchite","Klochite","(Fe2+Fe3+)☐2KZn2+3(Si12O30)","(Fe2+Fe3+)☐2KZn3(Si12O30)","(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^)[box]_2_KZn_3_(Si_12_O_30_)","(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^)[box]_2_KZn^2+^_3_(Si_12_O_30_)","Fe K Zn Si O","IMA2007-054"," ",5654,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ K Zn^2+ Si O","Klö","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Blue, bright orange","#0000ff,#ff7034"
"Klockmannite","Klockmannite","Cu5.2Se6","Cu5.2Se6","Cu_5.2_Se_6_","Cu_5.2_Se_6_","Cu Se"," "," ",2670,"Covellite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Cu Se","Kl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue black, Grayish black, Dark gray.","#24313d,#555152,#363737"
"Klyuchevskite","Klyuchevskite","K3Cu2+3Fe3+O2(S6+O4)4","K3Cu3Fe3+O2(SO4)4","K_3_Cu_3_Fe^3+^O_2_(SO_4_)_4_","K_3_Cu^2+^_3_Fe^3+^O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","K Cu Fe O S","IMA1987-027"," ",2671,"Klyuchevskite","monoclinic","I2","K Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O S^6+","Kyv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green, Olive green.","#033500,#8ead2c"
"Knasibfite","Knasibfite","K3Na4(SiF6)3(BF4)","K3Na4(SiF6)3(BF4)","K_3_Na_4_(SiF_6_)_3_(BF_4_)","K_3_Na_4_(SiF_6_)_3_(BF_4_)","K Na Si F B","IMA2006-042"," ",5594," ","orthorhombic","Imm2","K Na Si F B","Ksf","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Knorringite","Knorringite","Mg3Cr3+2(SiO4)3","Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3","Mg_3_Cr_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg_3_Cr^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg Cr Si O","IMA1968-010"," ",2673,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Mg Cr^3+ Si O","Krr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Blue green, Green.","#137e6d,#00ff00"
"Koashvite","Koashvite","Na6CaTi4+Si6O18","Na6CaTiSi6O18","Na_6_CaTiSi_6_O_18_","Na_6_CaTi^4+^Si_6_O_18_","Na Ca Ti Si O","IMA1973-026"," ",2674,"Lovozerite-Koashvite","orthorhombic",,"Na Ca Ti^4+ Si O","Koa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#fffe7a"
"Kobeite-(Y)","Kobeite-(Y)","(Y,U6+,U4+)(Ti4+,Nb5+)2(O,OH)6","(Y,U)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6 (?)","(Y,U)(Ti,Nb)_2_(O,OH)_6_ (?)","(Y,U^6+^,U^4+^)(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_(O,OH)_6_","Y U Ti Nb O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5033," ",,,"Y U^6+ U^4+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O H","Kob-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Brownish black, Dark brown, Black.","#653700,#413936,#73532a,#000000"
"Kobellite","Kobellite","Pb2+11(Cu1+,Fe2+)2(Bi3+,Sb3+)15S2-35","Pb11(Cu,Fe)2(Bi,Sb)15S35","Pb_11_(Cu,Fe)_2_(Bi,Sb)_15_S_35_","Pb^2+^_11_(Cu^1+^,Fe^2+^)_2_(Bi^3+^,Sb^3+^)_15_S^2-^_35_","Pb Cu Fe Bi Sb S"," "," ",2675,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Kbl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Kobokoboite","Kobokoboite","Al6(PO4)4(OH)6·11H2O","Al6(PO4)4(OH)6·11H2O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·11H_2_O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·11H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA2009-057"," ",5786," ","triclinic",,"Al P O H","Kbk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pearly white","#feefd3"
"Kobyashevite","Kobyashevite","Cu2+5(S6+O4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu_5_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA2011-066"," ",6009,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Kby","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bluish-green to turquoise-coloured","#10a674,#dcb6b5"
"Kochite","Kochite","Ca2(Mn2+Zr4+)Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(MnZr)Na3Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(MnZr)Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(Mn^2+^Zr^4+^)Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Mn Zr Na Ti Si O F","IMA2002-012"," ",5034,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Koh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale brown.","#afafaf,#b1916e"
"Kochkarite","Kochkarite","Pb2+Bi3+4Te2-7","PbBi4Te7","PbBi_4_Te_7_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_4_Te^2-^_7_","Pb Bi Te","IMA1988-030"," ",2676,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2-","Koc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Kochsándorite","Kochsandorite","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Ca Al C O H","IMA2004-037"," ",5289,"Dundasite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Al C O H","Ksd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Kodamaite","Kodamaite","Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2·(14-x)H2O (x ~ 5)","Na3(Ca5Na)Si16O36(OH)4F2·(14-x)H2O (x ~ 5)","Na_3_(Ca_5_Na)Si_16_O_36_(OH)_4_F_2_·(14-x)H_2_O (x ~ 5)","Na_3_(Ca_5_Na)Si_16_O_36_(OH)_4_F_2_·(14-x)H_2_O (x ~ 5)","Na Ca Si O H F","IMA2018-134"," ",6920,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si O H F","Kod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","tan to creamy-yellow to white in color, less often being colorless, light or dark green, or white.","#d1b26f,#f1f1e6,#f8eee3,#afafaf,#f2eeaf,#033500,#f2e5cf"
"Koechlinite","Koechlinite","Bi3+2Mo6+O6","Bi2MoO6","Bi_2_MoO_6_","Bi^3+^_2_Mo^6+^O_6_","Bi Mo O"," "," ",2677," ","orthorhombic","Pca21","Bi^3+ Mo^6+ O","Kcl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, White.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Koenenite","Koenenite","Na4Mg9Al4Cl12(OH)22","Na4Mg9Al4Cl12(OH)22","Na_4_Mg_9_Al_4_Cl_12_(OH)_22_","Na_4_Mg_9_Al_4_Cl_12_(OH)_22_","Na Mg Al Cl O H"," "," ",2678," ","hexagonal","R3m, P3m1","Na Mg Al Cl O H","Koe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light yellow, Dark red.","#afafaf,#fffe7a,#840000"
"Kogarkoite","Kogarkoite","Na3S6+O4F","Na3(SO4)F","Na_3_(SO_4_)F","Na_3_S^6+^O_4_F","Na S O F","IMA1970-038"," ",2679," ","hexagonal, monoclinic","R3m, P21/m","Na S^6+ O F","Kog","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Kojonenite","Kojonenite","Pd7-xSnTe2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)","Pd7-xSnTe2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)","Pd_7-x_SnTe_2_ (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)","Pd_7-x_SnTe_2_ (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)","Pd Sn Te","IMA2013-132"," ",6291," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pd Sn Te","Koj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Slightly pinkish off-white","#f1ddd8"
"Kokchetavite","Kokchetavite","KAlSi3O8","K(AlSi3O8)","K(AlSi_3_O_8_)","KAlSi_3_O_8_","K Al Si O","IMA2004-011"," ",5271,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Al Si O","Kct","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kokinosite","Kokinosite","Na2Ca2[V5+10O28]·24H2O","Na2Ca2(V10O28)·24H2O","Na_2_Ca_2_(V_10_O_28_)·24H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·24H_2_O","Na Ca V O H","IMA2013-099"," ",6255,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca V^5+ O H","Kkn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow orange to tinted orange brown","#fcb001,#fbe8e2"
"Koksharovite","Koksharovite","CaMg2Fe3+4(V5+O4)6","CaMg2Fe3+4(VO4)6","CaMg_2_Fe^3+^_4_(VO_4_)_6_","CaMg_2_Fe^3+^_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_","Ca Mg Fe V O","IMA2012-092"," ",6155,"Howardevansite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Fe^3+ V^5+ O","Kok","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown","#9b7a01,#7f2b0a"
"Koktaite","Koktaite","(N3-H4)2Ca(S6+O4)2·H2O","(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Ca(SO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","N H Ca S O"," "," ",2680," ",,,"N^3- H Ca S^6+ O","Kkt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kolarite","Kolarite","PbTeCl2","PbTeCl2","PbTeCl_2_","PbTeCl_2_","Pb Te Cl","IMA1983-081"," ",2681," ","orthorhombic",,"Pb Te Cl","Kla","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Kolbeckite","Kolbeckite","ScPO4·2H2O","Sc(PO4)·2H2O","Sc(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","ScPO_4_·2H_2_O","Sc P O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2682,"Phosphosiderite","monoclinic","P21/n","Sc P O H","Kbe","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue gray, Colorless, Greenish white, Yellowish, Light blue.","#758da3,#afafaf,#d1f1de,#faee66,#add8e6"
"Kolfanite","Kolfanite","Ca2Fe3+3O2(As5+O4)3·2H2O","Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3·2H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(AsO_4_)_3_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_·2H_2_O","Ca Fe O As H","IMA1981-017"," ",2683,"Arseniosiderite","monoclinic",,"Ca Fe^3+ O As^5+ H","Kfn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange, Red.","#ffff00,#ffa500,#ff0000"
"Kolicite","Kolicite","Zn2+4Mn2+7(As5+O4)2(SiO4)2(OH)8","Zn4Mn2+7(AsO4)2(SiO4)2(OH)8","Zn_4_Mn^2+^_7_(AsO_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Zn^2+^_4_Mn^2+^_7_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Zn Mn As O Si H","IMA1978-076"," ",2684," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ As^5+ O Si H","Kol","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Kolitschite","Kolitschite","Pb2+[Zn2+0.5☐0.5]Fe3+3(As5+O4)2(OH)6","Pb[Zn0.5,☐0.5]Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)6","Pb[Zn_0.5_,[box]_0.5_]Fe_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^[Zn^2+^_0.5_[box]_0.5_]Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Zn Fe As O H","IMA2008-063"," ",5723,"Alunite","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Klt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"Kollerite","Kollerite","(N3-H4)2Fe3+(S4+O3)2(OH)·H2O","(NH4)2Fe3+(SO3)2(OH)·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^3+^(SO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^3+^(S^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","N H Fe S O","IMA2018-131"," ",6868,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","N^3- H Fe^3+ S^4+ O","Klr","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Kolovratite","Kolovratite","(Ni2+,Zn2+)xV5+O4·nH2O","(Ni,Zn)x(VO4)·nH2O","(Ni,Zn)_x_(VO_4_)·nH_2_O","(Ni^2+^,Zn^2+^)_x_V^5+^O_4_·nH_2_O","Ni Zn V O H"," "," ",2685," ",,,"Ni^2+ Zn^2+ V^5+ O H","Klv","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Kolskyite","Kolskyite","(Ca☐)Ti4+2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)2(H2O)5","(Ca☐)Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)2(H2O)5","(Ca[box])Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","(Ca[box])Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Ca Ti Na Si O H","IMA2013-005"," ",6168,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Ca Ti^4+ Na Ti Si O H","Ksy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish yellow","#f6b511"
"Kolwezite","Kolwezite","Cu2+Co2+CO3(OH)2","CuCo(CO3)(OH)2","CuCo(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Co^2+^CO_3_(OH)_2_","Cu Co C O H","IMA1979-017"," ",2686,"Malachite","triclinic",,"Cu^2+ Co^2+ C O H","Kwz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Beige brown, Green, Black.","#8d6737,#00ff00,#000000"
"Kolymite","Kolymite","Cu7Hg6","Cu7Hg6","Cu_7_Hg_6_","Cu_7_Hg_6_","Cu Hg","IMA1979-046"," ",2687," ","cubic","I43m","Cu Hg","Kym","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish black, Black, Tin white.","#413936,#000000,#cfd5db"
"Komarovite","Komarovite","(Ca,Sr,Na)6-x(Nb5+,Ti4+)6(Si4O12)(O,OH,F)16·nH2O","(Ca,Sr,Na)6-x(Nb,Ti)6(Si4O12)(O,OH,F)16·nH2O","(Ca,Sr,Na)_6-x_(Nb,Ti)_6_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH,F)_16_·nH_2_O","(Ca,Sr,Na)_6-x_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_6_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH,F)_16_·nH_2_O","Ca Sr Na Nb Ti Si O H F","IMA1971-011"," ",2688," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Sr Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Kmv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light brown, Light pink.","#ffffff,#b5651d,#ffd1df"
"Kombatite","Kombatite","Pb2+14O9(V5+O4)2Cl4","Pb14O9(VO4)2Cl4","Pb_14_O_9_(VO_4_)_2_Cl_4_","Pb^2+^_14_O_9_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_Cl_4_","Pb O V Cl","IMA1985-056"," ",2689," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ O V^5+ Cl","Kb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Komkovite","Komkovite","BaZr4+Si3O9·3H2O","BaZrSi3O9·3H2O","BaZrSi_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","BaZr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·3H_2_O","Ba Zr Si O H","IMA1988-032"," ",2690," ","hexagonal","R32","Ba Zr^4+ Si O H","Kkv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Konderite","Konderite","Pb2+Cu2+3Rh3+8S2-16","PbCu3Rh8S16","PbCu_3_Rh_8_S_16_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_3_Rh^3+^_8_S^2-^_16_","Pb Cu Rh S","IMA1983-053"," ",2691," ","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Rh^3+ S^2-","Kdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Koninckite","Koninckite","Fe3+PO4·3H2O","Fe3+(PO4)·3H2O","Fe^3+^(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^PO_4_·3H_2_O","Fe P O H"," "," ",5308," ","tetragonal",,"Fe^3+ P O H","Kon","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, White.","#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Kononovite","Kononovite","NaMg(S6+O4)F","NaMg(SO4)F","NaMg(SO_4_)F","NaMg(S^6+^O_4_)F","Na Mg S O F","IMA2013-116"," ",6275,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mg S^6+ O F","Knv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Konyaite","Konyaite","Na2Mg(S6+O4)2·5H2O","Na2Mg(SO4)2·5H2O","Na_2_Mg(SO_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na Mg S O H","IMA1981-003"," ",2692,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Mg S^6+ O H","Kny","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Konzettite","Konzettite","CaMn4+Te6+O6","CaMn4+Te6+O6","CaMn^4+^Te^6+^O_6_","CaMn^4+^Te^6+^O_6_","Ca Mn Te O","IMA2025-051"," ",7594,"Kassite-Kuranakhite","hexagonal","P312","Ca Mn^4+ Te^6+ O"," ",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Koragoite","Koragoite","Mn2+2Mn3+Nb5+2(Nb5+,Ta5+)3W6+2O20","Mn2+2Mn3+Nb2(Nb,Ta)3W2O20","Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^Nb_2_(Nb,Ta)_3_W_2_O_20_","Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^Nb^5+^_2_(Nb^5+^,Ta^5+^)_3_W^6+^_2_O_20_","Mn Nb Ta W O","IMA1994-049"," ",2693," ","monoclinic","P21","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Nb^5+ Ta^5+ W^6+ O","Kgo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Red, Brownish red.","#ff0000,#9e3623"
"Koritnigite","Koritnigite","Zn2+(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Zn(AsO3OH)·H2O","Zn(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA1978-008"," ",2694,"Krautite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Kor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kornelite","Kornelite","Fe3+2(S6+O4)3·7H2O","Fe3+2(SO4)3·7H2O (?)","Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_·7H_2_O (?)","Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·7H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",2695,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Knl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale rose pink, Violet.","#efd6da,#9a0eea"
"Kornerupine","Kornerupine","(Mg,Fe2+,Al,☐)10(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH,F)2","(Mg,Fe2+,Al,☐)10(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH,F)2","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Al,[box])_10_(Si,Al,B)_5_O_21_(OH,F)_2_","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Al,[box])_10_(Si,Al,B)_5_O_21_(OH,F)_2_","Mg Fe Al Si B O H F"," "," ",2696,"Kornerupine","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Mg Fe^2+ Al Si B O H F","Krn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Korobitsynite","Korobitsynite","(Na,☐)4Ti4+2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2·4H2O","(Na,☐)4Ti2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2·4H2O","(Na,[box])_4_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(Na,[box])_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Ti Si O H","IMA1998-019"," ",2698,"Labuntsovite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Kbi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Korshunovskite","Korshunovskite","Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O","Mg2Cl(OH)3·4H2O","Mg_2_Cl(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Mg_2_Cl(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Mg Cl O H","IMA1980-083"," ",2699," ","triclinic","P1","Mg Cl O H","Kss","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Koryakite","Koryakite","NaKMg2Al2(S6+O4)6","NaKMg2Al2(SO4)6","NaKMg_2_Al_2_(SO_4_)_6_","NaKMg_2_Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_","Na K Mg Al S O","IMA2018-013"," ",6756,"Millosevichite","hexagonal","R3","Na K Mg Al S^6+ O","Kyk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Korzhinskite","Korzhinskite","CaB2O4·0.5H2O","CaB2O4·0.5H2O","CaB_2_O_4_·0.5H_2_O","CaB_2_O_4_·0.5H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2700," ",,,"Ca B O H","Kzh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kosmochlor","Kosmochlor","NaCr3+Si2O6","NaCr3+Si2O6","NaCr^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaCr^3+^Si_2_O_6_","Na Cr Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",2701,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Cr^3+ Si O","Kos","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Kosnarite","Kosnarite","KZr4+2(PO4)3","KZr2(PO4)3","KZr_2_(PO_4_)_3_","KZr^4+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_","K Zr P O","IMA1991-022"," ",2702," ","hexagonal","R3c","K Zr^4+ P O","Ksn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Gray blue, Light green.","#afafaf,#77a1b5,#76ff7b"
"Kostovite","Kostovite","AuCuTe4","AuCuTe4","AuCuTe_4_","AuCuTe_4_","Au Cu Te","IMA1965-002"," ",2703," ",,,"Au Cu Te","Ktv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Kostylevite","Kostylevite","K2Zr4+Si3O9·H2O","K2ZrSi3O9·H2O","K_2_ZrSi_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K Zr Si O H","IMA1982-053"," ",2704," ","monoclinic","P21/b","K Zr^4+ Si O H","Ksv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Kotoite","Kotoite","Mg3(BO3)2","Mg3(BO3)2","Mg_3_(BO_3_)_2_","Mg_3_(BO_3_)_2_","Mg B O"," "," ",2705," ","orthorhombic","Pnmn","Mg B O","Ko","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kottenheimite","Kottenheimite","Ca3Si(S6+O4)2(OH)6·12H2O","Ca3Si(SO4)2(OH)6·12H2O","Ca_3_Si(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Si(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Si S O H","IMA2011-038"," ",5965,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Si S^6+ O H","Khm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Köttigite","Kottigite","Zn2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Zn3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Zn_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Zn As O H"," "," ",5121,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Köt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Kotulskite","Kotulskite","Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)","Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4)","Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x_ (x ≈ 0.4)","Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x_ (x ≈ 0.4)","Pd Te Bi","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2706,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc","Pd Te Bi","Ktu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Koutekite","Koutekite","Cu5As2","Cu5As2","Cu_5_As_2_","Cu_5_As_2_","Cu As"," "," ",2707," ","orthorhombic","Ibam","Cu As","Kou","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray blue.","#77a1b5"
"Kovdorskite","Kovdorskite","Mg2PO4(OH)·3H2O","Mg2(PO4)(OH)·3H2O","Mg_2_(PO_4_)(OH)·3H_2_O","Mg_2_PO_4_(OH)·3H_2_O","Mg P O H","IMA1979-066"," ",2708,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/a","Mg P O H","Kov","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Greenish blue, Light pink, Pink.","#afafaf,#0b8b87,#ffd1df,#ffc0cb"
"Kozłowskiite","Kozlowskiite","Ca4Fe2+Sn4+3(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca4Fe2+Sn3(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca_4_Fe^2+^Sn_3_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca_4_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^_3_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca Fe Sn Si O H","IMA2021-081"," ",7189,"Kristiansenite","triclinic","C1","Ca Fe^2+ Sn^4+ Si O H","Kzw",,"No","Pale brownish (in tiny pieces)","#b1916e"
"Kozoite-(La)","Kozoite-(La)","LaCO3(OH)","La(CO3)(OH)","La(CO_3_)(OH)","LaCO_3_(OH)","La C O H","IMA2002-054"," ",5122,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","La C O H","Koz-La","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pale pinkish purple, White.","#efcddb,#ffffff"
"Kozoite-(Nd)","Kozoite-(Nd)","NdCO3(OH)","Nd(CO3)(OH)","Nd(CO_3_)(OH)","NdCO_3_(OH)","Nd C O H","IMA1998-063"," ",2709,"Ancylite","orthorhombic","Pmcn, Pnma","Nd C O H","Koz-Nd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pale pinkish purple, White.","#efcddb,#ffffff"
"Kozyrevskite","Kozyrevskite","Cu2+4O(As5+O4)2","Cu4O(AsO4)2","Cu_4_O(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_4_O(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O As","IMA2013-023"," ",6185,"Kozyrevskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ O As^5+","Kzy","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bright grass green to light yellowish green","#bbdd00,#c2ff89"
"Kraisslite","Kraisslite","Zn2+3(Mn2+,Mg)25(Fe3+,Al)(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]10(OH)16","Zn3(Mn,Mg)25(Fe3+,Al)(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]10(OH)16","Zn_3_(Mn,Mg)_25_(Fe^3+^,Al)(As^3+^O_3_)_2_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_10_(OH)_16_","Zn^2+^_3_(Mn^2+^,Mg)_25_(Fe^3+^,Al)(As^3+^O_3_)_2_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_10_(OH)_16_","Zn Mn Mg Fe Al As O Si H","IMA1977-003"," ",2711,"Hematolite","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P6322, C2221","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Al As^3+ O Si As^5+ H","Ksl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Copper brown, Dark copper brown.","#9a6051,#b97254"
"Králíkite","Kralikite","BaCl2·2H2O","BaCl2·2H2O","BaCl_2_·2H_2_O","BaCl_2_·2H_2_O","Ba Cl H O","IMA2019-070a"," ",7496," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ba Cl H O","Kke",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Krasheninnikovite","Krasheninnikovite","KNa2CaMg(S6+O4)3F","KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F","KNa_2_CaMg(SO_4_)_3_F","KNa_2_CaMg(S^6+^O_4_)_3_F","K Na Ca Mg S O F","IMA2011-044"," ",5972,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mcm","K Na Ca Mg S^6+ O F","Krh","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, White","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Krásnoite","Krasnoite","Ca3Al7.7Si3P4O23.5(OH)12.1F2·8H2O","Ca3Al7.7Si3P4O22.9(OH)13.3F2·8H2O","Ca_3_Al_7.7_Si_3_P_4_O_22.9_(OH)_13.3_F_2_·8H_2_O","Ca_3_Al_7.7_Si_3_P_4_O_23.5_(OH)_12.1_F_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Al Si P O H F","IMA2011-040, IMA2017 s.p."," ",5967,"Perhamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca Al Si P O H F","Krá","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white, pale yellowish white, white with a greenish tint","#eeffee,#bdd4d1,#d6d0cc"
"Krasnoshteinite","Krasnoshteinite","Al8[B2O4(OH)2](OH)16Cl4·7H2O","Al8[B2O4(OH)2](OH)16Cl4·7H2O","Al_8_[B_2_O_4_(OH)_2_](OH)_16_Cl_4_·7H_2_O","Al_8_[B_2_O_4_(OH)_2_](OH)_16_Cl_4_·7H_2_O","Al B O H Cl","IMA2018-077"," ",6807,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21","Al B O H Cl","Knh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Krasnovite","Krasnovite","Ba(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2·H2O","Ba(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2·H2O","Ba(Al,Mg)(PO_4_,CO_3_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ba(Al,Mg)(PO_4_,CO_3_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ba Al Mg P O C H","IMA1991-020"," ",2712," ","orthorhombic",,"Ba Al Mg P O C H","Kv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue.","#d0fefe"
"Kratochvílite","Kratochvilite","C13H10","C13H10","C_13_H_10_","C_13_H_10_","C H"," "," ",2713," ","orthorhombic","Pnam","C H","Ktc","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Krausite","Krausite","KFe3+(S6+O4)2·H2O","KFe3+(SO4)2·H2O","KFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","KFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","K Fe S O H"," "," ",2714," ","monoclinic","P21/m","K Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Ksi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow green, Light yellow, Lemon.","#c8fd3d,#fffe7a,#fff700"
"Krauskopfite","Krauskopfite","BaSi2O5·3H2O","BaSi2O5·3H2O","BaSi_2_O_5_·3H_2_O","BaSi_2_O_5_·3H_2_O","Ba Si O H","IMA1964-008"," ",2715," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ba Si O H","Kkp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Krautite","Krautite","Mn2+(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Mn(AsO3OH)·H2O","Mn(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Mn^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA1974-028"," ",2716,"Krautite","monoclinic","P21","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Kra","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Kravtsovite","Kravtsovite","PdAg2S","PdAg2S","PdAg_2_S","PdAg_2_S","Pd Ag S","IMA2016-092"," ",6618,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Pd Ag S","Kvt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellowish white in plane-polarised light","#e9f1d0"
"Kreiterite","Kreiterite","CsLi2Fe3+Si4O10F2","CsLi2Fe3+Si4O10F2","CsLi_2_Fe^3+^Si_4_O_10_F_2_","CsLi_2_Fe^3+^Si_4_O_10_F_2_","Cs Li Fe Si O F","IMA2019-041"," ",6933,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","Cs Li Fe^3+ Si O F","Kre","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Kremersite","Kremersite","(N3-H4)2Fe3+Cl5·H2O","(NH4)2Fe3+Cl5·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^3+^Cl_5_·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^3+^Cl_5_·H_2_O","N H Fe Cl O"," "," ",5123," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","N^3- H Fe^3+ Cl O","Km","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown red, Red, Orange.","#922b05,#ff0000,#ffa500"
"Krennerite","Krennerite","Au3AgTe8","Au3AgTe8","Au_3_AgTe_8_","Au_3_AgTe_8_","Au Ag Te"," "," ",2717," ","orthorhombic","Pma2","Au Ag Te","Knn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White, Blackish yellow.","#ffffff,#fee715"
"Krettnichite","Krettnichite","Pb2+Mn3+2(V5+O4)2(OH)2","PbMn3+2(VO4)2(OH)2","PbMn^3+^_2_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Mn V O H","IMA1998-044"," ",2718,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Mn^3+ V^5+ O H","Knc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Kribergite","Kribergite","Al5(PO4)3(S6+O4)(OH)4·4H2O","Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4·4H2O","Al_5_(PO_4_)_3_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Al_5_(PO_4_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Al P O S H"," "," ",2719," ",,,"Al P O S^6+ H","Kbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Krieselite","Krieselite","Al2GeO4F2","Al2(GeO4)F2","Al_2_(GeO_4_)F_2_","Al_2_GeO_4_F_2_","Al Ge O F","IMA2000-043a"," ",5317,"Topaz","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Al Ge O F","Kes","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Beige, White.","#e6daa6,#ffffff"
"Krinovite","Krinovite","Na4(Mg8Cr3+4)O4[Si12O36]","Na4[Mg8Cr3+4]O4[Si12O36]","Na_4_[Mg_8_Cr^3+^_4_]O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na_4_(Mg_8_Cr^3+^_4_)O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na Mg Cr O Si","IMA1967-016"," ",2720,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Na Mg Cr^3+ O Si","Kvi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Dark green, Emerald green.","#033500,#046307"
"Kristiansenite","Kristiansenite","Ca4Sc2Sn4+2(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca4Sc2Sn2(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca_4_Sc_2_Sn_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca_4_Sc_2_Sn^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca Sc Sn Si O H","IMA2000-051"," ",2721,"Kristiansenite","triclinic","C1","Ca Sc Sn^4+ Si O H","Kse","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kristjánite","Kristjanite","KNa2H(S6+O4)2","KNa2H(SO4)2","KNa_2_H(SO_4_)_2_","KNa_2_H(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Na H S O","IMA2022-131"," ",7358,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","K Na H S^6+ O","Kjn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Krivovichevite","Krivovichevite","Pb2+3Al(OH)6S6+O4(OH)","Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH)","Pb_3_Al(OH)_6_(SO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_3_Al(OH)_6_S^6+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Al O H S","IMA2004-053"," ",5532," ","hexagonal","R3c","Pb^2+ Al O H S^6+","Kvv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale gray, Colorless.","#fdfdfe,#afafaf"
"Kröhnkite","Krohnkite","Na2Cu2+(S6+O4)2·2H2O","Na2Cu(SO4)2·2H2O","Na_2_Cu(SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Cu^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Cu S O H"," "," ",4906,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Khk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, greenish-blue; light blue to colourless in transmitted light","#0000ff,#0b8b87,#add8e6,#afafaf"
"Krotite","Krotite","CaAl2O4","CaAl2O4","CaAl_2_O_4_","CaAl_2_O_4_","Ca Al O","IMA2010-038"," ",5868,"Beryllonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Al O","Kro","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Kroupaite","Kroupaite","KPb2+0.5[(U6+O2)8O4(OH)10]·10H2O","KPb0.5[(UO2)8O4(OH)10]·10H2O","KPb_0.5_[(UO_2_)_8_O_4_(OH)_10_]·10H_2_O","KPb^2+^_0.5_[(U^6+^O_2_)_8_O_4_(OH)_10_]·10H_2_O","K Pb U O H","IMA2017-031"," ",6669,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","Pbca","K Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Kpa","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Krügerite","Krugerite","BaCa6(SiO4)2[(P0.5S6+0.5)O4]2F","BaCa6(SiO4)2[(P0.5S0.5)O4]2F","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_[(P_0.5_S_0.5_)O_4_]_2_F","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_[(P_0.5_S^6+^_0.5_)O_4_]_2_F","Ba Ca Si O P S F","IMA2023-121"," ",7477,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O P S^6+ F","Kgr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kruijenite","Kruijenite","Ca4Al4(S6+O4)F2(OH)16·2H2O","Ca4Al4(SO4)F2(OH)16·2H2O","Ca_4_Al_4_(SO_4_)F_2_(OH)_16_·2H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_4_(S^6+^O_4_)F_2_(OH)_16_·2H_2_O","Ca Al S O F H","IMA2018-057"," ",6791,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Al S^6+ O F H","Kje","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish-yellow to colourless","#cdfd02,#afafaf"
"Krupičkaite","Krupickaite","Cu2+6[As5+O3(OH)]6·8H2O","Cu6[AsO3(OH)]6·8H2O","Cu_6_[AsO_3_(OH)]_6_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_6_·8H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA2020-032"," ",7041,"Lindackerite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Kpč","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish-blue, occasionally with a grey tint","#0b8b87,#afafaf"
"Krupkaite","Krupkaite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+3S2-6","PbCuBi3S6","PbCuBi_3_S_6_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Pb Cu Bi S","IMA1974-020"," ",2722,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pmc21, Pmcn, Pb21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Krp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark steel gray, Steel gray.","#014d4e,#43464b"
"Krut'aite","Krutaite","Cu2+(Se2)2-","CuSe2","CuSe_2_","Cu^2+^(Se_2_)^2-^","Cu Se","IMA1972-001"," ",2723,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Cu^2+ Se","Krt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Krutovite","Krutovite","NiAs2","NiAs2","NiAs_2_","NiAs_2_","Ni As","IMA1975-009"," ",2724,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ni As","Kru","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Kryachkoite","Kryachkoite","(Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu)","(Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu)","(Al,Cu)_6_(Fe,Cu)","(Al,Cu)_6_(Fe,Cu)","Al Cu Fe","IMA2016-062"," ",6589," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Al Cu Fe","Kyh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kryzhanovskite","Kryzhanovskite","(Fe3+,Mn2+)3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)3","(Fe3+,Mn2+)3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)3","(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_3_","(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_3_","Fe Mn P O H"," "," ",2725,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna","Fe^3+ Mn^2+ P O H","Kry","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Greenish brown, Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#a87900,#696112,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Ktenasite","Ktenasite","Zn2+Cu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·6H2O","ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·6H2O","ZnCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Zn^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Zn Cu S O H"," "," ",2726,"Ktenasite, Devilline","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Kte","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Blue green, Green, Emerald green.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#00ff00,#046307"
"Kuannersuite-(Ce)","Kuannersuite-(Ce)","NaCe3+Ba3(PO4)3F0.5Cl0.5","NaCeBa3(PO4)3F0.5Cl0.5","NaCeBa_3_(PO_4_)_3_F_0.5_Cl_0.5_","NaCe^3+^Ba_3_(PO_4_)_3_F_0.5_Cl_0.5_","Na Ce Ba P O F Cl","IMA2002-013"," ",5191,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ce^3+ Ba P O F Cl","Kua-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Light rose.","#f4d4d6"
"Kudriavite","Kudriavite","(Cd2+,Pb2+)Bi3+2S2-4","(Cd,Pb)Bi2S4","(Cd,Pb)Bi_2_S_4_","(Cd^2+^,Pb^2+^)Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Cd Pb Bi S","IMA2003-011"," ",5225," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cd^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Kdv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark reddish gray.","#840000"
"Kudryavtsevaite","Kudryavtsevaite","Na3MgFe3+Ti4+4O12","Na3MgFe3+Ti4O12","Na_3_MgFe^3+^Ti_4_O_12_","Na_3_MgFe^3+^Ti^4+^_4_O_12_","Na Mg Fe Ti O","IMA2012-078"," ",6134,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Kud","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Greyish black","#555152"
"Kufahrite","Kufahrite","PtPb","PtPb","PtPb","PtPb","Pt Pb","IMA2020-045"," ",7051,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pt Pb","Kuf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","White","#ffffff"
"Kukharenkoite-(Ce)","Kukharenkoite-(Ce)","Ba2Ce3+(CO3)3F","Ba2Ce(CO3)3F","Ba_2_Ce(CO_3_)_3_F","Ba_2_Ce^3+^(CO_3_)_3_F","Ba Ce C O F","IMA1995-040"," ",2727," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Ce^3+ C O F","Kkk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Yellow, Reddish brown, Colorless, White, Pinkish gray.","#ffff00,#7f2b0a,#afafaf,#ffffff,#c8aca9"
"Kukharenkoite-(La)","Kukharenkoite-(La)","Ba2La(CO3)3F","Ba2La(CO3)3F","Ba_2_La(CO_3_)_3_F","Ba_2_La(CO_3_)_3_F","Ba La C O F","IMA2002-019"," ",5035," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba La C O F","Kkk-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale leek green, Colorless, White.","#bdcaa8,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kukisvumite","Kukisvumite","Na6Zn2+Ti4+4O4(SiO3)8·4H2O","Na6ZnTi4O4(SiO3)8·4H2O","Na_6_ZnTi_4_O_4_(SiO_3_)_8_·4H_2_O","Na_6_Zn^2+^Ti^4+^_4_O_4_(SiO_3_)_8_·4H_2_O","Na Zn Ti O Si H","IMA1989-052"," ",2728," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","Na Zn^2+ Ti^4+ O Si H","Kki","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kuksite","Kuksite","Pb2+3Zn2+3Te6+O6(PO4)2","Pb3Zn3TeO6(PO4)2","Pb_3_Zn_3_TeO_6_(PO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_(PO_4_)_2_","Pb Zn Te O P","IMA1989-018"," ",2729,"Dugganite","hexagonal","P321","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Te^6+ O P","Kuk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Kulanite","Kulanite","BaFe2+2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaFe2+2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaFe^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","BaFe^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ba Fe Al P O H","IMA1975-012"," ",2730,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Fe^2+ Al P O H","Kul","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue green, Green, Black green.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#00ff00,#384e49"
"Kuliginite","Kuliginite","Fe2+3Mg(OH)6Cl2","Fe3Mg(OH)6Cl2","Fe_3_Mg(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Fe^2+^_3_Mg(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Fe Mg O H Cl","IMA2016-049"," ",6577,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Fe^2+ Mg O H Cl","Klg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Dark green, green, greenish-yellow with impurities","#033500,#00ff00,#cdfd02"
"Kuliokite-(Y)","Kuliokite-(Y)","Y4Al(SiO4)2(OH)2F5","Y4Al(SiO4)2(OH)2F5","Y_4_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_F_5_","Y_4_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_F_5_","Y Al Si O H F","IMA1984-064"," ",2731," ","triclinic","P1","Y Al Si O H F","Klo-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Kulkeite","Kulkeite","Na0.3Mg8Al(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10","Na0.3Mg8Al(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10","Na_0.3_Mg_8_Al(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_10_","Na_0.3_Mg_8_Al(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_10_","Na Mg Al Si O H","IMA1980-031"," ",2732,"Corrensite, Clay","monoclinic",,"Na Mg Al Si O H","Klk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Kullerudite","Kullerudite","NiSe2","NiSe2","NiSe_2_","NiSe_2_","Ni Se","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2733,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Ni Se","Krd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Kumdykolite","Kumdykolite","NaAlSi3O8","Na(AlSi3O8)","Na(AlSi_3_O_8_)","NaAlSi_3_O_8_","Na Al Si O","IMA2007-049"," ",5649," ","orthorhombic","Pmnn","Na Al Si O","Kdy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kummerite","Kummerite","Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe Al P O H","IMA2015-036"," ",6437,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O H","Kum","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Amber yellow","#fab75a"
"Kumtyubeite","Kumtyubeite","Ca5(SiO4)2F2","Ca5(SiO4)2F2","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_F_2_","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_F_2_","Ca Si O F","IMA2008-045"," ",5706,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Si O F","Kty","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Light pink","#ffd1df"
"Kunatite","Kunatite","Cu2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CuFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu Fe P O H","IMA2007-057"," ",5656,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Kun","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow-green","#c8fd3d"
"Kupčíkite","Kupcikite","Cu3.4Fe0.6Bi5S10","Cu3.4Fe0.6Bi5S10","Cu_3.4_Fe_0.6_Bi_5_S_10_","Cu_3.4_Fe_0.6_Bi_5_S_10_","Cu Fe Bi S","IMA2001-017"," ",5036," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu Fe Bi S","Kup","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey","#808080"
"Kupletskite","Kupletskite","K2NaMn2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K2NaMn2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K_2_NaMn^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K_2_NaMn^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K Na Mn Ti Si O H F"," "," ",2734,"Astrophyllite-Kupletskite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, C2/c","K Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Kpt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow brown, Black, Black brown.","#ae8b0c,#000000,#73532a"
"Kupletskite-(Cs)","Kupletskite-(Cs)","Cs2NaMn2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","Cs2NaMn2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","Cs_2_NaMn^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","Cs_2_NaMn^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","Cs Na Mn Ti Si O H F","IMA1970-009"," ",1380,"Astrophyllite-Kupletskite","triclinic","P1","Cs Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Kpt-Cs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Kuramite","Kuramite","Cu1+2Cu2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu3SnS4","Cu_3_SnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Cu^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Sn S","IMA1979-013"," ",2735,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Ku","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Kuranakhite","Kuranakhite","Pb2+Mn4+Te6+O6","PbMn4+Te6+O6","PbMn^4+^Te^6+^O_6_","Pb^2+^Mn^4+^Te^6+^O_6_","Pb Mn Te O","IMA1974-030"," ",2736,"Kassite-Kuranakhite","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ Mn^4+ Te^6+ O","Kkh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Kuratite","Kuratite","Ca2(Fe2+5Ti4+)O2[Si4Al2O18]","Ca2(Fe2+5Ti)O2[Si4Al2O18]","Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_5_Ti)O_2_[Si_4_Al_2_O_18_]","Ca_2_(Fe^2+^_5_Ti^4+^)O_2_[Si_4_Al_2_O_18_]","Ca Fe Ti O Si Al","IMA2013-109"," ",6268,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O Si Al","Kur","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kurchatovite","Kurchatovite","CaMgB2O5","CaMgB2O5","CaMgB_2_O_5_","CaMgB_2_O_5_","Ca Mg B O","IMA1965-034"," ",2737," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mg B O","Kht","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Kurgantaite","Kurgantaite","CaSrB5O9Cl·H2O","CaSrB5O9Cl·H2O","CaSrB_5_O_9_Cl·H_2_O","CaSrB_5_O_9_Cl·H_2_O","Ca Sr B O Cl H","IMA2000 s.p."," ",2738,"Hilgardite","triclinic","P1","Ca Sr B O Cl H","Kga","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Kurilite","Kurilite","Ag8Te3Se","Ag8Te3Se","Ag_8_Te_3_Se","Ag_8_Te_3_Se","Ag Te Se","IMA2009-080"," ",5809,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal",,"Ag Te Se","Kri","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Kurnakovite","Kurnakovite","MgB3O3(OH)5·5H2O","MgB3O3(OH)5·5H2O","MgB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·5H_2_O","MgB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·5H_2_O","Mg B O H"," "," ",2739," ","triclinic","P1","Mg B O H","Kko","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kurumsakite","Kurumsakite","Zn2+8Al8V5+2Si5O35·27H2O","Zn8Al8V5+2Si5O35·27H2O (?)","Zn_8_Al_8_V^5+^_2_Si_5_O_35_·27H_2_O (?)","Zn^2+^_8_Al_8_V^5+^_2_Si_5_O_35_·27H_2_O","Zn Al V Si O H"," "," ",5124," ",,,"Zn^2+ Al V^5+ Si O H","Krm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Bright yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffd01"
"Kusachiite","Kusachiite","Cu2+Bi3+2O4","Cu2+Bi3+2O4","Cu^2+^Bi^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu^2+^Bi^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu Bi O","IMA1992-024"," ",2740,"Minium","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Cu^2+ Bi^3+ O","Kus","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Kushiroite","Kushiroite","CaAl(AlSi)O6","CaAlAlSiO6","CaAlAlSiO_6_","CaAl(AlSi)O_6_","Ca Al Si O","IMA2008-059"," ",5719,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al Si O","Ks","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Kutinaite","Kutinaite","Ag6Cu14As7","Ag6Cu14As7","Ag_6_Cu_14_As_7_","Ag_6_Cu_14_As_7_","Ag Cu As","IMA1969-034"," ",2741," ","cubic","Pm3m","Ag Cu As","Kti","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Kutnohorite","Kutnohorite","CaMn2+(CO3)2","CaMn2+(CO3)2","CaMn^2+^(CO_3_)_2_","CaMn^2+^(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Mn C O"," "," ",2742,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3c, R3","Ca Mn^2+ C O","Kut","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Light yellow, Light pink.","#ffffff,#fffe7a,#ffd1df"
"Kuvaevite","Kuvaevite","Ir5Ni10S16","Ir5Ni10S16","Ir_5_Ni_10_S_16_","Ir_5_Ni_10_S_16_","Ir Ni S","IMA2020-043"," ",7061,"Kuvaevite","hexagonal","R3m","Ir Ni S","Kuv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","gray to brownish gray","#808080,#86775f"
"Kuzelite","Kuzelite","Ca4Al2(OH)12(S6+O4)·6H2O","Ca4Al2(OH)12(SO4)·6H2O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(S^6+^O_4_)·6H_2_O","Ca Al O H S","IMA1996-053"," ",2743,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Al O H S^6+","Kuz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Kuzmenkoite-Mn","Kuzmenkoite-Mn","K4Mn2+2Ti4+8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8·10-12H2O","K2MnTi4(Si4O12)2(OH)4·5-6H2O","K_2_MnTi_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(OH)_4_·5-6H_2_O","K_4_Mn^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH,O)_8_·10-12H_2_O","K Mn Ti Si O H","IMA1998-058"," ",2744,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","K Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Kz-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Dark orange, Colorless.","#ffff00,#c65102,#afafaf"
"Kuzmenkoite-Zn","Kuzmenkoite-Zn","K2Zn2+Ti4+4(Si4O12)2(OH)4·6-8H2O","K2ZnTi4(Si4O12)2(OH)4·6-8H2O","K_2_ZnTi_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(OH)_4_·6-8H_2_O","K_2_Zn^2+^Ti^4+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(OH)_4_·6-8H_2_O","K Zn Ti Si O H","IMA2001-037"," ",2745,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","K Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Kz-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Grayish white, Pale pink, Light brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d6dee9,#efcddb,#b5651d"
"Kuzminite","Kuzminite","Hg1+Br","HgBr","HgBr","Hg^1+^Br","Hg Br","IMA1986-005"," ",2746," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm, P42/mnm","Hg^1+ Br","Kzm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish gray, Colorless, White.","#748b97,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Kuznetsovite","Kuznetsovite","Hg1+2Hg2+(As5+O4)Cl","Hg1+2Hg2+(AsO4)Cl","Hg^1+^_2_Hg^2+^(AsO_4_)Cl","Hg^1+^_2_Hg^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)Cl","Hg As O Cl","IMA1980-009"," ",2747," ","cubic","P213","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ As^5+ O Cl","Kzn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Honey brown, Light brown.","#ae8b0c,#816e5c,#b5651d"
"Kvačekite","Kvacekite","Ni3+(SbSe)3-","NiSbSe","NiSbSe","Ni^3+^(SbSe)^3-^","Ni Sb Se","IMA2023-095"," ",7437,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Ni^3+ Sb Se","Kvč",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Kvanefjeldite","Kvanefjeldite","Na4CaSi6O14(OH)2","Na4CaSi6O14(OH)2","Na_4_CaSi_6_O_14_(OH)_2_","Na_4_CaSi_6_O_14_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Si O H","IMA1982-079"," ",2748," ","orthorhombic","Pcab","Na Ca Si O H","Kva","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Violet pink.","#fb5ffc"
"Kyanite","Kyanite","Al2OSiO4","Al2OSiO4","Al_2_OSiO_4_","Al_2_OSiO_4_","Al O Si","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2749,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al O Si","Ky","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, White, Gray, Green, Black.","#0000ff,#ffffff,#808080,#00ff00,#000000"
"Kyanoxalite","Kyanoxalite","Na7(Al5-6Si6-7O24)((C2)6+O4)0.5-1.0·5H2O","Na7(Al5-6Si6-7O24)(C2O4)0.5-1.0·5H2O","Na_7_(Al_5-6_Si_6-7_O_24_)(C_2_O_4_)_0.5-1.0_·5H_2_O","Na_7_(Al_5-6_Si_6-7_O_24_)((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_0.5-1.0_·5H_2_O","Na Al Si O C H","IMA2008-041"," ",5700,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite, Oxalate","hexagonal","P63","Na Al Si O C H","Kox","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale blue.","#afafaf,#d0fefe"
"Kyawthuite","Kyawthuite","Bi3+Sb5+O4","Bi3+Sb5+O4","Bi^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Bi^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Bi Sb O","IMA2015-078"," ",6477,"Clinocervantite","monoclinic","I2/c","Bi^3+ Sb^5+ O","Kyw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Reddish orange","#f8481c"
"Kyrgyzstanite","Kyrgyzstanite","Zn2+Al4S6+O4(OH)12·3H2O","ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12·3H2O","ZnAl_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^Al_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Zn Al S O H","IMA2004-024"," ",5404,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Kyr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue - greenish","#add8e6"
"Kyzylkumite","Kyzylkumite","Ti4+2V3+O5(OH)","Ti2V3+O5(OH)","Ti_2_V^3+^O_5_(OH)","Ti^4+^_2_V^3+^O_5_(OH)","Ti V O H","IMA1980-081"," ",2750," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ti^4+ V^3+ O H","Kyz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Laachite","Laachite","(Ca,Mn2+)2Zr4+2Nb5+2Ti4+Fe2+O14","(Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14","(Ca,Mn)_2_Zr_2_Nb_2_TiFeO_14_","(Ca,Mn^2+^)_2_Zr^4+^_2_Nb^5+^_2_Ti^4+^Fe^2+^O_14_","Ca Mn Zr Nb Ti Fe O","IMA2012-100"," ",6163,"Zirconolite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Laa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","brownish-red","#9e3623"
"Labuntsovite-Fe","Labuntsovite-Fe","Na4K4Fe2+2Ti4+8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8·10-12H2O","Na4K4Fe2+2Ti8O4(Si4O12)4(OH)4·10-12H2O","Na_4_K_4_Fe^2+^_2_Ti_8_O_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH)_4_·10-12H_2_O","Na_4_K_4_Fe^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(O,OH)_8_·10-12H_2_O","Na K Fe Ti O Si H","IMA1998-051a"," ",2751,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Lab-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Labuntsovite-Mg","Labuntsovite-Mg","Na4K4Mg2Ti4+8O4(Si4O12)4(OH)4·10-12H2O","Na4K4Mg2Ti8O4(Si4O12)4(OH)4·10-12H2O","Na_4_K_4_Mg_2_Ti_8_O_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH)_4_·10-12H_2_O","Na_4_K_4_Mg_2_Ti^4+^_8_O_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH)_4_·10-12H_2_O","Na K Mg Ti O Si H","IMA1998-050a"," ",2752,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Mg Ti^4+ O Si H","Lab-Mg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellowish white, Pink, Light orange.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#ffc0cb,#ff7034"
"Labuntsovite-Mn","Labuntsovite-Mn","Na4K4Mn2+2Ti4+8O4(Si4O12)4(OH)4·10-12H2O","Na4K4Mn2+2Ti8O4(Si4O12)4(OH)4·10-12H2O","Na_4_K_4_Mn^2+^_2_Ti_8_O_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH)_4_·10-12H_2_O","Na_4_K_4_Mn^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_8_O_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH)_4_·10-12H_2_O","Na K Mn Ti O Si H","IMA2000 s.p."," ",2753,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m, B2/m","Na K Mn^2+ Ti^4+ O Si H","Lab-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Pink, Reddish brown.","#c9b003,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Labyrinthite","Labyrinthite","(Na,K,Sr)35Ca12Fe2+3Zr4+6Ti4+Si51O144(O,OH,H2O)9Cl3","(Na,K,Sr)35Ca12Fe3Zr6TiSi51O144(O,OH,H2O)9Cl3","(Na,K,Sr)_35_Ca_12_Fe_3_Zr_6_TiSi_51_O_144_(O,OH,H_2_O)_9_Cl_3_","(Na,K,Sr)_35_Ca_12_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_6_Ti^4+^Si_51_O_144_(O,OH,H_2_O)_9_Cl_3_","Na K Sr Ca Fe Zr Ti Si O H Cl","IMA2002-065"," ",2754,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","Na K Sr Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Si O H Cl","Lby","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Vivid pink.","#87c95f"
"Lacroixite","Lacroixite","NaAl(PO4)F","NaAl(PO4)F","NaAl(PO_4_)F","NaAl(PO_4_)F","Na Al P O F"," "," ",2755,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al P O F","Lac","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, Light green, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#76ff7b,#fffe7a"
"Laffittite","Laffittite","Ag1+Hg2+As3+S2-3","AgHgAsS3","AgHgAsS_3_","Ag^1+^Hg^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Hg As S","IMA1973-031"," ",2756,"Rocksalt","monoclinic","Aa","Ag^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Lft","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Laflammeite","Laflammeite","Pd3Pb2S2","Pd3Pb2S2","Pd_3_Pb_2_S_2_","Pd_3_Pb_2_S_2_","Pd Pb S","IMA2000-014"," ",2757," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pd Pb S","Lfl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brownish cream.","#9e3623"
"Laforêtite","Laforetite","Ag1+In3+S2-2","AgInS2","AgInS_2_","Ag^1+^In^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag In S","IMA1995-006"," ",2758,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","I42d","Ag^1+ In^3+ S^2-","Laf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown","#653700"
"Lafossaite","Lafossaite","Tl1+Cl","TlCl","TlCl","Tl^1+^Cl","Tl Cl","IMA2003-032"," ",5239," ","cubic","Pm3m","Tl^1+ Cl","Lfs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Grayish brown.","#7a6a4f"
"Lagalyite","Lagalyite","Ca2xMn4+1-xO2·1.5-2H2O (x = 0.05-0.08)","Ca2xMn1-xO2·1.5-2H2O (x = 0.05-0.08)","Ca_2x_Mn_1-x_O_2_·1.5-2H_2_O (x = 0.05-0.08)","Ca_2x_Mn^4+^_1-x_O_2_·1.5-2H_2_O (x = 0.05-0.08)","Ca Mn O H","IMA2016-106"," ",6633," ","monoclinic","C2","Ca Mn^4+ O H","Lag","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lahnsteinite","Lahnsteinite","Zn2+4(S6+O4)(OH)6·3H2O","Zn4(SO4)(OH)6·3H2O","Zn_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA2012-002"," ",6059,"Ktenasite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Lah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Laihunite","Laihunite","(Fe3+,Fe2+,☐)2SiO4","(Fe3+,Fe2+,☐)2(SiO4)","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,[box])_2_(SiO_4_)","(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,[box])_2_SiO_4_","Fe Si O","IMA1988-xxx"," ",2759," ","monoclinic","P21/b","Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si O","Lai","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Laitakarite","Laitakarite","Bi4(Se,S)3","Bi4(Se,S)3","Bi_4_(Se,S)_3_","Bi_4_(Se,S)_3_","Bi Se S","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2760,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi Se S","Ltk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Lead white.","#8a7963,#ebf0e4"
"Lakargiite","Lakargiite","CaZr4+O3","CaZrO3","CaZrO_3_","CaZr^4+^O_3_","Ca Zr O","IMA2007-014"," ",5620,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Ca Zr^4+ O","Lak","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Red brown, Yellowish, Almost clear.","#a52a2f,#faee66,#bfe5b1"
"Lakebogaite","Lakebogaite","NaCaFe3+2H(U6+O2)2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaCaFe2H(UO2)2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","NaCaFe_2_H(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","NaCaFe^3+^_2_H(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na Ca Fe H U O P","IMA2007-001"," ",5588," ","monoclinic","Cc","Na Ca Fe^3+ H U^6+ O P","Lbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright lemon yellow.","#87fd05"
"Lalondeite","Lalondeite","(Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2·3H2O","(Na,Ca)6(Ca,Na)3Si16O38(F,OH)2·3H2O","(Na,Ca)_6_(Ca,Na)_3_Si_16_O_38_(F,OH)_2_·3H_2_O","(Na,Ca)_6_(Ca,Na)_3_Si_16_O_38_(F,OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na Ca Si O F H","IMA2002-026"," ",2761,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si O F H","Lal","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Lammerite","Lammerite","Cu2+3(As5+O4)2","Cu3(AsO4)2","Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu As O","IMA1980-016"," ",2762," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Lmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Lamprophyllite","Lamprophyllite","(SrNa)Ti4+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(SrNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(SrNa)Ti_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","(SrNa)Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Sr Na Ti Si O H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",2763,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, Pnmn","Sr Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Lmp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Brown.","#ffff00,#653700"
"Lanarkite","Lanarkite","Pb2+2O(S6+O4)","Pb2O(SO4)","Pb_2_O(SO_4_)","Pb^2+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)","Pb O S"," "," ",2764," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ O S^6+","Lan","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish white, Gray, Gray white, Yellow, Light yellow.","#d1f1de,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Landauite","Landauite","(Na,Pb2+)(Mn2+,Y)(Zn2+,Fe2+)2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Nb5+)18(O,OH,F)O38","(Na,Pb)(Mn2+,Y)(Zn,Fe)2(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)18(O,OH,F)O38","(Na,Pb)(Mn^2+^,Y)(Zn,Fe)_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^,Nb)_18_(O,OH,F)O_38_","(Na,Pb^2+^)(Mn^2+^,Y)(Zn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Nb^5+^)_18_(O,OH,F)O_38_","Na Pb Mn Y Zn Fe Ti Nb O H F","IMA1965-033"," ",2765,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Na Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Y Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Nb^5+ O H F","Lda","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Landesite","Landesite","Mn2+9Fe3+3(PO4)8(OH)3·9H2O","Mn2+9Fe3+3(PO4)8(OH)3·9H2O","Mn^2+^_9_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_3_·9H_2_O","Mn^2+^_9_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_8_(OH)_3_·9H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H","IMA1964 s.p."," ",2766,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Lds","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Långbanite","Langbanite","Mn2+4Mn3+9Sb5+O16(SiO4)2","Mn2+4Mn3+9Sb5+O16(SiO4)2","Mn^2+^_4_Mn^3+^_9_Sb^5+^O_16_(SiO_4_)_2_","Mn^2+^_4_Mn^3+^_9_Sb^5+^O_16_(SiO_4_)_2_","Mn Sb O Si","IMA1971 s.p."," ",2767," ","hexagonal, monoclinic","P31m, C2/m","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Sb^5+ O Si","Lgb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","black","#000000"
"Långbanshyttanite","Langbanshyttanite","Pb2+2Mn2+2Mg(As5+O4)2(OH)4·6H2O","Pb2Mn2Mg(AsO4)2(OH)4·6H2O","Pb_2_Mn_2_Mg(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^2+^_2_Mg(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Pb Mn Mg As O H","IMA2010-071"," ",5910,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Mg As^5+ O H","Lbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Langbeinite","Langbeinite","K2Mg2(S6+O4)3","K2Mg2(SO4)3","K_2_Mg_2_(SO_4_)_3_","K_2_Mg_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","K Mg S O"," "," ",2768,"Langbeinite","cubic","P213","K Mg S^6+ O","Lbn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Violet, Greenish, Gray, Yellowish.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#40a368,#808080,#faee66"
"Langhofite","Langhofite","Pb2+2(OH)[W6+O4(OH)]","Pb2(OH)[WO4(OH)]","Pb_2_(OH)[WO_4_(OH)]","Pb^2+^_2_(OH)[W^6+^O_4_(OH)]","Pb O H W","IMA2019-005"," ",6894,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ O H W^6+","Lhf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Langisite","Langisite","CoAs","CoAs","CoAs","CoAs","Co As","IMA1968-023"," ",2769,"Nickeline","orthorhombic","Pnma","Co As","Lgi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Pink, Reddish gray.","#ffc0cb,#997570"
"Langite","Langite","Cu2+4S6+O4(OH)6·2H2O","Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·2H2O","Cu_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu S O H"," "," ",2770,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Pc","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Lgt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue green, Green blue, Sky blue.","#137e6d,#42b395,#9fb9e2"
"Lanmuchangite","Lanmuchangite","Tl1+Al(S6+O4)2·12H2O","TlAl(SO4)2·12H2O","TlAl(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Tl^1+^Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Tl Al S O H","IMA2001-018"," ",2771,"Alum","cubic","Pa3","Tl^1+ Al S^6+ O H","Lmh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, White.","#fffe7a,#ffffff"
"Lannonite","Lannonite","HCa4Mg2Al4(S6+O4)8F9·32H2O","HCa4Mg2Al4(SO4)8F9·32H2O","HCa_4_Mg_2_Al_4_(SO_4_)_8_F_9_·32H_2_O","HCa_4_Mg_2_Al_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_F_9_·32H_2_O","H Ca Mg Al S O F","IMA1979-069"," ",2772," ","tetragonal",,"H Ca Mg Al S^6+ O F","Lnn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Lansfordite","Lansfordite","MgCO3·5H2O","Mg(CO3)·5H2O","Mg(CO_3_)·5H_2_O","MgCO_3_·5H_2_O","Mg C O H"," "," ",2773," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg C O H","Lfd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lanthanite-(Ce)","Lanthanite-(Ce)","Ce3+2(CO3)3·8H2O","Ce2(CO3)3·8H2O","Ce_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","Ce^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","Ce C O H","IMA1983-055"," ",2774,"Lanthanite","orthorhombic","Pbnb","Ce^3+ C O H","Ltn-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lanthanite-(La)","Lanthanite-(La)","La2(CO3)3·8H2O","La2(CO3)3·8H2O","La_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","La_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","La C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2775,"Lanthanite","orthorhombic","Pbnb, Pccn","La C O H","Ltn-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellowish, Yellowish white, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#faee66,#e9f1d0,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Lanthanite-(Nd)","Lanthanite-(Nd)","Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O","Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O","Nd_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","Nd_2_(CO_3_)_3_·8H_2_O","Nd C O H","IMA1979-074"," ",2776,"Lanthanite","orthorhombic","Pbnb, Pccn","Nd C O H","Ltn-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Lapeyreite","Lapeyreite","Cu2+3O[As5+O3(OH)]2·H2O","Cu3O[AsO3(OH)]2·H2O","Cu_3_O[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_O[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_·H_2_O","Cu O As H","IMA2003-023b"," ",5689," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ O As^5+ H","Lpy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark pistachio-green","#a9d39e"
"Laphamite","Laphamite","As2Se3","As2Se3","As_2_Se_3_","As_2_Se_3_","As Se","IMA1985-021"," ",2777,"Orpiment","monoclinic","P21/n","As Se","Lpm","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Lapieite","Lapieite","Cu1+Ni2+Sb3+S2-3","CuNiSbS3","CuNiSbS_3_","Cu^1+^Ni^2+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Ni Sb S","IMA1983-002"," ",2778,"Lapieite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^1+ Ni^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Lap","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Laplandite-(Ce)","Laplandite-(Ce)","Na4Ce3+Ti4+PSi7O22·5H2O","Na4CeTiPSi7O22·5H2O","Na_4_CeTiPSi_7_O_22_·5H_2_O","Na_4_Ce^3+^Ti^4+^PSi_7_O_22_·5H_2_O","Na Ce Ti P Si O H","IMA1974-005, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2779," ","orthorhombic","Pmmm","Na Ce^3+ Ti^4+ P Si O H","Lpl-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bluish gray, Yellow gray, Light gray.","#748b97,#c8fd3d,#d8dcd6"
"Laptevite-(Ce)","Laptevite-(Ce)","NaFe2+((Ce,REE)7Ca5Y3)(SiO4)4(Si3B2PO18)(BO3)F11","NaFe2+(REE7Ca5Y3)(SiO4)4(Si3B2PO18)(BO3)F11","NaFe^2+^(REE_7_Ca_5_Y_3_)(SiO_4_)_4_(Si_3_B_2_PO_18_)(BO_3_)F_11_","NaFe^2+^((Ce,REE)_7_Ca_5_Y_3_)(SiO_4_)_4_(Si_3_B_2_PO_18_)(BO_3_)F_11_","Na Fe REE Ca Y Si O B P F","IMA2011-081"," ",6026," ","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^2+ Ce REE Ca Y Si O B P F","Lpt-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Larderellite","Larderellite","N3-H4B5O7(OH)2·H2O","(NH4)B5O7(OH)2·H2O","(NH_4_)B_5_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","N^3-^H_4_B_5_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","N H B O"," "," ",2780,"Larderellite","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H B O","Ldr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Yellowish, White.","#faee66,#ffffff"
"Larisaite","Larisaite","Na(H3O)(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·4H2O","Na(H3O)(UO2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·4H2O","Na(H_3_O)(UO_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·4H_2_O","Na(H_3_O)(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·4H_2_O","Na H O U Se","IMA2002-061"," ",5210,"Guilleminite","monoclinic","Pm","Na H O U^6+ Se^4+","Ls","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Larnite","Larnite","Ca2SiO4","Ca2(SiO4)","Ca_2_(SiO_4_)","Ca_2_SiO_4_","Ca Si O"," "," ",2781,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Si O","Lrn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray.","#afafaf,#808080"
"Larosite","Larosite","(Cu1+,Ag1+)21Pb2+Bi3+S2-13","(Cu,Ag)21PbBiS13","(Cu,Ag)_21_PbBiS_13_","(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_21_Pb^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_13_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1971-014"," ",2782," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Lar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Larsenite","Larsenite","Pb2+Zn2+SiO4","ZnPb(SiO4)","ZnPb(SiO_4_)","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^SiO_4_","Zn Pb Si O"," "," ",2783," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Si O","Lsn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Lasalite","Lasalite","Na2Mg2[V5+10O28]·20H2O","Na2Mg2V10O28·20H2O","Na_2_Mg_2_V_10_O_28_·20H_2_O","Na_2_Mg_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·20H_2_O","Na Mg V O H","IMA2007-005"," ",5559,"Pascoite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mg V^5+ O H","Las","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Yellow orange.","#ffff00,#fcb001"
"Lasmanisite","Lasmanisite","Ag1+12Pb2+13Mn2+11Sb3+44S2-96","Ag12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96","Ag_12_Pb_13_Mn_11_Sb_44_S_96_","Ag^1+^_12_Pb^2+^_13_Mn^2+^_11_Sb^3+^_44_S^2-^_96_","Ag Pb Mn Sb S","IMA2022-128"," ",7342,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Lmn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lasnierite","Lasnierite","(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe2+)2Al(PO4)3","(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe2+)2Al(PO4)3","(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe^2+^)_2_Al(PO_4_)_3_","(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe^2+^)_2_Al(PO_4_)_3_","Ca Sr Mg Fe Al P O","IMA2017-084"," ",6729,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ca Sr Mg Fe^2+ Al P O","Lnr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Slightly pale pinkish brown; colorless","#f1ddd8,#afafaf"
"Latiumite","Latiumite","(Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O11(S6+O4,CO3)","(Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O11(SO4,CO3)","(Ca,K)_4_(Si,Al)_5_O_11_(SO_4_,CO_3_)","(Ca,K)_4_(Si,Al)_5_O_11_(S^6+^O_4_,CO_3_)","Ca K Si Al O S C"," "," ",2784,"Latiumite","monoclinic","P21","Ca K Si Al O S^6+ C","Lat","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Latrappite","Latrappite","Ca2Fe3+Nb5+O6","Ca2NbFe3+O6","Ca_2_NbFe^3+^O_6_","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Nb^5+^O_6_","Ca Nb Fe O","IMA1964-019, IMA2016 s.p."," ",2785,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ca Fe^3+ Nb^5+ O","Ltp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Laueite","Laueite","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",2786,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Lae","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, Honey brown, Light brown.","#fcb001,#816e5c,#b5651d"
"Laumontite","Laumontite","Ca(Si4Al2)O12·4H2O","CaAl2Si4O12·4H2O","CaAl_2_Si_4_O_12_·4H_2_O","Ca(Si_4_Al_2_)O_12_·4H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2787,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Si Al O H","Lmt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish, Gray, Yellowish, Pearl white, Pink.","#9c6d57,#808080,#faee66,#f3f2ed,#ffc0cb"
"Launayite","Launayite","Cu1+Pb2+10(Sb3+,As3+)13S2-30","CuPb10(Sb,As)13S30","CuPb_10_(Sb,As)_13_S_30_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^_10_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_13_S^2-^_30_","Cu Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-021"," ",2788,"Madocite","monoclinic",,"Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Lau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Lauraniite","Lauraniite","Cu2+6Cd2+2(S6+O4)2(OH)12·5H2O","Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12·5H2O","Cu_6_Cd_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Cd^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·5H_2_O","Cu Cd S O H","IMA2019-049"," ",6937,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Lra","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue","#d0fefe"
"Laurelite","Laurelite","Pb2+7F12Cl2","Pb7F12Cl2","Pb_7_F_12_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_7_F_12_Cl_2_","Pb F Cl","IMA1988-020a"," ",2789," ","hexagonal","P6","Pb^2+ F Cl","Lrl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Laurentianite","Laurentianite","Na3Nb5+3Si4O17·9H2O","[NbO(H2O)]3(Si2O7)2[Na(H2O)2]3","[NbO(H_2_O)]_3_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[Na(H_2_O)_2_]_3_","Na_3_Nb^5+^_3_Si_4_O_17_·9H_2_O","Nb O H Si Na","IMA2010-018"," ",5847,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3","Na Nb^5+ Si O H","Lre","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Laurentthomasite","Laurentthomasite","Mg2K(Be2Al)Si12O30","Mg2K(Be2Al)Si12O30","Mg_2_K(Be_2_Al)Si_12_O_30_","Mg_2_K(Be_2_Al)Si_12_O_30_","Mg K Be Al Si O","IMA2018-157"," ",6882,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Mg K Be Al Si O","Ltm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Cobalt blue to green-yellow","#28589c,#c6f808"
"Laurionite","Laurionite","Pb2+Cl(OH)","PbCl(OH)","PbCl(OH)","Pb^2+^Cl(OH)","Pb Cl O H"," "," ",2790," ","orthorhombic","Pcmn, Pbnm, Pnam","Pb^2+ Cl O H","Lri","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Laurite","Laurite","Ru2+(S2)2-","RuS2","RuS_2_","Ru^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Ru S"," "," ",2791,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ru^2+ S","Lrt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Lausenite","Lausenite","Fe3+2(S6+O4)3·5H2O","Fe3+2(SO4)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",2792,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Lse","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Lautarite","Lautarite","Ca(I5+O3)2","Ca(IO3)2","Ca(IO_3_)_2_","Ca(I^5+^O_3_)_2_","Ca I O"," "," ",2793," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca I^5+ O","Ltr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Yellowish, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#faee66,#fffe7a"
"Lautenthalite","Lautenthalite","Pb2+Cu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","PbCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb Cu S O H","IMA1983-029"," ",2794,"Devilline","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Lth","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue green, Green, Greenish blue.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#0b8b87"
"Lautite","Lautite","CuAsS","CuAsS","CuAsS","CuAsS","Cu As S"," "," ",2795," ","orthorhombic","Pna21, Pnma","Cu As S","Ltt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black, Black, Steel gray.","#555152,#000000,#43464b"
"Lavendulan","Lavendulan","NaCaCu2+5(As5+O4)4Cl·5H2O","NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O","NaCaCu_5_(AsO_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","NaCaCu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","Na Ca Cu As O Cl H"," "," ",2796," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O Cl H","Lvd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Lavender blue, Greenish blue.","#0000ff,#ccccff,#0b8b87"
"Låvenite","Lavenite","(Na,Ca)2(Mn2+,Fe2+)(Zr4+,Ti4+,Nb5+)(Si2O7)(O,F)2","(Na,Ca)4(Mn2+,Fe2+)2(Zr,Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2(O,F)4","(Na,Ca)_4_(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_2_(Zr,Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(O,F)_4_","(Na,Ca)_2_(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)(Zr^4+^,Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(O,F)_2_","Na Ca Mn Fe Zr Ti Nb Si O F"," "," ",2797,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O F","Låv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to brownish-yellow, brown, brownish-red, orange-brown.","#afafaf,#c9b003,#653700,#9e3623,#b16002"
"Laverovite","Laverovite","K2NaMn2+7Zr4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K2NaMn7Zr2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K_2_NaMn_7_Zr_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K_2_NaMn^2+^_7_Zr^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K Na Mn Zr Si O H F","IMA2017-009b"," ",6803,"Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","K Na Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H F","Lvv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale-brown to dark-brown","#b1916e,#73532a"
"Lavinskyite","Lavinskyite","K(LiCu2+)Cu2+6(Si4O11)2(OH)4","K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4","K(LiCu)Cu_6_(Si_4_O_11_)_2_(OH)_4_","K(LiCu^2+^)Cu^2+^_6_(Si_4_O_11_)_2_(OH)_4_","K Li Cu Si O H","IMA2012-028"," ",6038,"Plancheite","orthorhombic","Pcnb","K Li Cu^2+ Si O H","Lvs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Light blue","#add8e6"
"Lavoisierite","Lavoisierite","Mn2+8[Al10(Mn3+Mg)][Si11P]O44(OH)12","Mn2+8[Al10(Mn3+Mg)][Si11P]O44(OH)12","Mn^2+^_8_[Al_10_(Mn^3+^Mg)][Si_11_P]O_44_(OH)_12_","Mn^2+^_8_[Al_10_(Mn^3+^Mg)][Si_11_P]O_44_(OH)_12_","Mn Al Mg Si P O H","IMA2012-009"," ",6068,"Ardennite","orthorhombic","Pnmm","Mn^2+ Al Mn^3+ Mg Si P O H","Lvo","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow-orange","#fcb001"
"Lavrentievite","Lavrentievite","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg3S2Cl2","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg_3_S_2_Cl_2_","Hg S Cl","IMA1984-020"," ",2798," ","monoclinic, triclinic",,"Hg S Cl","Lvr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black, Light yellow.","#555152,#fffe7a"
"Lawrencite","Lawrencite","Fe2+Cl2","FeCl2","FeCl_2_","Fe^2+^Cl_2_","Fe Cl"," "," ",2799,"Scacchite","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ Cl","Law","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Greenish brown, White.","#696112,#ffffff"
"Lawsonbauerite","Lawsonbauerite","Mn2+9Zn2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)22·8H2O","Mn2+9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22·8H2O","Mn^2+^_9_Zn_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_22_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^_9_Zn^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_22_·8H_2_O","Mn Zn S O H","IMA1979-004"," ",2800," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Lwb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lawsonite","Lawsonite","CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","CaAl_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",2801,"Lawsonite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Cmcm, Ccmm, P21/m","Ca Al Si O H","Lws","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Blue, Pinkish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#0000ff,#d46a7e"
"Lazaraskeite","Lazaraskeite","Cu2+(C2H3O3)1-2","Cu(C2H3O3)2","Cu(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_","Cu^2+^(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_","Cu C H O","IMA2018-137"," ",6805,"Glycolate","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ C H O","Lza","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Greenish blue","#0b8b87"
"Lazarenkoite","Lazarenkoite","CaFe3+As3+3O7·3H2O","CaFe3+As3+3O7·3H2O","CaFe^3+^As^3+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","CaFe^3+^As^3+^_3_O_7_·3H_2_O","Ca Fe As O H","IMA1980-076"," ",2802," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Fe^3+ As^3+ O H","Laz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light orange.","#ff7034"
"Lazaridisite","Lazaridisite","(Cd2+S6+O4)3·8H2O","Cd3(SO4)3·8H2O","Cd_3_(SO_4_)_3_·8H_2_O","(Cd^2+^S^6+^O_4_)_3_·8H_2_O","Cd S O H","IMA2012-043"," ",6096,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Lrd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Lazerckerite","Lazerckerite","Ag1+3.75Pb2+4.50(Sb3+7.75Bi3+4)S2-24","Ag3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24","Ag_3.75_Pb_4.50_(Sb_7.75_Bi_4_)S_24_","Ag^1+^_3.75_Pb^2+^_4.50_(Sb^3+^_7.75_Bi^3+^_4_)S^2-^_24_","Ag Pb Sb Bi S","IMA2022-113"," ",7335,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Lze",,"No","lead grey","#8a7963"
"Lazulite","Lazulite","MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2","MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2","MgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","MgAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mg Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2803,"Lazulite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Al P O H","Lzl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Blue green, Light blue, Black blue.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#add8e6,#2f2f48"
"Lazurite","Lazurite","Na7Ca(Al6Si6O24)(S6+O4)(S3)1-·H2O","Na7Ca(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)(S3)1-·H2O","Na_7_Ca(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(SO_4_)(S_3_)^1-^·H_2_O","Na_7_Ca(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(S^6+^O_4_)(S_3_)^1-^·H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O S H","IMA2020-H, IMA2021 s.p."," ",2804,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic, triclinic, orthorhombic","P43n, P23, P1, Pnaa","Na Ca Al Si O S^6+ S H","Lzr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Blue, Azure blue, Violet blue, Greenish blue.","#0000ff,#4d91c6,#510ac9,#0b8b87"
"Lead","Lead","Pb","Pb","Pb","Pb","Pb"," "," ",2805,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Pb","Pb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Lead gray, Gray white.","#8a7963,#d7d5cb"
"Leadamalgam","Leadamalgam","HgPb2","HgPb2","HgPb_2_","HgPb_2_","Hg Pb","IMA1981-042"," ",2806," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Hg Pb","Lam","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Leadhillite","Leadhillite","Pb2+4(S6+O4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb_4_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb S O C H"," "," ",2807," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Pb^2+ S^6+ O C H","Lhi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray, Yellowish, White, Light blue.","#afafaf,#808080,#faee66,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Lebedevite","Lebedevite","K4Na14Cu2+14O8(As5+O4)8Cl6","K4Na14Cu14O8(AsO4)8Cl6","K_4_Na_14_Cu_14_O_8_(AsO_4_)_8_Cl_6_","K_4_Na_14_Cu^2+^_14_O_8_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_Cl_6_","K Na Cu O As Cl","IMA2023-089"," ",7427,"Arsmirandite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Na Cu^2+ O As^5+ Cl","Ldv",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lechatelierite","Lechatelierite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O"," "," ",5405,"Amorphous",,,"Si O","Lch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lechnerite","Lechnerite","Ag1+10Cu1+4Hg2+Pb2+33Sb3+58S2-128","Ag10Cu4HgPb33Sb58S128","Ag_10_Cu_4_HgPb_33_Sb_58_S_128_","Ag^1+^_10_Cu^1+^_4_Hg^2+^Pb^2+^_33_Sb^3+^_58_S^2-^_128_","Ag Cu Hg Pb Sb S","IMA2024-075"," ",7525,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Lhn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lecontite","Lecontite","(N3-H4)Na(S6+O4)·2H2O","(NH4)Na(SO4)·2H2O","(NH_4_)Na(SO_4_)·2H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Na(S^6+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","N H Na S O"," "," ",2809," ","orthorhombic","P212121","N^3- H Na S^6+ O","Lcn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lecoqite-(Y)","Lecoqite-(Y)","Na3Y(CO3)3·6H2O","Na3Y(CO3)3·6H2O","Na_3_Y(CO_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Na_3_Y(CO_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Na Y C O H","IMA2008-069"," ",5729,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63","Na Y C O H","Lec-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lednevite","Lednevite","Cu2+[PO3(OH)]·H2O","Cu[PO3(OH)]·H2O","Cu[PO_3_(OH)]·H_2_O","Cu^2+^[PO_3_(OH)]·H_2_O","Cu P O H","IMA2023-094"," ",7431,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ P O H","Led",,"No","sky blue","#9fb9e2"
"Leesite","Leesite","K(H2O)2[(U6+O2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O","K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O","K(H_2_O)_2_[(UO_2_)_4_O_2_(OH)_5_]·3H_2_O","K(H_2_O)_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_2_(OH)_5_]·3H_2_O","K H O U","IMA2016-064"," ",6593,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","Pbca","K H O U^6+","Lee","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Lefontite","Lefontite","Fe2+2Al2Be(PO4)2(OH)6","Fe2Al2Be(PO4)2(OH)6","Fe_2_Al_2_Be(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_Be(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Fe Al Be P O H","IMA2014-075"," ",6312,"Childrenite","orthorhombic","Cmca","Fe^2+ Al Be P O H","Lef","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Legrandite","Legrandite","Zn2+2As5+O4(OH)·H2O","Zn2(AsO4)(OH)·H2O","Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)·H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Zn As O H"," "," ",2810," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Leg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow, Yellowish orange.","#ffff00,#ffab0f"
"Leguernite","Leguernite","Bi3+38O42(S6+O4)15","Bi12.67O14(SO4)5","Bi_12.67_O_14_(SO_4_)_5_","Bi^3+^_38_O_42_(S^6+^O_4_)_15_","Bi O S","IMA2013-051"," ",6215," ","monoclinic","P2","Bi^3+ O S^6+","Lg","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lehmannite","Lehmannite","Na18Cu2+12Ti4+O8(As5+O4)8FCl5","Na18Cu12TiO8(AsO4)8FCl5","Na_18_Cu_12_TiO_8_(AsO_4_)_8_FCl_5_","Na_18_Cu^2+^_12_Ti^4+^O_8_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_FCl_5_","Na Cu Ti O As F Cl","IMA2017-057a"," ",6821,"Arsmirandite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Cu^2+ Ti^4+ O As^5+ F Cl","Leh","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","black","#000000"
"Lehnerite","Lehnerite","Mn2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn U O P H","IMA1986-032"," ",2811," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ U^6+ O P H","Lh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Honey yellow.","#a87900,#ca9456"
"Leifite","Leifite","Na7Be2(Si15Al3)O39(F,OH)2","Na7Be2(Si15Al3)O39(F,OH)2","Na_7_Be_2_(Si_15_Al_3_)O_39_(F,OH)_2_","Na_7_Be_2_(Si_15_Al_3_)O_39_(F,OH)_2_","Na Be Si Al O F H","IMA2002 s.p."," ",2812,"Leifite","hexagonal","P3m1","Na Be Si Al O F H","Lf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Leightonite","Leightonite","K2Ca2Cu2+(S6+O4)4·2H2O","K2Ca2Cu(SO4)4·2H2O","K_2_Ca_2_Cu(SO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","K_2_Ca_2_Cu^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","K Ca Cu S O H"," "," ",2813," ","monoclinic","C2/c","K Ca Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Lgh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Light blue.","#137e6d,#add8e6"
"Leisingite","Leisingite","Cu2+2MgTe6+O6·6H2O","Cu2MgTe6+O6·6H2O","Cu_2_MgTe^6+^O_6_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_MgTe^6+^O_6_·6H_2_O","Cu Mg Te O H","IMA1995-011"," ",2814," ","hexagonal","P31m","Cu^2+ Mg Te^6+ O H","Lei","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Yellowish orange.","#ffff00,#ffab0f"
"Leiteite","Leiteite","Zn2+As3+2O4","ZnAs3+2O4","ZnAs^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn^2+^As^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn As O","IMA1976-026"," ",2815," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ As^3+ O","Lt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Pearl white.","#653700,#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Lemanskiite","Lemanskiite","NaCaCu2+5(As5+O4)4Cl·3H2O","NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·3H2O","NaCaCu_5_(AsO_4_)_4_Cl·3H_2_O","NaCaCu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_Cl·3H_2_O","Na Ca Cu As O Cl H","IMA1999-037"," ",2816," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P4122","Na Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O Cl H","Lmk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Lemmleinite-Ba","Lemmleinite-Ba","Na4K4Ba2+xTi4+8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8·8H2O","Na4K4Ba2+xTi8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8·8H2O","Na_4_K_4_Ba_2+x_Ti_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH,O)_8_·8H_2_O","Na_4_K_4_Ba_2+x_Ti^4+^_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(O,OH)_8_·8H_2_O","Na K Ba Ti Si O H","IMA1998-052a"," ",2817,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m, Cm, I2/m","Na K Ba Ti^4+ Si O H","Lem-Ba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bright orange, Reddish orange, Light coffee brown.","#ff7034,#f8481c,#ccffee"
"Lemmleinite-K","Lemmleinite-K","Na4K8Ti4+8(Si4O12)4(O,OH)8·8H2O","Na4K8Ti8(Si4O12)4(OH,O)8·8H2O","Na_4_K_8_Ti_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(OH,O)_8_·8H_2_O","Na_4_K_8_Ti^4+^_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_(O,OH)_8_·8H_2_O","Na K Ti Si O H","IMA1997-003"," ",2818,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na K Ti^4+ Si O H","Lem-K","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lemoynite","Lemoynite","Na2CaZr4+2Si10O26·5-6H2O","Na2CaZr2Si10O26·5-6H2O","Na_2_CaZr_2_Si_10_O_26_·5-6H_2_O","Na_2_CaZr^4+^_2_Si_10_O_26_·5-6H_2_O","Na Ca Zr Si O H","IMA1968-013"," ",2819,"Lemoynite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Lmo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish white, Light blue.","#e9f1d0,#add8e6"
"Lenaite","Lenaite","Ag1+Fe3+S2-2","AgFeS2","AgFeS_2_","Ag^1+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag Fe S","IMA1994-008"," ",2820,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","I42d","Ag^1+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Ln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Lengenbachite","Lengenbachite","Ag1+4Cu1+2Pb2+18As3+12S2-39","Ag4Cu2Pb18As12S39","Ag_4_Cu_2_Pb_18_As_12_S_39_","Ag^1+^_4_Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_18_As^3+^_12_S^2-^_39_","Ag Cu Pb As S"," "," ",2821,"Cylindrite","triclinic",,"Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Len","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray blue, Steel gray.","#77a1b5,#43464b"
"Leningradite","Leningradite","Pb2+Cu2+3(V5+O4)2Cl2","PbCu3(VO4)2Cl2","PbCu_3_(VO_4_)_2_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_3_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_Cl_2_","Pb Cu V O Cl","IMA1988-014"," ",2822," ","orthorhombic","Ibam","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ V^5+ O Cl","Lng","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Red, Reddish brown.","#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Lennilenapeite","Lennilenapeite","K7(Mg,Mn2+,Fe2+,Zn2+)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216·16H2O","K7(Mg,Mn2+,Fe2+,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216·16H2O","K_7_(Mg,Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Zn)_48_(Si,Al)_72_(O,OH)_216_·16H_2_O","K_7_(Mg,Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)_48_(Si,Al)_72_(O,OH)_216_·16H_2_O","K Mg Mn Fe Zn Si Al O H","IMA1982-085"," ",2823,"Stilpnomelane, Clay",,,"K Mg Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Si Al O H","Lnl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish black, Green, Light green, Dark brown.","#413936,#00ff00,#76ff7b,#73532a"
"Lenoblite","Lenoblite","V4+2O4·2H2O","V4+2O4·2H2O","V^4+^_2_O_4_·2H_2_O","V^4+^_2_O_4_·2H_2_O","V O H","IMA1970-002"," ",2824," ",,,"V^4+ O H","Lnb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure, Greenish blue.","#007fff,#0b8b87"
"Leogangite","Leogangite","Cu2+10(As5+O4)4S6+O4(OH)6·8H2O","Cu10(AsO4)4(SO4)(OH)6·8H2O","Cu_10_(AsO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^_10_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Cu As O S H","IMA1998-032"," ",5311," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Lgg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Bluish green.","#00ff00,#10a674"
"Leonardsenite","Leonardsenite","MgAlF5·2H2O","MgAlF5·2H2O","MgAlF_5_·2H_2_O","MgAlF_5_·2H_2_O","Mg Al F H O","IMA2011-059"," ",6005,"Weberite","orthorhombic","Imma","Mg Al F H O","Lnd","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","white","#ffffff"
"Leonite","Leonite","K2Mg(S6+O4)2·4H2O","K2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O","K_2_Mg(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K Mg S O H"," "," ",2825," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg S^6+ O H","Leo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Leószilárdite","Leoszilardite","Na6Mg(U6+O2)2(CO3)6·6H2O","Na6Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6·6H2O","Na_6_Mg(UO_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_6_·6H_2_O","Na_6_Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_6_·6H_2_O","Na Mg U O C H","IMA2015-128"," ",6529,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg U^6+ O C H","Lsz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Lepageite","Lepageite","Mn2+3(Fe3+7Fe2+4)O3[Sb3+5As3+8O34]","Mn2+3(Fe3+7Fe2+4)O3[Sb3+5As3+8O34]","Mn^2+^_3_(Fe^3+^_7_Fe^2+^_4_)O_3_[Sb^3+^_5_As^3+^_8_O_34_]","Mn^2+^_3_(Fe^3+^_7_Fe^2+^_4_)O_3_[Sb^3+^_5_As^3+^_8_O_34_]","Mn Fe O Sb As","IMA2018-028"," ",6772,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O Sb^3+ As^3+","Lep","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Brownish-black","#413936"
"Lepersonnite-(Gd)","Lepersonnite-(Gd)","CaGd3+2(U6+O2)24(CO3)8Si4O28·60H2O","CaGd2(UO2)24(CO3)8Si4O28·60H2O","CaGd_2_(UO_2_)_24_(CO_3_)_8_Si_4_O_28_·60H_2_O","CaGd^3+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_24_(CO_3_)_8_Si_4_O_28_·60H_2_O","Ca Gd U O C Si H","IMA1981-036, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2826,"Lepersonnite","orthorhombic",,"Ca Gd^3+ U^6+ O C Si H","Lps-Gd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow.","#fffd01"
"Lepersonnite-(Nd)","Lepersonnite-(Nd)","Nd4(U6+O2)24(SiO4)4(CO3)8(OH)28·48H2O","Nd4(UO2)24(SiO4)4(CO3)8(OH)28·48H2O","Nd_4_(UO_2_)_24_(SiO_4_)_4_(CO_3_)_8_(OH)_28_·48H_2_O","Nd_4_(U^6+^O_2_)_24_(SiO_4_)_4_(CO_3_)_8_(OH)_28_·48H_2_O","Nd U O Si C H","IMA2021-066"," ",7173,"Lepersonnite, Kuvaevite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Nd U^6+ O Si C H","Lps-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Lepidocrocite","Lepidocrocite","Fe3+O(OH)","Fe3+O(OH)","Fe^3+^O(OH)","Fe^3+^O(OH)","Fe O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",2827,"Lepidocrocite","orthorhombic","Bbmm, Amam, Cmcm, Cmc21","Fe^3+ O H","Lpc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Red, Yellowish brown, Blackish brown.","#ff0000,#9b7a01,#453b32"
"Lepkhenelmite-Zn","Lepkhenelmite-Zn","Ba2Zn2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","Ba2Zn(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·7H2O","Ba_2_Zn(Ti,Nb)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Ba_2_Zn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Ba Zn Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2003-003"," ",5219,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","Ba Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Lpn-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Lermontovite","Lermontovite","U4+PO4(OH)·H2O","U4+(PO4)(OH)·H2O","U^4+^(PO_4_)(OH)·H_2_O","U^4+^PO_4_(OH)·H_2_O","U P O H"," "," ",5125," ","orthorhombic","Ccca","U^4+ P O H","Ler","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Gray green.","#86a17d"
"Letnikovite-(Ce)","Letnikovite-(Ce)","(Na☐)Ca2Ce3+2[Si7O17(OH)]F4(H2O)4","(Na☐)Ca2Ce2[Si7O17(OH)]F4(H2O)4","(Na[box])Ca_2_Ce_2_[Si_7_O_17_(OH)]F_4_(H_2_O)_4_","(Na[box])Ca_2_Ce^3+^_2_[Si_7_O_17_(OH)]F_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Na Ca Ce Si O H F","IMA2022-132"," ",7345,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Ce^3+ Si O H F","Lkv-Ce",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Letovicite","Letovicite","(N3-H4)3H(S6+O4)2","(NH4)3H(SO4)2","(NH_4_)_3_H(SO_4_)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_H(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","N H S O"," "," ",2830," ","monoclinic","C2/c","N^3- H S^6+ O","Let","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Leucite","Leucite","K(Si2Al)O6","K(AlSi2O6)","K(AlSi_2_O_6_)","K(Si_2_Al)O_6_","K Al Si O","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2831,"Analcime","tetragonal, cubic","I41/a, Ia3d, Ia3d","K Si Al O","Lct","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Yellow gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Leucophanite","Leucophanite","NaCaBeSi2O6F","NaCaBeSi2O6F","NaCaBeSi_2_O_6_F","NaCaBeSi_2_O_6_F","Na Ca Be Si O F"," "," ",2832," ","orthorhombic, triclinic","P212121, P1","Na Ca Be Si O F","Lph","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Greenish yellow, Yellow, Light green.","#ffffff,#cdfd02,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Leucophoenicite","Leucophoenicite","Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Mn^2+^_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H"," "," ",2833,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ Si O H","Lpo","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Brown, Violet red, Light red, Dark pink.","#653700,#653700,#a50055,#ff7f7f,#cb416b"
"Leucophosphite","Leucophosphite","KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","KFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","KFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","K Fe P O H"," "," ",2834,"Leucophosphite","monoclinic","P21/n","K Fe^3+ P O H","Lpp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Colorless, Greenish, White.","#653700,#c9b003,#afafaf,#40a368,#ffffff"
"Leucosphenite","Leucosphenite","Na4BaTi4+2B2Si10O30","Na4BaTi2B2Si10O30","Na_4_BaTi_2_B_2_Si_10_O_30_","Na_4_BaTi^4+^_2_B_2_Si_10_O_30_","Na Ba Ti B Si O"," "," ",2835," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ba Ti^4+ B Si O","Lsp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Lemon yellow, Brown, Pale blue.","#afafaf,#cfff04,#653700,#d0fefe"
"Leucostaurite","Leucostaurite","Pb2+2B5O9Cl·0.5H2O","Pb2[B5O9]Cl·0.5H2O","Pb_2_[B_5_O_9_]Cl·0.5H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_B_5_O_9_Cl·0.5H_2_O","Pb B O Cl H","IMA2007-047"," ",5648,"Hilgardite","orthorhombic","Pnn2","Pb^2+ B O Cl H","Lsr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White to colorless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Levantite","Levantite","KCa3Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(PO4)","KCa3Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(PO4)","KCa_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(PO_4_)","KCa_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(PO_4_)","K Ca Al Si O P","IMA2017-010"," ",6651,"Latiumite","monoclinic","P21","K Ca Al Si O P","Lev","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Leverettite","Leverettite","Cu2+3Co2+Cl2(OH)6","Cu3CoCl2(OH)6","Cu_3_CoCl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_Co^2+^Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Co Cl O H","IMA2013-011"," ",6174,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^2+ Co^2+ Cl O H","Lve","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Medium to deep green","#0000cd,#02590f"
"Levinsonite-(Y)","Levinsonite-(Y)","YAl(S6+O4)2((C2)6+O4)·12H2O","YAl(SO4)2(C2O4)·12H2O","YAl(SO_4_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)·12H_2_O","YAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)·12H_2_O","Y Al S O C H","IMA1996-057"," ",2836,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P2/n","Y Al S^6+ O C H","Lvi-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lévyclaudite","Levyclaudite","Pb2+8Cu1+3Sn4+7(Bi3+,Sb3+)3S2-28","Pb8Cu3Sn7(Bi,Sb)3S28","Pb_8_Cu_3_Sn_7_(Bi,Sb)_3_S_28_","Pb^2+^_8_Cu^1+^_3_Sn^4+^_7_(Bi^3+^,Sb^3+^)_3_S^2-^_28_","Pb Cu Sn Bi Sb S","IMA1989-034"," ",2837,"Cylindrite","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Sn^4+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Lvc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey","#808080"
"Lévyne-Ca","Levyne-Ca","Ca3(Si12Al6)O36·18H2O","Ca3(Si12Al6)O36·18H2O","Ca_3_(Si_12_Al_6_)O_36_·18H_2_O","Ca_3_(Si_12_Al_6_)O_36_·18H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2838,"Lévyne","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Si Al O H","Lév-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Lévyne-Na","Levyne-Na","Na6(Si12Al6)O36·18H2O","Na6(Si12Al6)O36·18H2O","Na_6_(Si_12_Al_6_)O_36_·18H_2_O","Na_6_(Si_12_Al_6_)O_36_·18H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",2839,"Lévyne","hexagonal","R3m","Na Si Al O H","Lév-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Leybovite-K","Leybovite-K","KCu2+Na(MgFe3+)(As5+O4)3","KCuNa(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3","KCuNa(MgFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","KCu^2+^Na(MgFe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","K Cu Na Mg Fe As O","IMA2025-007"," ",7557,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cu^2+ Na Mg Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Leb-K",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Leydetite","Leydetite","Fe2+(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2·11H2O","Fe(UO2)(SO4)2·11H2O","Fe(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Fe U O S H","IMA2012-065"," ",6120,"Leydetite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Ley","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to greenish","#ffff00,#40a368"
"Lianbinite","Lianbinite","(N3-H4)(C2H3O3)1-(C2H4O3)","(NH4)(C2H3O3)(C2H4O3)","(NH_4_)(C_2_H_3_O_3_)(C_2_H_4_O_3_)","(N^3-^H_4_)(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^(C_2_H_4_O_3_)","N H C O","IMA2023-016"," ",7314,"Glycolate","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H C O","Lian","Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Liandratite","Liandratite","U6+Nb5+2O8","U6+Nb2O8","U^6+^Nb_2_O_8_","U^6+^Nb^5+^_2_O_8_","U Nb O","IMA1975-039"," ",2840," ","hexagonal","P31m","U^6+ Nb^5+ O","Lia","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#ffff00"
"Liangjunite","Liangjunite","K2(Mo6+2O5)(S6+O4)2·3H2O","K2(Mo2O5)(SO4)2·3H2O","K_2_(Mo_2_O_5_)(SO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","K_2_(Mo^6+^_2_O_5_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","K Mo O S H","IMA2022-060"," ",7283,"Bouškaite","triclinic",,"K Mo^6+ O S^6+ H","Lju",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Libbyite","Libbyite","(N3-H4)2(Na2☐)[(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)3(H2O)]2·7H2O","(NH4)2(Na2☐)[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)]2·7H2O","(NH_4_)_2_(Na_2_[box])[(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_3_(H_2_O)]_2_·7H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(Na_2_[box])[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(H_2_O)]_2_·7H_2_O","N H Na U O S","IMA2022-091"," ",7310,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P41212","N^3- H Na U^6+ O S^6+","Ly",,"No","light green","#76ff7b"
"Liberite","Liberite","Li2BeSiO4","Li2Be(SiO4)","Li_2_Be(SiO_4_)","Li_2_BeSiO_4_","Li Be Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2841," ","monoclinic","Pn","Li Be Si O","Lbr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Light yellow.","#653700,#fffe7a"
"Libethenite","Libethenite","Cu2+2PO4(OH)","Cu2(PO4)(OH)","Cu_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^_2_PO_4_(OH)","Cu P O H"," "," ",2842,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Cu^2+ P O H","Lib","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Dark green, Blackish green, Light olive green, Dark olive green.","#00ff00,#033500,#5d6161,#acbf69,#373e02"
"Liddicoatite","Liddicoatite","Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","Ca(Li_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","Ca(Li_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","Ca Li Al Si O B H","IMA2025-047"," ",7602,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Li Al Si O B H","Ld",,"No","Blue, Brown, Green, Pink, Red.","#0000ff,#653700,#00ff00,#ffc0cb,#ff0000"
"Liebauite","Liebauite","Ca3Cu2+5Si9O26","Ca3Cu5Si9O26","Ca_3_Cu_5_Si_9_O_26_","Ca_3_Cu^2+^_5_Si_9_O_26_","Ca Cu Si O","IMA1990-040"," ",2844," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Cu^2+ Si O","Lie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Blue green, Greenish blue.","#137e6d,#0b8b87"
"Liebenbergite","Liebenbergite","Ni2+2SiO4","Ni2(SiO4)","Ni_2_(SiO_4_)","Ni^2+^_2_SiO_4_","Ni Si O","IMA1972-033"," ",2845,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ni^2+ Si O","Lbb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Liebermannite","Liebermannite","KAlSi3O8","KAlSi3O8","KAlSi_3_O_8_","KAlSi_3_O_8_","K Al Si O","IMA2013-128"," ",6287,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","K Al Si O","Lbm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Liebigite","Liebigite","Ca2(U6+O2)(CO3)3·11H2O","Ca2(UO2)(CO3)3·11H2O","Ca_2_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·11H_2_O","Ca_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·11H_2_O","Ca U O C H"," "," ",2846," ","orthorhombic","Bba2","Ca U^6+ O C H","Lbi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Liguowuite","Liguowuite","W6+O3","WO3","WO_3_","W^6+^O_3_","W O","IMA2020-097"," ",7111,"Perovskite","monoclinic","P21/n","W^6+ O","Lgw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Likasite","Likasite","Cu2+3N5+O3(OH)5·2H2O","Cu3(NO3)(OH)5·2H2O","Cu_3_(NO_3_)(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_N^5+^O_3_(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Cu N O H"," "," ",2847," ","orthorhombic","Pcmn","Cu^2+ N^5+ O H","Lik","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Lileyite","Lileyite","Ba2Ti4+2Na(NaFe2+)Mg(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba2Ti2Na(NaFe2+)Mg(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba_2_Ti_2_Na(NaFe^2+^)Mg(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na(NaFe^2+^)Mg(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba Ti Na Fe Mg Si O F","IMA2011-021"," ",5949,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Ti^4+ Na Fe^2+ Mg Si O F","Lly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown","#653700"
"Lillianite","Lillianite","Pb2+3-2xAg1+xBi3+2+xS2-6","Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6","Pb_3-2x_Ag_x_Bi_2+x_S_6_","Pb^2+^_3-2x_Ag^1+^_x_Bi^3+^_2+x_S^2-^_6_","Pb Ag Bi S"," "," ",2848,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Pb^2+ Ag^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Lil","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Lime","Lime","CaO","CaO","CaO","CaO","Ca O"," "," ",2849,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ca O","Lm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Limousinite","Limousinite","BaCa[Be4P4O16]·6H2O","BaCa[Be4P4O16]·6H2O","BaCa[Be_4_P_4_O_16_]·6H_2_O","BaCa[Be_4_P_4_O_16_]·6H_2_O","Ba Ca Be P O H","IMA2019-011"," ",6901," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ba Ca Be P O H","Lms","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless to snow-white","#afafaf,#eeffee"
"Linarite","Linarite","Pb2+Cu2+S6+O4(OH)2","CuPb(SO4)(OH)2","CuPb(SO_4_)(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_","Cu Pb S O H"," "," ",2850,"Linarite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Lna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Sky blue, Deep blue.","#9fb9e2,#040273"
"Lindackerite","Lindackerite","Cu2+5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·9H2O","Cu5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2O","Cu_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA1995 s.p."," ",2851,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Ldk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Greenish blue, Light apple green.","#0b8b87,#c1e8ea"
"Lindbergite","Lindbergite","Mn2+(C2)6+O4·2H2O","Mn(C2O4)·2H2O","Mn(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Mn^2+^(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Mn C O H","IMA2003-029"," ",5238,"Humboldtine, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ C O H","Ldb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, Grayish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9"
"Lindgrenite","Lindgrenite","Cu2+3(Mo6+O4)2(OH)2","Cu3(Mo6+O4)2(OH)2","Cu_3_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Mo O H"," "," ",2852," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Mo^6+ O H","Lgr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Lindqvistite","Lindqvistite","Pb2+2Mn2+Fe3+16O27","Pb2Mn2+Fe3+16O27","Pb_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_16_O_27_","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_16_O_27_","Pb Mn Fe O","IMA1991-038"," ",2853," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ O","Lqv","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Lindsleyite","Lindsleyite","(Ba,Sr)(Zr4+,Ca)(Fe3+,Mg)2(Ti4+,Cr3+,Fe3+)18O38","(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38","(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)_2_(Ti,Cr,Fe)_18_O_38_","(Ba,Sr)(Zr^4+^,Ca)(Fe^3+^,Mg)_2_(Ti^4+^,Cr^3+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","Ba Sr Zr Ca Fe Mg Ti Cr O","IMA1982-086"," ",2854,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Ba Sr Zr^4+ Ca Fe^3+ Mg Ti^4+ Cr^3+ O","Ldy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Lindströmite","Lindstromite","Cu1+3Pb2+3Bi3+7S2-15","Pb3Cu3Bi7S15","Pb_3_Cu_3_Bi_7_S_15_","Cu^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^_7_S^2-^_15_","Pb Cu Bi S","IMA1975-005a"," ",2855,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Lsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey","#8a7963"
"Línekite","Linekite","K2Ca3[(U6+O2)(CO3)3]2·8H2O","K2Ca3[(UO2)(CO3)3]2·8H2O","K_2_Ca_3_[(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_]_2_·8H_2_O","K_2_Ca_3_[(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_]_2_·8H_2_O","K Ca U O C H","IMA2012-066"," ",6121," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","K Ca U^6+ O C H","Lnk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale olive to khaki green","#d3c7a1,#728639"
"Lingbaoite","Lingbaoite","AgTe3","AgTe3","AgTe_3_","AgTe_3_","Ag Te","IMA2018-138"," ",6897," ","hexagonal","R3m","Ag Te","Lb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lingunite","Lingunite","NaAlSi3O8","NaAlSi3O8","NaAlSi_3_O_8_","NaAlSi_3_O_8_","Na Al Si O","IMA2004-054"," ",5538,"Coronadite","tetragonal",,"Na Al Si O","Lgn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Linnaeite","Linnaeite","Co2+Co3+2S2-4","Co2+Co3+2S4","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_S_4_","Co^2+^Co^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Co S"," "," ",2856,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Co^2+ Co^3+ S^2-","Lin","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Violet gray, Copper red, Light gray, Steel gray.","#8c6897,#cb6d51,#d8dcd6,#43464b"
"Lintisite","Lintisite","Na3LiTi4+2O2(SiO3)4·2H2O","Na3LiTi2O2(SiO3)4·2H2O","Na_3_LiTi_2_O_2_(SiO_3_)_4_·2H_2_O","Na_3_LiTi^4+^_2_O_2_(SiO_3_)_4_·2H_2_O","Na Li Ti O Si H","IMA1989-025"," ",2857," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Li Ti^4+ O Si H","Lts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Linzhiite","Linzhiite","FeSi2","FeSi2","FeSi_2_","FeSi_2_","Fe Si","IMA2010-011"," ",5838," ","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Fe Si","Lzh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel grey","#43464b"
"Liottite","Liottite","Na16Ca8Si18Al18O72(S6+O4)5Cl4","Na16Ca8Si18Al18O72(SO4)5Cl4","Na_16_Ca_8_Si_18_Al_18_O_72_(SO_4_)_5_Cl_4_","Na_16_Ca_8_Si_18_Al_18_O_72_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_Cl_4_","Na Ca Si Al O S Cl","IMA1975-036"," ",2858,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P6","Na Ca Si Al O S^6+ Cl","Lio","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lipscombite","Lipscombite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe P O H"," "," ",2859,"Lipscombite","tetragonal, unknown","P43212","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Lcb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Green gray, Olive green, Black.","#7ea07a,#8ead2c,#000000"
"Lipuite","Lipuite","KNa8Mn3+5Mg0.5(Si12O30(OH)4)(PO4)O2(OH)2·4H2O","KNa8Mn3+5Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2·4H2O","KNa_8_Mn^3+^_5_Mg_0.5_[Si_12_O_30_(OH)_4_](PO_4_)O_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","KNa_8_Mn^3+^_5_Mg_0.5_(Si_12_O_30_(OH)_4_)(PO_4_)O_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","K Na Mn Mg Si O H P","IMA2014-085"," ",6339,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnnm","K Na Mn^3+ Mg Si O H P","Lp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","dark red-brown","#4a2125"
"Liraite","Liraite","NaCa2Mn2+2[Fe3+Fe2+]Mn2+2(PO4)6(H2O)2","NaCa2Mn2+2[Fe3+Fe2+]Mn2+2(PO4)6(H2O)2","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_2_[Fe^3+^Fe^2+^]Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_2_[Fe^3+^Fe^2+^]Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","Na Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA2019-085"," ",6972,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ P O H","Lir","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown with greenish hues (nearly black), dark olive green in slices","#73532a,#373e02"
"Liroconite","Liroconite","Cu2+2AlAs5+O4(OH)4·4H2O","Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4·4H2O","Cu_2_Al(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_AlAs^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Cu Al As O H"," "," ",2860,"Liroconite","monoclinic","I2/a","Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Lro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue, Green, Sky blue, Verdigris green.","#add8e6,#00ff00,#9fb9e2,#61ac86"
"Lisanite","Lisanite","CaNi2+P2O7","CaNiP2O7","CaNiP_2_O_7_","CaNi^2+^P_2_O_7_","Ca Ni P O","IMA2021-014"," ",7126,"Anastasenkoite","triclinic","P1","Ca Ni^2+ P O","Lsa","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lisetite","Lisetite","Na2CaAl4(SiO4)4","Na2CaAl4(SiO4)4","Na_2_CaAl_4_(SiO_4_)_4_","Na_2_CaAl_4_(SiO_4_)_4_","Na Ca Al Si O","IMA1985-017"," ",2861," ","orthorhombic","Pbc21","Na Ca Al Si O","Lis","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lishiite","Lishiite","(Ca2☐)Sr3(CO3)5","(Ca2☐)Sr3(CO3)5","(Ca_2_[box])Sr_3_(CO_3_)_5_","(Ca_2_[box])Sr_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Ca Sr C O","IMA2022-121a"," ",7418,"Burbankite","hexagonal","P63mc","Ca Sr C O","Lht",,"No","yellow-brown","#ae8b0c"
"Lishizhenite","Lishizhenite","Zn2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)4·14H2O","ZnFe3+2(SO4)4·14H2O","ZnFe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_4_·14H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·14H_2_O","Zn Fe S O H","IMA1989-002"," ",2862,"Römerite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Lsh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Light violet.","#ae8b0c,#d6b4fc"
"Lisiguangite","Lisiguangite","Cu1+Pt2+Bi3+S2-3","CuPtBiS3","CuPtBiS_3_","Cu^1+^Pt^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Pt Bi S","IMA2007-003"," ",5614,"Lapieite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^1+ Pt^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Lsg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Lisitsynite","Lisitsynite","KBSi2O6","KBSi2O6","KBSi_2_O_6_","KBSi_2_O_6_","K B Si O","IMA2000-008"," ",2863," ","orthorhombic","P212121","K B Si O","Lss","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Liskeardite","Liskeardite","(Al,Fe3+)32(As5+O4)18(OH)42(H2O)22·52H2O","(Al,Fe)32(AsO4)18(OH)42(H2O)22·52H2O","(Al,Fe)_32_(AsO_4_)_18_(OH)_42_(H_2_O)_22_·52H_2_O","(Al,Fe^3+^)_32_(As^5+^O_4_)_18_(OH)_42_(H_2_O)_22_·52H_2_O","Al Fe As O H"," "," ",2864," ","monoclinic","I2","Al Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Lsk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish, Bluish white, Brownish white, Greenish, Greenish white.","#2976bb,#e5dad4,#d1f1de,#40a368,#d1f1de"
"Lislkirchnerite","Lislkirchnerite","Pb2+6Al(OH)8Cl2(N5+O3)5·2H2O","Pb6Al(OH)8Cl2(NO3)5·2H2O","Pb_6_Al(OH)_8_Cl_2_(NO_3_)_5_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_6_Al(OH)_8_Cl_2_(N^5+^O_3_)_5_·2H_2_O","Pb Al O H Cl N","IMA2015-064"," ",6465,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Al O H Cl N^5+","Lkn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Litharge","Litharge","Pb2+O","PbO","PbO","Pb^2+^O","Pb O"," "," ",2865,"Litharge","orthorhombic, tetragonal","Cmma, P4/nmm","Pb^2+ O","Lit","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Lithiomarsturite","Lithiomarsturite","LiCaMn2+3Si5O14(OH)","LiCaMn2+3Si5O14(OH)","LiCaMn^2+^_3_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","LiCaMn^2+^_3_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Li Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1988-035"," ",2866,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Li Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Lmsr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow brown, Light yellow, Pink brown.","#ae8b0c,#fffe7a,#67594c"
"Lithiophilite","Lithiophilite","LiMn2+PO4","LiMn2+(PO4)","LiMn^2+^(PO_4_)","LiMn^2+^PO_4_","Li Mn P O"," "," ",2867,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pmnb","Li Mn^2+ P O","Lhp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Yellowish brown, Salmon, Brownish, Blackish.","#653700,#9b7a01,#ff796c,#9c6d57,#5b5c61"
"Lithiophorite","Lithiophorite","(Al,Li)Mn4+O2(OH)2","(Al,Li)(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2(OH)2","(Al,Li)(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)O_2_(OH)_2_","(Al,Li)Mn^4+^O_2_(OH)_2_","Al Li Mn O H"," "," ",2868," ","hexagonal","R3m","Al Li Mn^4+ O H","Lpr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Bluish black, Black.","#413f44,#000000"
"Lithiophosphate","Lithiophosphate","Li3PO4","Li3(PO4)","Li_3_(PO_4_)","Li_3_PO_4_","Li P O"," "," ",2869," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21, Pmnb, Pcmn","Li P O","Lip","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Lithiotantite","Lithiotantite","LiTa5+3O8","LiTa3O8","LiTa_3_O_8_","LiTa^5+^_3_O_8_","Li Ta O","IMA1982-022"," ",2870,"Columbite","monoclinic","P21/c","Li Ta^5+ O","Ltan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Lithiowodginite","Lithiowodginite","LiTa5+3O8","LiTa3O8","LiTa_3_O_8_","LiTa^5+^_3_O_8_","Li Ta O","IMA1988-011"," ",2871," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Li Ta^5+ O","Lwdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Pink, Red.","#653700,#ffc0cb,#ff0000"
"Lithosite","Lithosite","K3Al2Si4O12(OH)","K3Al2Si4O12(OH)","K_3_Al_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH)","K_3_Al_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH)","K Al Si O H","IMA1982-049"," ",2872," ","monoclinic","P21","K Al Si O H","Lho","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Litidionite","Litidionite","KNaCu2+Si4O10","KNaCuSi4O10","KNaCuSi_4_O_10_","KNaCu^2+^Si_4_O_10_","K Na Cu Si O","IMA2014 s.p."," ",2873,"Litidionite","triclinic","P1","K Na Cu^2+ Si O","Ltd",,"No","Blue, White.","#0000ff,#ffffff"
"Litochlebite","Litochlebite","Ag1+2Pb2+Bi3+4Se2-8","Ag2PbBi4Se8","Ag_2_PbBi_4_Se_8_","Ag^1+^_2_Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_4_Se^2-^_8_","Ag Pb Bi Se","IMA2009-036"," ",5763,"Watkinsonite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Lto","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark grey to black","#363737,#000000"
"Litvinskite","Litvinskite","Na3Zr4+Si6O13(OH)5","Na3ZrSi6O13(OH)5","Na_3_ZrSi_6_O_13_(OH)_5_","Na_3_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_13_(OH)_5_","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1999-017"," ",2874,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","monoclinic","Cm","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Ltv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark cherry red, Dark reddish brown.","#774d41,#840000"
"Liudongshengite","Liudongshengite","Zn2+4Cr3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Zn_4_Cr_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_Cr^3+^_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Zn Cr O H C","IMA2019-044"," ",6877,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Zn^2+ Cr^3+ O H C","Ldh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pinkish","#d46a7e"
"Liuite","Liuite","Fe2+Ti4+O3","FeTiO3","FeTiO_3_","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Fe Ti O","IMA2017-042a"," ",6837,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Liu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Liveingite","Liveingite","Pb2+20As3+24S2-56","Pb20As24S56","Pb_20_As_24_S_56_","Pb^2+^_20_As^3+^_24_S^2-^_56_","Pb As S"," "," ",2875,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Liv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Liversidgeite","Liversidgeite","Zn2+6(PO4)4·7H2O","Zn6(PO4)4·7H2O","Zn_6_(PO_4_)_4_·7H_2_O","Zn^2+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_·7H_2_O","Zn P O H","IMA2008-048"," ",5708,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ P O H","Lsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Livingstonite","Livingstonite","Hg2+Sb3+4S2-6(S2)2-","HgSb4S6(S)2","HgSb_4_S_6_(S)_2_","Hg^2+^Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_6_(S_2_)^2-^","Hg Sb S"," "," ",2876," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Hg^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- S","Lst","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Lead gray.","#43464b,#8a7963"
"Lizardite","Lizardite","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg3Si2O5(OH)4","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Mg Si O H"," "," ",2877,"Serpentine, Clay","hexagonal, triclinic","P31m, P63cm, P1","Mg Si O H","Lz","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Green blue, Yellow, White.","#00ff00,#42b395,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Llantenesite","Llantenesite","Cu2+6Al[Se6+O4](OH)12Cl·3H2O","Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl·3H2O","Cu_6_Al[SeO_4_](OH)_12_Cl·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Al[Se^6+^O_4_](OH)_12_Cl·3H_2_O","Cu Al Se O H Cl","IMA2018-111"," ",6849,"Spangolite","hexagonal","P31c","Cu^2+ Al Se^6+ O H Cl","Lla","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lobanovite","Lobanovite","K2Na(Fe2+4Mg2Na)Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4","K2Na(Fe2+4Mg2Na)Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4","K_2_Na(Fe^2+^_4_Mg_2_Na)Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","K_2_Na(Fe^2+^_4_Mg_2_Na)Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","K Na Fe Mg Ti Si O H","IMA2015 s.p."," ",2964,"Astrophyllite-Devitoite","monoclinic","C2/m, A2","K Na Fe^2+ Mg Ti^4+ Si O H","Lbv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Straw yellow to orange","#f0d696,#ffa500"
"Lokkaite-(Y)","Lokkaite-(Y)","CaY4(CO3)7·9H2O","CaY4(CO3)7·9H2O","CaY_4_(CO_3_)_7_·9H_2_O","CaY_4_(CO_3_)_7_·9H_2_O","Ca Y C O H","IMA1969-045, IMA1987 s.p."," ",2878,"Tengerite","orthorhombic",,"Ca Y C O H","Lok-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Löllingite","Lollingite","Fe3+(As2)3-","FeAs2","FeAs_2_","Fe^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Fe As"," "," ",2879,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Fe^3+ As","Lö","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lombardoite","Lombardoite","Ba2Mn3+(As5+O4)2(OH)","Ba2Mn3+(AsO4)2(OH)","Ba_2_Mn^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba_2_Mn^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba Mn As O H","IMA2016-058"," ",6585,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Lmb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red–brown","#4a2125"
"Lomonosovite","Lomonosovite","Na6Na2Ti4+2Na2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O4","Na6Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O4","Na_6_Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_4_","Na_6_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_4_","Na Ti Si O P","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2880,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Na Ti^4+ Si O P","Lom","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Pink violet, Black.","#73532a,#747b9f,#000000"
"Londonite","Londonite","CsBe5Al4B11O28","CsBe4Al4(B11Be)O28","CsBe_4_Al_4_(B_11_Be)O_28_","CsBe_5_Al_4_B_11_O_28_","Cs Be Al B O","IMA1999-014"," ",2881,"Rhodizite","cubic","P43m","Cs Be Al B O","Ldn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffff00"
"Lonecreekite","Lonecreekite","N3-H4Fe3+(S6+O4)2·12H2O","(NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2·12H2O","(NH_4_)Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","N^3-^H_4_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","N H Fe S O","IMA1982-063"," ",2882,"Alum","cubic","Pa3","N^3- H Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Lck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Lonsdaleite","Lonsdaleite","C","C","C","C","C","IMA1966-044"," ",2883," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc, P63mc","C","Lon","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","Yes","Brownish black, Light brownish yellow.","#413936,#b5651d"
"Loomisite","Loomisite","Ba[Be2P2O8]·H2O","Ba[Be2P2O8]·H2O","Ba[Be_2_P_2_O_8_]·H_2_O","Ba[Be_2_P_2_O_8_]·H_2_O","Ba Be P O H","IMA2022-003"," ",7227,"Tridymite-Nepheline","monoclinic","Pn","Ba Be P O H","Lmi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White","#ffffff"
"Loparite","Loparite","(Na0.5Ce3+0.5)Ti4+O3","(Na0.5REE0.5)TiO3","(Na_0.5_REE_0.5_)TiO_3_","(Na_0.5_Ce^3+^_0.5_)Ti^4+^O_3_","Na REE Ti O","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2017 s.p."," ",2884,"Perovskite","tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic","I4/mcm, R3c, Ima2","Na Ce^3+ Ti^4+ O","Lop","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black to grayish black","#000000,#555152"
"Lopatkaite","Lopatkaite","Pb2+5Sb3+3As3+S2-11","Pb5Sb3AsS11","Pb_5_Sb_3_AsS_11_","Pb^2+^_5_Sb^3+^_3_As^3+^S^2-^_11_","Pb Sb As S","IMA2012-083"," ",6139," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Lpk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lópezite","Lopezite","K2Cr6+2O7","K2Cr2O7","K_2_Cr_2_O_7_","K_2_Cr^6+^_2_O_7_","K Cr O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2885," ","triclinic","P1","K Cr^6+ O","Lpz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Orange-red, red","#fe4401,#ff0000"
"Lorándite","Lorandite","Tl1+As3+S2-2","TlAsS2","TlAsS_2_","Tl^1+^As^3+^S^2-^_2_","Tl As S","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2886," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Lor","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Cochineal- to carmine-red; often dark lead-gray on the surface and frequently coated by an ochre-yellow powder.","#9d2933,#ff0038,#3c3535"
"Loranskite-(Y)","Loranskite-(Y)","(Y,Ce3+,Ca)(Zr4+,Ta5+)2O6","(Y,Ce,Ca)(Zr,Ta)2O6 (?)","(Y,Ce,Ca)(Zr,Ta)_2_O_6_ (?)","(Y,Ce^3+^,Ca)(Zr^4+^,Ta^5+^)_2_O_6_","Y Ce Ca Zr Ta O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5043," ",,,"Y Ce^3+ Ca Zr^4+ Ta^5+ O","Lrs-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Green yellow, Yellow, Black.","#413936,#c6f808,#ffff00,#000000"
"Lorenzenite","Lorenzenite","Na2Ti4+2O3(Si2O6)","Na2Ti2O3(Si2O6)","Na_2_Ti_2_O_3_(Si_2_O_6_)","Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_3_(Si_2_O_6_)","Na Ti O Si"," "," ",2887," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na Ti^4+ O Si","Lrz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, White, Light blue.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Loseyite","Loseyite","Mn2+4Zn2+3(CO3)2(OH)10","Mn2+4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10","Mn^2+^_4_Zn_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_10_","Mn^2+^_4_Zn^2+^_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_10_","Mn Zn C O H"," "," ",2888," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ C O H","Los","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bluish white, Brownish, Brownish white.","#e5dad4,#9c6d57,#d1f1de"
"Lotharmeyerite","Lotharmeyerite","CaZn2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","CaZn2(AsO4)2·2H2O","CaZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn As O H","IMA1982-060"," ",2889,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Lmy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark reddish orange, Reddish brown, Red orange.","#840000,#7f2b0a,#ff3f34"
"Loudounite","Loudounite","NaCa5Zr4+4Si16O40(OH)11·8H2O","NaCa5Zr4Si16O40(OH)11·8H2O","NaCa_5_Zr_4_Si_16_O_40_(OH)_11_·8H_2_O","NaCa_5_Zr^4+^_4_Si_16_O_40_(OH)_11_·8H_2_O","Na Ca Zr Si O H","IMA1982-013"," ",2890," ",,,"Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Ldo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Green, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Loughlinite","Loughlinite","Na2Mg3Si6O16·8H2O","Na2Mg3Si6O16·8H2O","Na_2_Mg_3_Si_6_O_16_·8H_2_O","Na_2_Mg_3_Si_6_O_16_·8H_2_O","Na Mg Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2891,"Clay",,,"Na Mg Si O H","Lou","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Louisfuchsite","Louisfuchsite","Ca2(Mg4Ti4+2)(Al4Si2)O20","Ca2(Mg4Ti2)(Al4Si2)O20","Ca_2_(Mg_4_Ti_2_)(Al_4_Si_2_)O_20_","Ca_2_(Mg_4_Ti^4+^_2_)(Al_4_Si_2_)O_20_","Ca Mg Ti Al Si O","IMA2022-024"," ",7251,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Ti^4+ Al Si O","Lfu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No","light brown","#b5651d"
"Lourenswalsite","Lourenswalsite","(K,Ba)2Ti4+4(Si,Al)6O14(OH)12","(K,Ba)2Ti4(Si,Al)6O14(OH)12","(K,Ba)_2_Ti_4_(Si,Al)_6_O_14_(OH)_12_","(K,Ba)_2_Ti^4+^_4_(Si,Al)_6_O_14_(OH)_12_","K Ba Ti Si Al O H","IMA1987-005"," ",2892," ","hexagonal",,"K Ba Ti^4+ Si Al O H","Lrw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish gray, Pearl gray.","#86775f,#a6978a"
"Lovdarite","Lovdarite","K2Na6Be4Si14O36·9H2O","K2Na6Be4Si14O36·9H2O","K_2_Na_6_Be_4_Si_14_O_36_·9H_2_O","K_2_Na_6_Be_4_Si_14_O_36_·9H_2_O","K Na Be Si O H","IMA1972-009"," ",2893," ","orthorhombic","Pma2","K Na Be Si O H","Lov","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Loveringite","Loveringite","(Ca,Ce3+,La)(Zr4+,Fe3+)(Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,Al)18O38","(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38","(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)_18_O_38_","(Ca,Ce^3+^,La)(Zr^4+^,Fe^3+^)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,Al)_18_O_38_","Ca Ce La Zr Fe Mg Ti Cr Al O","IMA1977-023"," ",2894,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Ce^3+ La Zr^4+ Fe^3+ Mg Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Al O","Lvg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Lovozerite","Lovozerite","Na3CaZr4+Si6O15(OH)3","Na3CaZrSi6O15(OH)3","Na_3_CaZrSi_6_O_15_(OH)_3_","Na_3_CaZr^4+^Si_6_O_15_(OH)_3_","Na Ca Zr Si O H"," "," ",2895,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2, R3","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O H","Lvz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Reddish brown, Black.","#73532a,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Löweite","Loweite","Na12Mg7(S6+O4)13·15H2O","Na12Mg7(SO4)13·15H2O","Na_12_Mg_7_(SO_4_)_13_·15H_2_O","Na_12_Mg_7_(S^6+^O_4_)_13_·15H_2_O","Na Mg S O H"," "," ",2896," ","hexagonal","R3","Na Mg S^6+ O H","Löw","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Luanheite","Luanheite","Ag3Hg","Ag3Hg","Ag_3_Hg","Ag_3_Hg","Ag Hg","IMA1983-083"," ",2897," ","hexagonal",,"Ag Hg","Lua","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white, Black.","#d7d5cb,#000000"
"Luanshiweiite","Luanshiweiite","KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2","KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2","KLiAl_1.5_(Si_3.5_Al_0.5_)O_10_(OH)_2_","KLiAl_1.5_(Si_3.5_Al_0.5_)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Li Al Si O H","IMA2011-102"," ",6049,"Mica",,,"K Li Al Si O H","Lsw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Silvery white","#e7e8e3"
"Luberoite","Luberoite","Pt5Se4","Pt5Se4","Pt_5_Se_4_","Pt_5_Se_4_","Pt Se","IMA1990-047"," ",2898," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pt Se","Lub","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Luboržákite","Luborzakite","Mn2+2As3+Sb3+S2-5","Mn2AsSbS5","Mn_2_AsSbS_5_","Mn^2+^_2_As^3+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_5_","Mn As Sb S","IMA2019-125"," ",7008,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Lbž","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Lucabindiite","Lucabindiite","(K,N3-H4)As3+4O6(Cl,Br)","(K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br)","(K,NH_4_)As_4_O_6_(Cl,Br)","(K,N^3-^H_4_)As^3+^_4_O_6_(Cl,Br)","K N H As O Cl Br","IMA2011-010"," ",5940,"Lucabindiite","hexagonal","P6/mmm, P622","K N^3- H As^3+ O Cl Br","Lbd","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lucasite-(Ce)","Lucasite-(Ce)","Ce3+Ti4+2O5(OH)","CeTi2O5(OH)","CeTi_2_O_5_(OH)","Ce^3+^Ti^4+^_2_O_5_(OH)","Ce Ti O H","IMA1986-020"," ",2899,"Kassite","monoclinic","I2/a","Ce^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Lca-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Dark brown, Chocolate brown.","#653700,#73532a,#714f29"
"Lucasite-(La)","Lucasite-(La)","LaTi4+2O5(OH)","LaTi2O5(OH)","LaTi_2_O_5_(OH)","LaTi^4+^_2_O_5_(OH)","La Ti O H","IMA2024-073"," ",7523,"Kassite","monoclinic","I2/a","La Ti^4+ O H","Lca-La",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lucchesiite","Lucchesiite","CaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","CaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","CaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","CaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Ca Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2015-043"," ",6445,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Lcc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Luddenite","Luddenite","Cu2+2Pb2+2Si5O14·14H2O","Cu2Pb2Si5O14·14H2O","Cu_2_Pb_2_Si_5_O_14_·14H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_2_Si_5_O_14_·14H_2_O","Cu Pb Si O H","IMA1981-032"," ",2900," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Si O H","Ldd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Nickel green.","#9bca47"
"Ludjibaite","Ludjibaite","Cu2+5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu P O H","IMA1987-009"," ",2901,"Medenbachite","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ P O H","Ldj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green.","#137e6d"
"Ludlamite","Ludlamite","Fe2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Fe2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe P O H"," "," ",2902," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Fe^2+ P O H","Lud","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Apple green, Colorless, Green, Greenish white, Light green.","#69b076,#afafaf,#00ff00,#d1f1de,#76ff7b"
"Ludlockite","Ludlockite","Pb2+Fe3+4As3+10O22","PbFe3+4As3+10O22","PbFe^3+^_4_As^3+^_10_O_22_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_4_As^3+^_10_O_22_","Pb Fe As O","IMA1969-046"," ",2903," ","triclinic","A1","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^3+ O","Ldl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Copper red.","#cb6d51"
"Ludwigite","Ludwigite","Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Fe O B"," "," ",2904,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Mg Fe^3+ O B","Ldw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green, Black, Black green.","#033500,#000000,#384e49"
"Lueshite","Lueshite","NaNb5+O3","NaNbO3","NaNbO_3_","NaNb^5+^O_3_","Na Nb O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2905,"Perovskite","hexagonal, orthorhombic","R3c, Pc21b, P2221, Pbma, P21ma","Na Nb^5+ O","Lue","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Brown.","#000000,#653700"
"Luetheite","Luetheite","Cu2+Al(As5+O4)(OH)2","CuAl(AsO4)(OH)2","CuAl(AsO_4_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Al(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Cu Al As O H","IMA1976-011"," ",2906,"Chenevixite","monoclinic","B21","Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Lut","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Greenish, Light green.","#0000ff,#40a368,#76ff7b"
"Lukechangite-(Ce)","Lukechangite-(Ce)","Na3Ce3+2(CO3)4F","Na3Ce2(CO3)4F","Na_3_Ce_2_(CO_3_)_4_F","Na_3_Ce^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_F","Na Ce C O F","IMA1996-033"," ",2907," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Ce^3+ C O F","Luk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Beige tan.","#afafaf,#ffc87c"
"Lukkulaisvaaraite","Lukkulaisvaaraite","Pd14Ag2Te9","Pd14Ag2Te9","Pd_14_Ag_2_Te_9_","Pd_14_Ag_2_Te_9_","Pd Ag Te","IMA2013-115"," ",6274,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/m","Pd Ag Te","Lkk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Light grey with a brownish tinge","#d8dcd6"
"Lukrahnite","Lukrahnite","CaCu2+Fe3+(As5+O4)2(OH,H2O)2","CaCuFe3+(AsO4)2(OH,H2O)2","CaCuFe^3+^(AsO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_2_","CaCu^2+^Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_2_","Ca Cu Fe As O H","IMA1999-030"," ",2908,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Lkr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Lulzacite","Lulzacite","Sr2Fe2+3Al4(PO4)4(OH)10","Sr2Fe2+3Al4(PO4)4(OH)10","Sr_2_Fe^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_10_","Sr_2_Fe^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_10_","Sr Fe Al P O H","IMA1998-039"," ",2909,"Jamesite","triclinic","P1","Sr Fe^2+ Al P O H","Lul","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Grayish green, Dark yellow green.","#82a67d,#e7bf8e"
"Lumsdenite","Lumsdenite","NaCa3Mg2(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)·45H2O","NaCa3Mg2(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)·45H2O","NaCa_3_Mg_2_(As^3+^V^4+^_2_V^5+^_10_As^5+^_6_O_51_)·45H_2_O","NaCa_3_Mg_2_(As^3+^V^4+^_2_V^5+^_10_As^5+^_6_O_51_)·45H_2_O","Na Ca Mg As V O H","IMA2018-092"," ",6822," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Mg As^3+ V^4+ V^5+ As^5+ O H","Lum","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green blue","#033500"
"Lüneburgite","Luneburgite","Mg3[B2(OH)6(PO4)2]·6H2O","Mg3[B2(OH)6(PO4)2]·6H2O","Mg_3_[B_2_(OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_]·6H_2_O","Mg_3_[B_2_(OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_]·6H_2_O","Mg B O H P"," "," ",2910," ","triclinic","P1","Mg B O H P","Lbu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White to brownish or green, colorless","#ffffff,#9c6d57,#00ff00,#afafaf"
"Lunijianlaite","Lunijianlaite","Li0.7Al6.2(Si7Al)O20(OH,O)10","Li0.7Al6.2(Si7Al)O20(OH,O)10","Li_0.7_Al_6.2_(Si_7_Al)O_20_(OH,O)_10_","Li_0.7_Al_6.2_(Si_7_Al)O_20_(OH,O)_10_","Li Al Si O H","IMA1989-056"," ",2911,"Corrensite",,,"Li Al Si O H","Lji","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Lun'okite","Lunokite","MgMn2+Al(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","MgMn2+Al(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","MgMn^2+^Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","MgMn^2+^Al(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Mg Mn Al P O H","IMA1982-058"," ",2912,"Overite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg Mn^2+ Al P O H","Lun","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Translucent, colorless, white.","#ffe9e1,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Luobusaite","Luobusaite","Fe0.84Si2","Fe0.84Si2","Fe_0.84_Si_2_","Fe_0.84_Si_2_","Fe Si","IMA2005-052a"," ",5512," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Fe Si","Luo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Luogufengite","Luogufengite","Fe3+2O3","Fe2O3","Fe_2_O_3_","Fe^3+^_2_O_3_","Fe O","IMA2016-005"," ",6533,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pna21","Fe^3+ O","Lgf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Lusernaite-(Y)","Lusernaite-(Y)","Y4Al(CO3)2(OH,F)11·6H2O","Y4Al(CO3)2(OH,F)11·6H2O","Y_4_Al(CO_3_)_2_(OH,F)_11_·6H_2_O","Y_4_Al(CO_3_)_2_(OH,F)_11_·6H_2_O","Y Al C O H F","IMA2011-108"," ",6052,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmna","Y Al C O H F","Lus-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Lussierite","Lussierite","Na10[(U6+O2)(S6+O4)4](S6+O4)2(H2O)3","Na10[(UO2)(SO4)4](SO4)2(H2O)3","Na_10_[(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_4_](SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_3_","Na_10_[(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_3_","Na U O S H","IMA2018-101"," ",6830,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cc","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Lsi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light greenish yellow","#d7ddcd"
"Luxembourgite","Luxembourgite","Ag1+Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+4Se2-8","AgCuPbBi4Se8","AgCuPbBi_4_Se_8_","Ag^1+^Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_4_Se^2-^_8_","Ag Cu Pb Bi Se","IMA2018-154"," ",6880,"Watkinsonite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Lux","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray","#808080"
"Luzonite","Luzonite","Cu3AsS2-4","Cu3AsS4","Cu_3_AsS_4_","Cu_3_AsS^2-^_4_","Cu As S"," "," ",2913,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu As S^2-","Luz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray, Dark pink brown, Red.","#808080,#cb416b,#ff0000"
"Lyonsite","Lyonsite","Cu2+3Fe3+4(V5+O4)6","Cu2+3Fe3+4(VO4)6","Cu^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(VO_4_)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_","Cu Fe V O","IMA1986-041"," ",2914,"Lyonsite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ V^5+ O","Lyo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Macaulayite","Macaulayite","Fe3+24Si4O43(OH)2","Fe3+24Si4O43(OH)2","Fe^3+^_24_Si_4_O_43_(OH)_2_","Fe^3+^_24_Si_4_O_43_(OH)_2_","Fe Si O H","IMA1981-062"," ",2915," ","monoclinic",,"Fe^3+ Si O H","Mcy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blood red.","#71383f"
"Macdonaldite","Macdonaldite","BaCa4Si16O36(OH)2·10H2O","BaCa4Si16O36(OH)2·10H2O","BaCa_4_Si_16_O_36_(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","BaCa_4_Si_16_O_36_(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Ba Ca Si O H","IMA1964-010"," ",2916,"Rhodesite","orthorhombic","Bmmb, Cmcm","Ba Ca Si O H","Mcd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Macedonite","Macedonite","Pb2+Ti4+O3","PbTiO3","PbTiO_3_","Pb^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Pb Ti O","IMA1970-010"," ",2917,"Perovskite","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P4mm, Pmmm","Pb^2+ Ti^4+ O","Mce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Macfallite","Macfallite","Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3","Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_3_","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_3_","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1974-057"," ",2918," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Mcf","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Maroon, Reddish brown, Pink.","#653700,#800000,#7f2b0a,#ffc0cb"
"Machatschkiite","Machatschkiite","Ca6(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)3PO4·15H2O","Ca6(AsO4)(AsO3OH)3(PO4)·15H2O","Ca_6_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)_3_(PO_4_)·15H_2_O","Ca_6_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)_3_PO_4_·15H_2_O","Ca As O H P","IMA1976-010"," ",2919," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ca As^5+ O H P","Mct","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Machiite","Machiite","Al2Ti4+3O9","Al2Ti3O9","Al_2_Ti_3_O_9_","Al_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","Al Ti O","IMA2016-067"," ",6596,"Schreyerite","monoclinic","C2/c","Al Ti^4+ O","Mci","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Macivorite","Macivorite","(N3-H4)3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·18H2O","(NH4)3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·18H2O","(NH_4_)_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·18H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·18H_2_O","N H Al P O","IMA2024-083"," ",7534,"Taranakite","hexagonal","R3c","N^3- H Al P O","Mvr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mackayite","Mackayite","Fe3+Te4+2O5(OH)","Fe3+Te4+2O5(OH)","Fe^3+^Te^4+^_2_O_5_(OH)","Fe^3+^Te^4+^_2_O_5_(OH)","Fe Te O H"," "," ",2920," ","tetragonal","I41/acd","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Mky","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish green, Yellow green, Olive green.","#6a6e09,#c8fd3d,#8ead2c"
"Mackinawite","Mackinawite","Fe2+S2-","FeS","FeS","Fe^2+^S^2-^","Fe S","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2921,"Litharge","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Fe^2+ S^2-","Mkw","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Bronze, White gray.","#a87900,#d6e9ca"
"Macphersonite","Macphersonite","Pb2+4(S6+O4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb_4_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb S O C H","IMA1982-105"," ",2922," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Pb^2+ S^6+ O C H","Mps","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Pale amber brown, Colorless.","#ffffff,#c9bfa8,#afafaf"
"Macquartite","Macquartite","Cu2+2Pb2+7(Cr6+O4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2","Cu2Pb7(CrO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2","Cu_2_Pb_7_(CrO_4_)_4_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_7_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_4_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Pb Cr O Si H","IMA1979-037"," ",2923," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O Si H","Mcq","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Macraeite","Macraeite","K(H2O)Mn2+2(Fe3+2Ti4+)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","K(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","K(H_2_O)Mn_2_(Fe_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","K(H_2_O)Mn^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","K H O Mn Fe Ti P","IMA2023-065"," ",7409,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic","P21/c","K H O Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ P","Macr",,"No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Madeiraite","Madeiraite","Na2Ca2Fe2+2Zr4+2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na2Ca2Fe2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na_2_Ca_2_Fe_2_Zr_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Ca_2_Fe^2+^_2_Zr^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na Ca Fe Zr Si O F","IMA2021-077"," ",7184,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O F","Mde","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Madocite","Madocite","Pb2+19(Sb3+,As3+)16S2-43","Pb19(Sb,As)16S43","Pb_19_(Sb,As)_16_S_43_","Pb^2+^_19_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_16_S^2-^_43_","Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-015"," ",2924,"Madocite","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Mdc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Magadiite","Magadiite","Na2Si14O28(OH)2·8H2O","Na2Si14O28(OH)2·8H2O","Na_2_Si_14_O_28_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na_2_Si_14_O_28_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1967-017"," ",2925," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Si O H","Mgd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Magbasite","Magbasite","KBaFe3+Mg7Si8O22(OH)2F6","KBaFe3+Mg7Si8O22(OH)2F6","KBaFe^3+^Mg_7_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_F_6_","KBaFe^3+^Mg_7_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_F_6_","K Ba Fe Mg Si O H F","IMA1968 s.p."," ",2926," ","orthorhombic","Cmma","K Ba Fe^3+ Mg Si O H F","Mgb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Pink violet.","#afafaf,#747b9f"
"Magganasite","Magganasite","Cu2+Fe3+3O(As5+O4)3","CuFe3+3O(AsO4)3","CuFe^3+^_3_O(AsO_4_)_3_","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_3_O(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Cu Fe O As","IMA2021-112"," ",7215,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O As^5+","Mgg","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No"," golden- or red-brown to brownish-yellow, brown or reddish-brown","#f5bf03,#a52a2f,#c9b003,#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Maghagendorfite","Maghagendorfite","Na2MgFe2+Fe3+(PO4)3","Na2MgFe2+Fe3+(PO4)3","Na_2_MgFe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","Na_2_MgFe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mg Fe P O","IMA2019 s.p."," ",2927,"Alluaudite",,,"Na Mg Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Mhag","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Maghemite","Maghemite","(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)Fe3+2O4","(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)Fe3+2O4","(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe O","IMA2018 s.p."," ",2928,"Spinel","cubic, tetragonal","Fd3m, P43212, P4132, P43m, P4332, Fd3m","Fe^3+ O","Mgh","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Maghrebite","Maghrebite","MgAl2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgAl_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","MgAl_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg Al As O H","IMA2005-044"," ",5539,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mg Al As^5+ O H","Mhb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Magnanelliite","Magnanelliite","K3Fe3+2(S6+O4)4(OH)(H2O)2","K3Fe3+2(SO4)4(OH)(H2O)2","K_3_Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_","K_3_Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_","K Fe S O H","IMA2019-006"," ",6895,"Alcaparrosaite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Mgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to orange‐yellow","#ffff00,#fdb915"
"Magnéliite","Magneliite","Ti3+2Ti4+2O7","Ti3+2Ti4+2O7","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_7_","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_7_","Ti O","IMA2021-111"," ",7214," ","triclinic","P1, A1","Ti^3+ Ti^4+ O","Mnli","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesioalterite","Magnesioalterite","Mg2Fe3+4(S6+O4)4((C2)6+O4)2(OH)4·17H2O","Mg2Fe3+4(SO4)4(C2O4)2(OH)4·17H2O","Mg_2_Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_4_(C_2_O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·17H_2_O","Mg_2_Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·17H_2_O","Mg Fe S O C H","IMA2020-050"," ",7055,"Alterite, Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg Fe^3+ S^6+ O C H","Matr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"Magnesio-arfvedsonite","Magnesio-arfvedsonite","NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2013-137"," ",2929,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Marf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black, Gray.","#000000,#808080"
"Magnesioaubertite","Magnesioaubertite","MgAl(S6+O4)2Cl·14H2O","MgAl(SO4)2Cl·14H2O","MgAl(SO_4_)_2_Cl·14H_2_O","MgAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl·14H_2_O","Mg Al S O Cl H","IMA1982-015"," ",2931,"Aubertite","triclinic","P1","Mg Al S^6+ O Cl H","Maub","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S","Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S","(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2","(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2","(Mg_6_Al_2_)(Al_18_Fe^3+^_2_)O_38_(OH)_2_","(Mg_6_Al_2_)(Al_18_Fe^3+^_2_)O_38_(OH)_2_","Mg Al Fe O H","IMA2016-073"," ",6601,"Hogbömite","hexagonal","P3m1","Mg Al Fe^3+ O H","Mbt-2N3S","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Magnesiobermanite","Magnesiobermanite","MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","MgMn^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","MgMn^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Mn P O H","IMA2018-115"," ",6846,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21","Mg Mn^3+ P O H","Mbrm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","orange-red to brownish red","#fe4401,#9e3623"
"Magnesiocanutite","Magnesiocanutite","Na☐Mn2+Mg2[As5+O4]2[As5+O2(OH)2]","Na☐MnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]","Na[box]MnMg_2_[AsO_4_]_2_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]","Na[box]Mn^2+^Mg_2_[As^5+^O_4_]_2_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]","Na Mn Mg As O H","IMA2016-057"," ",6584,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Mg As^5+ O H","Mcan","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Pale brownish-pink to rose-pink","#c27e79,#ff66cc"
"Magnesiocarpholite","Magnesiocarpholite","MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4","MgAl2Si2O6(OH)4","MgAl_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","MgAl_2_Si_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Mg Al Si O H","IMA1978-027"," ",2932,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","Mg Al Si O H","Mcar","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Gray green, White.","#86a17d,#ffffff"
"Magnesiochloritoid","Magnesiochloritoid","MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2","MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2","MgAl_2_O(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","MgAl_2_O(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Mg Al O Si H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",2933,"Chloritoid","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg Al O Si H","Mcld","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish gray, Greenish black.","#96ae8d,#454445"
"Magnesiochlorophoenicite","Magnesiochlorophoenicite","Mg3Zn2+2As5+O4(OH,O)6","Mg3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6","Mg_3_Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH,O)_6_","Mg_3_Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH,O)_6_","Mg Zn As O H","IMA1981 s.p."," ",2962,"Chlorophoenicite","monoclinic",,"Mg Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Mcpo","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Magnesiochromite","Magnesiochromite","MgCr3+2O4","MgCr2O4","MgCr_2_O_4_","MgCr^3+^_2_O_4_","Mg Cr O"," "," ",2934,"Spinel","cubic, orthorhombic","Fd3m, Fd3m, Cmcm","Mg Cr^3+ O","Mchr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Magnesiocopiapite","Magnesiocopiapite","MgFe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","MgFe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","MgFe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Mg Fe S O H"," "," ",2937,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1, P1","Mg Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Mcpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Green yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Orange.","#c6f808,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffa500"
"Magnesiocoulsonite","Magnesiocoulsonite","MgV3+2O4","MgV2O4","MgV_2_O_4_","MgV^3+^_2_O_4_","Mg V O","IMA1994-034"," ",2938,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mg V^3+ O","Mcou","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Magnesiodumortierite","Magnesiodumortierite","MgAl6BSi3O17(OH)","MgAl6BSi3O17(OH)","MgAl_6_BSi_3_O_17_(OH)","MgAl_6_BSi_3_O_17_(OH)","Mg Al B Si O H","IMA1992-050"," ",2940,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Mg Al B Si O H","Mdum","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pinkish red, Red.","#f10c45,#ff0000"
"Magnesio-dutrowite","Magnesio-dutrowite","Na(Mg2.5Ti4+0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Mg2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Mg_2.5_Ti_0.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na(Mg_2.5_Ti^4+^_0.5_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Mg Ti Al Si O B H","IMA2023-015"," ",7373,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mg Ti^4+ Al Si O B H","Mdtw",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende","Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende","☐Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22F2","☐Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22F2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_7_Al)O_22_F_2_","Ca Mg Fe Si Al O F","IMA2014-091"," ",6389,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O F","Mffhbl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Magnesio-ferri-hornblende","Magnesio-ferri-hornblende","☐Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)[(Si_7_Al)O_22_](OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)[(Si_7_Al)O_22_](OH)_2_","Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2021-100"," ",7204,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Mfhbl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","dark green to green black","#033500,#373a3a"
"Magnesioferrite","Magnesioferrite","MgFe3+2O4","MgFe3+2O4","MgFe^3+^_2_O_4_","MgFe^3+^_2_O_4_","Mg Fe O"," "," ",2943,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Mg Fe^3+ O","Mfr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Magnesiofluckite","Magnesiofluckite","CaMg(As5+O3OH)2(H2O)2","CaMg(AsO3OH)2(H2O)2","CaMg(AsO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","CaMg(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca Mg As O H","IMA2017-103"," ",6728,"Krautite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Mfck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite","Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite","NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22F2","NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22F2","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","Na Mg Fe Si O F","IMA1998-056, IMA2012 s.p."," ",1961,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Si O F","Mfarf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Dark-grey to greyish-black","#363737,#555152"
"Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite","Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite","NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2","NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O F","IMA2005-002, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5453,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O F","Mfhst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesio-foitite","Magnesio-foitite","☐(Mg2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","☐(Mg2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","[box](Mg_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","[box](Mg_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Mg Al Si O B H","IMA1998-037"," ",2944,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al Si O B H","Mfoi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pale bluish-grey","#a2adb1"
"Magnesio-hastingsite","Magnesio-hastingsite","NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si6Al2O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_6_Al_2_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2945,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Mhst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Green to brownish-green","#00ff00,#6a6e09"
"Magnesiohatertite","Magnesiohatertite","NaNaCa(MgFe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaCa(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaCa(MgFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaCa(MgFe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mg Fe As O","IMA2016-078"," ",6604,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Mhtt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S","Magnesiohogbomite-2N2S","(Al,Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti4+)22(O,OH)32","(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)22(O,OH)32","(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)_22_(O,OH)_32_","(Al,Mg,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)_22_(O,OH)_32_","Mg Fe Al Ti O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2946,"Hogbömite-Magnesiohogbömite","hexagonal","P63mc","Al Mg Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Mhög-2N2S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellowish, brownish, black","#faee66,#9c6d57,#000000"
"Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S","Magnesiohogbomite-2N3S","(Mg,Fe2+,Zn2+,Ti4+)4(Al,Fe3+)10O19(OH)","(Mg,Fe,Zn,Ti)4(Al,Fe)10O19(OH)","(Mg,Fe,Zn,Ti)_4_(Al,Fe)_10_O_19_(OH)","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Al,Fe^3+^)_10_O_19_(OH)","Mg Fe Zn Ti Al O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2947,"Hogbömite-Magnesiohogbömite","hexagonal","P3m1","Mg Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Al Fe^3+ O H","Mhög-2N3S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellowish, brownish, black","#faee66,#9c6d57,#000000"
"Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S","Magnesiohogbomite-2N4S","(Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2","(Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2","(Mg_8.43_Fe^2+^_1.57_)Al_22_Ti^4+^_2_O_46_(OH)_2_","(Mg_8.43_Fe^2+^_1.57_)Al_22_Ti^4+^_2_O_46_(OH)_2_","Mg Fe Al Ti O H","IMA2010-084"," ",5927,"Hogbömite-Magnesiohogbömite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mg Fe^2+ Al Ti^4+ O H","Mhög-2N4S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Orange-red","#fe4401"
"Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S","Magnesiohogbomite-6N12S","Mg5Al11Ti4+O23(OH)","Mg5Al11TiO23(OH)","Mg_5_Al_11_TiO_23_(OH)","Mg_5_Al_11_Ti^4+^O_23_(OH)","Mg Al Ti O H","IMA2020-029"," ",7039,"Hogbömite-Magnesiohogbömite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al Ti^4+ O H","Mhög-6N12S","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","dark brown to black","#73532a,#000000"
"Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S","Magnesiohogbomite-6N6S","(Mg,Al,Fe2+,Fe3+)3(Al,Ti4+)8O15(OH)","(Mg,Al,Fe)3(Al,Ti)8O15(OH)","(Mg,Al,Fe)_3_(Al,Ti)_8_O_15_(OH)","(Mg,Al,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_3_(Al,Ti^4+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Mg Al Fe Ti O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2948,"Hogbömite-Magnesiohogbömite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Mhög-6N6S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesio-hornblende","Magnesio-hornblende","☐Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2017-059"," ",2950,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Al Si O H","Mhbl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesiohulsite","Magnesiohulsite","Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Fe O B","IMA1983-074"," ",2951,"Hulsite","monoclinic","P2/m","Mg Fe^3+ O B","Mhul","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Black.","#000000"
"Magnesiokoritnigite","Magnesiokoritnigite","Mg(As5+O3OH)·H2O","Mg(AsO3OH)·H2O","Mg(AsO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Mg(As^5+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Mg As O H","IMA2013-049"," ",6213,"Krautite","triclinic","P1","Mg As^5+ O H","Mkor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to pale-pink","#afafaf,#efcddb"
"Magnesioleydetite","Magnesioleydetite","Mg(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2·11H2O","Mg(UO2)(SO4)2·11H2O","Mg(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Mg U O S H","IMA2017-063"," ",6689,"Leydetite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg U^6+ O S^6+ H","Mley","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green–yellow","#acbf60"
"Magnesio-lucchesiite","Magnesio-lucchesiite","CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","CaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","CaMg_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Ca Mg Al Si O B H","IMA2019-025"," ",6913,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Mg Al Si O B H","Mlcc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Magnesioneptunite","Magnesioneptunite","KNa2Li(Mg,Fe2+)2Ti4+2Si8O24","KNa2Li(Mg,Fe)2Ti2Si8O24","KNa_2_Li(Mg,Fe)_2_Ti_2_Si_8_O_24_","KNa_2_Li(Mg,Fe^2+^)_2_Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_24_","K Na Li Mg Fe Ti Si O","IMA2009-009"," ",5738,"Neptunite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Na Li Mg Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O","Mnpt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown to red-brown","#73532a,#a52a2f"
"Magnesionigerite-2N1S","Magnesionigerite-2N1S","(Mg,Al,Zn2+)2(Al,Sn4+)6O11(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn)2(Al,Sn)6O11(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn)_2_(Al,Sn)_6_O_11_(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn^2+^)_2_(Al,Sn^4+^)_6_O_11_(OH)","Mg Al Zn Sn O H","IMA1988-010, IMA2001 s.p."," ",2953,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","P3m1","Mg Al Zn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Mgng-2N1S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Light yellow, Colorless.","#653700,#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Magnesionigerite-6N6S","Magnesionigerite-6N6S","(Mg,Al,Zn2+)3(Al,Sn4+,Fe3+,Fe2+)8O15(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn)3(Al,Sn,Fe)8O15(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn)_3_(Al,Sn,Fe)_8_O_15_(OH)","(Mg,Al,Zn^2+^)_3_(Al,Sn^4+^,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Mg Al Zn Sn Fe O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2954,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al Zn^2+ Sn^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O H","Mgng-6N6S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Light yellow, Colorless.","#653700,#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Magnesiopascoite","Magnesiopascoite","Ca2Mg[V5+10O28]·16H2O","Ca2MgV5+10O28·16H2O","Ca_2_MgV^5+^_10_O_28_·16H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·16H_2_O","Ca Mg V O H","IMA2007-025"," ",5627,"Pascoite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg V^5+ O H","Mpas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bright orange.","#ff7034"
"Magnesioqingheiite","Magnesioqingheiite","Na2Mg(MgAl)(PO4)3","Na2Mg(MgAl)(PO4)3","Na_2_Mg(MgAl)(PO_4_)_3_","Na_2_Mg(MgAl)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mg Al P O","IMA2022-136"," ",7381,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mg Al P O","Mqin",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesio-riebeckite","Magnesio-riebeckite","☐Na2(Mg3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Na2(Mg3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Na_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Na_2_(Mg_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",2955,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Mrbk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light blue to blue-black.","#add8e6,#24313d"
"Magnesiorowlandite-(Y)","Magnesiorowlandite-(Y)","Y4(Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)2F2","Y4(Mg,Fe)(Si2O7)2F2","Y_4_(Mg,Fe)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_2_","Y_4_(Mg,Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_2_","Y Mg Fe Si O F","IMA2012-010"," ",6069,"Rowlandite",,,"Y Mg Fe^2+ Si O F","Mrow-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Gray to white","#808080,#ffffff"
"Magnesiostaurolite","Magnesiostaurolite","Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4","Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4","Mg(Mg,Li)_3_(Al,Mg)_18_Si_8_O_44_(OH)_4_","Mg(Mg,Li)_3_(Al,Mg)_18_Si_8_O_44_(OH)_4_","Mg Li Al Si O H","IMA1992-035"," ",2957,"Staurolite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Li Al Si O H","Mst","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S","Magnesiotaaffeite-2N2S","Mg3BeAl8O16","Mg3BeAl8O16","Mg_3_BeAl_8_O_16_","Mg_3_BeAl_8_O_16_","Mg Be Al O","IMA2001 s.p."," ",2958,"Taaffeite-Magnesiotaaffeite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mg Be Al O","Mtf-2N'2S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesiotaaffeite-6N'3S","Magnesiotaaffeite-6N3S","Mg2BeAl6O12","Mg2BeAl6O12","Mg_2_BeAl_6_O_12_","Mg_2_BeAl_6_O_12_","Mg Be Al O","IMA1966-041, IMA2001 s.p."," ",2959,"Taaffeite-Magnesiotaaffeite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Be Al O","Mtf- 6N'3S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesiovesuvianite","Magnesiovesuvianite","Ca19Mg(Al11Mg)Si18O69(OH)9","Ca19Mg(Al11Mg)Si18O69(OH)9","Ca_19_Mg(Al_11_Mg)Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca_19_Mg(Al_11_Mg)Si_18_O_69_(OH)_9_","Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2015-104"," ",6504,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/n","Ca Mg Al Si O H","Mves","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Light pink","#ffd1df"
"Magnesiovoltaite","Magnesiovoltaite","K2Mg5Fe3+3Al(S6+O4)12·18H2O","K2Mg5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2O","K_2_Mg_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K_2_Mg_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K Mg Fe Al S O H","IMA2015-095"," ",6494,"Voltaite","cubic","Fd3c","K Mg Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O H","Mvlt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Magnesiozippeite","Magnesiozippeite","Mg(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)O2·3.5H2O","Mg(UO2)2(SO4)O2·3.5H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Mg U O S H","IMA1971-007"," ",2963,"Zippeite","monoclinic","C2/m, P21/c","Mg U^6+ O S^6+ H","Mzip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Yellowish orange.","#ffff00,#ffab0f"
"Magnesite","Magnesite","MgCO3","Mg(CO3)","Mg(CO_3_)","MgCO_3_","Mg C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",2961,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c, R3","Mg C O","Mgs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Colorless, White, Grayish white, Yellowish white, Brownish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d6dee9,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Magnetite","Magnetite","Fe2+Fe3+2O4","Fe2+Fe3+2O4","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe O"," "," ",2965,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m, F43m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O","Mag","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Grayish black, Iron black.","#555152,#263145"
"Magnetoplumbite","Magnetoplumbite","Pb2+Fe3+12O19","PbFe3+12O19","PbFe^3+^_12_O_19_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_12_O_19_","Pb Fe O","IMA2020 s.p."," ",2966,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ O","Mpl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Grayish black, Black.","#555152,#000000"
"Magnioursilite","Magnioursilite","Mg4(U6+O2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6·20H2O","Mg4(UO2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6·20H2O","Mg_4_(UO_2_)_4_(Si_2_O_5_)_5_(OH)_6_·20H_2_O","Mg_4_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(Si_2_O_5_)_5_(OH)_6_·20H_2_O","Mg U O Si H"," "," ",5409,"Ursilite","orthorhombic",,"Mg U^6+ O Si H","Mau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow","#cfff04"
"Magnolite","Magnolite","Hg1+2Te4+O3","Hg1+2(Te4+O3)","Hg^1+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)","Hg^1+^_2_Te^4+^O_3_","Hg Te O"," "," ",2968," ","orthorhombic","Pbm2","Hg^1+ Te^4+ O","Mno","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow green, Light brown.","#afafaf,#c8fd3d,#b5651d"
"Magnussonite","Magnussonite","Mn2+5As3+3O9(OH,Cl)","Mn2+10As3+6O18(OH,Cl)2","Mn^2+^_10_As^3+^_6_O_18_(OH,Cl)_2_","Mn^2+^_5_As^3+^_3_O_9_(OH,Cl)","Mn As O H Cl","IMA1984 s.p."," ",2969,"Magnussonite","cubic","Ia3d","Mn^2+ As^3+ O H Cl","Mnu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Grass green, Dark red.","#137e6d,#419c03,#840000"
"Magselite","Magselite","[Mg(H2O)6](Se4+O3)","[Mg(H2O)6](Se4+O3)","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_](Se^4+^O_3_)","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_](Se^4+^O_3_)","Mg H O Se","IMA2024-084"," ",7535," ","hexagonal","R3","Mg H O Se^4+","Mgsl",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mahnertite","Mahnertite","(Na,Ca,K)Cu2+3(As5+O4)2Cl·5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)Cu3(AsO4)2Cl·5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_2_Cl·5H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_Cl·5H_2_O","Na Ca K Cu As O Cl H","IMA1994-035"," ",2970," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Na Ca K Cu^2+ As^5+ O Cl H","Mah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Emerald green.","#0000ff,#046307"
"Maikainite","Maikainite","Cu1+10Fe2+3Mo4+Ge4+3S2-16","Cu10Fe3MoGe3S16","Cu_10_Fe_3_MoGe_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_10_Fe^2+^_3_Mo^4+^Ge^4+^_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu Fe Mo Ge S","IMA1992-038"," ",5055,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic",,"Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Mo^4+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Mai","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Majakite","Majakite","PdNiAs","PdNiAs","PdNiAs","PdNiAs","Pd Ni As","IMA1974-038"," ",2971," ","hexagonal","P62c","Pd Ni As","Mjk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Majindeite","Majindeite","Mg2Mo4+3O8","Mg2Mo3O8","Mg_2_Mo_3_O_8_","Mg_2_Mo^4+^_3_O_8_","Mg Mo O","IMA2012-079"," ",6135,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mg Mo^4+ O","Mjd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Majorite","Majorite","Mg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3","Mg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3","Mg_3_(MgSi)(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg_3_(MgSi)(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg Si O","IMA1969-018"," ",2972,"Garnet","tetragonal, cubic","I41/a, I41/acd","Mg Si O","Maj","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Yellow brown, Purple red.","#ae8b0c,#990147"
"Majzlanite","Majzlanite","K2Na(Zn2+Na)Ca(S6+O4)4","K2Na(ZnNa)Ca(SO4)4","K_2_Na(ZnNa)Ca(SO_4_)_4_","K_2_Na(Zn^2+^Na)Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","K Na Zn Ca S O","IMA2018-016"," ",6759,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","K Na Zn^2+ Ca S^6+ O","Mjz","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Grey with a bluish tint","#d7d5cb"
"Makarochkinite","Makarochkinite","Ca4[Fe2+8Fe3+2Ti4+2]O4[Si8Be2Al2O36]","Ca4[Fe2+8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si8Be2Al2O36]","Ca_4_[Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^_2_Ti_2_]O_4_[Si_8_Be_2_Al_2_O_36_]","Ca_4_[Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_]O_4_[Si_8_Be_2_Al_2_O_36_]","Ca Fe Ti O Si Be Al","IMA2002-009a"," ",5348,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O Si Be Al","Mkr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Makatite","Makatite","Na2Si4O8(OH)2·4H2O","Na2Si4O8(OH)2·4H2O","Na_2_Si_4_O_8_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Si_4_O_8_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1969-003"," ",2973," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Si O H","Mkt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mäkinenite","Makinenite","NiSe","NiSe","NiSe","NiSe","Ni Se","IMA1967 s.p."," ",2974,"Millerite","hexagonal","R3m","Ni Se","Mkn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Makotoite","Makotoite","Ag12(Cu3Au)S8","Ag12(Cu3Au)S8","Ag_12_(Cu_3_Au)S_8_","Ag_12_(Cu_3_Au)S_8_","Ag Cu Au S","IMA2020-071"," ",7087,"Uytenbogaardtite","hexagonal","R3c","Ag Cu Au S","Mako","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Makovickyite","Makovickyite","Cu1.12Ag0.81Pb2+0.27Bi3+5.35S2-9","Cu1.12Ag0.81Pb0.27Bi5.35S9","Cu_1.12_Ag_0.81_Pb_0.27_Bi_5.35_S_9_","Cu_1.12_Ag_0.81_Pb^2+^_0.27_Bi^3+^_5.35_S^2-^_9_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1986-027"," ",2975,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu Ag Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Malachite","Malachite","Cu2+2CO3(OH)2","Cu2(CO3)(OH)2","Cu_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_","Cu C O H"," "," ",2976,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ C O H","Mlc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Green, Dark green, Blackish green.","#00ff00,#033500,#5d6161"
"Malanite","Malanite","Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S2-4","Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4","Cu^1+^(Ir^3+^Pt^4+^)S_4_","Cu^1+^(Ir^3+^Pt^4+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Ir Pt S","IMA1995-003"," ",2977,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^1+ Ir^3+ Pt^4+ S^2-","Mla","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White, Steel gray.","#ffffff,#43464b"
"Malayaite","Malayaite","CaSn4+O(SiO4)","CaSnO(SiO4)","CaSnO(SiO_4_)","CaSn^4+^O(SiO_4_)","Ca Sn O Si","IMA1964-024"," ",2978,"Titanite","monoclinic","A2/a","Ca Sn^4+ O Si","Mly","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Greenish gray, White, Light yellow, Orange.","#afafaf,#96ae8d,#ffffff,#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Maldonite","Maldonite","Au2Bi","Au2Bi","Au_2_Bi","Au_2_Bi","Au Bi"," "," ",2979," ","cubic","Fd3m","Au Bi","Mdo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Copper red, Reddish white, Black, Silver white.","#cb6d51,#fff8d5,#000000,#e7e8e3"
"Maleevite","Maleevite","BaB2Si2O8","BaB2Si2O8","BaB_2_Si_2_O_8_","BaB_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ba B Si O","IMA2002-027"," ",5196,"Danburite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba B Si O","Mle","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Maletoyvayamite","Maletoyvayamite","Au3Se4Te6","Au3Se4Te6","Au_3_Se_4_Te_6_","Au_3_Se_4_Te_6_","Au Se Te","IMA2019-021"," ",6909,"Maletoyvayamite","triclinic","P1","Au Se Te","Mty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Malhmoodite","Malhmoodite","Fe2+Zr4+(PO4)2·4H2O","Fe2+Zr(PO4)2·4H2O","Fe^2+^Zr(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^Zr^4+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe Zr P O H","IMA1992-001"," ",5054,"Malhmoodite","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/c, P1","Fe^2+ Zr^4+ P O H","Mmo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Cream white.","#f2eee2"
"Malinkoite","Malinkoite","NaBSiO4","NaBSiO4","NaBSiO_4_","NaBSiO_4_","Na B Si O","IMA2000-009"," ",2981,"Beryllonite","hexagonal","P63","Na B Si O","Mlk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Rosy cream, Pale pink, Greenish blue.","#ffffff,#e0dbc7,#efcddb,#0b8b87"
"Malladrite","Malladrite","Na2SiF6","Na2SiF6","Na_2_SiF_6_","Na_2_SiF_6_","Na Si F"," "," ",2982,"Malladrite","hexagonal","P321","Na Si F","Mld","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Rose, Colorless, White.","#ff007f,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mallardite","Mallardite","Mn 2+S6+O4·7H2O","Mn(SO4)·7H2O","Mn(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Mn^ 2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Mn S O H"," "," ",2983,"Melanterite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn S^6+ O H","Mal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Mallestigite","Mallestigite","Pb2+3Sb5+(S6+O4)(As5+O4)(OH)6·3H2O","Pb3Sb(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6·3H2O","Pb_3_Sb(SO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_Sb^5+^(S^6+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb Sb S O As H","IMA1996-043"," ",2984,"Fleischerite","hexagonal","P63, P6322","Pb^2+ Sb^5+ S^6+ O As^5+ H","Mlg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Malyshevite","Malyshevite","Cu1+Pd2+Bi3+S2-3","PdCuBiS3","PdCuBiS_3_","Cu^1+^Pd^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_","Pd Cu Bi S","IMA2006-012"," ",5561,"Lapieite","orthorhombic",,"Cu^1+ Pd^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mambertiite","Mambertiite","Bi3+Mo5+2.80O8(OH)","BiMo5+2.8O8(OH)","BiMo^5+^_2.8_O_8_(OH)","Bi^3+^Mo^5+^_2.80_O_8_(OH)","Bi Mo O H","IMA2013-098"," ",6254,"Gelosaite","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ Mo^5+ O H","Mam","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Mammothite","Mammothite","Pb2+6Cu2+4AlSb5+O2(S6+O4)2Cl4(OH)16","Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(SO4)2Cl4(OH)16","Pb_6_Cu_4_AlSb^5+^O_2_(SO_4_)_2_Cl_4_(OH)_16_","Pb^2+^_6_Cu^2+^_4_AlSb^5+^O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl_4_(OH)_16_","Pb Cu Al Sb O S Cl H","IMA1983-076a"," ",2985," ","monoclinic","C2/m, C2","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Al Sb^5+ O S^6+ Cl H","Mm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Bright blue, Greenish blue, Pale blue.","#0165fc,#0b8b87,#d0fefe"
"Mampsisite","Mampsisite","Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3)· 5H2O","Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 5H2O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_) · 5H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)· 5H_2_O","Ca Al O H C","IMA2023-090"," ",7428,"Hydrotalcite","triclinic","P1","Ca Al O H C","Mmp",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Manaevite-(Ce)","Manaevite-(Ce)","Ca11(Ce3+,H2O,Ca)8Mg(Al,Fe3+)4(Mg,Ti4+,Fe3+)8[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2](OH)9","Ca11(Ce,H2O,Ca)8Mg(Al,Fe)4(Mg,Ti,Fe3+)8[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2](OH)9","Ca_11_(Ce,H_2_O,Ca)_8_Mg(Al,Fe)_4_(Mg,Ti,Fe^3+^)_8_[Si_2_O_7_]_4_[(SiO_4_)_8_(H_4_O_4_)_2_](OH)_9_","Ca_11_(Ce^3+^,H_2_O,Ca)_8_Mg(Al,Fe^3+^)_4_(Mg,Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_8_[Si_2_O_7_]_4_[(SiO_4_)_8_(H_4_O_4_)_2_](OH)_9_","Ca Ce H O Mg Al Fe Ti Si","IMA2018-046"," ",6784,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Ce^3+ H O Mg Al Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si","Mv-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No"," dark orange","#c65102"
"Manaksite","Manaksite","KNaMn2+Si4O10","KNaMn2+Si4O10","KNaMn^2+^Si_4_O_10_","KNaMn^2+^Si_4_O_10_","K Na Mn Si O","IMA1990-024"," ",2986,"Litidionite","triclinic","P1","K Na Mn^2+ Si O","Mnk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Creamy white, Rosy.","#afafaf,#f0e9d6,#be89a8"
"Manandonite","Manandonite","Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8","Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8","Li_2_Al_4_(Si_2_AlB)O_10_(OH)_8_","Li_2_Al_4_(Si_2_AlB)O_10_(OH)_8_","Li Al Si B O H"," "," ",2987,"Clay, Serpentine","triclinic","C1","Li Al Si B O H","Mnd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Mandarinoite","Mandarinoite","Fe3+2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Fe3+2(Se4+O3)3·6H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Fe Se O H","IMA1977-049"," ",2989,"Mandarinoite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ Se^4+ O H","Mda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish white, Light green.","#d1f1de,#76ff7b"
"Maneckiite","Maneckiite","(Na☐)Ca2Fe2+2(Fe3+Mg)Mn2+2(PO4)6·2H2O","(Na☐)Ca2Fe2+2(Fe3+Mg)Mn2(PO4)6·2H2O","(Na[box])Ca_2_Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^Mg)Mn_2_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","(Na[box])Ca_2_Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^Mg)Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Fe Mg Mn P O H","IMA2015-056"," ",6456,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Na Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Mg Mn^2+ P O H","Mnc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Manganarsite","Manganarsite","Mn2+3As3+2O4(OH)4","Mn2+3As3+2O4(OH)4","Mn^2+^_3_As^3+^_2_O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_3_As^3+^_2_O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn As O H","IMA1985-037"," ",2991," ","hexagonal",,"Mn^2+ As^3+ O H","Mna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink brown.","#67594c"
"Manganbabingtonite","Manganbabingtonite","Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH)","Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH)","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Ca Mn Fe Si O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",2993,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Mbab","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Manganbelyankinite","Manganbelyankinite","Mn2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)5O12·9H2O","Mn2+(Ti,Nb)5O12·9H2O","Mn^2+^(Ti,Nb)_5_O_12_·9H_2_O","Mn^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_5_O_12_·9H_2_O","Mn Ti Nb O H"," "," ",2994," ",,,"Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O H","Mbyn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish black, Pink brown.","#413936,#67594c"
"Manganberzeliite","Manganberzeliite","NaCa2Mn2+2(As5+O4)3","(NaCa2)Mn2+2(AsO4)3","(NaCa_2_)Mn^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mn As O"," "," ",2995,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Na Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O","Mbzl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Grayish yellow, Yellowish red, Honey yellow, Orange.","#877254,#edeeda,#ca9456,#ffa500"
"Manganflurlite","Manganflurlite","Zn2+Mn2+3Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","ZnMn2+3Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","ZnMn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^Mn^2+^_3_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn Mn Fe P O H","IMA2017-076"," ",6707,"Flurlite","monoclinic","P21/m","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Mflu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No"," orange brown","#b16002"
"Mangangordonite","Mangangordonite","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Al P O H","IMA1989-023"," ",2998,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Mgdo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Manganhumite","Manganhumite","Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2","Mn^2+^_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_7_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H","IMA1969-021"," ",2999,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mn^2+ Si O H","Mnhu","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Brown orange, Light orange.","#653700,#b96902,#ff7034"
"Manganiakasakaite-(La)","Manganiakasakaite-(La)","CaLa3+Mn3+AlMn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Mn3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(Mn^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaLa^3+^Mn^3+^AlMn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La Mn Al Si O H","IMA2017-028"," ",6667,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La^3+ Mn^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Mnak-La","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Manganiandrosite-(Ce)","Manganiandrosite-(Ce)","Mn2+Ce3+AlMn3+Mn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnCe(Mn3+AlMn2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","MnCe(Mn^3+^AlMn^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce^3+^AlMn^3+^Mn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn Ce Al Si O H","IMA2002-049"," ",5202,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ Al Mn^3+ Si O H","Mna-Ce","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Manganiandrosite-(La)","Manganiandrosite-(La)","Mn2+La3+AlMn3+Mn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","MnLa(Mn3+AlMn2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","MnLa(Mn^3+^AlMn^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Mn^2+^La^3+^AlMn^3+^Mn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn La Al Si O H","IMA1994-048"," ",887,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ La^3+ Al Mn^3+ Si O H","Mna-La","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Manganiceladonite","Manganiceladonite","KMgMn3+Si4O10(OH)2","KMgMn3+Si4O10(OH)2","KMgMn^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","KMgMn^3+^Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Mn Si O H","IMA2015-052"," ",6452,"Clay, Mica","monoclinic","C2","K Mg Mn^3+ Si O H","Mcel","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange-brown","#b16002"
"Mangani-dellaventuraite","Mangani-dellaventuraite","NaNa2(MgMn3+2LiTi4+)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(MgMn^3+^_2_Ti^4+^Li)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(MgMn^3+^_2_LiTi^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Mg Mn Ti Li Si O","IMA2003-061, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5259,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Mn^3+ Li Ti^4+ Si O","Mdv","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pink to red","#ffc0cb,#ff0000"
"Mangani-eckermannite","Mangani-eckermannite","NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Mn^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Mn^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Mn Si O H","IMA2023-004"," ",7360,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Mn^3+ Si O H","Meck",,"No","Cherry-red to very dark red","#f7022a,#3a4859"
"Manganilvaite","Manganilvaite","CaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH)","CaFe^2+^Fe^3+^Mn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","CaFe^2+^Fe^3+^Mn^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)O(OH)","Ca Fe Mn Si O H","IMA2002-016"," ",5193,"Ilvaite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ Si O H","Mlv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Mangani-obertiite","Mangani-obertiite","NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Mn^3+^Ti^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Mn^3+^Ti^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Mg Mn Ti Si O","IMA1998-046, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3400,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Mn^3+ Ti^4+ Si O","Mob","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Mangani-pargasite","Mangani-pargasite","NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Mn^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Mn^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Mn Si Al O H","IMA2018-151"," ",6874,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Mn^3+ Si Al O H","Mprg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","red to reddish brown","#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Manganite","Manganite","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn3+O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn^3+^O(OH)","Mn O H"," "," ",3000,"Rutile","monoclinic, orthorhombic","B21/d, P21/c, Pnnm","Mn^3+ O H","Mnn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Black, Gray, Grayish black.","#000000,#808080,#555152"
"Manganlotharmeyerite","Manganlotharmeyerite","CaMn3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2","CaMn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2","CaMn^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","CaMn^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca Mn As O H","IMA2001-026"," ",3001,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Mlmy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red, Dark reddish orange.","#9e3623,#840000"
"Manganoarrojadite-(KNa)","Manganoarrojadite-(KNa)","KNa5Mn2+Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","KNa5MnFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","KNa_5_MnFe_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","KNa_5_Mn^2+^Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","K Na Mn Fe Al P O H","IMA2020-003"," ",7021,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","Cc","K Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Al P O H","Majd-KNa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","olive green","#8ead2c"
"Manganobadalovite","Manganobadalovite","NaNaMn2+(MgFe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaMn(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaMn(MgFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaMn^2+^(MgFe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Mn Mg Fe As O","IMA2020-035"," ",7047,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Mbdl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Manganoblödite","Manganoblodite","Na2Mn2+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Mn(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_2_Mn(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Mn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Mn S O H","IMA2012-029"," ",6086,"Blödite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Mblö","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," reddish-pink in aggregates","#fe2c54"
"Manganochromite","Manganochromite","Mn2+Cr3+2O4","Mn2+Cr2O4","Mn^2+^Cr_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn Cr O","IMA1975-020"," ",3002,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Mn^2+ Cr^3+ O","Mnchr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Manganoeudialyte","Manganoeudialyte","Na14Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3[Si26O72(OH)2](H2O,Cl,O,OH)6","Na14Ca6Mn3Zr3[Si26O72(OH)2](H2O,Cl,O,OH)6","Na_14_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_[Si_26_O_72_(OH)_2_](H_2_O,Cl,O,OH)_6_","Na_14_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_[Si_26_O_72_(OH)_2_](H_2_O,Cl,O,OH)_6_","Na Ca Mn Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2009-039"," ",5766,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Meud","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink to purple","#ffc0cb,#800080"
"Mangano-ferri-eckermannite","Mangano-ferri-eckermannite","NaNa2(Mn2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mn2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mn Fe Si O H","IMA1968-028, IMA2012 s.p."," ",2710,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Mfeck","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish-black to black.","#433635,#000000"
"Manganohatertite","Manganohatertite","NaNaCa(Mn2+Fe3+)(As5+O4)3","NaNaCa(MnFe3+)(AsO4)3","NaNaCa(MnFe^3+^)(AsO_4_)_3_","NaNaCa(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mn Fe As O","IMA2023-098"," ",7440,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Mnhtt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Manganohörnesite","Manganohornesite","Mn2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Mn2+3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2996,"Vivianite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Mhns","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White to colorless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Manganokaskasite","Manganokaskasite","(Mo,Nb5+)S2·(Mn2+1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Mo,Nb)S2·(Mn1-xAlx)(OH)2+x","(Mo,Nb)S_2_·(Mn_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","(Mo,Nb^5+^)S_2_·(Mn^2+^_1-x_Al_x_)(OH)_2+x_","Mo Nb S Mn Al O H","IMA2013-026"," ",6187,"Valleriite","hexagonal",,"Mo Nb^5+ S Mn^2+ Al O H","Mkks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Iron-black","#263145"
"Manganokhomyakovite","Manganokhomyakovite","Na12Ca6Sr3Mn2+3W6+Zr4+3(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na12Sr3Ca6Mn3Zr3W(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2","Na_12_Sr_3_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_W(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na_12_Ca_6_Sr_3_Mn^2+^_3_W^6+^Zr^4+^_3_(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)_2_","Na Sr Ca Mn Zr W Si O H Cl","IMA1998-043"," ",3006,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ca Sr Mn^2+ W^6+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Mkmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange, Orange red.","#ffa500,#fe4401"
"Manganokukisvumite","Manganokukisvumite","Na6Mn2+Ti4+4Si8O28·4H2O","Na6MnTi4Si8O28·4H2O","Na_6_MnTi_4_Si_8_O_28_·4H_2_O","Na_6_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^_4_Si_8_O_28_·4H_2_O","Na Mn Ti Si O H","IMA2002-029"," ",3007," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Mkki","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Manganolangbeinite","Manganolangbeinite","K2Mn2+2(S6+O4)3","K2Mn2+2(SO4)3","K_2_Mn^2+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_","K_2_Mn^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","K Mn S O"," "," ",3008,"Langbeinite","cubic","P213","K Mn^2+ S^6+ O","Mlgb","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite","Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite","NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_3_)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(Mn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_3_)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Mn Si O","IMA1994-004, IMA2012 s.p."," ",4521,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O","Mmu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Cherry red to very dark red","#f7022a,#3a4859"
"Manganonaujakasite","Manganonaujakasite","Na6Mn2+Al4Si8O26","Na6Mn2+Al4Si8O26","Na_6_Mn^2+^Al_4_Si_8_O_26_","Na_6_Mn^2+^Al_4_Si_8_O_26_","Na Mn Al Si O","IMA1999-031"," ",3009," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Al Si O","Mnj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bright blue.","#0165fc"
"Manganoneptunite","Manganoneptunite","KNa2LiMn2+2Ti4+2Si8O24","KNa2LiMn2+2Ti2Si8O24","KNa_2_LiMn^2+^_2_Ti_2_Si_8_O_24_","KNa_2_LiMn^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_24_","K Na Li Mn Ti Si O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",2990,"Neptunite","monoclinic","Cc, C2/c","K Na Li Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O","Mnnpt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Manganonewberyite","Manganonewberyite","Mn2+(PO3OH)(H2O)3","Mn(PO3OH)(H2O)3","Mn(PO_3_OH)(H_2_O)_3_","Mn^2+^(PO_3_OH)(H_2_O)_3_","Mn P O H","IMA2024-004"," ",7487,"Newberyite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mn^2+ P O H","Mnew",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Manganonordite-(Ce)","Manganonordite-(Ce)","Na3SrCe3+Mn2+Si6O17","Na3SrCeMn2+Si6O17","Na_3_SrCeMn^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na_3_SrCe^3+^Mn^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Sr Ce Mn Si O","IMA1997-007"," ",3010,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Sr Ce^3+ Mn^2+ Si O","Mnor-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown, Colorless, Brown.","#b1916e,#afafaf,#653700"
"Manganoquadratite","Manganoquadratite","Ag1+Mn2+As3+S2-3","AgMnAsS3","AgMnAsS_3_","Ag^1+^Mn^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Mn As S","IMA2011-008"," ",5938,"Quadratite","tetragonal","P4322","Ag^1+ Mn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Mqd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray","#363737"
"Manganoschafarzikite","Manganoschafarzikite","Mn2+Sb3+2O4","MnSb2O4","MnSb_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^Sb^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn Sb O","IMA2022-129"," ",7343,"Minium","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Mn^2+ Sb^3+ O","Msfz",,"No","dark reddish-brown to black","#4a2125,#000000"
"Manganosegelerite","Manganosegelerite","Mn2+2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","Mn2+2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H","IMA1984-055"," ",3011,"Overite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Msgl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, Yellow green.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Manganosite","Manganosite","Mn2+O","MnO","MnO","Mn^2+^O","Mn O"," "," ",3012,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Mn^2+ O","Mng","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish black.","#00ff00,#454445"
"Manganostibite","Manganostibite","Mn2+7Sb5+As5+O12","Mn2+7Sb5+As5+O12","Mn^2+^_7_Sb^5+^As^5+^O_12_","Mn^2+^_7_Sb^5+^As^5+^O_12_","Mn Sb As O"," "," ",3013,"Manganostibite","orthorhombic","Ibmm","Mn^2+ Sb^5+ As^5+ O","Mnsb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Black.","#000000"
"Manganotychite","Manganotychite","Na6Mn2+2(CO3)4(S6+O4)","Na6Mn2+2(CO3)4(SO4)","Na_6_Mn^2+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_(SO_4_)","Na_6_Mn^2+^_2_(CO_3_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)","Na Mn C O S","IMA1989-039"," ",3016,"Northupite","cubic","Fd3","Na Mn^2+ C O S^6+","Mtyc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, White, Pink.","#653700,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Manganrockbridgeite","Manganrockbridgeite","Mn2+2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","Mn2+2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Mn Fe P O H","IMA2022-122"," ",7330,"Rockbridgeite","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Mrkb",,"No","green","#00ff00"
"Manganvesuvianite","Manganvesuvianite","Ca19Mn3+Al10Mg2(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(OH)9","Ca19Mn3+Al10Mg2(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(OH)9","Ca_19_Mn^3+^Al_10_Mg_2_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O(OH)_9_","Ca_19_Mn^3+^Al_10_Mg_2_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_O(OH)_9_","Ca Mn Al Mg Si O H","IMA2000-040"," ",3018,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/n","Ca Mn^3+ Al Mg Si O H","Mnves","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Deep maroon red.","#623f45"
"Mangazeite","Mangazeite","Al2S6+O4(OH)4·3H2O","Al2(SO4)(OH)4·3H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Al_2_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA2005-021a"," ",5413," ","triclinic",,"Al S^6+ O H","Mgz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Manitobaite","Manitobaite","Na16Mn2+25Al8(PO4)30","Na16Mn2+25Al8(PO4)30","Na_16_Mn^2+^_25_Al_8_(PO_4_)_30_","Na_16_Mn^2+^_25_Al_8_(PO_4_)_30_","Na Mn Al P O","IMA2008-064"," ",5724,"Alluaudite-Manitobaite","monoclinic","Pc","Na Mn^2+ Al P O","Mtb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark green to brown","#033500,#653700"
"Manjiroite","Manjiroite","Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16","Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16","Na(Mn^4+^_7_Mn^3+^)O_16_","Na(Mn^4+^_7_Mn^3+^)O_16_","Na Mn O","IMA1966-009"," ",5056,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Na Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O","Mji","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish gray, Gray brown, Dark brown gray.","#86775f,#7f7053,#73532a"
"Mannardite","Mannardite","Ba(Ti4+6V3+2)O16","Ba(Ti6V3+2)O16","Ba(Ti_6_V^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba(Ti^4+^_6_V^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba Ti V O","IMA1983-013"," ",3019,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I41/a, I4/m, P4/m","Ba Ti^4+ V^3+ O","Man","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Mansfieldite","Mansfieldite","AlAs5+O4·2H2O","Al(AsO4)·2H2O","Al(AsO_4_)·2H_2_O","AlAs^5+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Al As O H"," "," ",3020," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Al As^5+ O H","Mfd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","White, Light gray, Reddish gray.","#ffffff,#d8dcd6,#997570"
"Mantienneite","Mantienneite","(H2O)2Mg2(Al2Ti4+)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10·4H2O","(H2O)2Mg2(Al2Ti)(PO4)4(OH)2(H2O)10·4H2O","(H_2_O)_2_Mg_2_(Al_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","(H_2_O)_2_Mg_2_(Al_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O Mg Al Ti P","IMA1983-048"," ",3021,"Paulkerrite","orthorhombic","Pbca","H O Mg Al Ti^4+ P","Mtin","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Manuelarossiite","Manuelarossiite","Pb2+CaAlF7","PbCaAlF7","PbCaAlF_7_","Pb^2+^CaAlF_7_","Pb Ca Al F","IMA2022-097"," ",7322,"Aravaipaite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Ca Al F","Mnrs",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Maohokite","Maohokite","MgFe3+2O4","MgFe2O4","MgFe_2_O_4_","MgFe^3+^_2_O_4_","Mg Fe O","IMA2017-047"," ",6690,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg Fe^3+ O","Mhk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Maoniupingite-(Ce)","Maoniupingite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,Ca)4(Fe3+,Ti4+,Fe2+,☐)(Ti4+,Fe3+,Fe2+,Nb5+)4Si4O22","(Ce,Ca)4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,☐)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Nb)4Si4O22","(Ce,Ca)_4_(Fe^3+^,Ti,Fe^2+^,[box])(Ti,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Nb)_4_Si_4_O_22_","(Ce^3+^,Ca)_4_(Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,[box])(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^,Nb^5+^)_4_Si_4_O_22_","Ce Ca Fe Ti Nb Si O","IMA2003-017"," ",5231,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Ca Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Si O","Mao-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Brownish black.","#000000,#413936"
"Mapimite","Mapimite","Zn2+2Fe3+3(As5+O4)3(OH)4·10H2O","Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4·10H2O","Zn_2_Fe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·10H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·10H_2_O","Zn Fe As O H","IMA1978-070"," ",3022," ","monoclinic","Cm","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Mpm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Green.","#0000ff,#00ff00"
"Mapiquiroite","Mapiquiroite","(Sr,Pb2+)(U4+,Y)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+)18O38","(Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38","(Sr,Pb)(U,Y)Fe_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","(Sr,Pb^2+^)(U^4+^,Y)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","Sr Pb U Y Fe Ti O","IMA2013-010"," ",6173,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr Pb^2+ U^4+ Y Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Mpq","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Marathonite","Marathonite","Pd25Ge9","Pd25Ge9","Pd_25_Ge_9_","Pd_25_Ge_9_","Pd Ge","IMA2016-080"," ",6606,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3","Pd Ge","Mth","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Marcasite","Marcasite","FeS2","FeS2","FeS_2_","FeS_2_","Fe S"," "," ",3023,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pmnn, Pnnm","Fe S","Mrc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bronze, Light brass yellow, Tin white.","#a87900,#bbdd00,#cfd5db"
"Marchettiite","Marchettiite","C5H7N5O3","C5H7N5O3","C_5_H_7_N_5_O_3_","C_5_H_7_N_5_O_3_","C H N O","IMA2017-066"," ",6700," ","triclinic","P1","C H N O","Mht","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Pale pink to white","#efcddb,#ffffff"
"Marcobaldiite","Marcobaldiite","Pb2+12(Sb3+3As3+2Bi3+)S2-21","Pb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21","Pb_12_(Sb_3_As_2_Bi)_Σ6_S_21_","Pb^2+^_12_(Sb^3+^_3_As^3+^_2_Bi^3+^)S^2-^_21_","Pb Sb As Bi S","IMA2015-109"," ",6508,"Geocronite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mcb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Marécottite","Marecottite","Mg3O6(U6+O2)8(S6+O4)4(OH)2·28H2O","Mg3O6(UO2)8(SO4)4(OH)2·28H2O","Mg_3_O_6_(UO_2_)_8_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·28H_2_O","Mg_3_O_6_(U^6+^O_2_)_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·28H_2_O","Mg O U S H","IMA2001-056"," ",3024," ","triclinic","P1","Mg O U^6+ S^6+ H","Mco","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow-orange","#fcb001"
"Margaritasite","Margaritasite","Cs2(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·H2O","Cs2(UO2)2(VO4)2·H2O","Cs_2_(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Cs_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Cs U O V H","IMA1980-093"," ",3025,"Sengierite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cs U^6+ O V^5+ H","Mgt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Margarite","Margarite","CaAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","CaAl2Si2Al2O10(OH)2","CaAl_2_Si_2_Al_2_O_10_(OH)_2_","CaAl_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3026,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","Cc","Ca Al Si O H","Mrg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Gray, Pinkish gray, Yellowish gray.","#ffffff,#808080,#c8aca9,#edeeda"
"Margarosanite","Margarosanite","Ca2Pb2+Si3O9","Ca2PbSi3O9","Ca_2_PbSi_3_O_9_","Ca_2_Pb^2+^Si_3_O_9_","Ca Pb Si O"," "," ",3027,"Margarosanite","triclinic","P1","Ca Pb^2+ Si O","Mga","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Mariakrite","Mariakrite","[Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe3+2S2-4]","[Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4]","[Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_4_][Fe_2_S_4_]","[Ca_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_4_][Fe^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_]","Ca Al O H Fe S","IMA2021-097"," ",7200,"Hydrotalcite","triclinic","P1","Ca Al O H Fe^3+ S^2-","Mari","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","purple-brown","#673a3f"
"Marialite","Marialite","Na4Al3Si9O24Cl","Na4Al3Si9O24Cl","Na_4_Al_3_Si_9_O_24_Cl","Na_4_Al_3_Si_9_O_24_Cl","Na Al Si O Cl"," "," ",3028,"Scapolite","tetragonal","I4/m, P42/n","Na Al Si O Cl","Mar","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish, Brownish, Colorless, Violet, Greenish.","#2976bb,#9c6d57,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#40a368"
"Marićite","Maricite","NaFe2+PO4","NaFe2+(PO4)","NaFe^2+^(PO_4_)","NaFe^2+^PO_4_","Na Fe P O","IMA1976-024"," ",3029," ","orthorhombic","Pmnb","Na Fe^2+ P O","Mrć","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation","No","Dark gray, Brown to pale brown, nearly colorless","#363737,#653700,#b1916e,#afafaf"
"Maricopaite","Maricopaite","Ca2Pb2+7(Si36Al12)O99·n(H2O,OH)","Ca2Pb7(Si36Al12)O99·n(H2O,OH)","Ca_2_Pb_7_(Si_36_Al_12_)O_99_·n(H_2_O,OH)","Ca_2_Pb^2+^_7_(Si_36_Al_12_)O_99_·n(H_2_O,OH)","Ca Pb Si Al O H","IMA1985-036"," ",3030,"Mordenite","orthorhombic","Cm2m","Ca Pb^2+ Si Al O H","Mrp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Mariinskite","Mariinskite","Cr3+2BeO4","BeCr2O4","BeCr_2_O_4_","Cr^3+^_2_BeO_4_","Be Cr O","IMA2011-057"," ",6001,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pnma, P212121","Cr^3+ Be O","Mii","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","black to dark green","#000000,#033500"
"Marinaite","Marinaite","Cu2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Cu_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Cu^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Cu Fe O B","IMA2016-021"," ",6549,"Ludwigite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O B","Mr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale blue to green","#d0fefe,#00ff00"
"Marinellite","Marinellite","Na42Ca6Al36Si36O144(S6+O4)8Cl2·6H2O","Na42Ca6Al36Si36O144(SO4)8Cl2·6H2O","Na_42_Ca_6_Al_36_Si_36_O_144_(SO_4_)_8_Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Na_42_Ca_6_Al_36_Si_36_O_144_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O S Cl H","IMA2002-021"," ",5057,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na Ca Al Si O S^6+ Cl H","Mrn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Marioantofilliite","Marioantofilliite","[Cu2+4Al2(OH)12](CO3)·3H2O","[Cu4Al2(OH)12](CO3)·3H2O","[Cu_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_](CO_3_)·3H_2_O","[Cu^2+^_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_](CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Cu Al O H C","IMA2025-012"," ",7576,"Hydrotalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Al O H C","Maf",,"No","blue","#0000ff"
"Markascherite","Markascherite","Cu2+3Mo6+O4(OH)4","Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4","Cu_3_(MoO_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_3_Mo^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Cu Mo O H","IMA2010-051"," ",5843,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^2+ Mo^6+ O H","Mac","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Markcooperite","Markcooperite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)Te6+O6","Pb2(UO2)TeO6","Pb_2_(UO_2_)TeO_6_","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)Te^6+^O_6_","Pb U O Te","IMA2009-045"," ",5774," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ U^6+ O Te^6+","Mcp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Markeyite","Markeyite","Ca9(U6+O2)4(CO3)13·28H2O","Ca9(UO2)4(CO3)13·28H2O","Ca_9_(UO_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_13_·28H_2_O","Ca_9_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_13_·28H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA2016-090"," ",6616,"Markeyite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ca U^6+ O C H","Mk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellowish-green","#c2ff89"
"Markhininite","Markhininite","Tl1+Bi3+(S6+O4)2","TlBi(SO4)2","TlBi(SO_4_)_2_","Tl^1+^Bi^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Tl Bi S O","IMA2012-040"," ",6101," ","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Bi^3+ S^6+ O","Mkh","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Marklite","Marklite","Cu2+5(CO3)2(OH)6·6H2O","Cu5(CO3)2(OH)6·6H2O","Cu_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Cu C O H","IMA2015-101"," ",6498,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ C O H","Mkl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Markwelchite","Markwelchite","Tl1+Pb2+Sb3+S2-3","TlPbSbS3","TlPbSbS_3_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Tl Pb Sb S","IMA2024-001"," ",7482,"Richardsollyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Mrw",,"No","black","#000000"
"Marokite","Marokite","CaMn3+2O4","CaMn3+2O4","CaMn^3+^_2_O_4_","CaMn^3+^_2_O_4_","Ca Mn O","IMA1963-005"," ",3031,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Ca Mn^3+ O","Mro","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Marrite","Marrite","Ag1+Pb2+As3+S2-3","AgPbAsS3","AgPbAsS_3_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Pb As S"," "," ",3032," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Mrr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Marrucciite","Marrucciite","Hg2+3Pb2+16Sb3+18S2-46","Hg3Pb16Sb18S46","Hg_3_Pb_16_Sb_18_S_46_","Hg^2+^_3_Pb^2+^_16_Sb^3+^_18_S^2-^_46_","Hg Pb Sb S","IMA2006-015"," ",5554," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Mru","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Marsaalamite-(Y)","Marsaalamite-(Y)","Y(Mo6+O4)(OH)","Y(MoO4)(OH)","Y(MoO_4_)(OH)","Y(Mo^6+^O_4_)(OH)","Y Mo O H","IMA2024-050"," ",7503," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Y Mo^6+ O H","Maa-Y",,"No","white","#ffffff"
"Marshite","Marshite","Cu1+I1-","CuI","CuI","Cu^1+^I^1-^","Cu I"," "," ",3033,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Cu^1+ I^1-","Msh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Light yellow, Dark brownish red.","#653700,#afafaf,#fffe7a,#73532a"
"Marsturite","Marsturite","NaCaMn2+3Si5O14(OH)","NaCaMn2+3Si5O14(OH)","NaCaMn^2+^_3_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","NaCaMn^2+^_3_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Na Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1977-047"," ",3034,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Msr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Light pink.","#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Marthozite","Marthozite","Cu2+(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·8H2O","Cu2+(UO2)3(Se4+O3)2O2·8H2O","Cu^2+^(UO_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_·8H_2_O","Cu U O Se H","IMA1968-016"," ",3035,"Guilleminite","orthorhombic","Pbn21","Cu^2+ U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Mhz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown, Yellow green.","#696112,#c8fd3d"
"Martinandresite","Martinandresite","Ba2(Al4Si12O32)·10H2O","Ba2(Al4Si12O32)·10H2O","Ba_2_(Al_4_Si_12_O_32_)·10H_2_O","Ba_2_(Al_4_Si_12_O_32_)·10H_2_O","Ba Al Si O H","IMA2017-038"," ",6675,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ba Al Si O H","Mad","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Tan, white","#d1b26f,#ffffff"
"Martinite","Martinite","(Na,☐,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S6+,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2·4H2O","(Na,☐,Ca)12Ca4(Si,S,B)14B2O38(OH,Cl)2F2·4H2O","(Na,[box],Ca)_12_Ca_4_(Si,S,B)_14_B_2_O_38_(OH,Cl)_2_F_2_·4H_2_O","(Na,[box],Ca)_12_Ca_4_(Si,S^6+^,B)_14_B_2_O_38_(OH,Cl)_2_F_2_·4H_2_O","Na Ca Si S B O H Cl F","IMA2001-059"," ",3036,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si S^6+ B O H Cl F","Mrt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Purple.","#afafaf,#800080"
"Martyite","Martyite","Zn2+3V5+2O7(OH)2·2H2O","Zn3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O","Zn_3_V_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_V^5+^_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Zn V O H","IMA2007-026"," ",5628,"Volborthite","hexagonal","P3m1","Zn^2+ V^5+ O H","Myi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, Red orange.","#fcb001,#ff3f34"
"Marumoite","Marumoite","Pb2+8As3+10S2-23","Pb32As40S92","Pb_32_As_40_S_92_","Pb^2+^_8_As^3+^_10_S^2-^_23_","Pb As S","IMA1998-004"," ",3037," ","monoclinic","P21","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Mrm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Maruyamaite","Maruyamaite","K(MgAl2)(Al5Mg)(BO3)3(Si6O18)(OH)3O","K(MgAl2)(Al5Mg)(BO3)3(Si6O18)(OH)3O","K(MgAl_2_)(Al_5_Mg)(BO_3_)_3_(Si_6_O_18_)(OH)_3_O","K(MgAl_2_)(Al_5_Mg)(BO_3_)_3_(Si_6_O_18_)(OH)_3_O","K Mg Al B O Si H","IMA2013-123"," ",6283,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","K Mg Al B O Si H","Mry","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Pale brown to brown","#b1916e,#653700"
"Masaitisite","Masaitisite","KCu2+5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl3","KCu5O2(SeO3)2Cl3","KCu_5_O_2_(SeO_3_)_2_Cl_3_","KCu^2+^_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_3_","K Cu O Se Cl","IMA2023-021"," ",7376,"Ilinskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Msts",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mascagnite","Mascagnite","(N3-H4)2S6+O4","(NH4)2(SO4)","(NH_4_)_2_(SO_4_)","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_S^6+^O_4_","N H S O"," "," ",3038,"Arcanite","orthorhombic","Pnam","N^3- H S^6+ O","Msc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Grayish yellow, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#877254,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Maslovite","Maslovite","PtBiTe","PtBiTe","PtBiTe","PtBiTe","Pt Bi Te","IMA1978-002"," ",3039,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Pt Bi Te","Mlo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Massicot","Massicot","Pb2+O","PbO","PbO","Pb^2+^O","Pb O"," "," ",3040," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Pb^2+ O","Msi","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellow, Reddish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Masutomilite","Masutomilite","KLiAlMn2+(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2","KLiAlMn2+(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2","KLiAlMn^2+^(Si_3_Al)O_10_(F,OH)_2_","KLiAlMn^2+^(Si_3_Al)O_10_(F,OH)_2_","K Li Al Mn Si O F H","IMA1974-046"," ",3041,"Mica","monoclinic","C2","K Li Al Mn^2+ Si O F H","Msu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Purple pink.","#c83cb9"
"Masuyite","Masuyite","Pb2+(U6+O2)3O3(OH)2·3H2O","Pb(UO2)3O3(OH)2·3H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Pb U O H"," "," ",3042," ","monoclinic","Pn","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Msy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown orange, Carmine red, Red, Red orange.","#b96902,#ff0038,#ff0000,#ff3f34"
"Mathesiusite","Mathesiusite","K5(U6+O2)4(S6+O4)4(V5+O5)·4H2O","K5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)(H2O)4","K_5_(UO_2_)_4_(SO_4_)_4_(VO_5_)(H_2_O)_4_","K_5_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(V^5+^O_5_)·4H_2_O","K U O S V H","IMA2013-046"," ",6210,"Mathesiusite","tetragonal","P4/n","K U^6+ O S^6+ V^5+ H","Mhe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","pale yellow to greenish-yellow","#eecf9e,#cdfd02"
"Mathewrogersite","Mathewrogersite","Pb2+7Fe2+Al3GeSi12O36(OH,H2O)6","Pb7FeAl3GeSi12O36(OH,H2O)6","Pb_7_FeAl_3_GeSi_12_O_36_(OH,H_2_O)_6_","Pb^2+^_7_Fe^2+^Al_3_GeSi_12_O_36_(OH,H_2_O)_6_","Pb Fe Al Ge Si O H","IMA1984-042"," ",3043," ","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Al Ge Si O H","Mwg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light green yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Mathiasite","Mathiasite","(K,Ba,Sr)(Zr4+,Fe3+)(Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti4+,Cr3+,Fe3+)18O38","(K,Ba,Sr)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38","(K,Ba,Sr)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)_2_(Ti,Cr,Fe)_18_O_38_","(K,Ba,Sr)(Zr^4+^,Fe^3+^)(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Cr^3+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","K Ba Sr Zr Fe Mg Ti Cr O","IMA1982-087"," ",3044,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","K Ba Sr Zr^4+ Fe^3+ Mg Ti^4+ Cr^3+ O","Mts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Matildite","Matildite","Ag1+Bi3+S2-2","AgBiS2","AgBiS_2_","Ag^1+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag Bi S","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3045," ","hexagonal",,"Ag^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mtd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Iron black.","#808080,#263145"
"Matioliite","Matioliite","NaMgAl5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMgAl5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaMgAl_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","NaMgAl_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Mg Al P O H","IMA2005-011"," ",5346,"Dufrénite",,,"Na Mg Al P O H","Mti","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Colorless.","#0000ff,#afafaf"
"Matlockite","Matlockite","Pb2+ClF","PbClF","PbClF","Pb^2+^ClF","Pb Cl F"," "," ",3046,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Pb^2+ Cl F","Mtl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Colorless, Green yellow, Dark yellow brown.","#c9b003,#afafaf,#c6f808,#e7bf8e"
"Matsubaraite","Matsubaraite","Sr4Ti4+5O8(Si2O7)2","Sr4Ti5O8(Si2O7)2","Sr_4_Ti_5_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr_4_Ti^4+^_5_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr Ti O Si","IMA2000-027"," ",3048,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Sr Ti^4+ O Si","Mbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue tinted gray.","#9fd9d7"
"Mattagamite","Mattagamite","CoTe2","CoTe2","CoTe_2_","CoTe_2_","Co Te","IMA1972-003"," ",3049,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pmnn","Co Te","Mtg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Violet, Violet gray.","#9a0eea,#8c6897"
"Matteuccite","Matteuccite","NaHS6+O4·H2O","NaH(SO4)·H2O","NaH(SO_4_)·H_2_O","NaHS^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Na H S O"," "," ",3050," ","monoclinic","Cc","Na H S^6+ O","Mtt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Mattheddleite","Mattheddleite","Pb2+5(SiO4)1.5(S6+O4)1.5Cl","Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5Cl","Pb_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(SO_4_)_1.5_Cl","Pb^2+^_5_(SiO_4_)_1.5_(S^6+^O_4_)_1.5_Cl","Pb Si O S Cl","IMA1985-019"," ",3051,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ Si O S^6+ Cl","Mhd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Matthiasweilite","Matthiasweilite","Pb2+Te4+O3","PbTe4+O3","PbTe^4+^O_3_","Pb^2+^Te^4+^O_3_","Pb Te O","IMA2021-069"," ",7176,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O","Mtw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Matulaite","Matulaite","Fe3+Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8·8H2O","Fe3+Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8·8H2O","Fe^3+^Al_7_(PO_4_)_4_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_8_·8H_2_O","Fe^3+^Al_7_(PO_4_)_4_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_8_·8H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA1977-013"," ",3052," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ Al P O H","Mat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Matyhite","Matyhite","Ca9(Ca0.5☐0.5)Fe2+(PO4)7","Ca9(Ca0.5☐0.5)Fe2+(PO4)7","Ca_9_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_(Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Fe P O","IMA2015-121"," ",6522,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Fe^2+ P O","Myh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Maucherite","Maucherite","Ni11As8","Ni11As8","Ni_11_As_8_","Ni_11_As_8_","Ni As"," "," ",3053," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P41212, C2/c","Ni As","Muc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish copper red, Reddish silver white, Bronze yellow, Reddish white.","#bf7d52,#e0e7dd,#737000,#fff8d5"
"Mauriziodiniite","Mauriziodiniite","(N3-H4)(As3+2O3)2I1-","(NH4)(As2O3)2I","(NH_4_)(As_2_O_3_)_2_I","(N^3-^H_4_)(As^3+^_2_O_3_)_2_I^1-^","N H As O I","IMA2019-036"," ",6924,"Lucabindiite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","N^3- H As^3+ O I^1-","Mzd","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Maurogemmiite","Maurogemmiite","Ti10Fe3O3","Ti10Fe3O3","Ti_10_Fe_3_O_3_","Ti_10_Fe_3_O_3_","Ti Fe O","IMA2022-098a"," ",7356,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ti Fe O","Mmi",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mavlyanovite","Mavlyanovite","Mn2+3Mn3+2Si4-3","Mn5Si3","Mn_5_Si_3_","Mn^2+^_3_Mn^3+^_2_Si^4-^_3_","Mn Si","IMA2008-026"," ",5685,"Xifengite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si^4-","Mav","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","grey","#808080"
"Mawbyite","Mawbyite","Pb2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2","PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2","PbFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Fe As O H","IMA1988-049"," ",3054,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Mby","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Reddish brown, Pale orange, Orange brown.","#b5651d,#7f2b0a,#db9c7b,#b16002"
"Mawsonite","Mawsonite","Cu1+6Fe3+2Sn4+S2-8","Cu6Fe2SnS8","Cu_6_Fe_2_SnS_8_","Cu^1+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_Sn^4+^S^2-^_8_","Cu Fe Sn S","IMA1964-030"," ",3055," ","tetragonal","P4m2","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Maw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown orange, Bronze.","#b96902,#a87900"
"Maxwellite","Maxwellite","NaFe3+As5+O4F","NaFe3+(AsO4)F","NaFe^3+^(AsO_4_)F","NaFe^3+^As^5+^O_4_F","Na Fe As O F","IMA1987-044"," ",3056,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^3+ As^5+ O F","Max","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Mayingite","Mayingite","IrBiTe","IrBiTe","IrBiTe","IrBiTe","Ir Bi Te","IMA1993-016"," ",3058,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ir Bi Te","Myg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel black.","#464d4a"
"Mazorite","Mazorite","Ba3(PO4)2","Ba3(PO4)2","Ba_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Ba_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Ba P O","IMA2022-022"," ",7250,"Palmierite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba P O","Mzo","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Mazzettiite","Mazzettiite","Ag1+3Hg2+Pb2+Sb3+Te2-5","Ag3HgPbSbTe5","Ag_3_HgPbSbTe_5_","Ag^1+^_3_Hg^2+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^Te^2-^_5_","Ag Hg Pb Sb Te","IMA2004-003"," ",5266,"Petrovicite","orthorhombic",,"Ag^1+ Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Te^2-","Mzt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Mazzite-Mg","Mazzite-Mg","Mg5(Si26Al10)O72·30H2O","Mg5(Si26Al10)O72·30H2O","Mg_5_(Si_26_Al_10_)O_72_·30H_2_O","Mg_5_(Si_26_Al_10_)O_72_·30H_2_O","Mg Si Al O H","IMA1973-045"," ",5415," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Mg Si Al O H","Maz-Mg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mazzite-Na","Mazzite-Na","Na8(Si28Al8)O72·30H2O","Na8(Si28Al8)O72·30H2O","Na_8_(Si_28_Al_8_)O_72_·30H_2_O","Na_8_(Si_28_Al_8_)O_72_·30H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA2003-058"," ",5297," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na Si Al O H","Maz-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mbobomkulite","Mbobomkulite","(Ni2+,Cu2+)Al4(N5+O3,S6+O4)2(OH)12·3H2O","(Ni,Cu)Al4(NO3,SO4)2(OH)12·3H2O","(Ni,Cu)Al_4_(NO_3_,SO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","(Ni^2+^,Cu^2+^)Al_4_(N^5+^O_3_,S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Ni Cu Al N O S H","IMA1979-078"," ",3060,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ Cu^2+ Al N^5+ O S^6+ H","Mbb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Sky blue.","#9fb9e2"
"Mcallisterite","Mcallisterite","Mg2[B6O7(OH)6]2·9H2O","Mg2[B6O7(OH)6]2·9H2O","Mg_2_[B_6_O_7_(OH)_6_]_2_·9H_2_O","Mg_2_[B_6_O_7_(OH)_6_]_2_·9H_2_O","Mg B O H","IMA1963-012"," ",3061," ","hexagonal","R3c","Mg B O H","Mcl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow brown, White.","#afafaf,#ae8b0c,#ffffff"
"Mcalpineite","Mcalpineite","Cu2+3Te6+O6","Cu3Te6+O6","Cu_3_Te^6+^O_6_","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_6_","Cu Te O","IMA1992-025"," ",3062," ","cubic, orthorhombic","Ia3, Pcca","Cu^2+ Te^6+ O","Map","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green, Olive green, Dark greenish black.","#046307,#8ead2c,#033500"
"Mcauslanite","Mcauslanite","Fe2+3Al2(PO4)3(PO3OH)F·18H2O","Fe2+3Al2(PO4)3(PO3OH)F·18H2O","Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(PO_3_OH)F·18H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(PO_3_OH)F·18H_2_O","Fe Al P O H F","IMA1986-051"," ",3063," ","triclinic",,"Fe^2+ Al P O H F","Mas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Mcbirneyite","Mcbirneyite","Cu2+3(V5+O4)2","Cu3(VO4)2","Cu_3_(VO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu V O","IMA1985-007"," ",3064," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ V^5+ O","Mbn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark gray, Black.","#363737,#000000"
"Mcconnellite","Mcconnellite","Cu1+Cr3+O2","Cu1+CrO2","Cu^1+^CrO_2_","Cu^1+^Cr^3+^O_2_","Cu Cr O","IMA1967-037"," ",3065," ","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^1+ Cr^3+ O","Mcn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Mccrillisite","Mccrillisite","NaCs(Be,Li)Zr4+2(PO4)4·1-2H2O","NaCs(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4·1-2H2O","NaCs(Be,Li)Zr_2_(PO_4_)_4_·1-2H_2_O","NaCs(Be,Li)Zr^4+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_·1-2H_2_O","Na Cs Be Li Zr P O H","IMA1991-023"," ",3066," ",,,"Na Cs Be Li Zr^4+ P O H","Mcr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mcgillite","Mcgillite","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH)8Cl2","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_Cl_2_","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_8_Cl_2_","Mn Si O H Cl","IMA1979-024"," ",3067,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","monoclinic",,"Mn^2+ Si O H Cl","Mcg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light pink, Dark pink.","#ffd1df,#cb416b"
"Mcgovernite","Mcgovernite","Zn2+3(Mn2+,Mg,Fe3+,Al)42(As3+O3)2(As5+O4)4[(Si,As5+)O4]8(OH)42","Zn3(Mn2+,Mg,Fe3+,Al)42(As3+O3)2(As5+O4)4[(Si,As5+)O4]8(OH)42","Zn_3_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^,Al)_42_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_8_(OH)_42_","Zn^2+^_3_(Mn^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^,Al)_42_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_8_(OH)_42_","Zn Mn Mg Fe Al As O Si H"," "," ",3068,"Hematolite","hexagonal","R32/c, R3c","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Al As^3+ O As^5+ Si H","Mgv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze brown, Light brown, Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#825e2f,#b5651d,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Mcguinnessite","Mcguinnessite","Cu2+MgCO3(OH)2","CuMg(CO3)(OH)2","CuMg(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^MgCO_3_(OH)_2_","Cu Mg C O H","IMA1977-027"," ",3069,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ Mg C O H","Mgu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue green, Green, White.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#ffffff"
"Mckelveyite-(Nd)","Mckelveyite-(Nd)","NaCaBa3Nd(CO3)6·3H2O","NaCaBa3Nd(CO3)6·3H2O","NaCaBa_3_Nd(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","NaCaBa_3_Nd(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Ca Ba Nd C O H","IMA2023-017"," ",5416,"Mckelveyite","monoclinic","Cc","Na Ca Ba Nd C O H","Mkv-Nd",,"No","Brown, Yellow, Light green.","#653700,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Mckelveyite-(Y)","Mckelveyite-(Y)","NaBa3CaY(CO3)6·3H2O","NaBa3CaY(CO3)6·3H2O","NaBa_3_CaY(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","NaBa_3_CaY(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Ba Ca Y C O H","IMA1964-025"," ",3070,"Mckelveyite","monoclinic","Cc","Na Ba Ca Y C O H","Mkv-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Black, Greenish gray, White, Gray.","#ffff00,#000000,#96ae8d,#ffffff,#808080"
"Mckinstryite","Mckinstryite","Ag5Cu3S4","Ag5Cu3S4","Ag_5_Cu_3_S_4_","Ag_5_Cu_3_S_4_","Ag Cu S","IMA1966-012"," ",3071," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ag Cu S","Mck","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray, Black, Steel gray.","#363737,#000000,#43464b"
"Mcnearite","Mcnearite","NaCa5(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)4·4H2O","NaCa5(AsO4)(AsO3OH)4·4H2O","NaCa_5_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)_4_·4H_2_O","NaCa_5_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Na Ca As O H","IMA1980-017"," ",3072," ","triclinic",,"Na Ca As^5+ O H","Mnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Medaite","Medaite","Mn2+6V5+Si5O18(OH)","Mn2+6V5+Si5O18(OH)","Mn^2+^_6_V^5+^Si_5_O_18_(OH)","Mn^2+^_6_V^5+^Si_5_O_18_(OH)","Mn V Si O H","IMA1979-062"," ",3073,"Medaite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ V^5+ Si O H","Med","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red.","#9e3623"
"Medenbachite","Medenbachite","Bi3+2Fe3+Cu2+(As5+O4)2O(OH)3","Bi2Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)2O(OH)3","Bi_2_Fe^3+^Cu^2+^(AsO_4_)_2_O(OH)_3_","Bi^3+^_2_Fe^3+^Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_O(OH)_3_","Bi Fe Cu As O H","IMA1993-048"," ",3074,"Medenbachite","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Mdb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Brownish yellow.","#ffff00,#c9b003"
"Medvedevite","Medvedevite","KMn2+V5+2O6Cl·2H2O","KMn2+V2O6Cl·2H2O","KMn^2+^V_2_O_6_Cl·2H_2_O","KMn^2+^V^5+^_2_O_6_Cl·2H_2_O","K Mn V O Cl H","IMA2021-082"," ",7190,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Mn^2+ V^5+ O Cl H","Mvv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","bright red","#ff000d"
"Meerschautite","Meerschautite","(Ag1+,Cu1+)5.5Pb2+42.4(Sb3+,As3+)45.1S2-112O0.8","(Ag,Cu)5.5Pb42.4(Sb,As)45.1S112O0.8","(Ag,Cu)_5.5_Pb_42.4_(Sb,As)_45.1_S_112_O_0.8_","(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_5.5_Pb^2+^_42.4_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_45.1_S^2-^_112_O_0.8_","Ag Cu Pb Sb As S O","IMA2013-061"," ",6222," ","monoclinic","P21","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2- O","Mee","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey to black","#8a7963,#000000"
"Megacyclite","Megacyclite","KNa8Si9O18(OH)9·19H2O","KNa8Si9O18(OH)9·19H2O","KNa_8_Si_9_O_18_(OH)_9_·19H_2_O","KNa_8_Si_9_O_18_(OH)_9_·19H_2_O","K Na Si O H","IMA1991-015"," ",3075," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Na Si O H","Mgc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Megakalsilite","Megakalsilite","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO4","KAlSiO_4_","KAlSiO_4_","K Al Si O","IMA2001-008"," ",3076,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","K Al Si O","Mks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Megawite","Megawite","CaSn4+O3","CaSnO3","CaSnO_3_","CaSn^4+^O_3_","Ca Sn O","IMA2009-090"," ",5819,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","Ca Sn^4+ O","Mgw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Pale yellowish brown, pale yellow to colourless","#bdd4d1,#eecf9e,#afafaf"
"Meieranite","Meieranite","Na2Sr3MgSi6O17","Na2Sr3MgSi6O17","Na_2_Sr_3_MgSi_6_O_17_","Na_2_Sr_3_MgSi_6_O_17_","Na Sr Mg Si O","IMA2015-009"," ",6384,"Nordite","orthorhombic","P21nb","Na Sr Mg Si O","Mei","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light blue to blue","#add8e6,#0000ff"
"Meierite","Meierite","Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33","Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33","Ba_44_Si_66_Al_30_O_192_Cl_25_(OH)_33_","Ba_44_Si_66_Al_30_O_192_Cl_25_(OH)_33_","Ba Si Al O Cl H","IMA2014-039"," ",6359," ","cubic","Im3m","Ba Si Al O Cl H","Mir","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Meifuite","Meifuite","KFe2+6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2","KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2","KFe_6_(Si_7_Al)O_19_(OH)_4_Cl_2_","KFe^2+^_6_(Si_7_Al)O_19_(OH)_4_Cl_2_","K Fe Si Al O H Cl","IMA2019-101"," ",6987,"Talc, Mica","triclinic","P1","K Fe^2+ Si Al O H Cl","Mf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Meionite","Meionite","Ca4Al6Si6O24(CO3)","Ca4Al6Si6O24(CO3)","Ca_4_Al_6_Si_6_O_24_(CO_3_)","Ca_4_Al_6_Si_6_O_24_(CO_3_)","Ca Al Si O C"," "," ",3077,"Scapolite","tetragonal","I4/m, P42/n","Ca Al Si O C","Me","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish, Brownish, Colorless, Violet, Greenish.","#2976bb,#9c6d57,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#40a368"
"Meisserite","Meisserite","Na5(U6+O2)(S6+O4)3(S6+O3OH)·H2O","Na5(UO2)(SO4)3(SO3OH)(H2O)","Na_5_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_3_(SO_3_OH)(H_2_O)","Na_5_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(S^6+^O_3_OH)·H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2013-039"," ",6204,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Mss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale green to yellowish green","#69b076,#b0dd16"
"Meitnerite","Meitnerite","(N3-H4)(U6+O2)(S6+O4)(OH)·2H2O","(NH4)(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·2H2O","(NH_4_)(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","N H U O S","IMA2017-065"," ",6699,"Johannite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H U^6+ O S^6+","Mne","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","slightly greenish yellow","#d7ddcd"
"Meixnerite","Meixnerite","Mg6Al2(OH)18·4H2O","Mg6Al2(OH)16(OH)2·4H2O","Mg_6_Al_2_(OH)_16_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Al_2_(OH)_18_·4H_2_O","Mg Al O H","IMA1974-003"," ",3078,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al O H","Mxn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Meizhouite","Meizhouite","Fe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe2+V3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe^2+^V^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^V^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe V P O H","IMA2024-036"," ",7516,"Lazulite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ V^3+ P O H","Mzh",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mejillonesite","Mejillonesite","NaMg2(PO3OH)(PO4)(OH)4·H2O","NaMg2(PO3OH)(PO4)(OH)·H5O2","NaMg_2_(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)(OH)·H_5_O_2_","NaMg_2_(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Na Mg P O H","IMA2010-068"," ",5907,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbca","Na Mg P O H","Mej","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Melanarsite","Melanarsite","K3Cu2+7Fe3+O4(As5+O4)4","K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4","K_3_Cu_7_Fe^3+^O_4_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_3_Cu^2+^_7_Fe^3+^O_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Cu Fe O As","IMA2014-048"," ",6344,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O As^5+","Mea","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Melanocerite-(Ce)","Melanocerite-(Ce)","Ce3+5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)","Ce5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)","Ce_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(OH,O)","Ce^3+^_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(OH,O)","Ce Si O B H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4945,"Apatite",,,"Ce^3+ Si O B H","Mcrt-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Black, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#000000,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Melanophlogite","Melanophlogite","C2H17O5·Si46O92","C2H17O5·Si46O92","C_2_H_17_O_5_·Si_46_O_92_","C_2_H_17_O_5_·Si_46_O_92_","C H O Si","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3079," ","cubic, tetragonal","Pm3n, P42/nbc","C H O Si","Mp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Brown, Colorless, Light yellow, Dark reddish brown.","#653700,#afafaf,#fffe7a,#840000"
"Melanostibite","Melanostibite","Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6","Mn2Fe3+Sb5+O6","Mn_2_Fe^3+^Sb^5+^O_6_","Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^Sb^5+^O_6_","Mn Fe Sb O","IMA1971 s.p."," ",3081,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^5+ O","Mlsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Blood red.","#000000,#71383f"
"Melanotekite","Melanotekite","Pb2+2Fe3+2O2Si2O7","Pb2Fe3+2O2(Si2O7)","Pb_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_2_Si_2_O_7_","Pb Fe O Si"," "," ",3082," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ O Si","Mtk","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Blackish gray.","#000000,#5b5c61"
"Melanothallite","Melanothallite","Cu2+2OCl2","Cu2OCl2","Cu_2_OCl_2_","Cu^2+^_2_OCl_2_","Cu O Cl"," "," ",3083," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Cu^2+ O Cl","Mlth","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bluish black, Greenish black, Black.","#413f44,#454445,#000000"
"Melanovanadite","Melanovanadite","CaV4+2V5+2O10·5H2O","Ca(V5+,V4+)4O10·5H2O","Ca(V^5+^,V^4+^)_4_O_10_·5H_2_O","CaV^4+^_2_V^5+^_2_O_10_·5H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3084," ","triclinic","P1","Ca V^4+ V^5+ O H","Mvd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Melansonite","Melansonite","Na☐KZr4+Si8O19·5H2O","Na☐KZrSi8O19·5H2O","Na[box]KZrSi_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","Na[box]KZr^4+^Si_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","Na K Zr Si O H","IMA2018-168"," ",6940,"Rhodesite","orthorhombic","Pmma","Na K Zr^4+ Si O H","Mso","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Melanterite","Melanterite","Fe2+S6+O4·7H2O","Fe(SO4)·7H2O","Fe(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Fe^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",3085,"Melanterite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Mln","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green, Yellow green, Brownish black, Bluish green, Greenish white.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d,#413936,#10a674,#d1f1de"
"Melcherite","Melcherite","Ba2Na2Mg[Nb5+6O19]·6H2O","Ba2Na2Mg[Nb6O19]·6H2O","Ba_2_Na_2_Mg[Nb_6_O_19_]·6H_2_O","Ba_2_Na_2_Mg[Nb^5+^_6_O_19_]·6H_2_O","Ba Na Mg Nb O H","IMA2015-018"," ",6401,"Peterandresenite","hexagonal","R3","Ba Na Mg Nb^5+ O H","Mlh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Beige","#e6daa6"
"Meliphanite","Meliphanite","Ca4(Na,Ca)4Be4AlSi7O24(F,O)4","Ca4(Na,Ca)4Be4AlSi7O24(F,O)4","Ca_4_(Na,Ca)_4_Be_4_AlSi_7_O_24_(F,O)_4_","Ca_4_(Na,Ca)_4_Be_4_AlSi_7_O_24_(F,O)_4_","Ca Na Be Al Si O F"," "," ",3087," ","tetragonal","I4","Ca Na Be Al Si O F","Mph","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellowish red, Red.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#edeeda,#ff0000"
"Melkovite","Melkovite","CaFe3+2Mo6+5O10(PO4)2(OH)12·8H2O","CaFe3+2Mo5O10(PO4)2(OH)12·8H2O","CaFe^3+^_2_Mo_5_O_10_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·8H_2_O","CaFe^3+^_2_Mo^6+^_5_O_10_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·8H_2_O","Ca Fe Mo O P H","IMA1968-033"," ",3088,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Fe^3+ Mo^6+ O P H","Mko","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Lemon.","#c9b003,#fff700"
"Melliniite","Melliniite","(Ni,Fe)4P","(Ni,Fe)4P","(Ni,Fe)_4_P","(Ni,Fe)_4_P","Ni Fe P","IMA2005-027"," ",5298," ","cubic","P213","Ni Fe P","Mli","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Creamy yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Mellite","Mellite","Al2C6(COO)6·16H2O","Al2C6(COO)6·16H2O","Al_2_C_6_(COO)_6_·16H_2_O","Al_2_C_6_(COO)_6_·16H_2_O","Al C O H"," "," ",3089," ","tetragonal","I41/acd","Al C O H","Mel","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Brown, Brownish white, Colorless, Yellow, Golden brown.","#653700,#d1f1de,#afafaf,#ffff00,#b27a01"
"Mellizinkalite","Mellizinkalite","K3Zn2+2Cl7","K3Zn2Cl7","K_3_Zn_2_Cl_7_","K_3_Zn^2+^_2_Cl_7_","K Zn Cl","IMA2014-010"," ",6303,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","K Zn^2+ Cl","Mzk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellow-brown to reddish brown","#ae8b0c,#7f2b0a"
"Melonite","Melonite","NiTe2","NiTe2","NiTe_2_","NiTe_2_","Ni Te"," "," ",3090,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ni Te","Mlt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#fff8d5"
"Mélonjosephite","Melonjosephite","CaFe2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)","CaFe2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)","CaFe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","CaFe^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ca Fe P O H","IMA1973-012"," ",3091," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Mjo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, nearly black.","#033500,#263032"
"Menchettiite","Menchettiite","Pb2+5Mn2+3Ag1+2Sb3+6As3+4S2-24","Pb5Mn3Ag2Sb6As4S24","Pb_5_Mn_3_Ag_2_Sb_6_As_4_S_24_","Pb^2+^_5_Mn^2+^_3_Ag^1+^_2_Sb^3+^_6_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_24_","Pb Mn Ag Sb As S","IMA2011-009"," ",5939,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Ag^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Men","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Mendeleevite-(Ce)","Mendeleevite-(Ce)","Cs6(Ce3+,REE,Ca)30(Si70O175)(OH,F,H2O)35","Cs6(Ce,REE,Ca)30(Si70O175)(OH,F,H2O)35","Cs_6_(Ce,REE,Ca)_30_(Si_70_O_175_)(OH,F,H_2_O)_35_","Cs_6_(Ce^3+^,REE,Ca)_30_(Si_70_O_175_)(OH,F,H_2_O)_35_","Cs Ce REE Ca Si O H F","IMA2009-092"," ",5824,"Mendeleevite","cubic","Pm3","Cs Ce^3+ REE Ca Si O H F","Mdl-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to clear tea color.","#afafaf,#ce261c"
"Mendeleevite-(Nd)","Mendeleevite-(Nd)","Cs6(Nd,REE,Ca)30(Si70O175)(OH,F,H2O)35","Cs6(Nd,REE,Ca)30(Si70O175)(OH,F,H2O)35","Cs_6_(Nd,REE,Ca)_30_(Si_70_O_175_)(OH,F,H_2_O)_35_","Cs_6_(Nd,REE,Ca)_30_(Si_70_O_175_)(OH,F,H_2_O)_35_","Cs Nd REE Ca Si O H F","IMA2015-031"," ",6434,"Mendeleevite","cubic","Pm3","Cs Nd REE Ca Si O H F","Mdl-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Sometimes a pale brown hue","#afafaf"
"Mendigite","Mendigite","Mn2+5CaSi6O18","Mn2Mn2MnCa(Si3O9)2","Mn_2_Mn_2_MnCa(Si_3_O_9_)_2_","Mn^2+^_5_CaSi_6_O_18_","Mn Ca Si O","IMA2014-007"," ",6300,"Wollastonite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Ca Si O","Mdg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","yellow to brown","#ffff00,#653700"
"Mendipite","Mendipite","Pb2+3O2Cl2","Pb3O2Cl2","Pb_3_O_2_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_3_O_2_Cl_2_","Pb O Cl"," "," ",3092," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ O Cl","Mdi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Yellowish, Bluish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#faee66,#2976bb"
"Mendozavilite-KCa","Mendozavilite-KCa","[K2(H2O)15Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[K2(H2O)15Ca(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[K_2_(H_2_O)_15_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","[K_2_(H_2_O)_15_Ca(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","K H O Ca Mo P Fe","IMA2011-088"," ",6031,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","K H O Ca Mo^6+ P Fe^3+","Mdz-KCa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Mendozavilite-NaCu","Mendozavilite-NaCu","[Na2(H2O)15Cu2+(H2O)6][Mo6+8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na2(H2O)15Cu(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_15_Cu(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_15_Cu^2+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","Na H O Cu Mo P Fe","IMA2011-039"," ",5966,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na H O Cu^2+ Mo^6+ P Fe^3+","Mdz-NaCu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lime green","#8ead2c"
"Mendozavilite-NaFe","Mendozavilite-NaFe","[Na2(H2O)15Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo6+8P2Fe3+3O35(OH)2]","[Na2(H2O)15Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O35(OH)2]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_15_Fe^3+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_35_(OH)_2_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_15_Fe^3+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_35_(OH)_2_]","Na H O Fe Mo P","IMA1982-009"," ",3093,"Betpakdalite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na H O Fe^3+ Mo^6+ P","Mdz-NaFe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Empire yellow; orange; brown","#f7d000,#ffa500,#653700"
"Mendozite","Mendozite","NaAl(S6+O4)2·11H2O","NaAl(SO4)2·11H2O","NaAl(SO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","NaAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Na Al S O H"," "," ",3094," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al S^6+ O H","Mz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Meneghinite","Meneghinite","Pb2+13Cu1+Sb3+7S2-24","Pb13CuSb7S24","Pb_13_CuSb_7_S_24_","Pb^2+^_13_Cu^1+^Sb^3+^_7_S^2-^_24_","Pb Cu Sb S"," "," ",3095,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Meg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blackish gray, Lead gray.","#5b5c61,#8a7963"
"Menezesite","Menezesite","Ba3MgZr4+4Nb5+12O42·12H2O","Ba3MgZr4Nb12O42·12H2O","Ba_3_MgZr_4_Nb_12_O_42_·12H_2_O","Ba_3_MgZr^4+^_4_Nb^5+^_12_O_42_·12H_2_O","Ba Mg Zr Nb O H","IMA2005-023"," ",5316,"Menezesite","cubic","Im3","Ba Mg Zr^4+ Nb^5+ O H","Mze","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Reddish borwn.","#7f2b0a"
"Mengeite","Mengeite","Ba(Mg,Mn2+)Mn3+4(PO4)4(OH)4·4H2O","Ba(Mg,Mn2+)Mn3+4(PO4)4(OH)4·4H2O","Ba(Mg,Mn^2+^)Mn^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ba(Mg,Mn^2+^)Mn^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ba Mg Mn P O H","IMA2018-035"," ",6777,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ba Mg Mn^2+ Mn^3+ P O H","Mge","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Indigo blue","#3a18b1"
"Mengxianminite","Mengxianminite","Ca2Sn4+2Mg3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2","Ca2Sn2Mg3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2","Ca_2_Sn_2_Mg_3_Al_8_[(BO_3_)(BeO_4_)O_6_]_2_","Ca_2_Sn^4+^_2_Mg_3_Al_8_[(BO_3_)(BeO_4_)O_6_]_2_","Ca Sn Mg Al B O Be","IMA2015-070"," ",5418,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Ca Sn^4+ Mg Al B O Be","Mgx","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Brownish green.","#6a6e09"
"Meniaylovite","Meniaylovite","Ca4AlSi(S6+O4)F13·12H2O","Ca4AlSi(SO4)F13·12H2O","Ca_4_AlSi(SO_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca_4_AlSi(S^6+^O_4_)F_13_·12H_2_O","Ca Al Si S O F H","IMA2002-050"," ",5514,"Chukhrovite","cubic","Fd3","Ca Al Si S^6+ O F H","Myl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White, Yellowish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0"
"Menshikovite","Menshikovite","Pd3Ni2As3","Pd3Ni2As3","Pd_3_Ni_2_As_3_","Pd_3_Ni_2_As_3_","Pd Ni As","IMA1993-057"," ",3096," ","hexagonal",,"Pd Ni As","Mnv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Menzerite-(Y)","Menzerite-(Y)","CaY2Mg2Si3O12","(CaY2)Mg2(SiO4)3","(CaY_2_)Mg_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","CaY_2_Mg_2_Si_3_O_12_","Ca Y Mg Si O","IMA2009-050"," ",5779,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Y Mg Si O","Mzr-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown in thin sections, megascopically black","#964b00,#afafaf"
"Mercallite","Mercallite","KHS6+O4","KH(SO4)","KH(SO_4_)","KHS^6+^O_4_","K H S O"," "," ",3097," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","K H S^6+ O","Mec","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Sky blue.","#afafaf,#9fb9e2"
"Mercury","Mercury","Hg","Hg","Hg","Hg","Hg"," "," ",3098," ",,,"Hg","Hg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","Yes","Tin white, Gray white.","#cfd5db,#d7d5cb"
"Mereheadite","Mereheadite","Pb2+47O24(OH)13Cl25(BO3)2(CO3)","Pb47O24(OH)13Cl25(BO3)2(CO3)","Pb_47_O_24_(OH)_13_Cl_25_(BO_3_)_2_(CO_3_)","Pb^2+^_47_O_24_(OH)_13_Cl_25_(BO_3_)_2_(CO_3_)","Pb O H Cl B C","IMA1996-045"," ",3099," ","monoclinic","Cm","Pb^2+ O H Cl B C","Mrh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow, Reddish orange.","#eecf9e,#f8481c"
"Mereiterite","Mereiterite","K2Fe2+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","K2Fe2+(SO4)2·4H2O","K_2_Fe^2+^(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K_2_Fe^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","K Fe S O H","IMA1993-045"," ",3100," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Mtr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Merelaniite","Merelaniite","Pb2+4Mo4+4V3+Sb3+S2-15","Pb4Mo4VSbS15","Pb_4_Mo_4_VSbS_15_","Pb^2+^_4_Mo^4+^_4_V^3+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_15_","Pb Mo V Sb S","IMA2016-042"," ",6570,"Cylindrite","triclinic","C1","Pb^2+ Mo^4+ V^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ml","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark grey","#363737"
"Merenskyite","Merenskyite","PdTe2","PdTe2","PdTe_2_","PdTe_2_","Pd Te","IMA1965-016"," ",3101,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pd Te","Mrk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White, Grayish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9"
"Meridianiite","Meridianiite","MgS6+O4·11H2O","Mg(SO4)·11H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·11H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·11H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA2007-011"," ",5571,"Not in a structural group",,,"Mg S^6+ O H","Mdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Merlinoite","Merlinoite","K5Ca2(Si23Al9)O64·24H2O","K5Ca2(Si23Al9)O64·24H2O","K_5_Ca_2_(Si_23_Al_9_)O_64_·24H_2_O","K_5_Ca_2_(Si_23_Al_9_)O_64_·24H_2_O","K Ca Si Al O H","IMA1976-046"," ",3102," ","orthorhombic","Immm","K Ca Si Al O H","Mrl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Merrihueite","Merrihueite","(K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mg)5Si12O30","(K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mg)5Si12O30","(K,Na)_2_(Fe^2+^,Mg)_5_Si_12_O_30_","(K,Na)_2_(Fe^2+^,Mg)_5_Si_12_O_30_","K Na Fe Mg Si O","IMA1965-020"," ",3103,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Fe^2+ Mg Si O","Mhu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Merrillite","Merrillite","Ca9NaMg(PO4)7","Ca9NaMg(PO4)7","Ca_9_NaMg(PO_4_)_7_","Ca_9_NaMg(PO_4_)_7_","Ca Na Mg P O","IMA1976 s.p."," ",5059,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Na Mg P O","Mer","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Mertieite","Mertieite","Pd8Sb2.5As0.5","Pd8Sb2.5As0.5","Pd_8_Sb_2.5_As_0.5_","Pd_8_Sb_2.5_As_0.5_","Pd Sb As","IMA2022 s.p."," ",3105,"Stillwaterite","hexagonal","R3c","Pd Sb As","Met-II","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Pale yellow in reflected light","#eecf9e"
"Merwinite","Merwinite","Ca3Mg(SiO4)2","Ca3Mg(SiO4)2","Ca_3_Mg(SiO_4_)_2_","Ca_3_Mg(SiO_4_)_2_","Ca Mg Si O"," "," ",3106,"Aphthitalite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Mg Si O","Mw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Pale green.","#afafaf,#808080,#69b076"
"Mesaite","Mesaite","CaMn2+5(V5+2O7)3·12H2O","CaMn2+5(V2O7)3·12H2O","CaMn^2+^_5_(V_2_O_7_)_3_·12H_2_O","CaMn^2+^_5_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)_3_·12H_2_O","Ca Mn V O H","IMA2015-069"," ",6470,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/n","Ca Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Msa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orangish red","#f43605"
"Mesolite","Mesolite","Na2Ca2(Si9Al6)O30·8H2O","Na2Ca2(Si9Al6)O30·8H2O","Na_2_Ca_2_(Si_9_Al_6_)O_30_·8H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_2_(Si_9_Al_6_)O_30_·8H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3107,"Natrolite","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Na Ca Si Al O H","Mes","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals","No","White, Gray, Pale yellow.","#ffffff,#808080,#eecf9e"
"Messelite","Messelite","Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H"," "," ",3108,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ P O H","Msl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Greenish white, Gray, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#d1f1de,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Meta-aluminite","Meta-aluminite","Al2S6+O4(OH)4·5H2O","Al2(SO4)(OH)4·5H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Al_2_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA1967-013"," ",3109,"Aluminite",,,"Al S^6+ O H","Ma","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Meta-alunogen","Meta-alunogen","Al2(S6+O4)3·14H2O","Al2(SO4)3·14H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)_3_·14H_2_O","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·14H_2_O","Al S O H"," "," ",3110," ",,,"Al S^6+ O H","Malg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Meta-ankoleite","Meta-ankoleite","K(U6+O2)(PO4)·3H2O","K(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O","K(UO_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","K(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","K U O P H","IMA1963-013"," ",3111,"Natroautunite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","K U^6+ O P H","Mak","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Meta-autunite","Meta-autunite","Ca(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·6H2O","Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·6H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca U O P H"," "," ",3112,"Meta-autunite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Ca U^6+ O P H","Maut","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow, Yellowish green.","#ffff00,#cdfd02,#b0dd16"
"Metaborite","Metaborite","HBO2","HBO2","HBO_2_","HBO_2_","H B O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3116," ","cubic","P43n","H B O","Mbo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brownish, Brownish white, Colorless.","#9c6d57,#d1f1de,#afafaf"
"Metacalciouranoite","Metacalciouranoite","(Ca,Na,Ba)U6+2O7·2H2O","(Ca,Na,Ba)U2O7·2H2O","(Ca,Na,Ba)U_2_O_7_·2H_2_O","(Ca,Na,Ba)U^6+^_2_O_7_·2H_2_O","Ca Na Ba U O H","IMA1971-054"," ",3117,"Wölsendorfite",,,"Ca Na Ba U^6+ O H","Mcu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Metacinnabar","Metacinnabar","Hg2+S2-","HgS","HgS","Hg^2+^S^2-^","Hg S"," "," ",3118,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Hg^2+ S^2-","Mcin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Gray black.","#000000,#373a3a"
"Metadelrioite","Metadelrioite","SrCa(V5+O3)2(OH)2","SrCa(VO3)2(OH)2","SrCa(VO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","SrCa(V^5+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Sr Ca V O H","IMA1967-006"," ",3119," ","triclinic",,"Sr Ca V^5+ O H","Mdlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale yellow green.","#eecf9e"
"Metahaiweeite","Metahaiweeite","Ca(U6+O2)2Si6O15·nH2O","Ca(UO2)2Si6O15·nH2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_Si_6_O_15_·nH_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_Si_6_O_15_·nH_2_O","Ca U O Si H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3120," ",,,"Ca U^6+ O Si H","Mhwe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Metaheimite","Metaheimite","Pb2+Cu2+2(As5+O4)(OH)3","PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3","PbCu_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_3_","Pb Cu As O H","IMA2023-020a"," ",7515," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Mhim",,"No","light blue to blue or turquoise blue","#add8e6,#0000ff,#00ffef"
"Metaheinrichite","Metaheinrichite","Ba(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ba U O As H"," "," ",3121," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P21","Ba U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mhrc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish green.","#b0dd16"
"Metahewettite","Metahewettite","CaV5+6O16·3H2O","CaV5+6O16·3H2O","CaV^5+^_6_O_16_·3H_2_O","CaV^5+^_6_O_16_·3H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3122,"Hewettite","monoclinic","P21/m, P21","Ca V^5+ O H","Mhew","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Metahohmannite","Metahohmannite","Fe3+2O(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Fe3+2O(SO4)2·4H2O","Fe^3+^_2_O(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_O(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe O S H"," "," ",3123,"Amarantite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Mhoh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Metakahlerite","Metakahlerite","Fe2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe U O As H"," "," ",3124," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mkah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sulfur yellow.","#ccc050"
"Metakirchheimerite","Metakirchheimerite","Co2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Co(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co U O As H"," "," ",3125," ","triclinic","P1","Co^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mki","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Metaköttigite","Metakottigite","(Zn2+,Fe3+)3(As5+O4)2·8(H2O,OH)","(Zn,Fe3+)3(AsO4)2·8(H2O,OH)","(Zn,Fe^3+^)_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8(H_2_O,OH)","(Zn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8(H_2_O,OH)","Zn Fe As O H","IMA1979-077"," ",3126,"Symplesite","triclinic",,"Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Mköt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish-gray","#748b97"
"Metalodèvite","Metalodevite","Zn2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Zn(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O","Zn(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Zn^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Zn U O As H","IMA1972-014"," ",3127," ","tetragonal, triclinic","P42/m, P1","Zn^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mldv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green, pale yellow","#8ead2c,#eecf9e"
"Metamunirite","Metamunirite","NaV5+O3","NaV5+O3","NaV^5+^O_3_","NaV^5+^O_3_","Na V O","IMA1990-044"," ",3128," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na V^5+ O","Mmni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Metanatroautunite","Metanatroautunite","Na(U6+O2)(PO4)·3H2O","Na(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O","Na(UO_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","Na(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","Na U O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5060," ","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Na U^6+ O P H","Mnaut","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow","#cfff04"
"Metanováčekite","Metanovacekite","Mg(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·4-8H2O","Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4-8H_2_O","Mg U O As H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3129," ","tetragonal","P4/n","Mg U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mnvč","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Metarauchite","Metarauchite","Ni2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Ni(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ni U O As H","IMA2008-050"," ",5710,"Autunite","triclinic","P1","Ni^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mrau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to light greenish yellow","#ffff00,#d7ddcd"
"Metarossite","Metarossite","CaV5+2O6·2H2O","CaV5+2O6·2H2O","CaV^5+^_2_O_6_·2H_2_O","CaV^5+^_2_O_6_·2H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3130," ","triclinic","P1","Ca V^5+ O H","Mrs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Metasaléeite","Metasaleeite","Mg(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg U O P H"," "," ",5423," ",,,"Mg U^6+ O P H","Mslé","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Metaschoderite","Metaschoderite","Al2(PO4)(V5+O4)·6H2O","Al2(PO4)(VO4)·6H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(VO_4_)·6H_2_O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)·6H_2_O","Al P O V H","IMA1962 s.p., IMA2024-E"," ",3131," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Al P O V^5+ H","Msdr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Metaschoepite","Metaschoepite","(U6+O2)8O2(OH)12·10H2O","(UO2)8O2(OH)12·10H2O","(UO_2_)_8_O_2_(OH)_12_·10H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_8_O_2_(OH)_12_·10H_2_O","U O H"," "," ",3132,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","U^6+ O H","Mshp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Golden yellow.","#ffff00,#ffdf00"
"Metasideronatrite","Metasideronatrite","Na2Fe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·H2O","Na2Fe3+(SO4)2(OH)·H2O","Na_2_Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Na_2_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Na Fe S O H"," "," ",3133," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Mnat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Golden yellow, Orange, Pale brown.","#ffff00,#ffdf00,#ffa500,#b1916e"
"Metastibnite","Metastibnite","Sb3+2S2-3","Sb2S3","Sb_2_S_3_","Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","Sb S"," "," ",3134,"Stibnite",,,"Sb^3+ S^2-","Msbn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Purple, Purple gray, Red, Reddish gray.","#800080,#866f85,#ff0000,#997570"
"Metastudtite","Metastudtite","(U6+O2)(O2)2-(H2O)2","UO4·2H2O","UO_4_·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)(O_2_)^2-^(H_2_O)_2_","U O H","IMA1981-055"," ",3135," ","orthorhombic","Immm","U^6+ O H","Mstu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Metaswitzerite","Metaswitzerite","Mn2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Mn2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn P O H","IMA1981-027a"," ",3136," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ P O H","Msw","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown, Golden brown, Light yellow brown, Light pink.","#653700,#b27a01,#fffe7a,#ffd1df"
"Metatamboite","Metatamboite","Fe3+3(OH)(H2O)2(S6+O4)(Te4+O3)3(Te4+O(OH)2)(H2O)","Fe3+3(OH)(H2O)2(SO4)(Te4+O3)3[Te4+O(OH)2](H2O)","Fe^3+^_3_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_(SO_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_[Te^4+^O(OH)_2_](H_2_O)","Fe^3+^_3_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_(Te^4+^O(OH)_2_)(H_2_O)","Fe O H S Te","IMA2016-060"," ",6587," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ O H S^6+ Te^4+","Mtm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Metathénardite","Metathenardite","Na2S6+O4","Na2(SO4)","Na_2_(SO_4_)","Na_2_S^6+^O_4_","Na S O","IMA2015-102"," ",6502,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Na S^6+ O","Mthn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, white, light-blue, greenish, yellowish, grayish or brownish,","#afafaf,#ffffff,#add8e6,#40a368,#faee66,#cfcac7,#9c6d57"
"Metatorbernite","Metatorbernite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu U O P H"," "," ",3137," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P4/n, P4/nmm, P21","Cu^2+ U^6+ O P H","Mtor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green, Dark green.","#76ff7b,#033500"
"Metatyuyamunite","Metatyuyamunite","Ca(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·3H2O","Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca U O V H"," "," ",3138,"Fritzscheite","orthorhombic","Pnam","Ca U^6+ O V^5+ H","Mtyu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Dark green.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#033500"
"Metauramphite","Metauramphite","(N3-H4)2(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·6H2O","(NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2·6H2O","(NH_4_)_2_(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","N H U O P"," "," ",5506," ",,,"N^3- H U^6+ O P","Murp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Metauranocircite","Metauranocircite","Ba(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·8H2O","Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2·6H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ba U O P H","IMA2007 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",3113," ","monoclinic","P21","Ba U^6+ O P H","Murc-I","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Metauranopilite","Metauranopilite","(U6+O2)6S6+O4(OH)10·5H2O","(UO2)6(SO4)(OH)10·5H2O","(UO_2_)_6_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·5H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_6_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_10_·5H_2_O","U O S H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3114," ",,,"U^6+ O S^6+ H","Mup","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Gray, Grayish green, Brownish, Yellow.","#808080,#82a67d,#9c6d57,#ffff00"
"Metauranospinite","Metauranospinite","Ca(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca U O As H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3115," ",,,"Ca U^6+ O As^5+ H","Musp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Siskin green.","#ffff00,#c8c76f"
"Metauroxite","Metauroxite","(U6+O2)2((C2)6+O4)(OH)2(H2O)2","(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2","(UO_2_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","U O C H","IMA2019-030"," ",6916,"Oxalate","triclinic","P1","U^6+ O C H","Murx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Metavandendriesscheite","Metavandendriesscheite","Pb2+U6+7O22·nH2O","PbU7O22·nH2O","PbU_7_O_22_·nH_2_O","Pb^2+^U^6+^_7_O_22_·nH_2_O","Pb U O H"," "," ",3139," ",,,"Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Mvdd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Amber.","#ffa500,#ffbf00"
"Metavanmeersscheite","Metavanmeersscheite","U6+(U6+O2)3(PO4)2(OH)6·2H2O","U(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6·2H2O","U(UO_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","U^6+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","U O P H","IMA1981-010"," ",3140," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","U^6+ O P H","Mvms","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Metavanuralite","Metavanuralite","Al(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2(OH)·8H2O","Al(UO2)2(VO4)2(OH)·8H2O","Al(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)·8H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·8H_2_O","Al U O V H","IMA1970-003"," ",3141," ","triclinic",,"Al U^6+ O V^5+ H","Mvnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Metavariscite","Metavariscite","AlPO4·2H2O","Al(PO4)·2H2O","Al(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","AlPO_4_·2H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3142,"Phosphosiderite","monoclinic","P21/n","Al P O H","Mvar","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Metavauxite","Metavauxite","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe Al P O H"," "," ",3143," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Mvx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Metavivianite","Metavivianite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1973-049"," ",3144,"Symplesite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Mviv","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Leek green, Gray green, Reddish brown.","#979c84,#86a17d,#7f2b0a"
"Metavoltine","Metavoltine","K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(S6+O4)12·18H2O","K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12·18H2O","K_2_Na_6_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_6_O_2_(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K_2_Na_6_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_6_O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K Na Fe O S H"," "," ",3145,"Metavoltine","hexagonal","P3","K Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Mvt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greenish brown, Yellow brown, Orange brown, Lemon.","#696112,#ae8b0c,#b16002,#fff700"
"Metazellerite","Metazellerite","Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)2·3H2O","Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·3H2O","Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA1965-032"," ",3146," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O C H","Mzel","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Metazeunerite","Metazeunerite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu U O As H"," "," ",3147," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm, P4/n, P4/ncc, P42/nmc","Cu^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Mzeu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Grass green, Emerald green.","#00ff00,#419c03,#046307"
"Meurigite-K","Meurigite-K","[K(H2O)2.5][Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7]·4H2O","KFe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7·6.5H2O","KFe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_·6.5H_2_O","[K(H_2_O)_2.5_][Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_]·4H_2_O","K Fe P O H","IMA1995-022"," ",3149,"Phosphofibrite","monoclinic","C2/c","K H O Fe^3+ P","Meu-K","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Cream, Yellowish brown, Pale yellow, Canary yellow.","#ffffff,#ffffc2,#9b7a01,#eecf9e,#f1f1e6"
"Meurigite-Na","Meurigite-Na","[Na(H2O)2.5][Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7]·4H2O","[Na(H2O)2.5][Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7(H2O)4]","[Na(H_2_O)_2.5_][Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_(H_2_O)_4_]","[Na(H_2_O)_2.5_][Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_]·4H_2_O","Na H O Fe P","IMA2007-024"," ",5626,"Phosphofibrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na H O Fe^3+ P","Meu-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cream, Pale yellow.","#ffffc2,#eecf9e"
"Meyerhofferite","Meyerhofferite","CaB3O3(OH)5·H2O","CaB3O3(OH)5·H2O","CaB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","CaB_3_O_3_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",3150," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B O H","Mhf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Meymacite","Meymacite","W6+O3·2H2O","WO3·2H2O","WO_3_·2H_2_O","W^6+^O_3_·2H_2_O","W O H","IMA1965 s.p."," ",3151,"Amorphous",,,"W^6+ O H","Mym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Meyrowitzite","Meyrowitzite","Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)2·5H2O","Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·5H2O","Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA2018-039"," ",6780,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca U^6+ O C H","Mey","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Mgriite","Mgriite","Cu3AsSe3","Cu3AsSe3","Cu_3_AsSe_3_","Cu_3_AsSe_3_","Cu As Se","IMA1980-100"," ",3152,"Diamond","cubic","Fd3m","Cu As Se","Mgi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish gray, Light gray.","#86775f,#d8dcd6"
"Mianningite","Mianningite","(☐,Pb2+,Ce3+,Na)(U4+,Mn2+,U6+)Fe3+2(Ti4+,Fe3+)18O38","(☐,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38","([box],Pb,Ce,Na)(U^4+^,Mn,U^6+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","([box],Pb^2+^,Ce^3+^,Na)(U^4+^,Mn^2+^,U^6+^)Fe^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_18_O_38_","Pb Ce Na U Mn Fe Ti O","IMA2014-072"," ",6370,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Ce^3+ Na U^4+ Mn^2+ U^6+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Min","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Miargyrite","Miargyrite","Ag1+Sb3+S2-2","AgSbS2","AgSbS_2_","Ag^1+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag Sb S"," "," ",3153," ","monoclinic","C2/c, C2, Cc","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","May","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Lead gray, Blackish red, Reddish gray.","#43464b,#8a7963,#5b5c61,#997570"
"Miassite","Miassite","Rh17S15","Rh17S15","Rh_17_S_15_","Rh_17_S_15_","Rh S","IMA1997-029"," ",3154," ","cubic","Pm3m","Rh S","Mia","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Michalskiite","Michalskiite","Cu2+Mg3Fe3+3.33(V5+O4)6","Cu2+Mg3Fe3+3.33(VO4)6","Cu^2+^Mg_3_Fe^3+^_3.33_(VO_4_)_6_","Cu^2+^Mg_3_Fe^3+^_3.33_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_","Cu Mg Fe V O","IMA2019-062"," ",6950,"Lyonsite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu^2+ Mg Fe^3+ V^5+ O","Mcs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown-red","#922b05"
"Micheelsenite","Micheelsenite","(Ca,Y)3Al(PO3OH)CO3(OH)6·12H2O","(Ca,Y)3Al(PO3OH)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O","(Ca,Y)_3_Al(PO_3_OH)(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","(Ca,Y)_3_Al(PO_3_OH)CO_3_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Y Al P O H C","IMA1999-033"," ",3155,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Y Al P O H C","Msn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Michenerite","Michenerite","Pd3+(BiTe)3-","PdBiTe","PdBiTe","Pd^3+^(BiTe)^3-^","Pd Bi Te","IMA1971-006a"," ",3156,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Pd^3+ Bi Te","Mch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Michitoshiite-(Cu)","Michitoshiite-(Cu)","Rh(Cu1-xGex) 0","Rh(Cu1-xGex) 0","Rh(Cu_1-x_Ge_x_) 0","Rh(Cu_1-x_Ge_x_) 0","Rh Cu Ge","IMA2019-029a"," ",6978,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Rh Cu Ge","Mhs-Cu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","silver-gray color","#a8a8a4"
"Microcline","Microcline","KAlSi3O8","K(AlSi3O8)","K(AlSi_3_O_8_)","KAlSi_3_O_8_","K Al Si O"," "," ",3157,"Feldspar","triclinic","C1","K Al Si O","Mcc","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bluish green, Green, Gray, Grayish yellow, Yellowish.","#10a674,#00ff00,#808080,#877254,#faee66"
"Microsommite","Microsommite","[(Na,K)6(S6+O4)][Ca2Cl2][(Si6Al6O24)]","[(Na,K)6(SO4)][Ca2Cl2][(Si6Al6O24)]","[(Na,K)_6_(SO_4_)][Ca_2_Cl_2_][(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)]","[(Na,K)_6_(S^6+^O_4_)][Ca_2_Cl_2_][(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)]","Na K S O Ca Cl Si Al"," "," ",3159,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63","Na K S^6+ O Ca Cl Si Al","Msm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Midbarite","Midbarite","Ca3Mg2(V5+2Si)O12","Ca3Mg2(V2Si)O12","Ca_3_Mg_2_(V_2_Si)O_12_","Ca_3_Mg_2_(V^5+^_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Mg V Si O","IMA2023-110"," ",7457,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Mg V^5+ Si O","Mid",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Middendorfite","Middendorfite","K3Na2Mn2+5Si12(O,OH)36·2H2O","K3Na2Mn5Si12(O,OH)36·2H2O","K_3_Na_2_Mn_5_Si_12_(O,OH)_36_·2H_2_O","K_3_Na_2_Mn^2+^_5_Si_12_(O,OH)_36_·2H_2_O","K Na Mn Si O H","IMA2005-028"," ",5424," ","monoclinic",,"K Na Mn^2+ Si O H","Mdd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark orange.","#c65102"
"Middlebackite","Middlebackite","Cu2+2(C2)6+O4(OH)2","Cu2C2O4(OH)2","Cu_2_C_2_O_4_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_2_(C_2_)^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_","Cu C O H","IMA2015-115"," ",6513,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ C O H","Mbk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Turquoise-blue","#00ffef"
"Mieite-(Y)","Mieite-(Y)","Y4Ti4+(SiO4)2O[F,(OH)]6","Y4Ti(SiO4)2O[F,(OH)]6","Y_4_Ti(SiO_4_)_2_O[F,(OH)]_6_","Y_4_Ti^4+^(SiO_4_)_2_O[F,(OH)]_6_","Y Ti Si O F H","IMA2014-020"," ",6331,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Y Ti^4+ Si O F H","Mi-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale amber yellow","#c9bfa8"
"Miersite","Miersite","Ag1+I1-","AgI","AgI","Ag^1+^I^1-^","Ag I"," "," ",3160,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Ag^1+ I^1-","Mier","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish, Canary yellow, Light yellow.","#40a368,#f1f1e6,#fffe7a"
"Miessiite","Miessiite","Pd11Te2Se2","Pd11Te2Se2","Pd_11_Te_2_Se_2_","Pd_11_Te_2_Se_2_","Pd Te Se","IMA2006-013"," ",5540,"Isomertieite","cubic","Fd3m","Pd Te Se","Mie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Black, Silvery gray.","#000000,#a8a8a4"
"Miguelromeroite","Miguelromeroite","Mn2+5(As5+O3OH)2(As5+O4)2(H2O)4","Mn5(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4","Mn_5_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn As O H","IMA2008-066"," ",5726,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Mig","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange-pink, pink, pale pink, colourless","#ff6f52,#ffc0cb,#efcddb,#afafaf"
"Miharaite","Miharaite","Pb2+Cu1+4Fe3+Bi3+S2-6","PbCu4FeBiS6","PbCu_4_FeBiS_6_","Pb^2+^Cu^1+^_4_Fe^3+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_6_","Pb Cu Fe Bi S","IMA1976-012"," ",3161," ","orthorhombic","Pb21m","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mih","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Mikasaite","Mikasaite","Fe3+2(S6+O4)3","Fe3+2(SO4)3","Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_","Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Fe S O","IMA1992-015"," ",3162,"Millosevichite","hexagonal","R3","Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Mik","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Light brown.","#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Mikecoxite","Mikecoxite","[C4-Hg2+4]OCl2","[CHg4]OCl2","[CHg_4_]OCl_2_","[C^4-^Hg^2+^_4_]OCl_2_","C Hg O Cl","IMA2021-060"," ",7172,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","C^4- Hg^2+ O Cl","Mcx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Black","#000000"
"Mikehowardite","Mikehowardite","Fe3+4(V5+O4)4(H2O)2·H2O","Fe3+4(V5+O4)4(H2O)2·H2O","Fe^3+^_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_2_·H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_2_·H_2_O","Fe V O H","IMA2020-068"," ",7084,"Schubnelite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Mhw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark brown","#3a4859"
"Mikenewite","Mikenewite","Mn2+(S4+O3)·3H2O","Mn2+(S4+O3)·3H2O","Mn^2+^(S^4+^O_3_)·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^(S^4+^O_3_)·3H_2_O","Mn S O H","IMA2022-102"," ",7307,"Albertiniite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ S^4+ O H","Mnw",,"No","Yellowish in transmitted light.","#fcfc81"
"Milanriederite","Milanriederite","(Ca,REE)19Fe3+Al4(Mg,Al,Fe3+)8Si18O68(OH,O)10","(Ca,REE)19Fe3+Al4(Mg,Al,Fe3+)8Si18O68(OH,O)10","(Ca,REE)_19_Fe^3+^Al_4_(Mg,Al,Fe^3+^)_8_Si_18_O_68_(OH,O)_10_","(Ca,REE)_19_Fe^3+^Al_4_(Mg,Al,Fe^3+^)_8_Si_18_O_68_(OH,O)_10_","Ca REE Fe Al Mg Si O H","IMA2018-041"," ",6782,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca REE Fe^3+ Al Mg Si O H","Mlrd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark brownish-red","#9e3623"
"Milarite","Milarite","KCa2(Be2AlSi12O30)·H2O","KCa2(Be2AlSi12)O30·H2O","KCa_2_(Be_2_AlSi_12_)O_30_·H_2_O","KCa_2_(Be_2_AlSi_12_O_30_)·H_2_O","K Ca Be Al Si O H"," "," ",3163,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Ca Be Al Si O H","Mil","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Greenish white, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d1f1de,#e9f1d0"
"Milkovoite","Milkovoite","Cu2+4O(PO4)(As5+O4)","Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4)","Cu_4_O(PO_4_)(AsO_4_)","Cu^2+^_4_O(PO_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)","Cu O P As","IMA2021-005"," ",7122,"Kozyrevskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ O P As^5+","Milk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Millerite","Millerite","NiS","NiS","NiS","NiS","Ni S"," "," ",3164,"Millerite","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","Ni S","Mlr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Bronze, Greenish gray, Gray, Brass yellow.","#a87900,#96ae8d,#808080,#b58735"
"Millisite","Millisite","NaCaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9·3H2O","NaCaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9·3H2O","NaCaAl_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_9_·3H_2_O","NaCaAl_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_9_·3H_2_O","Na Ca Al P O H"," "," ",3165,"Wardite",,,"Na Ca Al P O H","Mill","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish, White, Light gray.","#40a368,#ffffff,#d8dcd6"
"Millosevichite","Millosevichite","Al2(S6+O4)3","Al2(SO4)3","Al_2_(SO_4_)_3_","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Al S O"," "," ",3166,"Millosevichite","hexagonal","R3","Al S^6+ O","Msv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Red, Clear red, Brick red.","#ff0000,#ce261c,#8f1402"
"Millsite","Millsite","Cu2+Te4+O3·2H2O","CuTeO3·2H2O","CuTeO_3_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^Te^4+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Te O H","IMA2015-086"," ",6486," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O H","Mls","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cyan to royal blue","#00ffff,#4169e1"
"Milotaite","Milotaite","Pd3+(SbSe)3-","PdSbSe","PdSbSe","Pd^3+^(SbSe)^3-^","Pd Sb Se","IMA2003-056"," ",5255,"Ullmannite","cubic","P213","Pd^3+ Sb Se","Mio","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Mimetite","Mimetite","Pb2+5(As5+O4)3Cl","Pb5(AsO4)3Cl","Pb_5_(AsO_4_)_3_Cl","Pb^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Pb As O Cl"," "," ",3167,"Apatite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P63/m, P21/b","Pb^2+ As^5+ O Cl","Mim","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellow, Orange, Brown, Red.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#ffa500,#653700,#ff0000"
"Minakawaite","Minakawaite","RhSb","RhSb","RhSb","RhSb","Rh Sb","IMA2019-024"," ",6912,"Modderite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Rh Sb","Mka","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","rose gray","#ccc9c0"
"Minasragrite","Minasragrite","V4+O(S6+O4)·5H2O","V4+O(SO4)·5H2O","V^4+^O(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","V O S H"," "," ",3170,"Minasragrite","monoclinic","P21/c","V^4+ O S^6+ H","Mra","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Mineevite-(Y)","Mineevite-(Y)","Na25BaY2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(S6+O4)2F2Cl","Na25BaY2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl","Na_25_BaY_2_(CO_3_)_11_(HCO_3_)_4_(SO_4_)_2_F_2_Cl","Na_25_BaY_2_(CO_3_)_11_(HCO_3_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F_2_Cl","Na Ba Y C O H S F Cl","IMA1991-048"," ",3171," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Ba Y C O H S^6+ F Cl","Mev-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellowish green, Colorless.","#00ff00,#b0dd16,#afafaf"
"Minehillite","Minehillite","(K,Na)2Ca28Zn2+5Al4Si40O112(OH)16","(K,Na)2Ca28Zn5Al4Si40O112(OH)16","(K,Na)_2_Ca_28_Zn_5_Al_4_Si_40_O_112_(OH)_16_","(K,Na)_2_Ca_28_Zn^2+^_5_Al_4_Si_40_O_112_(OH)_16_","K Na Ca Zn Al Si O H","IMA1983-001"," ",3172,"Gyrolite","hexagonal","P3c1","K Na Ca Zn^2+ Al Si O H","Mhl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Gray white, Grayish black, White.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#555152,#ffffff"
"Minguzzite","Minguzzite","K3Fe3+((C2)6+O4)3·3H2O","K3Fe3+(C2O4)3·3H2O","K_3_Fe^3+^(C_2_O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","K_3_Fe^3+^((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","K Fe C O H"," "," ",3173,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","K Fe^3+ C O H","Mzz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Minium","Minium","Pb2+2Pb4+O4","Pb2+2Pb4+O4","Pb^2+^_2_Pb^4+^O_4_","Pb^2+^_2_Pb^4+^O_4_","Pb O"," "," ",3174,"Minium","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P42/mbc, Pbam, P4b2","Pb^2+ Pb^4+ O","Mnm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light red, Brownish red, Vivid red, Yellowish red.","#ff7f7f,#9e3623,#f70d1a,#edeeda"
"Minjiangite","Minjiangite","BaBe2P2O8","BaBe2(PO4)2","BaBe_2_(PO_4_)_2_","BaBe_2_P_2_O_8_","Ba Be P O","IMA2013-021"," ",6183,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","Ba Be P O","Mjg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White","#ffffff"
"Minnesotaite","Minnesotaite","Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2","Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2","Fe^2+^_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Fe Si O H"," "," ",3175,"Clay, Talc","triclinic","P1, P1","Fe^2+ Si O H","Mns","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pale green.","#69b076"
"Minohlite","Minohlite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)7(S6+O4)2(OH)10·8H2O","(Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10·8H2O","(Cu,Zn)_7_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·8H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_7_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·8H_2_O","Cu Zn S O H","IMA2012-035"," ",6093," ","hexagonal",,"Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Mnh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green","#10a674"
"Minrecordite","Minrecordite","CaZn2+(CO3)2","CaZn(CO3)2","CaZn(CO_3_)_2_","CaZn^2+^(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Zn C O","IMA1980-096"," ",3176,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Zn^2+ C O","Mrd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Minyulite","Minyulite","KAl2(PO4)2F·4H2O","KAl2(PO4)2F·4H2O","KAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_F·4H_2_O","KAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_F·4H_2_O","K Al P O F H","IMA2021 s.p."," ",3177," ","orthorhombic","Pba2","K Al P O F H","Myu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Green, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Mirabilite","Mirabilite","Na2S6+O4·10H2O","Na2(SO4)·10H2O","Na_2_(SO_4_)·10H_2_O","Na_2_S^6+^O_4_·10H_2_O","Na S O H"," "," ",3178," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na S^6+ O H","Mrb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish white, Greenish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Mirnyite","Mirnyite","SrZr4+(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2O38","SrZr4+(Ti4+12Cr3+6)Mg2O38","SrZr^4+^(Ti^4+^_12_Cr^3+^_6_)Mg_2_O_38_","SrZr^4+^(Ti^4+^_12_Cr^3+^_6_)Mg_2_O_38_","Sr Zr Ti Cr Mg O","IMA2018-144a"," ",7057,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Mg O","Mny","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Jet black","#353337"
"Misakiite","Misakiite","Cu2+3Mn2+(OH)6Cl2","Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2","Cu_3_Mn(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Mn^2+^(OH)_6_Cl_2_","Cu Mn O H Cl","IMA2013-131"," ",6290,"Atacamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu^2+ Mn^2+ O H Cl","Msk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green","#046307"
"Misenite","Misenite","K8(S6+O4)(S6+O3OH)6","K8(SO4)(SO3OH)6","K_8_(SO_4_)(SO_3_OH)_6_","K_8_(S^6+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_3_OH)_6_","K S O H"," "," ",5148," ",,,"K S^6+ O H","Mse","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Grayish white.","#afafaf,#d6dee9"
"Miserite","Miserite","K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5[Si6O15][Si2O7](OH,F)2·yH2O","K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5[Si6O15][Si2O7](OH,F)2·yH2O","K_1.5-x_(Ca,Y,REE)_5_[Si_6_O_15_][Si_2_O_7_](OH,F)_2_·yH_2_O","K_1.5-x_(Ca,Y,REE)_5_[Si_6_O_15_][Si_2_O_7_](OH,F)_2_·yH_2_O","K Ca Y REE Si O H F"," "," ",3179," ","triclinic","P1","K Ca Y REE Si O H F","Mis","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Lilac pink, Pink, Reddish brown.","#c09dc8,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Mitridatite","Mitridatite","Ca2Fe3+3O2(PO4)3·3H2O","Ca2Fe3+3O2(PO4)3·3H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca Fe O P H"," "," ",3180,"Arseniosiderite","hexagonal, monoclinic","Aa","Ca Fe^3+ O P H","Mit","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Bronze red, Brown green, Green, Greenish yellow, Yellow brown.","#8d8752,#706c11,#00ff00,#cdfd02,#ae8b0c"
"Mitrofanovite","Mitrofanovite","Pt3Te4","Pt3Te4","Pt_3_Te_4_","Pt_3_Te_4_","Pt Te","IMA2017-112"," ",6738," ","hexagonal","R3m","Pt Te","Mfv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mitryaevaite","Mitryaevaite","Al5(PO4)2[(P,S6+)O3(OH,O)]2F2(OH)2·14.5H2O","Al5(PO4)2[(P,S)O3(OH,O)]2F2(OH)2·14.5H2O","Al_5_(PO_4_)_2_[(P,S)O_3_(OH,O)]_2_F_2_(OH)_2_·14.5H_2_O","Al_5_(PO_4_)_2_[(P,S^6+^)O_3_(OH,O)]_2_F_2_(OH)_2_·14.5H_2_O","Al P O S H F","IMA1991-035"," ",3181," ","triclinic","P1","Al P O S^6+ H F","Myv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mitscherlichite","Mitscherlichite","K2Cu2+Cl4·2H2O","K2CuCl4·2H2O","K_2_CuCl_4_·2H_2_O","K_2_Cu^2+^Cl_4_·2H_2_O","K Cu Cl H O"," "," ",3182," ","tetragonal","P42/mnm","K Cu^2+ Cl H O","Mits","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Green blue.","#00ff00,#42b395"
"Mixite","Mixite","Cu2+6Bi3+(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu6Bi(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu_6_Bi(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Bi^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu Bi As O H"," "," ",3183,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Bi^3+ As^5+ O H","Mix","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Yellow green, White, Light blue, Light green.","#137e6d,#c8fd3d,#ffffff,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Miyahisaite","Miyahisaite","(Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F","(Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F","(Sr,Ca)_2_Ba_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","(Sr,Ca)_2_Ba_3_(PO_4_)_3_F","Sr Ca Ba P O F","IMA2011-043"," ",5971,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Sr Ca Ba P O F","Miy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Miyawakiite-(Y)","Miyawakiite-(Y)","☐Y4Fe2+2(Si8O20)(CO3)4(H2O)3","☐Y4Fe2(Si8O20)(CO3)4(H2O)3","[box]Y_4_Fe_2_(Si_8_O_20_)(CO_3_)_4_(H_2_O)_3_","[box]Y_4_Fe^2+^_2_(Si_8_O_20_)(CO_3_)_4_(H_2_O)_3_","Y Fe Si O C H","IMA2024-003"," ",7486,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mcm","Y Fe^2+ Si O C H","Myw-Y",,"No","pale–yellow","#eecf9e"
"Mizraite-(Ce)","Mizraite-(Ce)","Ce3+(Al11Mg)O19","Ce(Al11Mg)O19","Ce(Al_11_Mg)O_19_","Ce^3+^(Al_11_Mg)O_19_","Ce Al Mg O","IMA2022-027"," ",7255,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ce^3+ Al Mg O","Miz-Ce","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","light bluish-green","#61e160"
"Moabite","Moabite","Ni2+Fe3+(PO4)O","NiFe3+(PO4)O","NiFe^3+^(PO_4_)O","Ni^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)O","Ni Fe P O","IMA2020-092"," ",7107,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ni^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Mab","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","very dark-brown, almost-black","#665b4e,#c2ebd1"
"Moctezumite","Moctezumite","Pb2+(U6+O2)(Te4+O3)2","Pb(UO2)(Te4+O3)2","Pb(UO_2_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_","Pb U O Te","IMA1965-004"," ",3184," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ U^6+ O Te^4+","Moc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Dark orange, Brownish orange.","#ffa500,#c65102,#cb7723"
"Modderite","Modderite","CoAs","CoAs","CoAs","CoAs","Co As"," "," ",3185,"Modderite","orthorhombic","Pnam, Pna21, Pbnm","Co As","Mod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish white, Steel gray.","#e5dad4,#43464b"
"Modraite","Modraite","Ca19Fe2+Al4(Al6Fe2+2)(☐4)☐(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH)10","Ca19Fe2+Al4(Al6Fe2+2)(☐4)☐(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH)10","Ca_19_Fe^2+^Al_4_(Al_6_Fe^2+^_2_)([box]_4_)[box](SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH)_10_","Ca_19_Fe^2+^Al_4_(Al_6_Fe^2+^_2_)([box]_4_)[box](SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH)_10_","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2023-108a"," ",7484,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Mdt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Moëloite","Moeloite","Pb2+6Sb3+6S2-14(S3)2-","Pb6Sb6S14(S)3","Pb_6_Sb_6_S_14_(S)_3_","Pb^2+^_6_Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_14_(S_3_)^2-^","Pb Sb S","IMA1998-045"," ",3186," ","orthorhombic","P21221","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- S","Moë","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greyish-black","#555152"
"Mogánite","Moganite","SiO2·nH2O","SiO2·nH2O","SiO_2_·nH_2_O","SiO_2_·nH_2_O","Si O H","IMA1999-035"," ",3187," ","monoclinic","I2/a","Si O H","Mog","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks","No","Grey","#808080"
"Mogovidite","Mogovidite","Na9(Ca,Na)12Fe3+2Zr4+3Si25O72(CO3)(OH)4","Na9(Ca,Na)12Fe2Zr3Si25O72(CO3)(OH)4","Na_9_(Ca,Na)_12_Fe_2_Zr_3_Si_25_O_72_(CO_3_)(OH)_4_","Na_9_(Ca,Na)_12_Fe^3+^_2_Zr^4+^_3_Si_25_O_72_(CO_3_)(OH)_4_","Na Ca Fe Zr Si O C H","IMA2004-040"," ",5290,"Eudialyte","hexagonal",,"Na Ca Fe^3+ Zr^4+ Si O C H","Mgo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Mohite","Mohite","Cu1+2Sn4+S2-3","Cu2SnS3","Cu_2_SnS_3_","Cu^1+^_2_Sn^4+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Sn S","IMA1981-015"," ",3188,"Diamond-Sphalerite","triclinic","P1","Cu^1+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Moh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greenish gray.","#96ae8d"
"Möhnite","Mohnite","(N3-H4)K2Na(S6+O4)2","(NH4)K2Na(SO4)2","(NH_4_)K_2_Na(SO_4_)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)K_2_Na(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","N H K Na S O","IMA2014-101"," ",6399,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3m1","N^3- H K Na S^6+ O","Möh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Light brown, brown","#b5651d,#653700"
"Mohrite","Mohrite","(N3-H4)2Fe2+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","(NH4)2Fe2+(SO4)2·6H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Fe^2+^(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Fe^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","N H Fe S O","IMA1964-023"," ",3189,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/a","N^3- H Fe^2+ S^6+ O","Mhr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Moiraite","Moiraite","Pb2+12Sb3+8As3+8S2-36","Pb12Sb8As8S36","Pb_12_Sb_8_As_8_S_36_","Pb^2+^_12_Sb^3+^_8_As^3+^_8_S^2-^_36_","Pb Sb As S","IMA2024-028"," ",7542,"Sartorite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Moir",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Moissanite","Moissanite","Si4+C4-","SiC","SiC","Si^4+^C^4-^","Si C"," "," ",3190,"Wurtzite","hexagonal, cubic","P63mc, F43m, P63","Si^4+ C^4-","Moi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Blue, Colorless, Green, Green yellow, Yellow.","#0000ff,#afafaf,#00ff00,#c6f808,#ffff00"
"Mojaveite","Mojaveite","Cu2+6[Te6+O4(OH)2](OH)7Cl","Cu6[Te6+O4(OH)2](OH)7Cl","Cu_6_[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_](OH)_7_Cl","Cu^2+^_6_[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_](OH)_7_Cl","Cu Te O H Cl","IMA2013-120"," ",6280," ","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H Cl","Moj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greenish-blue; sky blue to medium greenish","#0b8b87,#9fb9e2,#418c53"
"Molinelloite","Molinelloite","Cu2+(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4)","Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4)","Cu(H_2_O)(OH)V^4+^O(V^5+^O_4_)","Cu^2+^(H_2_O)(OH)V^4+^O(V^5+^O_4_)","Cu H O V","IMA2016-055"," ",6582," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ H O V^4+ V^5+","Mnl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Moluranite","Moluranite","H4U4+(U6+O2)3(Mo6+O4)7·18H2O","H4U4+(UO2)3(MoO4)7·18H2O","H_4_U^4+^(UO_2_)_3_(MoO_4_)_7_·18H_2_O","H_4_U^4+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_7_·18H_2_O","H U O Mo"," "," ",3191," ",,,"H U^4+ U^6+ O Mo^6+","Mlu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Brown.","#000000,#653700"
"Molybdenite","Molybdenite","Mo4+S2-2","MoS2","MoS_2_","Mo^4+^S^2-^_2_","Mo S"," "," ",3192,"Molybdenite","hexagonal","P63/mmc, R3m","Mo^4+ S^2-","Mol","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Black, Lead gray, Gray.","#000000,#8a7963,#808080"
"Molybdite","Molybdite","Mo6+O3","MoO3","MoO_3_","Mo^6+^O_3_","Mo O","IMA1963 s.p."," ",3193," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mo^6+ O","Myb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Greenish yellow, Light greenish yellow.","#afafaf,#cdfd02,#d7ddcd"
"Molybdofornacite","Molybdofornacite","Cu2+Pb2+2Mo6+O4As5+O4(OH)","CuPb2(MoO4)(AsO4)(OH)","CuPb_2_(MoO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_2_Mo^6+^O_4_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Cu Pb Mo O As H","IMA1982-062"," ",3194,"Fornacite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Mo^6+ O As^5+ H","Mfor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Molybdomenite","Molybdomenite","Pb2+Se4+O3","PbSe4+O3","PbSe^4+^O_3_","Pb^2+^Se^4+^O_3_","Pb Se O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3195,"Molybdomenite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/m","Pb^2+ Se^4+ O","Mdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Molybdophyllite","Molybdophyllite","Pb2+8Mg9[Si10O30(OH)8(CO3)3]·H2O","Pb8Mg9[Si10O28(OH)8O2(CO3)3]·H2O","Pb_8_Mg_9_[Si_10_O_28_(OH)_8_O_2_(CO_3_)_3_]·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_8_Mg_9_[Si_10_O_30_(OH)_8_(CO_3_)_3_]·H_2_O","Pb Mg Si O H C"," "," ",3196,"Molybdophyllite","triclinic, monoclinic","C2","Pb^2+ Mg Si O H C","Mdp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pale green, Pale yellow.","#afafaf,#69b076,#eecf9e"
"Molysite","Molysite","Fe3+Cl3","FeCl3","FeCl_3_","Fe^3+^Cl_3_","Fe Cl"," "," ",3197," ","hexagonal","R3","Fe^3+ Cl","My","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish red, Yellow, Purple red.","#9e3623,#ffff00,#990147"
"Momoiite","Momoiite","Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3","Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3","Mn^2+^_3_V^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn^2+^_3_V^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn V Si O","IMA2009-026"," ",5761,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Mn^2+ V^3+ Si O","Mom","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green, greenish-yellow, emerald-green","#00ff00,#cdfd02,#046307"
"Monazite-(Ce)","Monazite-(Ce)","Ce3+PO4","Ce(PO4)","Ce(PO_4_)","Ce^3+^PO_4_","Ce P O","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3198,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ce^3+ P O","Mnz-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Colorless, Greenish, Gray white, Yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#40a368,#d7d5cb,#ffff00"
"Monazite-(Gd)","Monazite-(Gd)","Gd(PO4)","Gd(PO4)","Gd(PO_4_)","Gd(PO_4_)","Gd P O","IMA2022-055"," ",7280,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Gd P O","Mnz-Gd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Monazite-(La)","Monazite-(La)","LaPO4","La(PO4)","La(PO_4_)","LaPO_4_","La P O","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3199,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","La P O","Mnz-La","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brown, Yellowish brown, Pink, Yellow.","#653700,#653700,#9b7a01,#ffc0cb,#ffff00"
"Monazite-(Nd)","Monazite-(Nd)","NdPO4","Nd(PO4)","Nd(PO_4_)","NdPO_4_","Nd P O","IMA1986-052"," ",3200,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Nd P O","Mnz-Nd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Red, Yellow, Orange.","#653700,#ff0000,#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Monazite-(Sm)","Monazite-(Sm)","SmPO4","Sm(PO4)","Sm(PO_4_)","SmPO_4_","Sm P O","IMA2001-001"," ",3201,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Sm P O","Mnz-Sm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish.","#faee66"
"Moncheite","Moncheite","Pt(Te,Bi)2","Pt(Te,Bi)2","Pt(Te,Bi)_2_","Pt(Te,Bi)_2_","Pt Te Bi","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3202,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pt Te Bi","Mon","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Monchetundraite","Monchetundraite","Pd2NiTe2","Pd2NiTe2","Pd_2_NiTe_2_","Pd_2_NiTe_2_","Pd Ni Te","IMA2019-020"," ",6908,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Ibam","Pd Ni Te","Mtdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Monetite","Monetite","Ca(PO3OH)","Ca(PO3OH)","Ca(PO_3_OH)","Ca(PO_3_OH)","Ca P O H"," "," ",3203," ","triclinic","P1","Ca P O H","Mnti","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Mongolite","Mongolite","Ca4Nb5+6Si5O24(OH)10·6H2O","Ca4Nb6Si5O24(OH)10·6H2O","Ca_4_Nb_6_Si_5_O_24_(OH)_10_·6H_2_O","Ca_4_Nb^5+^_6_Si_5_O_24_(OH)_10_·6H_2_O","Ca Nb Si O H","IMA1983-027"," ",3204," ","tetragonal",,"Ca Nb^5+ Si O H","Mgl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray lilac, Light violet.","#d4cacd,#d6b4fc"
"Monimolite","Monimolite","Pb2+2Sb5+2O7","Pb2Sb5+2O7","Pb_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb^2+^_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb Sb O","IMA2013 s.p."," ",3205,"Pyrochlore",,,"Pb^2+ Sb^5+ O","Mml","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray green, Yellow, Dark brown, Orange.","#86a17d,#ffff00,#73532a,#ffa500"
"Monipite","Monipite","MoNiP","MoNiP","MoNiP","MoNiP","Mo Ni P","IMA2007-033"," ",5633,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P62m","Mo Ni P","Mnp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Monohydrocalcite","Monohydrocalcite","CaCO3·H2O","Ca(CO3)·H2O","Ca(CO_3_)·H_2_O","CaCO_3_·H_2_O","Ca C O H"," "," ",3206," ","hexagonal","P31, P3121","Ca C O H","Mhcal","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Gray, Gray white, White, Light blue, Light green.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Montanite","Montanite","Bi3+2Te6+O6·nH2O (0 ≤ n ≤ 2/3)","Bi3+2Te6+O6·nH2O (0 ≤ n ≤ 2/3)","Bi^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_·nH_2_O (0 ≤ n ≤ 2/3)","Bi^3+^_2_Te^6+^O_6_·nH_2_O (0 ≤ n ≤ 2/3)","Bi Te O H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",3207," ",,,"Bi^3+ Te^6+ O H","Mta","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish, Greenish white, Yellowish, White, Light yellow.","#40a368,#d1f1de,#faee66,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Montbrayite","Montbrayite","(Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)23(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)38","(Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)23(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)38","(Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)_23_(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)_38_","(Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)_23_(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)_38_","Au Ag Sb Bi Pb Te","IMA2017 s.p."," ",3208," ","triclinic","P1","Au Ag Sb Bi Pb Te","Mnb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellowish white, Light yellow, Tin white.","#e9f1d0,#fffe7a,#cfd5db"
"Montdorite","Montdorite","KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2","KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2","KFe^2+^_1.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_Mg_0.5_Si_4_O_10_(F,OH)_2_","KFe^2+^_1.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_Mg_0.5_Si_4_O_10_(F,OH)_2_","K Fe Mn Mg Si O F H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3209,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Mg Si O F H","Mdr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green, Brownish green.","#00ff00,#6a6e09"
"Montebrasite","Montebrasite","LiAlPO4(OH)","LiAl(PO4)(OH)","LiAl(PO_4_)(OH)","LiAlPO_4_(OH)","Li Al P O H"," "," ",3210,"Titanite-Amblygonite","triclinic","C1","Li Al P O H","Mbs","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish, Colorless, Greenish, Greenish gray, Gray white.","#2976bb,#afafaf,#40a368,#96ae8d,#d7d5cb"
"Monteneroite","Monteneroite","Cu2+Mn2+2(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Cu2+Mn2+2(AsO4)2·8H2O","Cu^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu^2+^Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Cu Mn As O H","IMA2020-028"," ",7038,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Mte","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green","#76ff7b"
"Monteneveite","Monteneveite","Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12","Ca3Sb5+2(Fe3+2Fe2+)O12","Ca_3_Sb^5+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Fe^2+^)O_12_","Ca_3_Sb^5+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Fe^2+^)O_12_","Ca Sb Fe O","IMA2018-060"," ",6794,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Sb^5+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ O","Mtv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Monteponite","Monteponite","Cd2+O","CdO","CdO","Cd^2+^O","Cd O"," "," ",3211,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Cd^2+ O","Mtp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Monteregianite-(Y)","Monteregianite-(Y)","KNa2YSi8O19·5H2O","KNa2YSi8O19·5H2O","KNa_2_YSi_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","KNa_2_YSi_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","K Na Y Si O H","IMA1972-026, IMA1987 s.p."," ",3212,"Rhodesite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Bmab, C21/a, P21/n","K Na Y Si O H","Mreg-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Greenish, Gray, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#40a368,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Montesommaite","Montesommaite","K9(Si23Al9)O64·10H2O","K9(Si23Al9)O64·10H2O","K_9_(Si_23_Al_9_)O_64_·10H_2_O","K_9_(Si_23_Al_9_)O_64_·10H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA1988-038"," ",3213," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","K Si Al O H","Mtso","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Montetrisaite","Montetrisaite","Cu2+6(S6+O4)(OH)10·2H2O","Cu6(SO4)(OH)10·2H2O","Cu_6_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_·2H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA2007-009"," ",5576," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Mttr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Montgomeryite","Montgomeryite","Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_4_MgAl_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_4_MgAl_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Mg Al P O H"," "," ",3214,"Calcioferrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg Al P O H","Mgm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation","No","Colorless, Yellowish, White, Green, Red.","#afafaf,#faee66,#ffffff,#00ff00,#ff0000"
"Monticellite","Monticellite","CaMgSiO4","CaMg(SiO4)","CaMg(SiO_4_)","CaMgSiO_4_","Ca Mg Si O"," "," ",3215,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Ca Mg Si O","Mtc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, Greenish gray, Gray.","#afafaf,#96ae8d,#808080"
"Montmorillonite","Montmorillonite","(Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O","(Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O","(Na,Ca)_0.3_(Al,Mg)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","(Na,Ca)_0.3_(Al,Mg)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na Ca Al Mg Si O H"," "," ",3216,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, C2/m","Na Ca Al Mg Si O H","Mnt","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Gray white, Yellow, Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffffff,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#c9b003,#cdfd02"
"Montpelvouxite","Montpelvouxite","Ag1+Pb2+16Sb3+27As3+18S2-84","AgPb16Sb27As18S84","AgPb_16_Sb_27_As_18_S_84_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_16_Sb^3+^_27_As^3+^_18_S^2-^_84_","Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2022-137"," ",7349,"Zinkenite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Mpv",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Montroseite","Montroseite","(V3+,Fe2+,V4+)O(OH)","(V3+,Fe2+,V4+)O(OH)","(V^3+^,Fe^2+^,V^4+^)O(OH)","(V^3+^,Fe^2+^,V^4+^)O(OH)","V Fe O H"," "," ",3217,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pbnm","V^3+ Fe^2+ V^4+ O H","Mto","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Black, Grayish black.","#000000,#555152"
"Montroyalite","Montroyalite","Sr4Al8(CO3)3(OH)26·10H2O","Sr4Al8(CO3)3(OH)26·10H2O","Sr_4_Al_8_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_26_·10H_2_O","Sr_4_Al_8_(CO_3_)_3_(OH)_26_·10H_2_O","Sr Al C O H","IMA1985-001"," ",3218," ",,,"Sr Al C O H","Mtyl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Montroydite","Montroydite","Hg2+O","HgO","HgO","Hg^2+^O","Hg O"," "," ",3219," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Hg^2+ O","Mtyd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Brownish red, Brown.","#ff0000,#9e3623,#653700"
"Mooihoekite","Mooihoekite","Cu9Fe9S16","Cu9Fe9S16","Cu_9_Fe_9_S_16_","Cu_9_Fe_9_S_16_","Cu Fe S","IMA1971-019"," ",3220,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","P42m","Cu Fe S","Mho","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brass yellow, Dark purple, Pink brown.","#b58735,#35063e,#67594c"
"Moolooite","Moolooite","Cu2+(C2)6+O4·nH2O","Cu(C2O4)·nH2O","Cu(C_2_O_4_)·nH_2_O","Cu^2+^(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·nH_2_O","Cu C O H","IMA1980-082"," ",3221,"Oxalate","orthorhombic",,"Cu^2+ C O H","Moo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Blue, Green.","#0000ff,#00ff00"
"Mooreite","Mooreite","Mg15(S6+O4)2(OH)26·8H2O","Mg15(SO4)2(OH)26·8H2O","Mg_15_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_26_·8H_2_O","Mg_15_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_26_·8H_2_O","Mg S O H"," "," ",3222,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m, P21/a","Mg S^6+ O H","Mre","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Moorhouseite","Moorhouseite","Co2+S6+O4·6H2O","Co(SO4)·6H2O","Co(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Co^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Co S O H","IMA1963-008"," ",3223,"Hexahydrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Co^2+ S^6+ O H","Mh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Mopungite","Mopungite","NaSb5+(OH)6","NaSb5+(OH)6","NaSb^5+^(OH)_6_","NaSb^5+^(OH)_6_","Na Sb O H","IMA1982-020"," ",3224,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P42/n","Na Sb^5+ O H","Mop","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, Milky white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Moraesite","Moraesite","Be2PO4(OH)·4H2O","Be2(PO4)(OH)·4H2O","Be_2_(PO_4_)(OH)·4H_2_O","Be_2_PO_4_(OH)·4H_2_O","Be P O H"," "," ",3225," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Be P O H","Mae","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Moragite","Moragite","Ca3Ti4+Si2(Al2Si)O14","Ca3TiSi2(Al2Si)O14","Ca_3_TiSi_2_(Al_2_Si)O_14_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Si_2_(Al_2_Si)O_14_","Ca Ti Si Al O","IMA2023-088"," ",7436,"Paqueite","hexagonal","P321","Ca Ti^4+ Si Al O","Mora",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Moraskoite","Moraskoite","Na2Mg(PO4)F","Na2Mg(PO4)F","Na_2_Mg(PO_4_)F","Na_2_Mg(PO_4_)F","Na Mg P O F","IMA2013-084"," ",6243,"Moraskoite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na Mg P O F","Mok","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Mordenite","Mordenite","(Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96·28H2O","(Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96·28H2O","(Na_2_,Ca,K_2_)_4_(Al_8_Si_40_)O_96_·28H_2_O","(Na_2_,Ca,K_2_)_4_(Al_8_Si_40_)O_96_·28H_2_O","Na Ca K Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3226,"Mordenite","orthorhombic","Cmc21, Cmcm","Na Ca K Al Si O H","Mor","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Pinkish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#d46a7e"
"Moreauite","Moreauite","Al3(U6+O2)(PO4)3(OH)2·13H2O","Al3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2·13H2O","Al_3_(UO_2_)(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_·13H_2_O","Al_3_(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_·13H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1984-010"," ",3227," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Al U^6+ O P H","Moa","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Morelandite","Morelandite","Ca2Ba3(As5+O4)3Cl","Ca2Ba3(AsO4)3Cl","Ca_2_Ba_3_(AsO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_2_Ba_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Ca Ba As O Cl","IMA1977-035"," ",3228,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Ba As^5+ O Cl","Mldt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish yellow, Gray, Grayish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#808080,#877254,#fffe7a"
"Morenosite","Morenosite","Ni2+S6+O4·7H2O","Ni(SO4)·7H2O","Ni(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Ni^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Ni S O H"," "," ",3229,"Epsomite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Mren","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Apple green, Greenish white.","#69b076,#d1f1de"
"Morimotoite","Morimotoite","Ca3Ti4+Fe2+Si3O12","Ca3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3","Ca_3_(TiFe^2+^)(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Fe^2+^Si_3_O_12_","Ca Ti Fe Si O","IMA1992-017"," ",3230,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Ti^4+ Fe^2+ Si O","Mmt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Morinite","Morinite","NaCa2Al2(PO4)2(OH)F4·2H2O","NaCa2Al2(PO4)2(OH)F4·2H2O","NaCa_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)F_4_·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)F_4_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Al P O H F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3231," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Ca Al P O H F","Mori","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Light pink, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df,#ffc0cb"
"Morleyite","Morleyite","Ag1+2Cu1+Pb2+25Sb3+24As3+4S2-68.5","Ag2CuPb25Sb24As4S68.5","Ag_2_CuPb_25_Sb_24_As_4_S_68.5_","Ag^1+^_2_Cu^1+^Pb^2+^_25_Sb^3+^_24_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_68.5_","Ag Cu Pb Sb As S","IMA2024-076"," ",7530,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Myt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Morningstarite","Morningstarite","Na(W6+2.67Fe3+0.33)O9·H2O","Na(W2.67Fe3+0.33)O9·H2O","Na(W_2.67_Fe^3+^_0.33_)O_9_·H_2_O","Na(W^6+^_2.67_Fe^3+^_0.33_)O_9_·H_2_O","Na W Fe O H","IMA2024-081"," ",7532,"Wumuite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","Na W^6+ Fe^3+ O H","Mnsr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Morozeviczite","Morozeviczite","Pb3Ge1-xS4","Pb3Ge1-xS4","Pb_3_Ge_1-x_S_4_","Pb_3_Ge_1-x_S_4_","Pb Ge S","IMA1974-036"," ",3232," ",,,"Pb Ge S","Mzv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish gray.","#86775f"
"Morrisonite","Morrisonite","Ca11(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)2·78H2O","Ca11(As3+V4+2V5+10As5+6O51)2·78H2O","Ca_11_(As^3+^V^4+^_2_V^5+^_10_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·78H_2_O","Ca_11_(As^3+^V^4+^_2_V^5+^_10_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·78H_2_O","Ca As V O H","IMA2014-088"," ",6386,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca As^3+ V^4+ V^5+ As^5+ O H","Mris","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark blue","#3a4859"
"Mosandrite-(Ce)","Mosandrite-(Ce)","Ca2(CaCe3+)[(H2O)2Ca0.5☐0.5]Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ca2(CaCe)[(H2O)2Ca0.5☐0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ca_2_(CaCe)[(H_2_O)_2_Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_]Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca_2_(CaCe^3+^)[(H_2_O)_2_Ca_0.5_[box]_0.5_]Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca Ce H O Ti Si","IMA2016 s.p."," ",5004,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Ce^3+ H O Ti^4+ Si","Msd-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Deep reddish brown, brownish green, yellowish; greenish yellow","#bb603c,#6a6e09,#faee66,#cdfd02"
"Moschelite","Moschelite","Hg1+I1-","HgI","HgI","Hg^1+^I^1-^","Hg I","IMA1987-038"," ",3233," ","tetragonal","I4m2, P42/mnm, I4/mmm","Hg^1+ I^1-","Msch","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Lemon yellow, Dark olive green.","#cfff04,#373e02"
"Moschellandsbergite","Moschellandsbergite","Ag2Hg3","Ag2Hg3","Ag_2_Hg_3_","Ag_2_Hg_3_","Ag Hg"," "," ",3234," ","cubic","I23","Ag Hg","Mlb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Mosesite","Mosesite","(Hg2+2N3-)Cl","(Hg2N)Cl","(Hg_2_N)Cl","(Hg^2+^_2_N^3-^)Cl","Hg N Cl"," "," ",3235," ","cubic",,"Hg^2+ N^3- Cl","Mos","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, Light green, Olive green.","#ffff00,#76ff7b,#8ead2c"
"Moskvinite-(Y)","Moskvinite-(Y)","Na2KYSi6O15","Na2KYSi6O15","Na_2_KYSi_6_O_15_","Na_2_KYSi_6_O_15_","Na K Y Si O","IMA2002-031"," ",3236," ","orthorhombic","Ibmm","Na K Y Si O","Mskv-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Mössbauerite","Mossbauerite","Fe3+6O4(OH)8(CO3)·3H2O","Fe3+6O4(OH)8(CO3)·3H2O","Fe^3+^_6_O_4_(OH)_8_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_6_O_4_(OH)_8_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe O H C","IMA2012-049"," ",6106,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3m1","Fe^3+ O H C","Msb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Mottanaite-(Ce)","Mottanaite-(Ce)","Ca4Ce3+2Al(Be1.5☐0.5)[B4Si4O22]O2","Ca4Ce2Al(Be1.5☐0.5)Σ2[B4Si4O22]O2","Ca_4_Ce_2_Al(Be_1.5_[box]_0.5_)_Σ2_[B_4_Si_4_O_22_]O_2_","Ca_4_Ce^3+^_2_Al(Be_1.5_[box]_0.5_)[B_4_Si_4_O_22_]O_2_","Ca Ce Al Be B Si O","IMA2001-020"," ",3237,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Ce^3+ Al Be B Si O","Mot-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Mottramite","Mottramite","Pb2+Cu2+V5+O4(OH)","PbCu(VO4)(OH)","PbCu(VO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Cu V O H"," "," ",3238,"Descloizite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ V^5+ O H","Mott","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brown red, Brownish black, Green, Dark green.","#653700,#922b05,#413936,#00ff00,#033500"
"Motukoreaite","Motukoreaite","Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](S6+O4)2·6H2O","Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Mg_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg Al O H Na S","IMA1976-033"," ",3239,"Woodwardite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Al O H Na S^6+","Mtu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Yellow green, White, Light yellow.","#c8fd3d,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Mounanaite","Mounanaite","Pb2+Fe3+2(V5+O4)2(OH)2","PbFe3+2(VO4)2(OH)2","PbFe^3+^_2_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Fe V O H","IMA1968-031"," ",3240,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Mun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red.","#9e3623"
"Mountainite","Mountainite","KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)]·6H2O","KNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)]·6H2O","KNa_2_Ca_2_[Si_8_O_19_(OH)]·6H_2_O","KNa_2_Ca_2_[Si_8_O_19_(OH)]·6H_2_O","K Na Ca Si O H"," "," ",3241," ","monoclinic","P2/c","K Na Ca Si O H","Mtn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Mountkeithite","Mountkeithite","(Mg1-xFe3+x)(S6+O4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Mg1-xFe3+x)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Mg_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Mg_1-x_Fe^3+^_x_)(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","Mg Fe S O H","IMA1980-038"," ",3242,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Mg Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Mke","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light pink.","#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Mourite","Mourite","U6+O2Mo6+5O16·5H2O","(UO2)(Mo6+)5O16·5H2O","(UO_2_)(Mo^6+^)_5_O_16_·5H_2_O","U^6+^O_2_Mo^6+^_5_O_16_·5H_2_O","U O Mo H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3243," ","monoclinic",,"U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Mou","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Violet.","#9a0eea"
"Moxuanxueite","Moxuanxueite","NaCa6Zr4+(Si2O7)2OF3","NaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3","NaCa_6_Zr(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","NaCa_6_Zr^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","Na Ca Zr Si O F","IMA2019-100, IMA2022 s.p."," ",7060,"Wöhlerite","triclinic","P1, P1","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O F","Mox","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","light yellow to yellow brown","#fffe7a,#ae8b0c"
"Moydite-(Y)","Moydite-(Y)","YB(OH)4CO3","YB(OH)4(CO3)","YB(OH)_4_(CO_3_)","YB(OH)_4_CO_3_","Y B O H C","IMA1985-025, IMA1987 s.p."," ",3244," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Y B O H C","Moy-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Mozartite","Mozartite","CaMn3+SiO4(OH)","CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH)","CaMn^3+^(SiO_4_)(OH)","CaMn^3+^SiO_4_(OH)","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1991-016"," ",3245,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Moz","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red, Reddish brown.","#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Mozgovaite","Mozgovaite","Pb2+Bi3+4S2-7","PbBi4S7","PbBi_4_S_7_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_4_S^2-^_7_","Pb Bi S","IMA1998-060"," ",3246," ","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mzg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Mpororoite","Mpororoite","Al2O(W6+O4)2·6H2O","Al2O(WO4)2·6H2O","Al_2_O(WO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Al_2_O(W^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Al O W H","IMA1970-037"," ",3247,"Anthoinite","monoclinic, triclinic",,"Al O W^6+ H","Mpo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Mrázekite","Mrazekite","Bi3+2Cu2+3(PO4)2O2(OH)2·2H2O","Bi2Cu3(PO4)2O2(OH)2·2H2O","Bi_2_Cu_3_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Bi^3+^_2_Cu^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Bi Cu P O H","IMA1990-045"," ",3248," ","monoclinic","C2/m, P21/n","Bi^3+ Cu^2+ P O H","Mrz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cerulean blue, dark blue","#2a52be,#315b7d"
"Mroseite","Mroseite","CaTe4+O2(CO3)","CaTe4+O2(CO3)","CaTe^4+^O_2_(CO_3_)","CaTe^4+^O_2_(CO_3_)","Ca Te O C","IMA1974-032"," ",3249," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Te^4+ O C","Mros","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Mückeite","Muckeite","Cu1+Ni2+Bi3+S2-3","CuNiBiS3","CuNiBiS_3_","Cu^1+^Ni^2+^Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Ni Bi S","IMA1988-018"," ",3250,"Lapieite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^1+ Ni^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Müc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray with an orange tint","#d8dcd6"
"Muirite","Muirite","Ba10Ca2Mn2+Ti4+Si10O30(OH,Cl,F)10","Ba10Ca2Mn2+TiSi10O30(OH,Cl,F)10","Ba_10_Ca_2_Mn^2+^TiSi_10_O_30_(OH,Cl,F)_10_","Ba_10_Ca_2_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^Si_10_O_30_(OH,Cl,F)_10_","Ba Ca Mn Ti Si O H Cl F","IMA1964-013"," ",3251,"Muirite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Ba Ca Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H Cl F","Mui","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange, Brown.","#ffa500,#653700"
"Mukhinite","Mukhinite","Ca2Al2V3+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2(Al2V3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_V^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca_2_Al_2_V^3+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al V Si O H","IMA1968-035"," ",3252,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic",,"Ca Al V^3+ Si O H","Muk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Müllerite","Mullerite","Pb2+2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl","Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl","Pb_2_Fe^3+^(Te^6+^O_6_)Cl","Pb^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(Te^6+^O_6_)Cl","Pb Fe Te O Cl","IMA2019-060"," ",6948,"Backite","hexagonal","P312","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Te^6+ O Cl","Mül","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, tending to reddish-orange","#ffff00,#9ecfd9,#f8481c"
"Mullite","Mullite","Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x (x ≈ 0.4)","Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x (x ≈ 0.4)","Al_4+2x_Si_2-2x_O_10-x_ (x ≈ 0.4)","Al_4+2x_Si_2-2x_O_10-x_ (x ≈ 0.4)","Al Si O"," "," ",3253," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Al Si O","Mul","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Violet, Yellow, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#ffff00,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Mummeite","Mummeite","Cu1+0.58Ag1+3.11Pb2+1.10Bi3+6.65S2-13","Cu0.58Ag3.11Pb1.10Bi6.65S13","Cu_0.58_Ag_3.11_Pb_1.10_Bi_6.65_S_13_","Cu^1+^_0.58_Ag^1+^_3.11_Pb^2+^_1.10_Bi^3+^_6.65_S^2-^_13_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1986-025"," ",3254,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Mum","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Munakataite","Munakataite","Pb2+2Cu2+2(Se4+O3)S6+O4(OH)4","Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4","Pb_2_Cu_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)(SO_4_)(OH)_4_","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Pb Cu Se O S H","IMA2007-012"," ",5618,"Linarite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Se^4+ O S^6+ H","Mkat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Mundite","Mundite","Al(U6+O2)3(PO4)2(OH)3·5.5H2O","Al(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3·5.5H2O","Al(UO_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5.5H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5.5H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1980-075"," ",3255," ","orthorhombic",,"Al U^6+ O P H","Mud","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Light yellow.","#ffdf00,#fffe7a"
"Mundrabillaite","Mundrabillaite","(N3-H4)2Ca(PO3OH)2·H2O","(NH4)2Ca(PO3OH)2·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Ca(PO_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ca(PO_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","N H Ca P O","IMA1978-058"," ",3256," ","monoclinic",,"N^3- H Ca P O","Mb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Munirite","Munirite","NaV5+O3·1.9H2O","NaV5+O3·1.9H2O","NaV^5+^O_3_·1.9H_2_O","NaV^5+^O_3_·1.9H_2_O","Na V O H","IMA1982-038"," ",3257," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Na V^5+ O H","Mni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Muonionalustaite","Muonionalustaite","Ni2+3(OH)4Cl2·4H2O","Ni3(OH)4Cl2·4H2O","Ni_3_(OH)_4_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_3_(OH)_4_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Ni O H Cl","IMA2020-010"," ",7026," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ O H Cl","Muo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","green","#00ff00"
"Murakamiite","Murakamiite","Ca2LiSi3O8(OH)","Ca2LiSi3O8(OH)","Ca_2_LiSi_3_O_8_(OH)","Ca_2_LiSi_3_O_8_(OH)","Ca Li Si O H","IMA2016-066"," ",6595,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1","Ca Li Si O H","Mkm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White to colourless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Murashkoite","Murashkoite","FeP","FeP","FeP","FeP","Fe P","IMA2012-071"," ",6125,"Nickeline","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","Fe P","Muh","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Yellowish-grey","#edeeda"
"Murataite-(Y)","Murataite-(Y)","(Y,Na)6Zn2+(Zn2+,Fe3+)4(Ti4+,Nb5+,Na)12O29(O,F,OH)10F4","(Y,Na)6Zn(Zn,Fe3+)4(Ti,Nb,Na)12O29(O,F,OH)10F4","(Y,Na)_6_Zn(Zn,Fe^3+^)_4_(Ti,Nb,Na)_12_O_29_(O,F,OH)_10_F_4_","(Y,Na)_6_Zn^2+^(Zn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_4_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^,Na)_12_O_29_(O,F,OH)_10_F_4_","Y Na Zn Fe Ti Nb O F H","IMA1972-007"," ",3258," ","cubic","F43m","Y Na Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O F H","Mrat-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Murchisite","Murchisite","Cr5S6","Cr5S6","Cr_5_S_6_","Cr_5_S_6_","Cr S","IMA2010-003"," ",5830," ","hexagonal","P31c","Cr S","Mur","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Murdochite","Murdochite","Cu2+12Pb4+2O15Cl2","Cu12Pb2O15Cl2","Cu_12_Pb_2_O_15_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_12_Pb^4+^_2_O_15_Cl_2_","Cu Pb O Cl"," "," ",3259,"Murdochite","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Cu^2+ Pb^4+ O Cl","Mdh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Murmanite","Murmanite","Na2Ti4+2Na2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4","Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4","Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Na Ti Si O H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",3260,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1, P1","Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Mmn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Bright pink, Silvery, Yellow, Brown.","#ffc0cb,#ffd1df,#c0c0c0,#ffff00,#653700"
"Murphyite","Murphyite","Pb2+(Te6+O4)","Pb(Te6+O4)","Pb(Te^6+^O_4_)","Pb^2+^(Te^6+^O_4_)","Pb Te O","IMA2021-107"," ",7210,"Raspite","monoclinic, unknown","P21/a","Pb^2+ Te^6+ O","Mpy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless to very pale yellow","#afafaf,#927288"
"Murunskite","Murunskite","K2(Cu1+,Cu2+,Fe2+)4S2-4","K2(Cu,Fe)4S4","K_2_(Cu,Fe)_4_S_4_","K_2_(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^,Fe^2+^)_4_S^2-^_4_","K Cu Fe S","IMA1980-064"," ",3261,"Bukovite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Fe^2+ S^2-","Mu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Copper brown, Black.","#758da3,#9a6051,#000000"
"Muscovite","Muscovite","KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","KAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3262,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic, hexagonal","C2, C2/c, C1, P3112","K Al Si O H","Ms","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White, Gray, Silver white, Brownish white, Greenish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#e7e8e3,#d1f1de,#d1f1de"
"Museumite","Museumite","[Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2]","[Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2]","[Pb_2_(Pb,Sb)_2_S_8_][(Te,Au)_2_]","[Pb_2_(Pb,Sb)_2_S_8_][(Te,Au)_2_]","Pb Sb S Te Au","IMA2003-039"," ",5244," ","monoclinic",,"Pb Sb S Te Au","Mus","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Dark silver gray.","#3e4445"
"Mushistonite","Mushistonite","Cu2+Sn4+(OH)6","Cu2+Sn4+(OH)6","Cu^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Cu Sn O H","IMA1982-068"," ",3263,"Perovskite","cubic, tetragonal","Pn3m, P42/nnm","Cu^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Mhi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish green, Malachite green.","#6a6e09,#004e00"
"Muskoxite","Muskoxite","Mg7Fe3+4(OH)26·H2O","Mg7Fe3+4(OH)26·H2O (?)","Mg_7_Fe^3+^_4_(OH)_26_·H_2_O (?)","Mg_7_Fe^3+^_4_(OH)_26_·H_2_O","Mg Fe O H","IMA1967-043"," ",3264,"Hydrotalcite",,,"Mg Fe^3+ O H","Mkx","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Muthmannite","Muthmannite","AuAgTe2","AuAgTe2","AuAgTe_2_","AuAgTe_2_","Au Ag Te"," "," ",3265," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Au Ag Te","Mma","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blackish yellow, Bronzy yellow, Grayish white.","#fee715,#737000,#d6dee9"
"Mutinaite","Mutinaite","Na3Ca4Al11Si85O192·60H2O","Na3Ca4Al11Si85O192·60H2O","Na_3_Ca_4_Al_11_Si_85_O_192_·60H_2_O","Na_3_Ca_4_Al_11_Si_85_O_192_·60H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H","IMA1996-025"," ",3266," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Ca Al Si O H","Mut","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, Milky white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Mutnovskite","Mutnovskite","Pb2+2As3+S2-3(I1-,Cl,Br)","Pb2AsS3(I,Cl,Br)","Pb_2_AsS_3_(I,Cl,Br)","Pb^2+^_2_As^3+^S^2-^_3_(I^1-^,Cl,Br)","Pb As S I Cl Br","IMA2004-032"," ",5285," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2- I^1- Cl Br","Mvs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Ruby red, Brownish red.","#9b111e,#9e3623"
"Naalasite","Naalasite","NaAl(As5+O3OH)2·H2O","NaAl(AsO3OH)2·H2O","NaAl(AsO_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","NaAl(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","Na Al As O H","IMA2023-027"," ",7383,"Nafeasite","hexagonal","R32","Na Al As^5+ O H","Naa",,"No","light to medium pink","#f2eeaf,#f36196"
"Nabalamprophyllite","Nabalamprophyllite","(BaNa)Ti4+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(BaNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2","(BaNa)Ti_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","(BaNa)Ti^4+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba Na Ti Si O H","IMA2001-060"," ",5303,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P2/m, Pnmn","Ba Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Nlmp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Yellowish brown.","#653700,#9b7a01"
"Nabaphite","Nabaphite","NaBaPO4·9H2O","NaBa(PO4)·9H2O","NaBa(PO_4_)·9H_2_O","NaBaPO_4_·9H_2_O","Na Ba P O H","IMA1981-058"," ",3267," ","cubic","P213","Na Ba P O H","Nbh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Nabateaite","Nabateaite","Fe2+2P2O7","Fe2P2O7","Fe_2_P_2_O_7_","Fe^2+^_2_P_2_O_7_","Fe P O","IMA2021-026"," ",7137," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ P O","Nbt","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nabesite","Nabesite","Na2BeSi4O10·4H2O","Na2BeSi4O10·4H2O","Na_2_BeSi_4_O_10_·4H_2_O","Na_2_BeSi_4_O_10_·4H_2_O","Na Be Si O H","IMA2000-024"," ",3268," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Na Be Si O H","Nbs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Nabiasite","Nabiasite","BaMn2+9(V5+O4)6(OH)2","BaMn9(VO4)6(OH)2","BaMn_9_(VO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_","BaMn^2+^_9_(V^5+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_","Ba Mn V O H","IMA1997-050"," ",3269," ","cubic","Pa3","Ba Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Nbi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Nabimusaite","Nabimusaite","KCa12(SiO4)4(S6+O4)2O2F","KCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O2F","KCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)_2_O_2_F","KCa_12_(SiO_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O_2_F","K Ca Si O S F","IMA2012-057"," ",6113,"Arctite","hexagonal","R3m","K Ca Si O S^6+ F","Nbm","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Nabokoite","Nabokoite","Cu2+7Te4+O4(S6+O4)5·KCl","Cu7Te4+O4(SO4)5·KCl","Cu_7_Te^4+^O_4_(SO_4_)_5_·KCl","Cu^2+^_7_Te^4+^O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_·KCl","Cu Te O S K Cl","IMA1985-013a"," ",3270," ","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O S^6+ K Cl","Nab","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellow, Yellow brown.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Nacaphite","Nacaphite","Na2Ca(PO4)F","Na2Ca(PO4)F","Na_2_Ca(PO_4_)F","Na_2_Ca(PO_4_)F","Na Ca P O F","IMA1979-026"," ",3271," ","hexagonal, triclinic","R3m, P1","Na Ca P O F","Ncp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Nacareniobsite-(Ce)","Nacareniobsite-(Ce)","Ca2(CaCe3+)Na3Nb5+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(CaCe)Na3Nb(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(CaCe)Na_3_Nb(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(CaCe^3+^)Na_3_Nb^5+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Ce Na Nb Si O F","IMA1987-040"," ",3272,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Ca Ce^3+ Na Nb^5+ Si O F","Nns-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Nacareniobsite-(Nd)","Nacareniobsite-(Nd)","Ca2(CaNd)Na3Nb5+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(CaNd)Na3Nb(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(CaNd)Na_3_Nb(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(CaNd)Na_3_Nb^5+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Nd Na Nb Si O F","IMA2023-012"," ",7547,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Nd Na Nb^5+ Si O F","Nns-Nd",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Nacareniobsite-(Y)","Nacareniobsite-(Y)","Na3Ca3YNb5+(Si2O7)2OF3","Na3Ca3YNb(Si2O7)2OF3","Na_3_Ca_3_YNb(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","Na_3_Ca_3_YNb^5+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_OF_3_","Na Ca Y Nb Si O F","IMA2022-105"," ",7326,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca Y Nb^5+ Si O F","Nns-Y",,"No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Nacrite","Nacrite","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al2Si2O5(OH)4","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Al Si O H"," "," ",3273,"Clay, Kaolinite","monoclinic","Cc","Al Si O H","Ncr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Brownish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#9c6d57"
"Nadorite","Nadorite","Pb2+Sb3+O2Cl","PbSb3+O2Cl","PbSb^3+^O_2_Cl","Pb^2+^Sb^3+^O_2_Cl","Pb Sb O Cl"," "," ",3274,"Nadorite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ O Cl","Nad","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Grayish brown, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#7a6a4f,#ffff00"
"Nafeasite","Nafeasite","Na3Fe3+3(As5+O3OH)6·3H2O","Na3Fe3+3(AsO3OH)6·3H2O","Na_3_Fe^3+^_3_(AsO_3_OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_3_Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Fe As O H","IMA2021-103"," ",7205,"Nafeasite","monoclinic","C2","Na Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Nfa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light to medium pink","#f2eeaf,#f36196"
"Nafertisite","Nafertisite","Na3Fe2+10Ti4+2(Si6O17)2O2(OH)6F·2H2O","Na3Fe2+10Ti2(Si6O17)2O2(OH)6F(H2O)2","Na_3_Fe^2+^_10_Ti_2_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_O_2_(OH)_6_F(H_2_O)_2_","Na_3_Fe^2+^_10_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_O_2_(OH)_6_F·2H_2_O","Na Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA1994-007"," ",3275," ","monoclinic","A2/m","Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Naf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green, Dark grass green.","#00ff00,#9ea26b"
"Nagashimalite","Nagashimalite","Ba4(V3+,Ti4+)4(O,OH)2[B2Si8O27]Cl","Ba4(V3+,Ti)4(O,OH)2[B2Si8O27]Cl","Ba_4_(V^3+^,Ti)_4_(O,OH)_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl","Ba_4_(V^3+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(O,OH)_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl","Ba V Ti O H B Si Cl","IMA1977-045"," ",3276," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ba V^3+ Ti^4+ O H B Si Cl","Ngs","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Nagelschmidtite","Nagelschmidtite","Ca7(SiO4)2(PO4)2","Ca7(SiO4)2(PO4)2","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca_7_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca Si O P","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3277," ","hexagonal","P61","Ca Si O P","Nsc","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brown, Colorless, Yellowish white, Light yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#fffe7a"
"Nagyágite","Nagyagite","[Pb(Pb,Sb)S2][(Au,Te)]","[Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3","[Pb_3_(Pb,Sb)_3_S_6_](Au,Te)_3_","[Pb(Pb,Sb)S_2_][(Au,Te)]","Pb Sb S Au Te"," "," ",3278," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb Sb S Au Te","Ngy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black-grey","#24272e"
"Nahcolite","Nahcolite","NaHCO3","NaH(CO3)","NaH(CO_3_)","NaHCO_3_","Na H C O"," "," ",3279," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","Na H C O","Nah","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Brown, Black.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#653700,#000000"
"Nahpoite","Nahpoite","Na2(PO3OH)","Na2(PO3OH)","Na_2_(PO_3_OH)","Na_2_(PO_3_OH)","Na P O H","IMA1981-002"," ",3280," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na P O H","Nhp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Nakauriite","Nakauriite","Cu2+8(S6+O4)4(CO3)(OH)6·48H2O","Cu8(SO4)4(CO3)(OH)6·48H2O","Cu_8_(SO_4_)_4_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·48H_2_O","Cu^2+^_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·48H_2_O","Cu S O C H","IMA1976-016"," ",3281," ","orthorhombic",,"Cu^2+ S^6+ O C H","Nak","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue, Light blue.","#9fb9e2,#add8e6"
"Nakkaalaaqite","Nakkaalaaqite","K2[Na3Ca]LiCa2Ti4+2Be4Si12O38","K2[Na3Ca]LiCa2Ti2Be4Si12O38","K_2_[Na_3_Ca]LiCa_2_Ti_2_Be_4_Si_12_O_38_","K_2_[Na_3_Ca]LiCa_2_Ti^4+^_2_Be_4_Si_12_O_38_","K Na Ca Li Ti Be Si O","IMA2020-059"," ",7073,"Odintsovite","orthorhombic","Fddd","K Na Ca Li Ti^4+ Be Si O","Nka","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Naldrettite","Naldrettite","Pd2Sb","Pd2Sb","Pd_2_Sb","Pd_2_Sb","Pd Sb","IMA2004-007"," ",5270," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Pd Sb","Nld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nalipoite","Nalipoite","NaLi2PO4","NaLi2(PO4)","NaLi_2_(PO_4_)","NaLi_2_PO_4_","Na Li P O","IMA1990-030"," ",3282," ","orthorhombic","Pmnb","Na Li P O","Nlp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light blue, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#add8e6,#fffe7a"
"Nalivkinite","Nalivkinite","Li2NaFe2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2","Li2NaFe2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2","Li_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F(H_2_O)_2_","Li_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F(H_2_O)_2_","Li Na Fe Ti Si O H F","IMA2006-038"," ",5362,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","Li Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Nlv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Namansilite","Namansilite","NaMn3+Si2O6","NaMn3+Si2O6","NaMn^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaMn^3+^Si_2_O_6_","Na Mn Si O","IMA1989-026"," ",3283," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mn^3+ Si O","Nms","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red, Violet red.","#9e3623,#a50055"
"Nambulite","Nambulite","LiMn2+4Si5O14(OH)","LiMn2+4Si5O14(OH)","LiMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","LiMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Li Mn Si O H","IMA1971-032"," ",3284,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Li Mn^2+ Si O H","Nbl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Reddish orange brown.","#f8481c"
"Namibite","Namibite","Cu2+(Bi3+O)2V5+O4(OH)","Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH)","Cu(BiO)_2_(VO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^(Bi^3+^O)_2_V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Cu Bi O V H","IMA1981-024"," ",3285," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Bi^3+ O V^5+ H","Nmb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Namuwite","Namuwite","Zn2+4S6+O4(OH)6·4H2O","Zn4(SO4)(OH)6·4H2O","Zn_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA1981-020"," ",3286,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","P3","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Nmw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light green, Pale sea green.","#76ff7b,#c3e7e8"
"Nancyrossite","Nancyrossite","Fe3+GeO6H5","FeGeO6H5","FeGeO_6_H_5_","Fe^3+^GeO_6_H_5_","Fe Ge O H","IMA2024-033"," ",7546,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P42/n","Fe^3+ Ge O H","Ncy",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nanlingite","Nanlingite","NaCa5LiMg12(As3+O3)2[Fe2+(As3+O3)6]F14","Na(Ca5Li)Mg12(AsO3)2[Fe2+(AsO3)6]F14","Na(Ca_5_Li)Mg_12_(AsO_3_)_2_[Fe^2+^(AsO_3_)_6_]F_14_","NaCa_5_LiMg_12_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_[Fe^2+^(As^3+^O_3_)_6_]F_14_","Na Ca Li Mg As O Fe F","IMA1985-xxx?"," ",3287," ","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Na Ca Li Mg As^3+ O Fe^2+ F","Nan","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown red, Dark brown.","#922b05,#73532a"
"Nannoniite","Nannoniite","Al2(OH)5F","Al2(OH)5F","Al_2_(OH)_5_F","Al_2_(OH)_5_F","Al O H F","IMA2024-010"," ",7475,"Gibbsite","monoclinic","P21/n","Al O H F","Nnn",,"No","colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Nanpingite","Nanpingite","CsAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","CsAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","CsAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","CsAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","Cs Al Si O H","IMA1987-006"," ",3288,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c","Cs Al Si O H","Npg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Silver white.","#ffffff,#e7e8e3"
"Nantokite","Nantokite","Cu1+Cl","CuCl","CuCl","Cu^1+^Cl","Cu Cl"," "," ",3289,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Cu^1+ Cl","Ntk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White, Grayish, Green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#cfcac7,#00ff00"
"Napoliite","Napoliite","Pb2+2OFCl","Pb2OFCl","Pb_2_OFCl","Pb^2+^_2_OFCl","Pb O F Cl","IMA2022-073"," ",7294,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P42/mcm","Pb^2+ O F Cl","Npi",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Naquite","Naquite","FeSi","FeSi","FeSi","FeSi","Fe Si","IMA2010-010"," ",5837,"Brownleeite","cubic","P213","Fe Si","Naq","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel grey, Tin white","#43464b,#cfd5db"
"Narsarsukite","Narsarsukite","Na2(Ti4+,Fe3+)Si4(O,F)11","Na2(Ti,Fe3+)Si4(O,F)11","Na_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^)Si_4_(O,F)_11_","Na_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)Si_4_(O,F)_11_","Na Ti Fe Si O F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3290," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Na Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Si O F","Nar","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Brownish gray, Colorless, Green, Honey yellow.","#653700,#86775f,#afafaf,#00ff00,#ca9456"
"Nashite","Nashite","Na3Ca2[(V4+V5+9)O28]·24H2O","Na3Ca2[(V4+V5+9)O28]·24H2O","Na_3_Ca_2_[(V^4+^V^5+^_9_)O_28_]·24H_2_O","Na_3_Ca_2_[(V^4+^V^5+^_9_)O_28_]·24H_2_O","Na Ca V O H","IMA2011-105"," ",6048,"Pascoite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Ca V^4+ V^5+ O H","Nsh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish-green","#10a674"
"Nasinite","Nasinite","Na2B5O8(OH)·2H2O","Na2B5O8(OH)·2H2O","Na_2_B_5_O_8_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na_2_B_5_O_8_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3291," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","Na B O H","Nas","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Nasledovite","Nasledovite","Pb2+Mn2+3Al4O5(CO3)4(S6+O4)·5H2O","PbMn2+3Al4O5(SO4)(CO3)4·5H2O","PbMn^2+^_3_Al_4_O_5_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_4_·5H_2_O","Pb^2+^Mn^2+^_3_Al_4_O_5_(CO_3_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","Pb Mn Al O S C H"," "," ",3292,"Alumohydrocalcite",,,"Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Al O C S^6+ H","Ndv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Nasonite","Nasonite","Ca4Pb2+6(Si2O7)3Cl2","Ca4Pb6(Si2O7)3Cl2","Ca_4_Pb_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_Cl_2_","Ca_4_Pb^2+^_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_Cl_2_","Ca Pb Si O Cl"," "," ",3293," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Pb^2+ Si O Cl","Nso","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Nastrophite","Nastrophite","NaSrPO4·9H2O","NaSr(PO4)·9H2O","NaSr(PO_4_)·9H_2_O","NaSrPO_4_·9H_2_O","Na Sr P O H","IMA1980-051"," ",3294," ","cubic","P213","Na Sr P O H","Nsp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Nataliakulikite","Nataliakulikite","Ca4Ti4+2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(Si,Fe3+,Al)O11","Ca4Ti2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(Si,Fe3+,Al)O11","Ca_4_Ti_2_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)(Si,Fe^3+^,Al)O_11_","Ca_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)(Si,Fe^3+^,Al)O_11_","Ca Ti Fe Si Al O","IMA2018-061"," ",6795,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si Al O","Nkk","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brown","#653700"
"Nataliyamalikite","Nataliyamalikite","Tl1+I1-","TlI","TlI","Tl^1+^I^1-^","Tl I","IMA2016-022"," ",6550," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Tl^1+ I^1-","Nml","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Natalyite","Natalyite","NaV3+Si2O6","NaV3+Si2O6","NaV^3+^Si_2_O_6_","NaV^3+^Si_2_O_6_","Na V Si O","IMA1984-053"," ",3295,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Na V^3+ Si O","Nta","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow green, Light green.","#c8fd3d,#76ff7b"
"Natanite","Natanite","Fe2+Sn4+(OH)6","Fe2+Sn4+(OH)6","Fe^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Fe^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Fe Sn O H","IMA1980-028"," ",3296,"Perovskite","cubic","Pn3, Pn3m","Fe^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Ntn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown.","#696112"
"Natisite","Natisite","Na2Ti4+O(SiO4)","Na2TiO(SiO4)","Na_2_TiO(SiO_4_)","Na_2_Ti^4+^O(SiO_4_)","Na Ti O Si","IMA1974-035"," ",3297," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Na Ti^4+ O Si","Nts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish gray, Yellow green.","#96ae8d,#c8fd3d"
"Natrite","Natrite","Na2CO3","Na2(CO3)","Na_2_(CO_3_)","Na_2_CO_3_","Na C O","IMA1981-005"," ",3298," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na C O","Nat","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow orange, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#fcb001,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Natroalunite","Natroalunite","NaAl3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6","NaAl_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","NaAl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Na Al S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3299,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Al S^6+ O H","Nalu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","White, Grayish, Yellowish, Reddish, Brownish.","#ffffff,#cfcac7,#faee66,#c44240,#9c6d57"
"Natroaphthitalite","Natroaphthitalite","KNa3(S6+O4)2","KNa3(SO4)2","KNa_3_(SO_4_)_2_","KNa_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Na S O","IMA2018-091"," ",6820,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3m1","K Na S^6+ O","Natt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","yellow to colorless","#ffff00,#afafaf"
"Natroboltwoodite","Natroboltwoodite","Na(U6+O2)(SiO3OH)·H2O","Na(UO2)(SiO3OH)·H2O","Na(UO_2_)(SiO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Na(U^6+^O_2_)(SiO_3_OH)·H_2_O","Na U O Si H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",4133," ","orthorhombic",,"Na U^6+ O Si H","Nbwd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, White.","#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Natrochalcite","Natrochalcite","NaCu2+2(S6+O4)2(OH)·H2O","NaCu2(SO4)2(OH)·H2O","NaCu_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","NaCu^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Na Cu S O H"," "," ",3302,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Nch","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Natrodufrénite","Natrodufrenite","NaFe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaFe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Fe P O H","IMA1981-033"," ",3303,"Dufrénite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Ndf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown","#696112"
"Natroglaucocerinite","Natroglaucocerinite","Zn2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](S6+O4)2·6H2O","Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Zn_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Zn^2+^_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Zn Al O H Na S","IMA1995-025"," ",5067,"Woodwardite","hexagonal","P3","Zn^2+ Al O H Na S^6+","Ngc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","(not reported)","#afafaf"
"Natrojarosite","Natrojarosite","NaFe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","NaFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","NaFe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","NaFe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Na Fe S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3305,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Njrs","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Ochre yellow, Ochre brown.","#ffff00,#ffa700,#9f7b3e"
"Natrolemoynite","Natrolemoynite","Na4Zr4+2Si10O26·9H2O","Na4Zr2Si10O26·9H2O","Na_4_Zr_2_Si_10_O_26_·9H_2_O","Na_4_Zr^4+^_2_Si_10_O_26_·9H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1996-063"," ",3306,"Lemoynite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Nlm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Natrolite","Natrolite","Na2(Si3Al2)O10·2H2O","Na2(Si3Al2)O10·2H2O","Na_2_(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·2H_2_O","Na_2_(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·2H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3307,"Natrolite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Fdd2, C21","Na Si Al O H","Ntr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White, Colorless, Red, Yellowish white, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#afafaf,#ff0000,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Natromarkeyite","Natromarkeyite","Na2Ca8(U6+O2)4(CO3)13(H2O)24·3H2O","Na2Ca8(UO2)4(CO3)13(H2O)24·3H2O","Na_2_Ca_8_(UO_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_13_(H_2_O)_24_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_8_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_13_(H_2_O)_24_·3H_2_O","Na Ca U O C H","IMA2018-152"," ",6875,"Markeyite","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Na Ca U^6+ O C H","Nmk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow–green","#bea932"
"Natromelansonite","Natromelansonite","Na3Zr4+[Si7AlO19]·4H2O","Na3Zr[Si7AlO19]·4H2O","Na_3_Zr[Si_7_AlO_19_]·4H_2_O","Na_3_Zr^4+^[Si_7_AlO_19_]·4H_2_O","Na Zr Si Al O H","IMA2023-076"," ",7414,"Rhodesite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Zr^4+ Si Al O H","Nmso",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Natromolybdite","Natromolybdite","Na2Mo6+O4·2H2O","Na2MoO4·2H2O","Na_2_MoO_4_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Mo^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Na Mo O H","IMA2022-130"," ",7344," ","orthorhombic","Pbca, Pcab","Na Mo^6+ O H","Nmyb",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Natron","Natron","Na2CO3·10H2O","Na2(CO3)·10H2O","Na_2_(CO_3_)·10H_2_O","Na_2_CO_3_·10H_2_O","Na C O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3309," ","monoclinic","Cc","Na C O H","Nt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Gray, Colorless, Yellow.","#ffffff,#808080,#afafaf,#ffff00"
"Natronambulite","Natronambulite","NaMn2+4Si5O14(OH)","NaMn2+4Si5O14(OH)","NaMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","NaMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Na Mn Si O H","IMA1981-034"," ",3310,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si O H","Nnbl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pink orange.","#ff9066"
"Natroniobite","Natroniobite","NaNb5+O3","NaNbO3","NaNbO_3_","NaNb^5+^O_3_","Na Nb O"," "," ",3311,"Perovskite","monoclinic",,"Na Nb^5+ O","Nnb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Brownish, Blackish.","#ffff00,#9c6d57,#5b5c61"
"Natropalermoite","Natropalermoite","Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Na_2_SrAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Na_2_SrAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Na Sr Al P O H","IMA2013-118"," ",6260,"Carminite","orthorhombic",,"Na Sr Al P O H","Npl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Natropharmacoalumite","Natropharmacoalumite","NaAl4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·4H2O","NaAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4·4H2O","NaAl_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","NaAl_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Na Al As O H","IMA2010-009"," ",5835,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Na Al As^5+ O H","Npal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Natropharmacosiderite","Natropharmacosiderite","NaFe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·4H2O","NaFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·4H2O","NaFe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","NaFe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Na Fe As O H","IMA1983-025"," ",4134,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Na Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Npsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, Dull orange.","#69b076,#d8863b"
"Natrophilite","Natrophilite","NaMn2+PO4","NaMn2+(PO4)","NaMn^2+^(PO_4_)","NaMn^2+^PO_4_","Na Mn P O"," "," ",3312,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pnam","Na Mn^2+ P O","Ntp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Natrophosphate","Natrophosphate","Na7(PO4)2F·19H2O","Na7(PO4)2F·19H2O","Na_7_(PO_4_)_2_F·19H_2_O","Na_7_(PO_4_)_2_F·19H_2_O","Na P O F H","IMA1971-041"," ",3313," ","cubic","Fd3c","Na P O F H","Nap","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Natrosilite","Natrosilite","Na2Si2O5","Na2Si2O5","Na_2_Si_2_O_5_","Na_2_Si_2_O_5_","Na Si O","IMA1974-043"," ",3314," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Si O","Ns","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Natrosulfatourea","Natrosulfatourea","Na2(S6+O4)[CO(N3-H2)2]","Na2(SO4)[CO(NH2)2]","Na_2_(SO_4_)[CO(NH_2_)_2_]","Na_2_(S^6+^O_4_)[CO(N^3-^H_2_)_2_]","Na S O C N H","IMA2019-134"," ",7017,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Na S^6+ O C N^3- H","Nsf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Natrotantite","Natrotantite","Na2Ta5+4O11","Na2Ta4O11","Na_2_Ta_4_O_11_","Na_2_Ta^5+^_4_O_11_","Na Ta O","IMA1980-026"," ",3315," ","hexagonal","R3c","Na Ta^5+ O","Ntan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Natrotitanite","Natrotitanite","(Na0.5Y0.5)Ti4+(SiO4)O","(Na0.5Y0.5)TiO(SiO4)","(Na_0.5_Y_0.5_)TiO(SiO_4_)","(Na_0.5_Y_0.5_)Ti^4+^(SiO_4_)O","Na Y Ti O Si","IMA2011-033"," ",5961,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Y Ti^4+ Si O","Nttn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","brownish red, pale pinkish-reddish, almost colourless","#9e3623,#f10c45,#afafaf"
"Natrouranospinite","Natrouranospinite","Na2(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·5H2O","Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2·5H2O","Na_2_(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","Na U O As H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",4135,"Natroautunite","tetragonal",,"Na U^6+ O As^5+ H","Nusp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Lemon yellow, Straw yellow.","#00ff00,#cfff04,#f0d696"
"Natrowalentaite","Natrowalentaite","[Fe3+0.5Na0.5(H2O)6][NaAs3+2(Fe3+2.33W6+0.67)(PO4)2O7]","[Fe3+0.5Na0.5(H2O)6][NaAs3+2(Fe3+2.33W6+0.67)(PO4)2O7]","[Fe^3+^_0.5_Na_0.5_(H_2_O)_6_][NaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.33_W^6+^_0.67_)(PO_4_)_2_O_7_]","[Fe^3+^_0.5_Na_0.5_(H_2_O)_6_][NaAs^3+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2.33_W^6+^_0.67_)(PO_4_)_2_O_7_]","Fe Na H O As W P","IMA2018-032a"," ",6839,"Walentaite","orthorhombic","Imma","Fe^3+ Na H O As^3+ W^6+ P","Nwal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Natroxalate","Natroxalate","Na2(C2)6+O4","Na2(C2O4)","Na_2_(C_2_O_4_)","Na_2_(C_2_)^6+^O_4_","Na C O","IMA1994-053"," ",3316,"Oxalate",,,"Na C O","Nx","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Natrozippeite","Natrozippeite","Na5(U6+O2)8(S6+O4)4O5(OH)3·12H2O","Na5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3·12H2O","Na_5_(UO_2_)_8_(SO_4_)_4_O_5_(OH)_3_·12H_2_O","Na_5_(U^6+^O_2_)_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_O_5_(OH)_3_·12H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA1971-004"," ",4136,"Zippeite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Nzip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Naujakasite","Naujakasite","Na6Fe2+Al4Si8O26","Na6Fe2+Al4Si8O26","Na_6_Fe^2+^Al_4_Si_8_O_26_","Na_6_Fe^2+^Al_4_Si_8_O_26_","Na Fe Al Si O"," "," ",3317," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Al Si O","Nj","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Gray, Pearl white, Silver white.","#808080,#f3f2ed,#e7e8e3"
"Naumannite","Naumannite","Ag1+2Se2-","Ag2Se","Ag_2_Se","Ag^1+^_2_Se^2-^","Ag Se"," "," ",3318,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Ag^1+ Se^2-","Nau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black, Iron black.","#555152,#263145"
"Navajoite","Navajoite","(V5+,Fe3+)10O24·12H2O","(V5+,Fe3+)10O24·12H2O","(V^5+^,Fe^3+^)_10_O_24_·12H_2_O","(V^5+^,Fe^3+^)_10_O_24_·12H_2_O","V Fe O H"," "," ",3319,"Ajoite","monoclinic",,"V^5+ Fe^3+ O H","Nvj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Navrotskyite","Navrotskyite","K2Na10(U6+O2)3(S6+O4)9·2H2O","K2Na10(UO2)3(SO4)9·2H2O","K_2_Na_10_(UO_2_)_3_(SO_4_)_9_·2H_2_O","K_2_Na_10_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_9_·2H_2_O","K Na U O S H","IMA2019-026"," ",6914," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","K Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Nvr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale greenish yellow","#69b076"
"Nazarchukite","Nazarchukite","Ca2Ni2+Fe3+2(PO4)4","Ca2NiFe3+2(PO4)4","Ca_2_NiFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_","Ca_2_Ni^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_","Ca Ni Fe P O","IMA2022-005"," ",7228,"Itelmenite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Ni^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Nzr","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nazarovite","Nazarovite","Ni12P5","Ni12P5","Ni_12_P_5_","Ni_12_P_5_","Ni P","IMA2019-013"," ",6903," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Ni P","Naz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nchwaningite","Nchwaningite","Mn2+2SiO3(OH)2·H2O","Mn2SiO3(OH)2·H2O","Mn_2_SiO_3_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Mn^2+^_2_SiO_3_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Mn Si O H","IMA1994-002"," ",3320," ","orthorhombic","Pca21","Mn^2+ Si O H","Nwg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Nealite","Nealite","Pb2+4Fe2+(As3+O3)2Cl4·2H2O","Pb4Fe(AsO3)2Cl4·2H2O","Pb_4_Fe(AsO_3_)_2_Cl_4_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_4_Fe^2+^(As^3+^O_3_)_2_Cl_4_·2H_2_O","Pb Fe As O Cl H","IMA1979-050"," ",3321," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ As^3+ O Cl H","Nea","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow, Light orange.","#ffff00,#ff7034"
"Nechelyustovite","Nechelyustovite","(Na☐)☐2Ba4Ti4+4Nb5+4(Na11☐)Ti4+4(Si2O7)8O8(OH)8(H2O)12","(Na☐)☐2Ba4Ti4Nb4(Na11☐)Ti4(Si2O7)8O8(OH)8(H2O)12","(Na[box])[box]_2_Ba_4_Ti_4_Nb_4_(Na_11_[box])Ti_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_8_O_8_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_12_","(Na[box])[box]_2_Ba_4_Ti^4+^_4_Nb^5+^_4_(Na_11_[box])Ti^4+^_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_8_O_8_(OH)_8_(H_2_O)_12_","Na Ba Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2006-021"," ",5610,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Na Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Nec","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Creamy, Grayish, Bluish, Yellowish.","#efe8db,#cfcac7,#2976bb,#faee66"
"Nefedovite","Nefedovite","Na5Ca4(PO4)4F","Na5Ca4(PO4)4F","Na_5_Ca_4_(PO_4_)_4_F","Na_5_Ca_4_(PO_4_)_4_F","Na Ca P O F","IMA1982-048"," ",3322," ","tetragonal","I4","Na Ca P O F","Nef","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Negevite","Negevite","NiP2","NiP2","NiP_2_","NiP_2_","Ni P","IMA2013-104"," ",6263,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ni P","Neg","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Neighborite","Neighborite","NaMgF3","NaMgF3","NaMgF_3_","NaMgF_3_","Na Mg F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3323,"Perovskite","orthorhombic, tetragonal, cubic","Pbnm, P4/mbm, Pm3m","Na Mg F","Nbo","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Pink, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Nekoite","Nekoite","Ca3Si6O15·7H2O","Ca3Si6O15·7H2O","Ca_3_Si_6_O_15_·7H_2_O","Ca_3_Si_6_O_15_·7H_2_O","Ca Si O H"," "," ",3324," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Nk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Nekrasovite","Nekrasovite","Cu1+9Cu2+4V3+Sn4+3S2-16","Cu13VSn3S16","Cu_13_VSn_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_9_Cu^2+^_4_V^3+^Sn^4+^_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu V Sn S","IMA1983-051"," ",3325,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","P43n","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ V^3+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Nek","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Nelenite","Nelenite","Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17","Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17","Mn^2+^_16_As^3+^_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_17_","Mn^2+^_16_As^3+^_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_17_","Mn As Si O H","IMA1982-011"," ",3326,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","hexagonal, monoclinic","R3m, C2/m","Mn^2+ As^3+ Si O H","Nln","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Neltnerite","Neltnerite","CaMn3+6O8(SiO4)","CaMn3+6O8(SiO4)","CaMn^3+^_6_O_8_(SiO_4_)","CaMn^3+^_6_O_8_(SiO_4_)","Ca Mn O Si","IMA1979-059"," ",3327,"Braunite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Ca Mn^3+ O Si","Nel","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Nenadkevichite","Nenadkevichite","(Na,☐)8Nb5+4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·8H2O","(Na,☐)8Nb4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·8H2O","(Na,[box])_8_Nb_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·8H_2_O","(Na,[box])_8_Nb^5+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·8H_2_O","Na Nb Si O H"," "," ",3328,"Labuntsovite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pbam, Cm","Na Nb^5+ Si O H","Nkv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Brown, Rose, Yellow, Tan.","#653700,#653700,#ff007f,#ffff00,#d1b26f"
"Neotocite","Neotocite","(Mn2+,Fe2+)SiO3·H2O","(Mn,Fe)SiO3·H2O (?)","(Mn,Fe)SiO_3_·H_2_O (?)","(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)SiO_3_·H_2_O","Mn Fe Si O H"," "," ",5146,"Allophane",,,"Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si O H","Neo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Dark brown, Liver brown.","#000000,#73532a,#513e32"
"Nepheline","Nepheline","Na3K(Al4Si4O16)","Na3K(Al4Si4O16)","Na_3_K(Al_4_Si_4_O_16_)","Na_3_K(Al_4_Si_4_O_16_)","Na K Al Si O","IMA2018 s.p."," ",3329,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","Na K Al Si O","Nph","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White, Gray, Brown, Brownish gray, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#653700,#86775f,#fff8d5"
"Népouite","Nepouite","Ni2+3Si2O5(OH)4","Ni3Si2O5(OH)4","Ni_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Ni^2+^_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Ni Si O H"," "," ",3330,"Serpentine, Clay",,,"Ni^2+ Si O H","Npo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nepskoeite","Nepskoeite","Mg4Cl(OH)7·6H2O","Mg4Cl(OH)7·6H2O","Mg_4_Cl(OH)_7_·6H_2_O","Mg_4_Cl(OH)_7_·6H_2_O","Mg Cl O H","IMA1996-016"," ",3331," ","orthorhombic",,"Mg Cl O H","Nep","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Neptunite","Neptunite","KNa2LiFe2+2Ti4+2Si8O24","KNa2LiFe2+2Ti2Si8O24","KNa_2_LiFe^2+^_2_Ti_2_Si_8_O_24_","KNa_2_LiFe^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_24_","K Na Li Fe Ti Si O"," "," ",3332,"Neptunite","monoclinic","Cc, C2/c","K Na Li Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O","Npt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Red.","#000000,#ff0000"
"Neskevaaraite-Fe","Neskevaaraite-Fe","NaK3Fe2+(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","NaK3Fe(Ti,Nb)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","NaK_3_Fe(Ti,Nb)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","NaK_3_Fe^2+^(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Na K Fe Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2002-007"," ",5068,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","Na K Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Nsv-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown.","#b1916e"
"Nesquehonite","Nesquehonite","MgCO3·3H2O","Mg(CO3)·3H2O","Mg(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","MgCO_3_·3H_2_O","Mg C O H"," "," ",3333," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Mg C O H","Nes","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Nestolaite","Nestolaite","CaSe4+O3·H2O","CaSeO3·H2O","CaSeO_3_·H_2_O","CaSe^4+^O_3_·H_2_O","Ca Se O H","IMA2013-074"," ",6233,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Se^4+ O H","Ntl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light violet","#d6b4fc"
"Neustädtelite","Neustadtelite","Bi3+2Fe3+(Fe3+,Co2+)2(As5+O4)2(O,OH)4","Bi2Fe3+(Fe3+,Co)2(O,OH)4(AsO4)2","Bi_2_Fe^3+^(Fe^3+^,Co)_2_(O,OH)_4_(AsO_4_)_2_","Bi^3+^_2_Fe^3+^(Fe^3+^,Co^2+^)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(O,OH)_4_","Bi Fe Co O H As","IMA1998-016"," ",3334,"Medenbachite","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Neu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, red-brown","#653700,#a52a2f"
"Nevadaite","Nevadaite","(Cu2+,☐,Al,V3+)6[Al8(PO4)8F8](OH)2·22H2O","(Cu2+,☐,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2·22H2O","(Cu^2+^,[box],Al,V^3+^)_6_Al_8_(PO_4_)_8_F_8_(OH)_2_·22H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,[box],Al,V^3+^)_6_[Al_8_(PO_4_)_8_F_8_](OH)_2_·22H_2_O","Cu Al V P O F H","IMA2002-035"," ",5198," ","orthorhombic","P21mn","Cu^2+ Al V^3+ P O F H","Nev","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, Turquoise.","#69b076,#06c2ac"
"Nevskite","Nevskite","Bi(Se,S)","Bi(Se,S)","Bi(Se,S)","Bi(Se,S)","Bi Se S","IMA1983-026"," ",3335,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Se S","Nvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Newberyite","Newberyite","Mg(PO3OH)·3H2O","Mg(PO3OH)·3H2O","Mg(PO_3_OH)·3H_2_O","Mg(PO_3_OH)·3H_2_O","Mg P O H"," "," ",3336,"Newberyite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Mg P O H","New","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Gray brown, Grayish.","#afafaf,#7f7053,#cfcac7"
"Neyite","Neyite","Ag1+2Cu1+6Pb2+25Bi3+26S2-68","Ag2Cu6Pb25Bi26S68","Ag_2_Cu_6_Pb_25_Bi_26_S_68_","Ag^1+^_2_Cu^1+^_6_Pb^2+^_25_Bi^3+^_26_S^2-^_68_","Ag Cu Pb Bi S","IMA1968-017"," ",3337,"Neyite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Ney","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray blue, Yellow blue, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#77a1b5,#d7e2dd,#a8a8a4"
"Nežilovite","Nezilovite","Pb2+[Mn4+2Fe3+7AlZn2+2]O19","Pb[Mn4+2Fe3+7AlZn2]O19","Pb[Mn^4+^_2_Fe^3+^_7_AlZn_2_]O_19_","Pb^2+^[Mn^4+^_2_Fe^3+^_7_AlZn^2+^_2_]O_19_","Pb Mn Fe Al Zn O","IMA1994-020, IMA2020 s.p."," ",3338,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pb^2+ Mn^4+ Fe^3+ Al Zn^2+ O","Než","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Niahite","Niahite","(N3-H4)Mn2+PO4·H2O","(NH4)Mn2+(PO4)·H2O","(NH_4_)Mn^2+^(PO_4_)·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Mn^2+^PO_4_·H_2_O","N H Mn P O","IMA1977-022"," ",3339," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21","N^3- H Mn^2+ P O","Nhi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Light orange, Colorless.","#ff7034,#afafaf"
"Niasite","Niasite","Ni2+4.5(As5+O4)3","Ni2+4.5(AsO4)3","Ni^2+^_4.5_(AsO_4_)_3_","Ni^2+^_4.5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Ni As O","IMA2019-105"," ",6989,"Jeffbenite","tetragonal","I42d","Ni^2+ As^5+ O","Nia","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Violet-red to red-orange","#a50055,#ff3f34"
"Nickel","Nickel","Ni","Ni","Ni","Ni","Ni","IMA1966-039"," ",3341,"Copper","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, P63/mmc","Ni","Ni","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Gray white, Silvery white.","#d7d5cb,#e7e8e3"
"Nickelalumite","Nickelalumite","Ni2+Al4(S6+O4)(OH)12(H2O)3","NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3","NiAl_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_3_","Ni^2+^Al_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_3_","Ni Al S O H","IMA2022-071"," ",3345,"Chalcoalumite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ni^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Nal",,"No","Sky blue.","#9fb9e2"
"Nickelaustinite","Nickelaustinite","CaNi2+As5+O4(OH)","CaNi(AsO4)(OH)","CaNi(AsO_4_)(OH)","CaNi^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Ni As O H","IMA1985-002"," ",3346,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Naus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Yellow green.","#419c03,#c8fd3d"
"Nickelbischofite","Nickelbischofite","Ni2+Cl2·6H2O","NiCl2·6H2O","NiCl_2_·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^Cl_2_·6H_2_O","Ni Cl H O","IMA1978-056"," ",3347," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ Cl H O","Nbsf","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Green, Emerald green.","#00ff00,#046307"
"Nickelblödite","Nickelblodite","Na2Ni2+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Ni(SO4)2·4H2O","Na_2_Ni(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_Ni^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Ni S O H","IMA1976-014"," ",3348,"Blödite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Nblö","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellowish green to pale green","#bdd4d1,#69b076"
"Nickelboussingaultite","Nickelboussingaultite","(N3-H4)2Ni2+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","(NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Ni(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ni^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","N H Ni S O","IMA1975-037"," ",3342,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/a","N^3- H Ni^2+ S^6+ O","Nbsg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Nickelhexahydrite","Nickelhexahydrite","Ni2+S6+O4·6H2O","Ni(SO4)·6H2O","Ni(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Ni S O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",3349,"Hexahydrite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Nhhy","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Nickeline","Nickeline","NiAs","NiAs","NiAs","NiAs","Ni As","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3350,"Nickeline","hexagonal, orthorhombic","P63mc, Cmc21, P63/mmc","Ni As","Nc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Lead gray, Grayish, Copper, Black.","#8a7963,#cfcac7,#b87333,#000000"
"Nickellotharmeyerite","Nickellotharmeyerite","CaNi2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","CaNi2(AsO4)2·2H2O","CaNi_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaNi^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Ni As O H","IMA1999-008"," ",3351,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Nlmy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Yellow.","#653700,#ffff00"
"Nickelphosphide","Nickelphosphide","Ni3P","Ni3P","Ni_3_P","Ni_3_P","Ni P","IMA1998-023"," ",3352," ","tetragonal","I4","Ni P","Nic","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Pinkish white, Yellowish white.","#fff1fa,#e9f1d0"
"Nickelpicromerite","Nickelpicromerite","K2Ni2+(S6+O4)2·6H2O","K2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O","K_2_Ni(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K_2_Ni^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K Ni S O H","IMA2012-053"," ",6109,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/c","K Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Npmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light greenish blue","#d7ddcd"
"Nickelschneebergite","Nickelschneebergite","Bi3+Ni2+2(As5+O4)2(OH)·H2O","BiNi2(AsO4)2(OH)·H2O","BiNi_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Bi^3+^Ni^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Bi Ni As O H","IMA1999-028"," ",3353,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Bi^3+ Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Nsnb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green, Brown.","#8ead2c,#653700"
"Nickelskutterudite","Nickelskutterudite","NiAs3","NiAs3","NiAs_3_","NiAs_3_","Ni As","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3343,"Skutterudite, Perovskite","cubic","Im3","Ni As","Nskt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray, Tin white, Gray.","#808080,#cfd5db,#808080"
"Nickeltalmessite","Nickeltalmessite","Ca2Ni2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Ni(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Ni(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Ni^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Ni As O H","IMA2008-051"," ",5711,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Ni^2+ As^5+ O H","Ntlm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","apple-green","#69b076"
"Nickeltsumcorite","Nickeltsumcorite","Pb2+(Ni2+,Fe3+)2(As5+O4)2(H2O,OH)2","Pb(Ni,Fe3+)2(AsO4)2(H2O,OH)2","Pb(Ni,Fe^3+^)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_2_","Pb^2+^(Ni^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_2_","Pb Ni Fe As O H","IMA2013-117"," ",6276,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Ni^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Ntsm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, brownish-yellow, light brown or brown","#ffff00,#c9b003,#b5651d,#653700"
"Nickeltyrrellite","Nickeltyrrellite","Cu2+Ni3+2Se2-4","CuNi2Se4","CuNi_2_Se_4_","Cu^2+^Ni^3+^_2_Se^2-^_4_","Cu Ni Se","IMA2018-110"," ",6844,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^2+ Ni^3+ Se^2-","Nty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Nickelzippeite","Nickelzippeite","Ni2+2(U6+O2)6(S6+O4)3(OH)10·16H2O","Ni2(UO2)6(SO4)3(OH)10·16H2O","Ni_2_(UO_2_)_6_(SO_4_)_3_(OH)_10_·16H_2_O","Ni^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_10_·16H_2_O","Ni U O S H","IMA1971-005"," ",3344,"Zippeite",,,"Ni^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Nizip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Tan, Orange yellow.","#ffff00,#d1b26f,#fdb915"
"Nickenichite","Nickenichite","Na(Ca0.5Cu2+0.5)MgMg2(As5+O4)3","Na(Ca0.5Cu0.5)MgMg2(AsO4)3","Na(Ca_0.5_Cu_0.5_)MgMg_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","Na(Ca_0.5_Cu^2+^_0.5_)MgMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Cu Mg As O","IMA1992-014"," ",3354,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Cu^2+ Mg As^5+ O","Nkn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Greenish blue, Light blue.","#0b8b87,#add8e6"
"Nickolayite","Nickolayite","FeMoP","FeMoP","FeMoP","FeMoP","Fe Mo P","IMA2018-126"," ",6854,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Fe Mo P","Nkl","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Light-grey to greyish-white","#d8dcd6,#d6dee9"
"Nicksobolevite","Nicksobolevite","Cu2+7(Se4+O3)2O2Cl6","Cu7(SeO3)2O2Cl6","Cu_7_(SeO_3_)_2_O_2_Cl_6_","Cu^2+^_7_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_O_2_Cl_6_","Cu Se O Cl","IMA2012-097"," ",6160,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Se^4+ O Cl","Nsb","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark red","#840000"
"Niedermayrite","Niedermayrite","Cu2+4Cd2+(S6+O4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu4Cd(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","Cu_4_Cd(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_Cd^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Cu Cd S O H","IMA1997-024"," ",3355," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^2+ Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Ndm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Nielsbohrite","Nielsbohrite","K(U6+O2)3As5+O4(OH)4·H2O","(K,U,☐)(UO2)3(AsO4)(OH)4·H2O","(K,U,[box])(UO_2_)_3_(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_·H_2_O","K(U^6+^O_2_)_3_As^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","K U O As H","IMA2002-045b"," ",5602," ","orthorhombic","Cccm","K U^6+ O As^5+ H","Nbr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Nielsenite","Nielsenite","PdCu3","PdCu3","PdCu_3_","PdCu_3_","Pd Cu","IMA2004-046"," ",5541," ","tetragonal","P4mm","Pd Cu","Nie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Nierite","Nierite","Si3N4","Si3N4","Si_3_N_4_","Si_3_N_4_","Si N","IMA1994-032"," ",3356," ","hexagonal","P31c, P63/m","Si N","Nr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates","No","Colorless, Brown, Brownish red.","#afafaf,#653700,#9e3623"
"Nifontovite","Nifontovite","Ca3[BO(OH)2]6·2H2O","Ca3[BO(OH)2]6·2H2O","Ca_3_[BO(OH)_2_]_6_·2H_2_O","Ca_3_[BO(OH)_2_]_6_·2H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3357," ","monoclinic","B2/b","Ca B O H","Nif","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Gray.","#afafaf,#808080"
"Nigelcookite","Nigelcookite","Pb2+Fe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbFe2+2V3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbFe^2+^_2_V^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb^2+^Fe^2+^_2_V^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb Fe V P O H","IMA2023-113"," ",7461,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ V^3+ P O H","Nck",,"No","dark brown to greenish brown","#73532a,#696112"
"Niggliite","Niggliite","PtSn","PtSn","PtSn","PtSn","Pt Sn"," "," ",3358,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc","Pt Sn","Nig","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Niigataite","Niigataite","CaSrAl3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSrAl3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaSrAl_3_[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaSrAl_3_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Sr Al Si O H","IMA2001-055"," ",5069,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Sr Al Si O H","Nii","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pale grey to yellowish green","#fdfdfe,#b0dd16"
"Nikischerite","Nikischerite","NaFe2+6Al3(S6+O4)2(OH)18(H2O)12","Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Fe^2+^_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","NaFe^2+^_6_Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_18_(H_2_O)_12_","Fe Al O H Na S","IMA2001-039"," ",3359,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3","Na Fe^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Nik","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Nikmelnikovite","Nikmelnikovite","Ca12Fe2+Fe3+3Al3(SiO4)6(OH)20","Ca12Fe2+Fe3+3Al3(SiO4)6(OH)20","Ca_12_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_Al_3_(SiO_4_)_6_(OH)_20_","Ca_12_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_Al_3_(SiO_4_)_6_(OH)_20_","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2018-043"," ",6848,"Garnet","hexagonal","R3","Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Nmn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown to red","#653700,#ff0000"
"Niksergievite","Niksergievite","Ba2Al3(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)(OH)6·nH2O","Ba2Al3(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)(OH)6·nH2O","Ba_2_Al_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·nH_2_O","Ba_2_Al_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·nH_2_O","Ba Al Si O C H","IMA2002-036"," ",5199," ","monoclinic",,"Ba Al Si O C H","Nsg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light greenish white.","#d7ddcd"
"Nimite","Nimite","(Ni2+,Mg,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","(Ni,Mg,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","(Ni,Mg,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","(Ni^2+^,Mg,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","Ni Mg Al Si O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",3360,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","Ni^2+ Mg Al Si O H","Nim","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Ningyoite","Ningyoite","(U4+,Ca,Ce3+)2(PO4)2·1-2H2O","(U,Ca,Ce)2(PO4)2·1-2H2O","(U,Ca,Ce)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·1-2H_2_O","(U^4+^,Ca,Ce^3+^)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·1-2H_2_O","U Ca Ce P O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3361,"Rhabdophane","orthorhombic","P222","U^4+ Ca Ce^3+ P O H","Nin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Brownish green.","#653700,#6a6e09"
"Niningerite","Niningerite","MgS2-","MgS","MgS","MgS^2-^","Mg S","IMA1966-036"," ",3362,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Mg S^2-","Nng","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Niobobaotite","Niobobaotite","Ba4(Ti4+2.5Fe2+1.5)Nb5+4Si4O28Cl","Ba4(Ti2.5Fe2+1.5)Nb4Si4O28Cl","Ba_4_(Ti_2.5_Fe^2+^_1.5_)Nb_4_Si_4_O_28_Cl","Ba_4_(Ti^4+^_2.5_Fe^2+^_1.5_)Nb^5+^_4_Si_4_O_28_Cl","Ba Ti Fe Nb Si O Cl","IMA2022-127a"," ",7403,"Baotite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ba Ti^4+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Si O Cl","Nbao",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Niobocarbide","Niobocarbide","Nb4+C4-","NbC","NbC","Nb^4+^C^4-^","Nb C","IMA1995-035"," ",3365,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Nb^4+ C^4-","Ncb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Yellow, Straw yellow.","#ffff00,#f0d696"
"Nioboheftetjernite","Nioboheftetjernite","ScNb5+O4","ScNbO4","ScNbO_4_","ScNb^5+^O_4_","Sc Nb O","IMA2019-133"," ",7016,"Columbite","monoclinic","P21/c","Sc Nb^5+ O","Nhef","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Nioboholtite","Nioboholtite","(Nb5+0.6☐0.4)Al6BSi3O18","(Nb0.6☐0.4)Al6BSi3O18","(Nb_0.6_[box]_0.4_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","(Nb^5+^_0.6_[box]_0.4_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","Nb Al B Si O","IMA2012-068"," ",6122,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Nb^5+ Al B Si O","Nhlt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Creamy-white to brownish-yellow or gray-yellow","#f0e9d6,#c9b003,#c6f808"
"Nioboixiolite-(◻)","Nioboixiolite-([])","(Nb5+0.8☐0.2)O2","(Nb0.8☐0.2)4+O2","(Nb_0.8_[box]_0.2_)^4+^O_2_","(Nb^5+^_0.8_[box]_0.2_)O_2_","Nb O","IMA2021-002a"," ",7317,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Nb^5+ O","Nbix-(◻)",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+)","Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+)","(Nb5+0.5Fe3+0.5)O2","(Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2","(Nb_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)O_2_","(Nb^5+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)O_2_","Nb Fe O","IMA2024-057"," ",7510,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Nb^5+ Fe^3+ O","Nbix-Fe^3+^",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+)","Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+)","(Nb5+0.67Mn2+0.33)O2","(Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2","(Nb_0.67_Mn^2+^_0.33_)O_2_","(Nb^5+^_0.67_Mn^2+^_0.33_)O_2_","Nb Mn O","IMA2021-050a"," ",7278,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Nb^5+ Mn^2+ O","Nbix-Mn^2+^",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Niobokupletskite","Niobokupletskite","K2NaMn2+7(Nb5+,Ti4+)2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)","K2NaMn7(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)","K_2_NaMn_7_(Nb,Ti)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)","K_2_NaMn^2+^_7_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)","K Na Mn Nb Ti Si O H F","IMA1999-032"," ",3366,"Astrophyllite-Kupletskite","triclinic","P1","K Na Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Nbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Beige, Brown.","#e6daa6,#653700"
"Niobophyllite","Niobophyllite","K2NaFe2+7(Nb5+,Ti4+)2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)","K2NaFe2+7(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4(O,F)","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_(Nb,Ti)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_(O,F)","K Na Fe Nb Ti Si O H F","IMA1964-001"," ",3367,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","K Na Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Nbp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Niocalite","Niocalite","Ca7Nb5+(Si2O7)2O3F","Ca7Nb(Si2O7)2O3F","Ca_7_Nb(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_3_F","Ca_7_Nb^5+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_3_F","Ca Nb Si O F"," "," ",3368,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","Pa","Ca Nb^5+ Si O F","Nio","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Nipalarsite","Nipalarsite","Ni8Pd3As4","Ni8Pd3As4","Ni_8_Pd_3_As_4_","Ni_8_Pd_3_As_4_","Ni Pd As","IMA2018-075"," ",6806,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Fm3m","Ni Pd As","Nip","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nipeiite-(Ce)","Nipeiite-(Ce)","Ce3+9Fe3+(SiO4)6[SiO3(OH)](OH)3","Ce9Fe3+(SiO4)6[SiO3(OH)](OH)3","Ce_9_Fe^3+^(SiO_4_)_6_[SiO_3_(OH)](OH)_3_","Ce^3+^_9_Fe^3+^(SiO_4_)_6_[SiO_3_(OH)](OH)_3_","Ce Fe Si O H","IMA2022-106a"," ",7435,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ce^3+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Npe-Ce",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nisbite","Nisbite","Ni3+(Sb2)3-","NiSb2","NiSb_2_","Ni^3+^(Sb_2_)^3-^","Ni Sb","IMA1969-017"," ",3369,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Ni^3+ Sb","Nis","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Nishanbaevite","Nishanbaevite","KAl2O(As5+O4)(S6+O4)","KAl2O(AsO4)(SO4)","KAl_2_O(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)","KAl_2_O(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)","K Al O As S","IMA2019-012"," ",6902,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcm","K Al O As^5+ S^6+","Nbv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless in individuals and snow-white in aggregates.","#afafaf"
"Nisnite","Nisnite","Ni3Sn","Ni3Sn","Ni_3_Sn","Ni_3_Sn","Ni Sn","IMA2009-083"," ",5812,"Auricupride","cubic","P4/m32/m","Ni Sn","Nn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","bronze","#a87900"
"Nissonite","Nissonite","Cu2+2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2·5H2O","Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2·5H2O","Cu_2_Mg_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Mg_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Cu Mg P O H","IMA1966-026"," ",3370," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ Mg P O H","Nss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green.","#10a674"
"Niter","Niter","KN5+O3","K(NO3)","K(NO_3_)","KN^5+^O_3_","K N O"," "," ",3371," ","orthorhombic, hexagonal","Pmcn, R3m, Cmc21","K N^5+ O","Nit","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, White, Gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080"
"Nitratine","Nitratine","NaN5+O3","Na(NO3)","Na(NO_3_)","NaN^5+^O_3_","Na N O","IMA1980 s.p."," ",3372,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c, R3c","Na N^5+ O","Ntt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Yellowish, Brownish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#faee66,#9c6d57"
"Nitrobarite","Nitrobarite","Ba(N5+O3)2","Ba(NO3)2","Ba(NO_3_)_2_","Ba(N^5+^O_3_)_2_","Ba N O"," "," ",3373," ","cubic","Pa3, P213","Ba N^5+ O","Nba","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Nitrocalcite","Nitrocalcite","Ca(N5+O3)2·4H2O","Ca(NO3)2·4H2O","Ca(NO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca(N^5+^O_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca N O H"," "," ",3374," ","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/c","Ca N^5+ O H","Ncal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Gray, Gray white, White.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Nitromagnesite","Nitromagnesite","Mg(N5+O3)2·6H2O","Mg(NO3)2·6H2O","Mg(NO_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg(N^5+^O_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg N O H"," "," ",3375," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg N^5+ O H","Nmgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Nitroplumbite","Nitroplumbite","[Pb2+4(OH)4](N5+O3)4","[Pb4(OH)4](NO3)4","[Pb_4_(OH)_4_](NO_3_)_4_","[Pb^2+^_4_(OH)_4_](N^5+^O_3_)_4_","Pb O H N","IMA2021-045a"," ",7156,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Ia","Pb^2+ O H N^5+","Npb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Brown or colorless","#653700,#afafaf"
"Nitscheite","Nitscheite","(N3-H4)2[(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)3(H2O)2]·3H2O","(NH4)2[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)2]·3H2O","(NH_4_)_2_[(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_2_]·3H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_2_]·3H_2_O","N H U O S","IMA2020-078"," ",7093,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H U^6+ O S^6+","Nih","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Niveolanite","Niveolanite","NaBeCO3(OH)·2H2O","NaBe(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","NaBe(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","NaBeCO_3_(OH)·2H_2_O","Na Be C O H","IMA2007-032"," ",5589," ","tetragonal","P4/mcc","Na Be C O H","Nvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Snow white, Pearl white.","#eeffee,#f3f2ed"
"Nixonite","Nixonite","Na2Ti4+6O13","Na2Ti6O13","Na_2_Ti_6_O_13_","Na_2_Ti^4+^_6_O_13_","Na Ti O","IMA2018-133"," ",6869,"Jeppeite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ti^4+ O","Nix","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nizamoffite","Nizamoffite","Mn2+Zn2+2(PO4)2(H2O)4","Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4","Mn^2+^Zn_2_(PO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn Zn P O H","IMA2012-076"," ",6129,"Hopeite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ Zn^2+ P O H","Niz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Nobleite","Nobleite","CaB6O9(OH)2·3H2O","CaB6O9(OH)2·3H2O","CaB_6_O_9_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","CaB_6_O_9_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3376," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca B O H","Nob","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Noelbensonite","Noelbensonite","BaMn3+2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","BaMn3+2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O","BaMn^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","BaMn^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ba Mn Si O H","IMA1994-058"," ",3377," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ba Mn^3+ Si O H","Noe","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Nöggerathite-(Ce)","Noggerathite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,Ca)2Zr4+2(Nb5+,Ti4+)(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Fe2+O14","(Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14","(Ce,Ca)_2_Zr_2_(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)_2_Fe^2+^O_14_","(Ce^3+^,Ca)_2_Zr^4+^_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Fe^2+^O_14_","Ce Ca Zr Nb Ti Fe O","IMA2017-107"," ",6733,"Zirconolite","orthorhombic","Cmca","Ce^3+ Ca Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Nög-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Dark brownish-red to dark brownish-black","#9e3623,#413936"
"Nolanite","Nolanite","V3+4Fe3+O7(OH)","V3+4Fe3+O7(OH)","V^3+^_4_Fe^3+^O_7_(OH)","V^3+^_4_Fe^3+^O_7_(OH)","V Fe O H"," "," ",3378,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","V^3+ Fe^3+ O H","Nol","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Nollmotzite","Nollmotzite","Mg[U5+(U6+O2)2O4F3]·4H2O","Mg[U5+(U6+O2)2O4F3]·4H2O","Mg[U^5+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_O_4_F_3_]·4H_2_O","Mg[U^5+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_O_4_F_3_]·4H_2_O","Mg U O F H","IMA2017-100"," ",6725,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cm","Mg U^5+ U^6+ O F H","Nmz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep-violet–brown","#393437"
"Nolzeite","Nolzeite","Na(Mn2+,☐)2[Si3(B,Si)O9(OH)2]·2H2O","Na(Mn,☐)2[Si3(B,Si)O9(OH)2]·2H2O","Na(Mn,[box])_2_[Si_3_(B,Si)O_9_(OH)_2_]·2H_2_O","Na(Mn^2+^,[box])_2_[Si_3_(B,Si)O_9_(OH)_2_]·2H_2_O","Na Mn Si B O H","IMA2014-086"," ",6385,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si B O H","Nlz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to pale green","#afafaf,#69b076"
"Nontronite","Nontronite","Na0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O","Na0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O","Na_0.3_Fe^3+^_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na_0.3_Fe^3+^_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na Fe Si Al O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3379,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, P1","Na Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Non","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals","No","Greenish yellow, Brownish green, Olive green.","#cdfd02,#6a6e09,#8ead2c"
"Noonkanbahite","Noonkanbahite","KNaBaTi4+2(Si4O12)O2","NaKBaTi2(Si4O12)O2","NaKBaTi_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_","KNaBaTi^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_","Na K Ba Ti Si O","IMA2009-059"," ",5788,"Batisite","orthorhombic","Imma","K Na Ba Ti^4+ Si O","Noo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish orange, brownish yellow, brown","#ff724c,#c9b003,#653700"
"Norbergite","Norbergite","Mg3SiO4F2","Mg3(SiO4)F2","Mg_3_(SiO_4_)F_2_","Mg_3_SiO_4_F_2_","Mg Si O F"," "," ",3380,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mg Si O F","Nrb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Yellow, Brown, Red.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#653700,#ff0000"
"Nordenskiöldine","Nordenskioldine","CaSn4+(BO3)2","CaSn(BO3)2","CaSn(BO_3_)_2_","CaSn^4+^(BO_3_)_2_","Ca Sn B O"," "," ",3381,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Sn^4+ B O","Nsk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, yellow; colourless in transmitted light","#afafaf,#ffff00,#afafaf"
"Nordgauite","Nordgauite","Mn2+Al2(PO4)2F2·5.5H2O","MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2·5.5H2O","MnAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(F,OH)_2_·5.5H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_F_2_·5.5H_2_O","Mn Al P O F H","IMA2010-040"," ",5870,"Nordgauite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al P O F H","Ndg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White to off-white","#ffffff,#ffffe4"
"Nordite-(Ce)","Nordite-(Ce)","Na3Sr2+Ce3+Zn2+Si6O17","Na3SrCeZnSi6O17","Na_3_SrCeZnSi_6_O_17_","Na_3_Sr^2+^Ce^3+^Zn^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Sr Ce Zn Si O","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3382,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Sr^2+ Ce^3+ Zn^2+ Si O","Nor-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Dark brown, Blackish brown.","#b5651d,#73532a,#453b32"
"Nordite-(La)","Nordite-(La)","Na3Sr2+La3+Zn2+Si6O17","Na3SrLaZnSi6O17","Na_3_SrLaZnSi_6_O_17_","Na_3_Sr^2+^La^3+^Zn^2+^Si_6_O_17_","Na Sr La Zn Si O","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3383,"Nordite","orthorhombic","Pcca","Na Sr^2+ La^3+ Zn^2+ Si O","Nor-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Dark brown, Blackish brown.","#b5651d,#73532a,#453b32"
"Nordstrandite","Nordstrandite","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)3","Al(OH)_3_","Al(OH)_3_","Al O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3384," ","triclinic","I1, P1","Al O H","Nsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Beige, Colorless, Light brown, Light green, Pink.","#e6daa6,#afafaf,#b5651d,#76ff7b,#ffc0cb"
"Nordströmite","Nordstromite","Pb2+3Cu1+Bi3+7(S2-,Se2-)14","Pb3CuBi7(S,Se)14","Pb_3_CuBi_7_(S,Se)_14_","Pb^2+^_3_Cu^1+^Bi^3+^_7_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_14_","Pb Cu Bi S Se","IMA1978-073"," ",3385," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Nsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey","#8a7963"
"Norilskite","Norilskite","(Pd,Ag)7Pb4","(Pd,Ag)7Pb4","(Pd,Ag)_7_Pb_4_","(Pd,Ag)_7_Pb_4_","Pd Ag Pb","IMA2015-008"," ",6415,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3121","Pd Ag Pb","Nrs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Normandite","Normandite","Na2Ca2(Mn2+,Fe2+)2(Ti4+,Nb5+,Zr4+)2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na2Ca2(Mn,Fe)2(Ti,Nb,Zr)2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na_2_Ca_2_(Mn,Fe)_2_(Ti,Nb,Zr)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Ca_2_(Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^,Zr^4+^)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na Ca Mn Fe Ti Nb Zr Si O F","IMA1990-021"," ",5070,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Zr^4+ Si O F","Nmd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Orange brown, Orange.","#ffff00,#b16002,#ffa500"
"Norrishite","Norrishite","KLiMn3+2Si4O10O2","KLiMn3+2Si4O10O2","KLiMn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_10_O_2_","KLiMn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_10_O_2_","K Li Mn Si O","IMA1989-019"," ",3386,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Li Mn^3+ Si O","Nrr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Norsethite","Norsethite","BaMg(CO3)2","BaMg(CO3)2","BaMg(CO_3_)_2_","BaMg(CO_3_)_2_","Ba Mg C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3387,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3m, R32","Ba Mg C O","Nst","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Northstarite","Northstarite","Pb2+6(Te4+O3)5(S6+O3S2-)","Pb6(Te4+O3)5(S6+O3S2-)","Pb_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)_5_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)","Pb^2+^_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)_5_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)","Pb Te O S","IMA2019-031"," ",6922,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O S^6+ S^2-","Nsr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","beige","#e6daa6"
"Northupite","Northupite","Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl","Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl","Na_3_Mg(CO_3_)_2_Cl","Na_3_Mg(CO_3_)_2_Cl","Na Mg C O Cl"," "," ",3388,"Northupite","cubic","Fd3, Fd3m","Na Mg C O Cl","Nup","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Brownish, Colorless, Gray, Gray brown, Yellow.","#9c6d57,#afafaf,#808080,#7f7053,#ffff00"
"Nosean","Nosean","Na8(Si6Al6)O24(S6+O4)·H2O","Na8(Si6Al6)O24(SO4)·H2O","Na_8_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Na_8_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(S^6+^O_4_)·H_2_O","Na Si Al O S H"," "," ",3389,"Sodalite, Cancrinite-sodalite","cubic","P43n, P23, P43m","Na Si Al O S^6+ H","Nsn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White, Gray, Blue, Green, Brown.","#ffffff,#808080,#0000ff,#00ff00,#653700"
"Nováčekite","Novacekite","Mg(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Mg U O As H","IMA2007 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",5432," ","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P21/n","Mg U^6+ O As^5+ H","Nvč-II","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, straw yellow","#fffe7a,#f0d696"
"Novákite","Novakite","(Cu,Ag)21As10","(Cu,Ag)21As10","(Cu,Ag)_21_As_10_","(Cu,Ag)_21_As_10_","Cu Ag As","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3391," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","C2/m","Cu Ag As","Nvá","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel-grey; Grey","#43464b,#808080"
"Novgorodovaite","Novgorodovaite","Ca2((C2)6+O4)Cl2·2H2O","Ca2(C2O4)Cl2·2H2O","Ca_2_(C_2_O_4_)Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Ca C O Cl H","IMA2000-039"," ",3392,"Oxalate","monoclinic","I2/m","Ca C O Cl H","Nov","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Novikovite","Novikovite","(N3-H4)4Mo6+2Mo5+2O8(S6+O4)5","(NH4)4Mo6+2Mo5+2O8(SO4)5","(NH_4_)_4_Mo^6+^_2_Mo^5+^_2_O_8_(SO_4_)_5_","(N^3-^H_4_)_4_Mo^6+^_2_Mo^5+^_2_O_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_","N H Mo O S","IMA2022-067"," ",7289,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H Mo^6+ Mo^5+ O S^6+","Nvi",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Novodneprite","Novodneprite","AuPb3","AuPb3","AuPb_3_","AuPb_3_","Au Pb","IMA2002-032a"," ",5513,"Khatyrkite",,,"Au Pb","Nnp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-gray","#8a7963"
"Novograblenovite","Novograblenovite","(N3-H4)MgCl3·6H2O","(NH4)MgCl3·6H2O","(NH_4_)MgCl_3_·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)MgCl_3_·6H_2_O","N H Mg Cl O","IMA2017-060"," ",6691,"Carnallite","monoclinic","C2/c","N^3- H Mg Cl O","Ngb","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Nowackiite","Nowackiite","Cu1+6Zn2+3As3+4S2-12","Cu6Zn3As4S12","Cu_6_Zn_3_As_4_S_12_","Cu^1+^_6_Zn^2+^_3_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Cu Zn As S","IMA1971 s.p."," ",3393,"Nowackiite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Now","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#000000,#43464b"
"Nsutite","Nsutite","Mn2+xMn4+1-xO2-2x(OH)2x","Mn2+xMn4+1-xO2-2x(OH)2x","Mn^2+^_x_Mn^4+^_1-x_O_2-2x_(OH)_2x_","Mn^2+^_x_Mn^4+^_1-x_O_2-2x_(OH)_2x_","Mn O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3394,"Ramsdellite",,,"Mn^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Nsu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish black, Dark gray, Black.","#555152,#363737,#000000"
"Nuffieldite","Nuffieldite","Pb2+2Cu1+1.4(Pb2+0.4Bi3+0.4Sb3+0.2)Bi3+2S2-7","Cu1.4Pb2.4Bi2.4Sb0.2S7","Cu_1.4_Pb_2.4_Bi_2.4_Sb_0.2_S_7_","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^1+^_1.4_(Pb^2+^_0.4_Bi^3+^_0.4_Sb^3+^_0.2_)Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_7_","Cu Pb Bi Sb S","IMA1967-003"," ",3395,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pbmn","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Nuf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray, Grayish green, Reddish brown.","#808080,#43464b,#82a67d,#7f2b0a"
"Nukundamite","Nukundamite","Cu3.4Fe0.6S4","Cu3.4Fe0.6S4","Cu_3.4_Fe_0.6_S_4_","Cu_3.4_Fe_0.6_S_4_","Cu Fe S","IMA1978-037"," ",3396," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu Fe S","Nuk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Copper red.","#cb6d51"
"Nullaginite","Nullaginite","Ni2+2CO3(OH)2","Ni2(CO3)(OH)2","Ni_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Ni^2+^_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_","Ni C O H","IMA1978-011"," ",3397,"Malachite","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ C O H","Nlg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright green, Dark green.","#66ff00,#033500"
"Numanoite","Numanoite","Ca4Cu2+B4O6(OH)6(CO3)2","Ca4CuB4O6(OH)6(CO3)2","Ca_4_CuB_4_O_6_(OH)_6_(CO_3_)_2_","Ca_4_Cu^2+^B_4_O_6_(OH)_6_(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Cu B O H C","IMA2005-050"," ",5543," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Cu^2+ B O H C","Num","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Blue green.","#afafaf,#137e6d"
"Nuragheite","Nuragheite","Th4+(Mo6+O4)2·H2O","Th(MoO4)2·H2O","Th(MoO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Th^4+^(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","Th Mo O H","IMA2013-088"," ",6247,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Th^4+ Mo^6+ O H","Nur","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Nuwaite","Nuwaite","Ni6GeS2","Ni6GeS2","Ni_6_GeS_2_","Ni_6_GeS_2_","Ni Ge S","IMA2013-018"," ",6179,"Nuwaite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Ni Ge S","Nuw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nybøite","Nyboite","NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_7_Al)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",3398,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Al Si O H","Nyb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Nyerereite","Nyerereite","Na2Ca(CO3)2","Na2Ca(CO3)2","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","Na Ca C O","IMA1963-014"," ",3399,"Fairchildite","orthorhombic, hexagonal","Cmc21, P63mc","Na Ca C O","Nye","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Nyholmite","Nyholmite","Cd2+3Zn2+2(As5+O3OH)2(As5+O4)2·4H2O","Cd3Zn2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·4H2O","Cd_3_Zn_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Cd^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Cd Zn As O H","IMA2008-047"," ",5707,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Cd^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Nyh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Oberthürite","Oberthurite","Rh3Ni32S32","Rh3Ni32S32","Rh_3_Ni_32_S_32_","Rh_3_Ni_32_S_32_","Rh Ni S","IMA2017-072"," ",6704,"Pentlandite","cubic","F43m","Rh Ni S","Obt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Oberwolfachite","Oberwolfachite","SrFe3+3(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6","SrFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","SrFe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Sr Fe As O S H","IMA2021-010"," ",7124,"Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Obw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to brown","#ffff00,#653700"
"Oboniobite","Oboniobite","Mg4Nb5+2O9","Mg4Nb2O9","Mg_4_Nb_2_O_9_","Mg_4_Nb^5+^_2_O_9_","Mg Nb O","IMA2023-118a"," ",7485,"Corundum","hexagonal","P3c1","Mg Nb^5+ O","Obo",,"No","yellowish-brown to brown","#9b7a01,#653700"
"Obradovicite-KCu","Obradovicite-KCu","[K2(H2O)17Cu2+(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[K2(H2O)17Cu(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[K_2_(H_2_O)_17_Cu(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_As_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","[K_2_(H_2_O)_17_Cu^2+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","K H O Cu Mo As Fe","IMA1978-061"," ",3402,"Betpakdalite","orthorhombic","Pcnm, Pnmb","K H O Cu^2+ Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Obr-KCu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pea-green (RHS 149A)","#96907e"
"Obradovicite-NaCu","Obradovicite-NaCu","[Na2(H2O)17Cu2+(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na2(H2O)17Cu(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O34(OH)3]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_17_Cu(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_As_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_17_Cu^2+^(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_34_(OH)_3_]","Na H O Cu Mo As Fe","IMA2011-079"," ",6019,"Betpakdalite","orthorhombic","Pnmb","Na H O Cu^2+ Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Obr-NaCu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"Obradovicite-NaNa","Obradovicite-NaNa","[Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O33(OH)4]","[Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O33(OH)4]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_16_Na(H_2_O)_6_][Mo_8_As_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_33_(OH)_4_]","[Na_2_(H_2_O)_16_Na(H_2_O)_6_][Mo^6+^_8_As^5+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_33_(OH)_4_]","Na H O Mo As Fe","IMA2011-046"," ",5974,"Betpakdalite","orthorhombic","Pnmb","Na H O Mo^6+ As^5+ Fe^3+","Obr-NaNa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"O'danielite","Odanielite","Na☐Zn2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)[As5+O3(OH)]2","Na☐ZnZn2(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2","Na[box]ZnZn_2_(AsO_4_)[AsO_3_(OH)]_2_","Na[box]Zn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)[As^5+^O_3_(OH)]_2_","Na Zn As O H","IMA1979-040"," ",3403,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Oda","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale violet","#c6c3d6"
"Odigitriaite","Odigitriaite","CsNa5Ca5[Si14B2O38]F2","CsNa5Ca5[Si14B2O38]F2","CsNa_5_Ca_5_[Si_14_B_2_O_38_]F_2_","CsNa_5_Ca_5_[Si_14_B_2_O_38_]F_2_","Cs Na Ca Si B O F","IMA2015-028"," ",6431,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Cs Na Ca Si B O F","Odi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Odikhinchaite","Odikhinchaite","Na9Sr3[(H2O)2Na]Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si(Si24O72)O(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","Na9Sr3[(H2O)2Na]Ca6Mn3Zr3NbSi(Si24O72)O(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","Na_9_Sr_3_[(H_2_O)_2_Na]Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_NbSi(Si_24_O_72_)O(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na_9_Sr_3_[(H_2_O)_2_Na]Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si(Si_24_O_72_)O(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na Sr H O Ca Mn Zr Nb Si C","IMA2020-064"," ",7058,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Sr H O Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si C","Odk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No"," deep purple","#36013f"
"Odinite","Odinite","(Fe3+,Mg,Al,Fe2+)2.5(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Fe3+,Mg,Al,Fe2+)2.5(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4","(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al,Fe^2+^)_2.5_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","(Fe^3+^,Mg,Al,Fe^2+^)_2.5_(Si,Al)_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Fe Mg Al Si O H","IMA1988-015"," ",3404,"Clay, Serpentine","monoclinic, hexagonal","Cm, P31m","Fe^3+ Mg Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Odn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Green, Dark green.","#00ff00,#033500"
"Odintsovite","Odintsovite","K2Na4Ca3Ti4+2Be4Si12O38","K2Na4Ca3Ti2Be4Si12O38","K_2_Na_4_Ca_3_Ti_2_Be_4_Si_12_O_38_","K_2_Na_4_Ca_3_Ti^4+^_2_Be_4_Si_12_O_38_","K Na Ca Ti Be Si O","IMA1994-052"," ",3405,"Odintsovite","orthorhombic","Fddd","K Na Ca Ti^4+ Be Si O","Odt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light pink, Slightly brownish pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df,#e6cfce"
"Oenite","Oenite","Co3+(SbAs)3-","CoSbAs","CoSbAs","Co^3+^(SbAs)^3-^","Co Sb As","IMA1995-007"," ",3406,"Marcasite","orthorhombic",,"Co^3+ Sb As","Oen","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Offretite","Offretite","KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36·15H2O","KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36·15H2O","KCaMg(Si_13_Al_5_)O_36_·15H_2_O","KCaMg(Si_13_Al_5_)O_36_·15H_2_O","K Ca Mg Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",5089,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P6m2","K Ca Mg Si Al O H","Off","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Oftedalite","Oftedalite","K(ScCa)☐2Be3Si12O30","K(ScCa)☐2Be3Si12O30","K(ScCa)[box]_2_Be_3_Si_12_O_30_","K(ScCa)[box]_2_Be_3_Si_12_O_30_","K Sc Ca Be Si O","IMA2003-045a"," ",5347,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Sc Ca Be Si O","Oft","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish white.","#d6dee9"
"Ogdensburgite","Ogdensburgite","Ca2Fe3+4Zn2+(As5+O4)4(OH)6·6H2O","Ca2Fe3+4Zn(AsO4)4(OH)6·6H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_4_Zn(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_4_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Ca Fe Zn As O H","IMA1980-054"," ",3407," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Fe^3+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Obu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish red, Dark brown, Reddish orange.","#9e3623,#73532a,#f8481c"
"Ognitite","Ognitite","NiBiTe","NiBiTe","NiBiTe","NiBiTe","Ni Bi Te","IMA2018-006a"," ",6857,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ni Bi Te","Ogn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","black","#000000"
"Ohmilite","Ohmilite","Sr3(Ti4+,Fe3+)(Si2O6)2(O,OH)·2H2O","Sr3(Ti,Fe3+)(Si2O6)2(O,OH)·2H2O","Sr_3_(Ti,Fe^3+^)(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(O,OH)·2H_2_O","Sr_3_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(O,OH)·2H_2_O","Sr Ti Fe Si O H","IMA1974-031"," ",3408,"Ohmilite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Oh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Ohtaniite","Ohtaniite","Mg3(Si0.5☐0.5)Si2O8","Mg3(Si0.5☐0.5)Si2O8","Mg_3_(Si_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Si_2_O_8_","Mg_3_(Si_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Si_2_O_8_","Mg Si O","IMA2024-012"," ",7446,"Wadsleyite","orthorhombic","Imma","Mg Si O","Oht",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ojuelaite","Ojuelaite","Zn2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","ZnFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn Fe As O H","IMA1979-035"," ",3409,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Ojl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Okanoganite-(Y)","Okanoganite-(Y)","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Th4+)16(Fe3+,Ti4+)(Si,B,P)10(O,OH)38F10","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Th)16(Fe3+,Ti)(Si,B,P)10(O,OH)38F10","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Th)_16_(Fe^3+^,Ti)(Si,B,P)_10_(O,OH)_38_F_10_","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Th^4+^)_16_(Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)(Si,B,P)_10_(O,OH)_38_F_10_","Y REE Ca Na Th Fe Ti Si B P O H F","IMA1979-048, IMA1987 s.p."," ",3410,"Okanoganite","hexagonal","R3m","Y REE Ca Na Th^4+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si B P O H F","Oka-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Light pink, White, Yellow.","#b5651d,#ffd1df,#ffffff,#ffff00"
"Okayamalite","Okayamalite","Ca2B2SiO7","Ca2B2SiO7","Ca_2_B_2_SiO_7_","Ca_2_B_2_SiO_7_","Ca B Si O","IMA1997-002"," ",3411,"Melilite","tetragonal","P421m","Ca B Si O","Oky","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Creamy white.","#f0e9d6"
"Okenite","Okenite","Ca10Si18O46·18H2O","Ca10Si18O46·18H2O","Ca_10_Si_18_O_46_·18H_2_O","Ca_10_Si_18_O_46_·18H_2_O","Ca Si O H"," "," ",3412," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Oke","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White, Yellowish white, Bluish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#e5dad4"
"Okhotskite","Okhotskite","Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Mn^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1985-010a"," ",5090,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m","Ca Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O H","Okh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Deep orange","#dc4d01"
"Okieite","Okieite","Mg3[V5+10O28]·28H2O","Mg3[V10O28]·28H2O","Mg_3_[V_10_O_28_]·28H_2_O","Mg_3_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·28H_2_O","Mg V O H","IMA2018-080"," ",6810,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Mg V^5+ O H","Oki","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright red to red orange to yellow orange","#ff000d,#ff3f34,#fcb001"
"Okruginite","Okruginite","Cu2SnSe2-3","Cu2SnSe3","Cu_2_SnSe_3_","Cu_2_SnSe^2-^_3_","Cu Sn Se","IMA2022-096"," ",7321,"Diamond-Sphalerite","monoclinic","Cm, Cc","Cu Sn Se^2-","Okg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Okruschite","Okruschite","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(As5+O4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(AsO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(AsO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Mn Be As O H","IMA2013-097"," ",6253,"Roscherite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ Be As^5+ O H","Okr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Oldhamite","Oldhamite","CaS2-","CaS","CaS","CaS^2-^","Ca S"," "," ",3413,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ca S^2-","Old","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light brown, Dark brown.","#b5651d,#73532a"
"Oldsite-(K)","Oldsite-(K)","K2Fe2+[(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2]2(H2O)8","K2Fe2+[(UO2)(SO4)2]2(H2O)8","K_2_Fe^2+^[(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_]_2_(H_2_O)_8_","K_2_Fe^2+^[(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_]_2_(H_2_O)_8_","K Fe U O S H","IMA2021-075, IMA2025 s.p."," ",7183,"Svornostite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","K Fe^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Ods","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Olekminskite","Olekminskite","Sr2(CO3)2","Sr2(CO3)2","Sr_2_(CO_3_)_2_","Sr_2_(CO_3_)_2_","Sr C O","IMA1989-047"," ",3414,"Paralstonite","hexagonal","P321","Sr C O","Okm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White, Snow white.","#ffffff,#eeffee"
"Olenite","Olenite","NaAl3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(O3)OH","NaAl3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH)","NaAl_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_O_3_(OH)","NaAl_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(O_3_)OH","Na Al Si O B H","IMA1985-006"," ",3415,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Al Si O B H","Ole","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Olgafrankite","Olgafrankite","Ni3Ge","Ni3Ge","Ni_3_Ge","Ni_3_Ge","Ni Ge","IMA2024-048"," ",7502,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Ni Ge","Ofk",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Olgite","Olgite","(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2","(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2","(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)_2_Na(PO_4_)_2_","(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)_2_Na(PO_4_)_2_","Ba Sr Na REE P O","IMA1979-027"," ",3416,"Aphthitalite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ba Sr Na REE P O","Olg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Blue, Blue green.","#0000ff,#137e6d"
"Olivenite","Olivenite","Cu2+2As5+O4(OH)","Cu2(AsO4)(OH)","Cu_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Cu As O H"," "," ",3418,"Andalusite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/n, Pnnm","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Oli","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green, Yellowish brown, Dirty white, Blackish green, Liver brown.","#8ead2c,#9b7a01,#e8e4c9,#5d6161,#513e32"
"Olkhonskite","Olkhonskite","Cr3+2Ti4+3O9","Cr2Ti3O9","Cr_2_Ti_3_O_9_","Cr^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","Cr Ti O","IMA1993-035"," ",3419,"Schreyerite","monoclinic",,"Cr^3+ Ti^4+ O","Olk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Olmiite","Olmiite","CaMn2+SiO3(OH)2","CaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH)","CaMn[SiO_3_(OH)](OH)","CaMn^2+^SiO_3_(OH)_2_","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA2006-026"," ",5569," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Olm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Reddish pink.","#fe2c54"
"Olmsteadite","Olmsteadite","KFe2+2Nb5+O2(PO4)2·2H2O","KFe2+2NbO2(PO4)2·2H2O","KFe^2+^_2_NbO_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","KFe^2+^_2_Nb^5+^O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","K Fe Nb O P H","IMA1974-034"," ",3420," ","orthorhombic","Pb21m","K Fe^2+ Nb^5+ O P H","Osd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Brown, Reddish brown, Black.","#653700,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Olsacherite","Olsacherite","Pb2+2(Se6+O4)(S6+O4)","Pb2(Se6+O4)(SO4)","Pb_2_(Se^6+^O_4_)(SO_4_)","Pb^2+^_2_(Se^6+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)","Pb Se O S","IMA1969-009"," ",3421,"Baryte","orthorhombic","P2212","Pb^2+ Se^6+ O S^6+","Ols","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Olsenite","Olsenite","KFe2+4(PO4)3","KFe4(PO4)3","KFe_4_(PO_4_)_3_","KFe^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_3_","K Fe P O","IMA2022-100"," ",7323,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnnm, Pmnn","K Fe^2+ P O","Ose",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Olshanskyite","Olshanskyite","Ca2[B3O3(OH)6]OH·3H2O","Ca2[B3O3(OH)6]OH·3H2O","Ca_2_[B_3_O_3_(OH)_6_]OH·3H_2_O","Ca_2_[B_3_O_3_(OH)_6_]OH·3H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1968-025"," ",3422," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B O H","Osh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White, Light brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Olympite","Olympite","LiNa5(PO4)2","LiNa5(PO4)2","LiNa_5_(PO_4_)_2_","LiNa_5_(PO_4_)_2_","Li Na P O","IMA1979-065"," ",3423," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Li Na P O","Oly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Omariniite","Omariniite","Cu1+8Fe3+2Zn2+Ge4+2S2-12","Cu8Fe2ZnGe2S12","Cu_8_Fe_2_ZnGe_2_S_12_","Cu^1+^_8_Fe^3+^_2_Zn^2+^Ge^4+^_2_S^2-^_12_","Cu Fe Zn Ge S","IMA2016-050"," ",6578,"Stannoidite","orthorhombic","I222","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Zn^2+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Oma","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange-brown","#b16002"
"Omeiite","Omeiite","Os3+(As2)3-","OsAs2","OsAs_2_","Os^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Os As","IMA1985-xxx"," ",3424,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Os^3+ As","Ome","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Ominelite","Ominelite","Fe2+Al3O2(BO3)(SiO4)","Fe2+Al3O2(BO3)(SiO4)","Fe^2+^Al_3_O_2_(BO_3_)(SiO_4_)","Fe^2+^Al_3_O_2_(BO_3_)(SiO_4_)","Fe Al O B Si","IMA1999-025"," ",3425," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Fe^2+ Al O B Si","Omi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Omongwaite","Omongwaite","Na2Ca5(S6+O4)6·3H2O","Na2Ca5(SO4)6·3H2O","Na_2_Ca_5_(SO_4_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_5_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Ca S O H","IMA2003-054b"," ",5690," ","monoclinic","C2","Na Ca S^6+ O H","Omo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Omphacite","Omphacite","(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al)Si2O6","(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si2O6","(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si_2_O_6_","(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe^2+^,Al)Si_2_O_6_","Ca Na Mg Fe Al Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",3426,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P2/n, P2, C2/c","Ca Na Mg Fe^2+ Al Si O","Omp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Grass green, Dark green.","#419c03,#033500"
"Omsite","Omsite","Ni2+2Fe3+(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6]","Ni2Fe3+(OH)6[Sb(OH)6]","Ni_2_Fe^3+^(OH)_6_[Sb(OH)_6_]","Ni^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(OH)_6_[Sb^5+^(OH)_6_]","Ni Fe O H Sb","IMA2012-025"," ",6084,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3","Ni^2+ Fe^3+ O H Sb^5+","Om","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ondrušite","Ondrusite","CaCu2+4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·10H2O","CaCu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·10H2O","CaCu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Ca Cu As O H","IMA2008-010"," ",5669,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Ond","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","white, whitish green, grey-green, apple-green","#ffffff,#019529,#86a17d,#69b076"
"Oneillite","Oneillite","Na15Ca3Mn2+3Fe2+3Zr4+3Nb5+(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(OH,Cl)2","Na15Ca3Mn3Fe3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(OH,Cl)2","Na_15_Ca_3_Mn_3_Fe_3_Zr_3_Nb(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(OH,Cl)_2_","Na_15_Ca_3_Mn^2+^_3_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^(Si_25_O_73_)(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_(OH,Cl)_2_","Na Ca Mn Fe Zr Nb Si O H Cl","IMA1998-064"," ",3427,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H Cl","One","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish brown.","#9b7a01"
"Onoratoite","Onoratoite","Sb3+8O11Cl2","Sb8O11Cl2","Sb_8_O_11_Cl_2_","Sb^3+^_8_O_11_Cl_2_","Sb O Cl","IMA1967-032"," ",3428," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Sb^3+ O Cl","Ono","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Oosterboschite","Oosterboschite","(Pd,Cu)7Se5","(Pd,Cu)7Se5","(Pd,Cu)_7_Se_5_","(Pd,Cu)_7_Se_5_","Pd Cu Se","IMA1970-016"," ",3429," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd Cu Se","Oos","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Ootannite","Ootannite","Th4+2W6+4O16·5H2O","Th4+2W6+4O16·5H2O","Th^4+^_2_W^6+^_4_O_16_·5H_2_O","Th^4+^_2_W^6+^_4_O_16_·5H_2_O","Th W O H","IMA2023-039"," ",7404,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Th^4+ W^6+ O H","Otn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Opal","Opal","SiO2·nH2O","SiO2·nH2O","SiO_2_·nH_2_O","SiO_2_·nH_2_O","Si O H"," "," ",3430,"Amorphous",,,"Si O H","Opl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White, Yellow, Red, Brown, Blue.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#ff0000,#653700,#0000ff"
"Ophirite","Ophirite","Ca2Mg4Zn2+2Mn3+2(H2O)2(Fe3+W6+9O34)2·46H2O","Ca2Mg4[Zn2Mn3+2(H2O)2(Fe3+W9O34)2]·46H2O","Ca_2_Mg_4_[Zn_2_Mn^3+^_2_(H_2_O)_2_(Fe^3+^W_9_O_34_)_2_]·46H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg_4_Zn^2+^_2_Mn^3+^_2_(H_2_O)_2_(Fe^3+^W^6+^_9_O_34_)_2_·46H_2_O","Ca Mg Zn Mn H O Fe W","IMA2013-017"," ",6178,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Zn^2+ Mn^3+ H O Fe^3+ W^6+","Oph","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","orange-brown","#b16002"
"Oppenheimerite","Oppenheimerite","Na2(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2·3H2O","Na2(UO2)(SO4)2·3H2O","Na_2_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2014-073"," ",6371,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Ohm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Orcelite","Orcelite","Ni4.75As2","Ni5-xAs2 (x = 0.25)","Ni_5-x_As_2_ (x = 0.25)","Ni_4.75_As_2_","Ni As","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3431," ","hexagonal","P63cm","Ni As","Orc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow white, Pink bronze.","#e9f1d0,#dd77ee"
"Ordoñezite","Ordonezite","Zn2+Sb5+2O6","ZnSb5+2O6","ZnSb^5+^_2_O_6_","Zn^2+^Sb^5+^_2_O_6_","Zn Sb O"," "," ",3432,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Zn^2+ Sb^5+ O","Ord","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very light to very dark brown, variable from colorless to pearl gray, olive buff to dark olive, light yellowish olive, bone brown (Ridgeway), transparent.","#673b66,#3a4859,#afafaf,#a6978a,#bcd382,#373e02,#c2ff89,#9d7446,#ddddff"
"Örebroite","Orebroite","Mn2+6(Sb5+Fe3+)(SiO4)2O6","Mn2+6(Sb5+Fe3+)(SiO4)2O6","Mn^2+^_6_(Sb^5+^Fe^3+^)(SiO_4_)_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^_6_(Sb^5+^Fe^3+^)(SiO_4_)_2_O_6_","Mn Sb Fe Si O","IMA1985-039"," ",3433,"Welinite","hexagonal","P3","Mn^2+ Sb^5+ Fe^3+ Si O","Öbr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","dark brown, red brown","#73532a,#a52a2f"
"Oregonite","Oregonite","FeNi2As2","FeNi2As2","FeNi_2_As_2_","FeNi_2_As_2_","Fe Ni As","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3435," ","hexagonal",,"Fe Ni As","Ore","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White, Gray white.","#ffffff,#d7d5cb"
"Oreillyite","Oreillyite","Cr2N","Cr2N","Cr_2_N","Cr_2_N","Cr N","IMA2020-030a"," ",7059," ","hexagonal","P31m, P63/mmc","Cr N","Ory","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Organovaite-Mn","Organovaite-Mn","K2Mn2+Nb5+4(Si4O12)2O4·5-7H2O","K2MnNb4(Si4O12)2O4·5-7H2O","K_2_MnNb_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_4_·5-7H_2_O","K_2_Mn^2+^Nb^5+^_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_4_·5-7H_2_O","K Mn Nb Si O H","IMA2000-031"," ",3436,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Org-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Rose brown, Pink, Yellow brown.","#bc8e8f,#ffc0cb,#ae8b0c"
"Organovaite-Zn","Organovaite-Zn","K2Zn2+(Nb5+,Ti4+)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K2Zn(Nb,Ti)4(Si4O12)2(O,OH)4·6H2O","K_2_Zn(Nb,Ti)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K_2_Zn^2+^(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_(O,OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K Zn Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2001-006"," ",3437,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Zn^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Org-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink, Pinkish brown, White.","#ffc0cb,#b17261,#ffffff"
"Orickite","Orickite","CuFeS2·nH2O","CuFeS2·nH2O","CuFeS_2_·nH_2_O","CuFeS_2_·nH_2_O","Cu Fe S H O","IMA1978-059"," ",3438," ","hexagonal",,"Cu Fe S H O","Ori","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brass yellow.","#b58735"
"Orientite","Orientite","Ca8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10·4H2O","Ca8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10·4H2O","Ca_8_Mn^3+^_10_(SiO_4_)_3_(Si_3_O_10_)_3_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Ca_8_Mn^3+^_10_(SiO_4_)_3_(Si_3_O_10_)_3_(OH)_10_·4H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H"," "," ",3439," ","orthorhombic","Bbmm, P2mm","Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Orn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Orishchinite","Orishchinite","Ni2P","Ni2P","Ni_2_P","Ni_2_P","Ni P","IMA2019-039"," ",6927,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ni P","Orh","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Yellowish-white","#e9f1d0"
"Orlandiite","Orlandiite","Pb2+3Cl4(Se4+O3)·H2O","Pb3Cl4(Se4+O3)·H2O","Pb_3_Cl_4_(Se^4+^O_3_)·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_Cl_4_(Se^4+^O_3_)·H_2_O","Pb Cl Se O H","IMA1998-038"," ",3440," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cl Se^4+ O H","Ola","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Orlovite","Orlovite","KLi2Ti4+(Si4O10)(OF)","KLi2Ti(Si4O10)(OF)","KLi_2_Ti(Si_4_O_10_)(OF)","KLi_2_Ti^4+^(Si_4_O_10_)(OF)","K Li Ti Si O F","IMA2009-006"," ",5734,"Mica","monoclinic","C2","K Li Ti^4+ Si O F","Olv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Orlymanite","Orlymanite","Ca4Mn2+3Si8O20(OH)6·2H2O","Ca4Mn2+3Si8O20(OH)6·2H2O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^_3_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^_3_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1988-029"," ",3441,"Gyrolite","hexagonal",,"Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Orl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Orpiment","Orpiment","As3+2S2-3","As2S3","As_2_S_3_","As^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","As S"," "," ",3442,"Orpiment","monoclinic","P21/n","As^3+ S^2-","Orp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Lemon yellow, Brownish yellow, Orange yellow.","#cfff04,#c9b003,#fdb915"
"Orschallite","Orschallite","Ca3(S4+O3)2S6+O4·12H2O","Ca3(S4+O3)2(SO4)·12H2O","Ca_3_(S^4+^O_3_)_2_(SO_4_)·12H_2_O","Ca_3_(S^4+^O_3_)_2_S^6+^O_4_·12H_2_O","Ca S O H","IMA1990-041"," ",3443," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ca S^4+ O S^6+ H","Ors","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Orthobrannerite","Orthobrannerite","U4+U6+Ti4+4O12(OH)2","U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2","U^4+^U^6+^Ti_4_O_12_(OH)_2_","U^4+^U^6+^Ti^4+^_4_O_12_(OH)_2_","U Ti O H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3444,"Brannerite","orthorhombic","P2221","U^4+ U^6+ Ti^4+ O H","Obnr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish green, Black.","#6a6e09,#000000"
"Orthoclase","Orthoclase","KAlSi3O8","K(AlSi3O8)","K(AlSi_3_O_8_)","KAlSi_3_O_8_","K Al Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3447,"Feldspar","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, C1","K Al Si O","Or","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Greenish, Grayish yellow, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#40a368,#877254,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Orthocuproplatinum","Orthocuproplatinum","Pt3Cu","Pt3Cu","Pt_3_Cu","Pt_3_Cu","Pt Cu","IMA2018-124"," ",6853," ","orthorhombic","Cmmm","Pt Cu","Ocpt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Greyish white","#d6dee9"
"Orthogersdorffite","Orthogersdorffite","Ni3+(AsS)3-","NiAsS","NiAsS","Ni^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Ni As S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5006,"Cobaltite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Ni^3+ As S","Gdf-Pca21","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Orthojoaquinite-(Ce)","Orthojoaquinite-(Ce)","NaBa2Fe2+Ce3+2Ti4+2(SiO3)8O2(O,OH)·H2O","NaBa2Fe2+Ce2Ti2(SiO3)8O2(O,OH)·H2O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^Ce_2_Ti_2_(SiO_3_)_8_O_2_(O,OH)·H_2_O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^Ce^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_(SiO_3_)_8_O_2_(O,OH)·H_2_O","Na Ba Fe Ce Ti Si O H","IMA1979-081b"," ",3449,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic",,"Na Ba Fe^2+ Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Ojq-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Light brown.","#ffff00,#b5651d"
"Orthojoaquinite-(La)","Orthojoaquinite-(La)","NaBa2Fe2+La2Ti4+2(SiO3)8O2(OH,O,F)·H2O","NaBa2Fe2+La2Ti2(SiO3)8O2(OH,O,F)·H2O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^La_2_Ti_2_(SiO_3_)_8_O_2_(OH,O,F)·H_2_O","NaBa_2_Fe^2+^La_2_Ti^4+^_2_(SiO_3_)_8_O_2_(OH,O,F)·H_2_O","Na Ba Fe La Ti Si O H F","IMA2000 s.p."," ",3450,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic","Ccmm","Na Ba Fe^2+ La Ti^4+ Si O H F","Ojq-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Orthominasragrite","Orthominasragrite","V4+O(S6+O4)·5H2O","V4+O(SO4)·5H2O","V^4+^O(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","V O S H","IMA2000-018"," ",3451,"Minasragrite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","V^4+ O S^6+ H","Omrg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Bright blue, Pale blue.","#0165fc,#d0fefe"
"Orthopinakiolite","Orthopinakiolite","Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3)","Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Mn O B","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3452," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Mg Mn^3+ O B","Opki","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Orthoserpierite","Orthoserpierite","CaCu2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","CaCu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Cu S O H","IMA1983-022a"," ",3453," ","orthorhombic","Pca21","Ca Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Ospe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale blue green.","#d0fefe"
"Orthowalpurgite","Orthowalpurgite","(U6+O2)Bi3+4O4(As5+O4)2·2H2O","(UO2)Bi4O4(AsO4)2·2H2O","(UO_2_)Bi_4_O_4_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)Bi^3+^_4_O_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","U O Bi As H","IMA1994-024"," ",3454," ","orthorhombic","Pbcm","U^6+ O Bi^3+ As^5+ H","Owal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Osakaite","Osakaite","Zn2+4S6+O4(OH)6·5H2O","Zn4(SO4)(OH)6·5H2O","Zn_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA2006-049"," ",5585,"Ktenasite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Ok","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pale blue.","#ffffff,#d0fefe"
"Osarizawaite","Osarizawaite","Cu2+Pb2+Al2(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Al_2_Cu^2+^)(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Al Cu S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3455,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Orz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Osarsite","Osarsite","Os3+(AsS)3-","OsAsS","OsAsS","Os^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Os As S","IMA1971-025"," ",3456,"Arsenopyrite","monoclinic",,"Os^3+ As S","Osa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Osbornite","Osbornite","Ti3+N3-","TiN","TiN","Ti^3+^N^3-^","Ti N"," "," ",3457,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ti^3+ N^3-","Obn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Oscarkempffite","Oscarkempffite","Ag1+10Pb2+4(Sb3+17Bi3+9)S2-48","Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48","Ag_10_Pb_4_(Sb_17_Bi_9_)S_48_","Ag^1+^_10_Pb^2+^_4_(Sb^3+^_17_Bi^3+^_9_)S^2-^_48_","Ag Pb Sb Bi S","IMA2011-029"," ",5957,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Pnca","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Okp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greyish black","#555152"
"Oskarssonite","Oskarssonite","AlF3","AlF3","AlF_3_","AlF_3_","Al F","IMA2012-088"," ",6151,"Perovskite","hexagonal","R3c","Al F","Osk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Osmium","Osmium","Os","Os","Os","Os","Os","IMA1991 s.p."," ",3458," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Os","Os","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Osumilite","Osumilite","KFe2+2(Al5Si10)O30","KFe2(Al5Si10)O30","KFe_2_(Al_5_Si_10_)O_30_","KFe^2+^_2_(Al_5_Si_10_)O_30_","K Fe Al Si O"," "," ",3460,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Fe^2+ Al Si O","Osm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black, dark blue, dark brown, pink, gray","#000000,#315b7d,#73532a,#ffc0cb,#808080"
"Osumilite-(Mg)","Osumilite-(Mg)","KMg2(Al5Si10)O30","KMg2Al3(Al2Si10)O30","KMg_2_Al_3_(Al_2_Si_10_)O_30_","KMg_2_(Al_5_Si_10_)O_30_","K Mg Al Si O","IMA2011-083"," ",5145,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Mg Al Si O","Osm-Mg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Green, Dark blue, Black.","#653700,#00ff00,#315b7d,#000000"
"Oswaldpeetersite","Oswaldpeetersite","(U6+O2)2CO3(OH)2·4H2O","(UO2)2(CO3)(OH)2·4H2O","(UO_2_)_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","U O C H","IMA2000-034"," ",3461," ","monoclinic","P21/c","U^6+ O C H","Osw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Otavite","Otavite","Cd2+CO3","Cd(CO3)","Cd(CO_3_)","Cd^2+^CO_3_","Cd C O"," "," ",3462,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c, R3, R3c","Cd^2+ C O","Ota","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, White, Reddish, Reddish white.","#ae8b0c,#ffffff,#c44240,#fff8d5"
"Otjisumeite","Otjisumeite","Pb2+Ge4O9","PbGe4O9","PbGe_4_O_9_","Pb^2+^Ge_4_O_9_","Pb Ge O","IMA1978-080"," ",3463," ","triclinic",,"Pb^2+ Ge O","Otj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ottemannite","Ottemannite","Sn2+Sn4+S2-3","Sn2S3","Sn_2_S_3_","Sn^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_3_","Sn S","IMA1968 s.p."," ",3464," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Sn^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Ott","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Reddish gray.","#997570"
"Ottensite","Ottensite","Na3(Sb3+2O3)3(Sb3+S2-3)·3H2O","Na3(Sb2O3)3(SbS3)·3H2O","Na_3_(Sb_2_O_3_)_3_(SbS_3_)·3H_2_O","Na_3_(Sb^3+^_2_O_3_)_3_(Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_)·3H_2_O","Na Sb O S H","IMA2006-014"," ",5345,"Cetineite","hexagonal","P63","Na Sb^3+ O S^2- H","Ots","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Ottohahnite","Ottohahnite","Na6(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)5(H2O)7·1.5H2O","Na6(UO2)2(SO4)5(H2O)7·1.5H2O","Na_6_(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_5_(H_2_O)_7_·1.5H_2_O","Na_6_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_(H_2_O)_7_·1.5H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2015-098"," ",6496," ","triclinic","P1","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Ohn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","yellowish green to greenish-yellow","#b0dd16,#cdfd02"
"Ottoite","Ottoite","Pb2+2Te6+O5","Pb2TeO5","Pb_2_TeO_5_","Pb^2+^_2_Te^6+^O_5_","Pb Te O","IMA2009-063"," ",5791,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/a","Pb^2+ Te^6+ O","Oto","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Ottrélite","Ottrelite","Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2","Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2","Mn^2+^Al_2_O(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^Al_2_O(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Mn Al O Si H"," "," ",3465,"Chloritoid","monoclinic",,"Mn^2+ Al O Si H","Otr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pistachio-green, greenish to dark grey","#a9d39e,#40a368,#363737"
"Otwayite","Otwayite","Ni2+2CO3(OH)2·H2O","Ni2(CO3)(OH)2·H2O","Ni_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ni^2+^_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ni C O H","IMA1976-028"," ",3466," ","orthorhombic",,"Ni^2+ C O H","Otw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Bright green.","#00ff00,#66ff00"
"Oulankaite","Oulankaite","Pd5Cu4SnTe2S2","Pd5Cu4SnTe2S2","Pd_5_Cu_4_SnTe_2_S_2_","Pd_5_Cu_4_SnTe_2_S_2_","Pd Cu Sn Te S","IMA1990-055"," ",3467," ","tetragonal",,"Pd Cu Sn Te S","Oul","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Rose, Violet rose.","#ff007f,#60394d"
"Ourayite","Ourayite","Ag1+3Pb2+4Bi3+5S2-13","Ag3Pb4Bi5S13","Ag_3_Pb_4_Bi_5_S_13_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_4_Bi^3+^_5_S^2-^_13_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1976-007"," ",3468,"Lillianite","orthorhombic",,"Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Our","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Oursinite","Oursinite","Co2+(U6+O2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Co(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Co(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Co^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Co U O Si H","IMA1982-051"," ",3469," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Co^2+ U^6+ O Si H","Osn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Ovamboite","Ovamboite","Cu1+10Fe2+3W4+Ge4+3S2-16","Cu10Fe3WGe3S16","Cu_10_Fe_3_WGe_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_10_Fe^2+^_3_W^4+^Ge^4+^_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu Fe W Ge S","IMA1992-039"," ",5092,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic",,"Cu^1+ Fe^2+ W^4+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Ova","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Overite","Overite","CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgAl(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","CaMgAl(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Ca Mg Al P O H"," "," ",3470,"Overite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mg Al P O H","Ove","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Owensite","Owensite","(Ba,Pb2+)6(Cu1+,Fe2+,Ni2+)25S2-27","(Ba,Pb)6(Cu1+,Fe,Ni)25S27","(Ba,Pb)_6_(Cu^1+^,Fe,Ni)_25_S_27_","(Ba,Pb^2+^)_6_(Cu^1+^,Fe^2+^,Ni^2+^)_25_S^2-^_27_","Ba Pb Cu Fe Ni S","IMA1993-061"," ",3471,"Djerfisherite","cubic","Pm3m","Ba Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Ni^2+ S^2-","Owe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Owyheeite","Owyheeite","Ag1+3Pb2+10Sb3+11S2-28","Ag3Pb10Sb11S28","Ag_3_Pb_10_Sb_11_S_28_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_10_Sb^3+^_11_S^2-^_28_","Ag Pb Sb S"," "," ",3472,"Owyheeite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Owy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray blue, Yellowish, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#77a1b5,#faee66,#a8a8a4"
"Oxammite","Oxammite","(N3-H4)2(C2)6+O4·H2O","(NH4)2(C2O4)·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","N H C O"," "," ",3473,"Oxalate","orthorhombic","P21212","N^3- H C O","Oxa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite","Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite","NaCa2(Mg2Fe3+3)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa2(Mg2Fe3+3)(Si6Al2)O22O2","NaCa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_3_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_3_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_O_2_","Na Ca Mg Fe Si Al O","IMA2011-035, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5444,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O","Omhst","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown","#653700"
"Oxo-mangani-leakeite","Oxo-mangani-leakeite","NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2","NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2","NaNa_2_(Mn^3+^_4_Li)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","NaNa_2_(Mn^3+^_4_Li)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","Na Mn Li Si O","IMA2015-035"," ",6436,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^3+ Li Si O","Omlk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No"," red-orange","#ff3f34"
"Oxybismutomicrolite","Oxybismutomicrolite","(Bi3+1.33☐0.67)Ta5+2O6O","(Bi1.33☐0.67)Ta2O6O","(Bi_1.33_[box]_0.67_)Ta_2_O_6_O","(Bi^3+^_1.33_[box]_0.67_)Ta^5+^_2_O_6_O","Bi Ta O","IMA2019-047"," ",6935,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Bi^3+ Ta^5+ O","Obmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","black","#000000"
"Oxycalciomicrolite","Oxycalciomicrolite","Ca2Ta5+2O7","Ca2Ta2O7","Ca_2_Ta_2_O_7_","Ca_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_7_","Ca Ta O","IMA2019-110"," ",6997,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Ca Ta^5+ O","Ocmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, brownish, greenish","#ffff00,#9c6d57,#40a368"
"Oxycalciopyrochlore","Oxycalciopyrochlore","Ca2Nb5+2O6O","Ca2Nb2O6O","Ca_2_Nb_2_O_6_O","Ca_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_O","Ca Nb O","IMA1978-052, IMA2010 s.p."," ",4194,"Pyrochlore-Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Ca Nb^5+ O","Ocpcl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brownish-black, greenish-black and black","#413936,#454445"
"Oxycalcioroméite","Oxycalcioromeite","Ca2Sb5+2O7","Ca2Sb5+2O7","Ca_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Ca_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Ca Sb O","IMA2012-022"," ",6081,"Pyrochlore-Roméite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Ca Sb^5+ O","Ocr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Amber yellow, golden yellow, yellow brown","#fab75a,#ffdf00,#ae8b0c"
"Oxy-chromium-dravite","Oxy-chromium-dravite","NaCr3+3(Cr3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaCr3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaCr_3_(Cr_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaCr^3+^_3_(Cr^3+^_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Cr Mg Si O B H","IMA2011-097"," ",6043,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Cr^3+ Mg Si O B H","Ocdrv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Emerald green","#046307"
"Oxy-dravite","Oxy-dravite","Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Al_2_Mg)(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na(Al_2_Mg)(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Al Mg Si O B H","IMA2012-004a"," ",6089,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Al Mg Si O B H","Odrv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, brown-black, red-black","#653700,#263145,#353337"
"Oxy-foitite","Oxy-foitite","☐(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","☐(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","[box](Fe^2+^Al_2_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","[box](Fe^2+^Al_2_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2016-069"," ",6598,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Ofoi","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Oxykinoshitalite","Oxykinoshitalite","BaMg2Ti4+O2(Si2Al2)O10","BaMg2Ti4+O2(Si2Al2)O10","BaMg_2_Ti^4+^O_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_","BaMg_2_Ti^4+^O_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_","Ba Mg Ti O Si Al","IMA2004-013"," ",5273," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Mg Ti^4+ O Si Al","Okns","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bright orange, Brown.","#ff7034,#653700"
"Oxynatromicrolite","Oxynatromicrolite","(Na,Ca,U4+)2(Ta5+,Nb5+)2O6(O,F)","(Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F)","(Na,Ca,U)_2_(Ta,Nb)_2_O_6_(O,F)","(Na,Ca,U^4+^)_2_(Ta^5+^,Nb^5+^)_2_O_6_(O,F)","Na Ca U Ta Nb O F","IMA2013-063"," ",6223,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Na Ca U^4+ Ta^5+ Nb^5+ O F","Onmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","blue","#0000ff"
"Oxyphlogopite","Oxyphlogopite","K(Mg,Ti4+,Fe3+,Fe2+)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2","K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2","K(Mg,Ti,Fe)_3_[(Si,Al)_4_O_10_](O,F)_2_","K(Mg,Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_3_[(Si,Al)_4_O_10_](O,F)_2_","K Mg Ti Fe Si Al O F","IMA2009-069"," ",5798,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si Al O F","Ophl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark brown to almost black","#73532a,#c2ebd1"
"Oxyplumbopyrochlore","Oxyplumbopyrochlore","Pb2+2Nb5+2O6O","Pb2Nb2O6O","Pb_2_Nb_2_O_6_O","Pb^2+^_2_Nb^5+^_2_O_6_O","Pb Nb O","IMA2024-026"," ",7444,"Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Pb^2+ Nb^5+ O","Oppcl",,"No","pale yellow to pale brown","#eecf9e,#b1916e"
"Oxyplumboroméite","Oxyplumboromeite","Pb2+2Sb5+2O7","Pb2Sb2O7","Pb_2_Sb_2_O_7_","Pb^2+^_2_Sb^5+^_2_O_7_","Pb Sb O","IMA2013-042"," ",6196,"Pyrochlore-Roméite","cubic","Fd3m","Pb^2+ Sb^5+ O","Opr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to brownish yellow.","#ffff00,#c9b003"
"Oxy-schorl","Oxy-schorl","Na(Fe2+2Al)Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Fe^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na(Fe^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_Si_6_O_18_(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2011-011"," ",5941,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Osrl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish to brownish black","#40a368,#413936"
"Oxystannomicrolite","Oxystannomicrolite","Sn2+2Ta5+2O6O","Sn2Ta2O6O","Sn_2_Ta_2_O_6_O","Sn^2+^_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_O","Sn Ta O","IMA2010 s.p."," ",4174,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Sn^2+ Ta^5+ O","Omic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish brown","#9b7a01"
"Oxystibiomicrolite","Oxystibiomicrolite","(Sb3+,Ca)2Ta5+2O6O","(Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O","(Sb^3+^,Ca)_2_Ta_2_O_6_O","(Sb^3+^,Ca)_2_Ta^5+^_2_O_6_O","Sb Ca Ta O","IMA2010 s.p."," ",4197,"Pyrochlore-microlite","cubic","Fd3m","Sb^3+ Ca Ta^5+ O","Osmic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish white to white","#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Oxy-vanadium-dravite","Oxy-vanadium-dravite","NaV3+3(V3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV3(V4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV_3_(V_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaV^3+^_3_(V^3+^_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na V Mg Si O B H","IMA1999-050, IMA2012 s.p."," ",4560,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na V^3+ Mg Si O B H","Ovdrv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark green with yellow-brown tint to black.","#033500,#000000"
"Oxyvanite","Oxyvanite","V3+2V4+O5","V3+2V4+O5","V^3+^_2_V^4+^O_5_","V^3+^_2_V^4+^O_5_","V O","IMA2008-044"," ",5701,"Berdesinskiite","monoclinic","C2/c","V^3+ V^4+ O","Oxy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Black","#000000"
"Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y)","Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y)","Y2Ti4+2O6O","Y2Ti2O6O","Y_2_Ti_2_O_6_O","Y_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_6_O","Y Ti O","IMA2022-002"," ",7226,"Pyrochlore-betafite","cubic","Fd3m","Y Ti^4+ O","Oyb-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown","#653700"
"Oyelite","Oyelite","Ca5BSi4O13(OH)3·4H2O","Ca5BSi4O13(OH)3·4H2O","Ca_5_BSi_4_O_13_(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Ca_5_BSi_4_O_13_(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Ca B Si O H","IMA1980-103"," ",3474," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca B Si O H","Oye","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Oyonite","Oyonite","Ag1+3Mn2+2Pb2+4Sb3+7As3+4S2-24","Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24","Ag_3_Mn_2_Pb_4_Sb_7_As_4_S_24_","Ag^1+^_3_Mn^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_4_Sb^3+^_7_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_24_","Ag Mn Pb Sb As S","IMA2018-002"," ",6746,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Mn^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Oyo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ozernovskite","Ozernovskite","Fe3+4(Te4+O4)(Te4+O3)4·7H2O","Fe3+4(Te4+O4)(Te4+O3)4·7H2O","Fe^3+^_4_(Te^4+^O_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_·7H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_(Te^4+^O_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_·7H_2_O","Fe Te O H","IMA2021-059"," ",7164,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Ozn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ozerovaite","Ozerovaite","Na2KAl3(As5+O4)4","Na2KAl3(AsO4)4","Na_2_KAl_3_(AsO_4_)_4_","Na_2_KAl_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","Na K Al As O","IMA2016-019"," ",6547,"Ozerovaite","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na K Al As^5+ O","Oze","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Pääkkönenite","Paakkonenite","Sb3+4(As2)4-S2-4","Sb2AsS2","Sb_2_AsS_2_","Sb^3+^_4_(As_2_)^4-^S^2-^_4_","Sb As S","IMA1980-063"," ",3475,"Stibnite","monoclinic","C2/m","Sb^3+ As S^2-","Pä","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray","#808080"
"Paarite","Paarite","Cu1+1.7Pb2+1.7Bi3+6.3S2-12","Cu1.7Pb1.7Bi6.3S12","Cu_1.7_Pb_1.7_Bi_6.3_S_12_","Cu^1+^_1.7_Pb^2+^_1.7_Bi^3+^_6.3_S^2-^_12_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA2001-016"," ",5150,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Paa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Pabellóndepicaite","Pabellondepicaite","Cu2+2(N3C2H2)2(NH3)2(NO3)Cl·2H2O","Cu2+2(N3C2H2)2(NH3)2(NO3)Cl·2H2O","Cu^2+^_2_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)_2_(NH_3_)_2_(NO_3_)Cl·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)_2_(NH_3_)_2_(NO_3_)Cl·2H_2_O","Cu N C H O Cl","IMA2023-104"," ",7452," ","orthorhombic","Pnna, Pmma","Cu^2+ N C H O Cl","Pdp",,"No"," indigo blue","#3a18b1"
"Pabstite","Pabstite","BaSn4+Si3O9","BaSnSi3O9","BaSnSi_3_O_9_","BaSn^4+^Si_3_O_9_","Ba Sn Si O","IMA1964-022"," ",3476,"Benitoite","hexagonal","P6c2","Ba Sn^4+ Si O","Pab","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Paceite","Paceite","CaCu2+(CH3COO)1-4·6H2O","CaCu(CH3COO)4·6H2O","CaCu(CH_3_COO)_4_·6H_2_O","CaCu^2+^(CH_3_COO)^1-^_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Cu C H O","IMA2001-030"," ",3477,"Acetate","tetragonal","I4/m","Ca Cu^2+ C H O","Pac","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Dark blue.","#315b7d"
"Pachnolite","Pachnolite","NaCaAlF6·H2O","NaCaAlF6·H2O","NaCaAlF_6_·H_2_O","NaCaAlF_6_·H_2_O","Na Ca Al F H O"," "," ",3478," ","monoclinic","F2/d","Na Ca Al F H O","Phn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Packratite","Packratite","Ca11(As3+V5+10V4+2As5+6O51)2·83H2O","Ca11(As3+V5+10V4+2As5+6O51)2·83H2O","Ca_11_(As^3+^V^5+^_10_V^4+^_2_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·83H_2_O","Ca_11_(As^3+^V^5+^_10_V^4+^_2_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·83H_2_O","Ca As V O H","IMA2014-059"," ",6356,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca As^3+ V^5+ V^4+ As^5+ O H","Pkt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark greenish blue","#3a4859"
"Paddlewheelite","Paddlewheelite","MgCa5Cu2+2(U6+O2)4(CO3)12(H2O)33","MgCa5Cu2(UO2)4(CO3)12(H2O)33","MgCa_5_Cu_2_(UO_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_12_(H_2_O)_33_","MgCa_5_Cu^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_12_(H_2_O)_33_","Mg Ca Cu U O C H","IMA2017-098"," ",6722,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Pc, Pb","Mg Ca Cu^2+ U^6+ O C H","Pdw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green","#137e6d"
"Padĕraite","Paderaite","Cu1+7(Cu1+,Ag1+)0.33Pb2+1.33Bi3+11.33S2-22","Cu7[(Cu,Ag)0.33Pb1.33Bi11.33]S22","Cu_7_[(Cu,Ag)_0.33_Pb_1.33_Bi_11.33_]S_22_","Cu^1+^_7_(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_0.33_Pb^2+^_1.33_Bi^3+^_11.33_S^2-^_22_","Cu Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1983-091"," ",3479," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Pdĕ","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey","#808080"
"Padmaite","Padmaite","PdBiSe","PdBiSe","PdBiSe","PdBiSe","Pd Bi Se","IMA1990-048"," ",3480," ","cubic",,"Pd Bi Se","Pdm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Paganoite","Paganoite","Ni2+Bi3+O(As5+O4)","NiBi3+O(AsO4)","NiBi^3+^O(AsO_4_)","Ni^2+^Bi^3+^O(As^5+^O_4_)","Ni Bi O As","IMA1999-043"," ",3481," ","triclinic","P1","Ni^2+ Bi^3+ O As^5+","Pgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Golden brown.","#ffa500,#b27a01"
"Pahasapaite","Pahasapaite","Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24·38H2O","Li8(Ca,Li,K)10Be24(PO4)24·38H2O","Li_8_(Ca,Li,K)_10_Be_24_(PO_4_)_24_·38H_2_O","Li_8_(Ca,Li,K)_10.5_Be_24_(PO_4_)_24_·38H_2_O","Li Ca K Be P O H","IMA1983-060b"," ",3482," ","cubic","I23","Li Ca K Be P O H","Pah","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Yellow green, Light pink.","#afafaf,#c8fd3d,#ffd1df"
"Painite","Painite","CaZr4+Al9O15(BO3)","CaZrAl9O15(BO3)","CaZrAl_9_O_15_(BO_3_)","CaZr^4+^Al_9_O_15_(BO_3_)","Ca Zr Al O B"," "," ",3483," ","hexagonal","P63, P63/m","Ca Zr^4+ Al O B","Pai","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Brownish, Brownish red, Orange red, Red.","#9c6d57,#9e3623,#fe4401,#ff0000"
"Pakhomovskyite","Pakhomovskyite","Co2+3(PO4)2·8H2O","Co3(PO4)2·8H2O","Co_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Co P O H","IMA2004-021"," ",5280," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Co^2+ P O H","Phv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Bright pink.","#ffd1df"
"Palarstanide","Palarstanide","Pd5(Sn,As)2","Pd5(Sn,As)2","Pd_5_(Sn,As)_2_","Pd_5_(Sn,As)_2_","Pd Sn As","IMA1976-058"," ",3484,"Stillwaterite","hexagonal",,"Pd Sn As","Pls","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Palenzonaite","Palenzonaite","NaCa2Mn2+2(V5+O4)3","(NaCa2)Mn2+2(VO4)3","(NaCa_2_)Mn^2+^_2_(VO_4_)_3_","NaCa_2_Mn^2+^_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mn V O","IMA1986-011"," ",3485,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Na Ca Mn^2+ V^5+ O","Plz","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Wine red.","#7b0323"
"Palermoite","Palermoite","Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Li2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4","Li_2_SrAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Li_2_SrAl_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_","Li Sr Al P O H"," "," ",3486,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Immm, Imcb","Li Sr Al P O H","Ple","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Palladinite","Palladinite","Pd2+O","PdO","PdO","Pd^2+^O","Pd O"," "," ",5458," ","tetragonal","P42/mmc","Pd^2+ O","Pdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Palladium","Palladium","Pd","Pd","Pd","Pd","Pd"," "," ",3487,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Pd","Pd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","White, Steel gray.","#ffffff,#43464b"
"Palladoarsenide","Palladoarsenide","Pd2As","Pd2As","Pd_2_As","Pd_2_As","Pd As","IMA1973-005"," ",3488," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Pd As","Pda","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Palladobismutharsenide","Palladobismutharsenide","Pd2(As,Bi)","Pd2(As,Bi)","Pd_2_(As,Bi)","Pd_2_(As,Bi)","Pd As Bi","IMA1975-017"," ",3489," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd As Bi","Pba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Palladodymite","Palladodymite","Pd2As","Pd2As","Pd_2_As","Pd_2_As","Pd As","IMA1997-028"," ",3490,"Barringerite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pd As","Pdd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brownish gray with bluish tint.","#86775f"
"Palladogermanide","Palladogermanide","Pd2Ge","Pd2Ge","Pd_2_Ge","Pd_2_Ge","Pd Ge","IMA2016-086"," ",6612,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P62m","Pd Ge","Pdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","white","#ffffff"
"Palladosilicide","Palladosilicide","Pd2Si","Pd2Si","Pd_2_Si","Pd_2_Si","Pd Si","IMA2014-080"," ",6378,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P62m","Pd Si","Psl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Bright creamy white (in reflected light)","#ebecf0"
"Palladothallite","Palladothallite","Pd3Tl","Pd3Tl","Pd_3_Tl","Pd_3_Tl","Pd Tl","IMA2019-009a"," ",7067,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pd Tl","Pdt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Palladseite","Palladseite","Pd17Se15","Pd17Se15","Pd_17_Se_15_","Pd_17_Se_15_","Pd Se","IMA1975-026"," ",3491," ","cubic","Pm3m, Pm3m, P43m, P432","Pd Se","Pds","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Palmierite","Palmierite","K2Pb2+(S6+O4)2","K2Pb(SO4)2","K_2_Pb(SO_4_)_2_","K_2_Pb^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Pb S O"," "," ",3492,"Palmierite","hexagonal","R3m","K Pb^2+ S^6+ O","Pmi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Palygorskite","Palygorskite","(Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4H2O","(Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4H2O","(Mg,Al)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)·4H_2_O","(Mg,Al)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)·4H_2_O","Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",3493,"Palygorskite, Clay","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, Pbmn","Mg Al Si O H","Plg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Gray, Brownish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#d1f1de"
"Pampaloite","Pampaloite","AuSbTe","AuSbTe","AuSbTe","AuSbTe","Au Sb Te","IMA2017-096"," ",6720,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Au Sb Te","Ppl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Panasqueiraite","Panasqueiraite","CaMgPO4(OH)","CaMg(PO4)(OH)","CaMg(PO_4_)(OH)","CaMgPO_4_(OH)","Ca Mg P O H","IMA1978-063"," ",3494,"Titanite","monoclinic",,"Ca Mg P O H","Psq","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Pink.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Pandoraite-Ba","Pandoraite-Ba","BaV4+5V5+2O16·3H2O","BaV4+5V5+2O16·3H2O","BaV^4+^_5_V^5+^_2_O_16_·3H_2_O","BaV^4+^_5_V^5+^_2_O_16_·3H_2_O","Ba V O H","IMA2018-024"," ",6769,"Pandoraite","monoclinic","P2","Ba V^4+ V^5+ O H","Pdo-Ba","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark blue","#315b7d"
"Pandoraite-Ca","Pandoraite-Ca","CaV4+5V5+2O16·3H2O","CaV4+5V5+2O16·3H2O","CaV^4+^_5_V^5+^_2_O_16_·3H_2_O","CaV^4+^_5_V^5+^_2_O_16_·3H_2_O","Ca V O H","IMA2018-036"," ",6778,"Pandoraite","monoclinic","P2","Ca V^4+ V^5+ O H","Pdo-Ca","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark blue","#315b7d"
"Panethite","Panethite","(Na,Ca,K)1-x(Mg,Fe2+,Mn2+)PO4","(Na,Ca,K)1-x(Mg,Fe2+,Mn)PO4","(Na,Ca,K)_1-x_(Mg,Fe^2+^,Mn)PO_4_","(Na,Ca,K)_1-x_(Mg,Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^)PO_4_","Na Ca K Mg Fe Mn P O","IMA1966-035"," ",3495," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Ca K Mg Fe^2+ Mn^2+ P O","Pne","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Panguite","Panguite","(Ti4+,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr4+,Ca)1.8O3","(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3","(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8_O_3_","(Ti^4+^,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr^4+^,Ca)_1.8_O_3_","Ti Al Sc Mg Zr Ca O","IMA2010-057"," ",5882,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ti^4+ Al Sc Mg Zr^4+ Ca O","Pgu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Panichiite","Panichiite","(N3-H4)2Sn4+Cl6","(NH4)2SnCl6","(NH_4_)_2_SnCl_6_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Sn^4+^Cl_6_","N H Sn Cl","IMA2008-005"," ",5664," ","cubic","Fm3m","N^3- H Sn^4+ Cl","Pnc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Very pale yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#927288"
"Panskyite","Panskyite","Pd9Ag2Pb2S4","Pd9Ag2Pb2S4","Pd_9_Ag_2_Pb_2_S_4_","Pd_9_Ag_2_Pb_2_S_4_","Pd Ag Pb S","IMA2020-039"," ",7049,"Thalhammerite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pd Ag Pb S","Pky","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pansnerite","Pansnerite","K3Na3Fe3+6(As5+O4)8","K3Na3Fe3+6(AsO4)8","K_3_Na_3_Fe^3+^_6_(AsO_4_)_8_","K_3_Na_3_Fe^3+^_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_","K Na Fe As O","IMA2016-103"," ",6630,"Ozerovaite","orthorhombic","Cmca","K Na Fe^3+ As^5+ O","Pns","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green, pale greenish, yellowish–greenish or yellowish","#76ff7b,#69b076,#b0dd16,#faee66"
"Panunzite","Panunzite","K3Na(AlSiO4)4","K3Na(AlSiO4)4","K_3_Na(AlSiO_4_)_4_","K_3_Na(AlSiO_4_)_4_","K Na Al Si O","IMA1978-050"," ",3496,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","K Na Al Si O","Pnz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Paolovite","Paolovite","Pd2Sn","Pd2Sn","Pd_2_Sn","Pd_2_Sn","Pd Sn","IMA1972-025"," ",3497," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Pd Sn","Plv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Papagoite","Papagoite","CaCu2+AlSi2O6(OH)3","CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3","CaCuAlSi_2_O_6_(OH)_3_","CaCu^2+^AlSi_2_O_6_(OH)_3_","Ca Cu Al Si O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3498," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Cu^2+ Al Si O H","Pap","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Papikeite","Papikeite","NaFe2+2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaFe2+2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaFe^2+^_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaFe^2+^_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Mg Al Si O H","IMA2022-145"," ",7371,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Fe^2+ Mg Al Si O H","Ppk",,"No","pale brown","#b1916e"
"Paqueite","Paqueite","Ca3Ti4+Si2(Al,Ti4+,Si)3O14","Ca3TiSi2(Al,Ti,Si)3O14","Ca_3_TiSi_2_(Al,Ti,Si)_3_O_14_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Si_2_(Al,Ti^4+^,Si)_3_O_14_","Ca Ti Si Al O","IMA2013-053"," ",6216,"Paqueite","hexagonal","P321","Ca Ti^4+ Si Al O","Paq","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Para-alumohydrocalcite","Para-alumohydrocalcite","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·6H2O","CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·6H2O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","CaAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Al C O H","IMA1976-027"," ",3499,"Alumohydrocalcite",,,"Ca Al C O H","Pahcal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Paraberzeliite","Paraberzeliite","NaCaCaMg2(As5+O4)3","NaCaCaMg2(AsO4)3","NaCaCaMg_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCaCaMg_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mg As O","IMA2018-001"," ",6745,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca Mg As^5+ O","Pbzl","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown (light to dark brown, sometimes with purple or red hue), green (pale greenish to yellow-green)","#fadfa9,#73532a,#afafaf,#dd0033,#5edc1f,#c8fd3d"
"Parabrandtite","Parabrandtite","Ca2Mn2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H","IMA1986-009"," ",3501,"Fairfieldite","triclinic",,"Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Pbdt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Parabutlerite","Parabutlerite","Fe3+S6+O4(OH)·2H2O","Fe3+(SO4)(OH)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(SO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^S^6+^O_4_(OH)·2H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",3502,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmnb, P212121","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Pbtl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light brown orange, Light orange, Orange brown.","#b5651d,#ff7034,#b16002"
"Paracelsian","Paracelsian","BaAl2Si2O8","Ba(Al2Si2O8)","Ba(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","BaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ba Al Si O"," "," ",3503,"Danburite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/a, Pnam","Ba Al Si O","Pcls","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Paracoquimbite","Paracoquimbite","Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(H2O)12·6H2O","Fe3+4(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2O","Fe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_12_·6H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA2019 s.p."," ",3505,"Coquimbite","hexagonal","R3","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Pcoq","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Light violet.","#d6b4fc"
"Paracostibite","Paracostibite","Co3+(SbS)3-","CoSbS","CoSbS","Co^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Co Sb S","IMA1969-023"," ",3506,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Co^3+ Sb S","Pcsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white, White.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Paradamite","Paradamite","Zn2+2As5+O4(OH)","Zn2(AsO4)(OH)","Zn_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)","Zn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Zn As O H"," "," ",3507,"Tarbuttite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Prd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Paradimorphite","Paradimorphite","As4S3","As4S3","As_4_S_3_","As_4_S_3_","As S","IMA2020-101"," ",7209," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","As S","Pdim","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Orange-yellow","#fdb915"
"Paradocrasite","Paradocrasite","Sb2(Sb,As)2","Sb2(Sb,As)2","Sb_2_(Sb,As)_2_","Sb_2_(Sb,As)_2_","Sb As","IMA1969-011"," ",3508," ","monoclinic","C2","Sb As","Pdc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Parádsasvárite","Paradsasvarite","Zn2+2(CO3)(OH)2","Zn2(CO3)(OH)2","Zn_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Zn C O H","IMA2012-077"," ",6133,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Zn^2+ C O H","Psv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Paraershovite","Paraershovite","Na3K3Fe3+2Si8O20(OH)4·4H2O","Na3K3Fe3+2(Si4O10OH)2(OH)2(H2O)4","Na_3_K_3_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_4_O_10_OH)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Na_3_K_3_Fe^3+^_2_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Na K Fe Si O H","IMA2009-025"," ",5753,"Ershovite","triclinic","P1","Na K Fe^3+ Si O H","Psh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","yellow with orange or pinkish shades","#fdf4bb,#cd7584"
"Parafiniukite","Parafiniukite","Ca2Mn2+3(PO4)3Cl","Ca2Mn3(PO4)3Cl","Ca_2_Mn_3_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca Mn P O Cl","IMA2018-047"," ",6761,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Mn^2+ P O Cl","Pfn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark olive green","#373e02"
"Parafransoletite","Parafransoletite","Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca_3_Be_2_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_3_Be_2_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Be P O H","IMA1989-049"," ",3509," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Be P O H","Pfsl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Parageorgbokiite","Parageorgbokiite","Cu2+5O2(Se4+O3)2Cl2","Cu5O2(SeO3)2Cl2","Cu_5_O_2_(SeO_3_)_2_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_2_","Cu O Se Cl","IMA2006-001"," ",5459," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Pgbk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Paragersdorffite","Paragersdorffite","Ni3+(AsS)3-","NiAsS","NiAsS","Ni^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Ni As S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5005,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ni^3+ As S","Gdf-Pa3","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Metallic white","#eee8e8"
"Paragonite","Paragonite","NaAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","NaAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","NaAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","NaAl_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","Na Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3510,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Al Si O H","Pg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Yellow.","#ffffff,#ffff00"
"Paraguanajuatite","Paraguanajuatite","Bi3+2Se2-3","Bi2Se3","Bi_2_Se_3_","Bi^3+^_2_Se^2-^_3_","Bi Se"," "," ",3511,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi^3+ Se^2-","Pgj","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Yellowish white.","#8a7963,#e9f1d0"
"Parahibbingite","Parahibbingite","Fe2+2(OH)3Cl","Fe2+2(OH)3Cl","Fe^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl","Fe^2+^_2_(OH)_3_Cl","Fe O H Cl","IMA2020-038a"," ",7095," ","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ O H Cl","Phib","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Light-blue grey (synthetic)","#b7c9e2"
"Parahopeite","Parahopeite","Zn2+3(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn P O H"," "," ",3512,"Parahopeite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ P O H","Phop","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Parakeldyshite","Parakeldyshite","Na2Zr4+Si2O7","Na2ZrSi2O7","Na_2_ZrSi_2_O_7_","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_2_O_7_","Na Zr Si O","IMA1975-035"," ",3514," ","triclinic","P1","Na Zr^4+ Si O","Pkel","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bluish white, White.","#e5dad4,#ffffff"
"Parakuzmenkoite-Fe","Parakuzmenkoite-Fe","(K,Ba)8Fe2+4Ti4+16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16·20-28H2O","(K,Ba)8Fe4Ti16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16·20-28H2O","(K,Ba)_8_Fe_4_Ti_16_(Si_4_O_12_)_8_(OH,O)_16_·20-28H_2_O","(K,Ba)_8_Fe^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_16_(Si_4_O_12_)_8_(OH,O)_16_·20-28H_2_O","K Ba Fe Ti Si O H","IMA2001-007"," ",3516,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ba Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Pkz-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange, Reddish orange.","#ffa500,#f8481c"
"Paralabuntsovite-Mg","Paralabuntsovite-Mg","Na8K8Mg4Ti4+16(Si4O12)8(O,OH)16·20-24H2O","Na8K8Mg4Ti16(Si4O12)8(OH,O)16·20-24H2O","Na_8_K_8_Mg_4_Ti_16_(Si_4_O_12_)_8_(OH,O)_16_·20-24H_2_O","Na_8_K_8_Mg_4_Ti^4+^_16_(Si_4_O_12_)_8_(O,OH)_16_·20-24H_2_O","Na K Mg Ti Si O H","IMA2000 s.p."," ",3517,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","B2/m","Na K Mg Ti^4+ Si O H","Plab-Mg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments","No","Pale yellow, brownish yellow","#eecf9e,#c9b003"
"Paralammerite","Paralammerite","Cu2+3(As5+O4)2","Cu3(AsO4)2","Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu As O","IMA2009-002"," ",5732,"Lammerite-β","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Lmr-β","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light to dark green","#f2eeaf,#033500"
"Paralaurionite","Paralaurionite","Pb2+Cl(OH)","PbCl(OH)","PbCl(OH)","Pb^2+^Cl(OH)","Pb Cl O H"," "," ",3518," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Cl O H","Plri","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, Violet, Green yellow, White.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#c6f808,#ffffff"
"Paralomonosovite","Paralomonosovite","Na2☐4Na2Ti4+2Na2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2[PO3(OH)][PO2(OH)2]O2(OF)","Na2☐4Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2[PO3(OH)][PO2(OH)2]O2(OF)","Na_2_[box]_4_Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[PO_3_(OH)][PO_2_(OH)_2_]O_2_(OF)","Na_2_[box]_4_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_[PO_3_(OH)][PO_2_(OH)_2_]O_2_(OF)","Na Ti Si O P H F","IMA2014-J, IMA2022 s.p."," ",6400,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Na Ti^4+ Si O P H F","Blom","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish-brown, rose, brown","#9b7a01,#ff007f,#653700"
"Paralstonite","Paralstonite","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO3)2","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","BaCa(CO_3_)_2_","Ba Ca C O","IMA1979-015"," ",3519,"Paralstonite","hexagonal","P321","Ba Ca C O","Pasn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Paramarkeyite","Paramarkeyite","Ca2(U6+O2)(CO3)3·5H2O","Ca2(UO2)(CO3)3·5H2O","Ca_2_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·5H_2_O","Ca_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·5H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA2021-024"," ",7135," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca U^6+ O C H","Pma","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green-yellow","#acbf60"
"Paramelaconite","Paramelaconite","Cu1+2Cu2+2O3","Cu1+2Cu2+2O3","Cu^1+^_2_Cu^2+^_2_O_3_","Cu^1+^_2_Cu^2+^_2_O_3_","Cu O"," "," ",3520," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ O","Pml","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Paramendozavilite","Paramendozavilite","NaAl4Fe3+7(PO4)5(PMo6+12O40)(OH)16·56H2O","NaAl4Fe7(PO4)5(PMo12O40)(OH)16·56H2O","NaAl_4_Fe_7_(PO_4_)_5_(PMo_12_O_40_)(OH)_16_·56H_2_O","NaAl_4_Fe^3+^_7_(PO_4_)_5_(PMo^6+^_12_O_40_)(OH)_16_·56H_2_O","Na Al Fe P O Mo H","IMA1982-010"," ",3521," ",,,"Na Al Fe^3+ P O Mo^6+ H","Pmdz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#fffe7a"
"Paramolybdomenite","Paramolybdomenite","Pb2+Se4+O3","PbSeO3","PbSeO_3_","Pb^2+^Se^4+^O_3_","Pb Se O","IMA2023-025"," ",7380," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Se^4+ O","Pmdm",,"No","bright yellow","#fffd01"
"Paramontroseite","Paramontroseite","V4+O2","VO2","VO_2_","V^4+^O_2_","V O"," "," ",3522,"Ramsdellite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","V^4+ O","Pmto","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Paranatisite","Paranatisite","Na2Ti4+O(SiO4)","Na2TiO(SiO4)","Na_2_TiO(SiO_4_)","Na_2_Ti^4+^O(SiO_4_)","Na Ti O Si","IMA1990-016"," ",3523," ","orthorhombic","Pmc21, Pmma","Na Ti^4+ O Si","Pnts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Orange brown, Orange.","#ffff00,#b16002,#ffa500"
"Paranatrolite","Paranatrolite","Na2(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O","Na2(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O","Na_2_(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·3H_2_O","Na_2_(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·3H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1978-017"," ",3524,"Natrolite","monoclinic","Fd","Na Si Al O H","Pntr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Paraniite-(Y)","Paraniite-(Y)","(Ca,Y,Dy)2Y(W6+O4)2As5+O4","(Ca,Y,Dy)2Y(WO4)2(AsO4)","(Ca,Y,Dy)_2_Y(WO_4_)_2_(AsO_4_)","(Ca,Y,Dy)_2_Y(W^6+^O_4_)_2_As^5+^O_4_","Ca Y Dy W O As","IMA1992-018"," ",3525," ","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca Y Dy W^6+ O As^5+","Prn-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Paraotwayite","Paraotwayite","Ni2+(OH)2-x(S6+O4,CO3)0.5x","Ni(OH)2-x(SO4,CO3)0.5x","Ni(OH)_2-x_(SO_4_,CO_3_)_0.5x_","Ni^2+^(OH)_2-x_(S^6+^O_4_,CO_3_)_0.5x_","Ni O H S C","IMA1984-045a"," ",3526," ","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ O H S^6+ C","Potw","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Parapierrotite","Parapierrotite","Tl1+Sb3+5S2-8","TlSb5S8","TlSb_5_S_8_","Tl^1+^Sb^3+^_5_S^2-^_8_","Tl Sb S","IMA1974-059"," ",3527," ","monoclinic","Pn","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ppie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Pararaisaite","Pararaisaite","Cu2+Mg[Te6+O4(OH)2]·6H2O","CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2]·6H2O","CuMg[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_]·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^Mg[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_]·6H_2_O","Cu Mg Te O H","IMA2017-110"," ",6736," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Mg Te^6+ O H","Prsa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","deep blue","#040273"
"Pararammelsbergite","Pararammelsbergite","Ni3+(As2)3-","NiAs2","NiAs_2_","Ni^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Ni As"," "," ",3528,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ni^3+ As","Prmb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white, Tarnished white.","#e7e8e3,#e1e0d6"
"Pararealgar","Pararealgar","AsS","As4S4","As_4_S_4_","AsS","As S","IMA1980-034"," ",3529," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","As S","Prlg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow, Orange brown, Orange.","#fffe7a,#b16002,#ffa500"
"Pararobertsite","Pararobertsite","Ca2Mn3+3O2(PO4)3·3H2O","Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2·3H2O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_O_2_·3H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca Mn P O H","IMA1987-039"," ",3530," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mn^3+ O P H","Prb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Bronze, Yellow, Dark red.","#a87900,#ffff00,#840000"
"Pararsenolamprite","Pararsenolamprite","As","As","As","As","As","IMA1999-047"," ",3531," ","orthorhombic",,"As","Pasl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","Yes","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Parascandolaite","Parascandolaite","KMgF3","KMgF3","KMgF_3_","KMgF_3_","K Mg F","IMA2013-092"," ",6250,"Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","K Mg F","Psd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Paraschachnerite","Paraschachnerite","Ag3Hg2","Ag3Hg2","Ag_3_Hg_2_","Ag_3_Hg_2_","Ag Hg","IMA1971-056"," ",3532," ","orthorhombic",,"Ag Hg","Pshn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Paraschoepite","Paraschoepite","U6+O3·(2-x)H2O","UO3·(2-x)H2O","UO_3_·(2-x)H_2_O","U^6+^O_3_·(2-x)H_2_O","U O H"," "," ",5130," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","U^6+ O H","Pshp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Parascholzite","Parascholzite","CaZn2+2(PO4)2·2H2O","CaZn2(PO4)2·2H2O","CaZn_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn P O H","IMA1980-056"," ",3533," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Zn^2+ P O H","Pslz","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Parascorodite","Parascorodite","Fe3+As5+O4·2H2O","Fe3+(AsO4)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^As^5+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Fe As O H","IMA1996-061"," ",3534," ","hexagonal","P3c1","Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Pscd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Light yellowish brown.","#ffffff,#c2ff89"
"Parasibirskite","Parasibirskite","CaHBO3","Ca2B2O5·H2O","Ca_2_B_2_O_5_·H_2_O","CaHBO_3_","Ca B O H","IMA1996-051"," ",3535," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca H B O","Psib","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Parasterryite","Parasterryite","Ag1+4Pb2+20(Sb3+,As3+)24S2-58","Ag4Pb20(Sb,As)24S58","Ag_4_Pb_20_(Sb,As)_24_S_58_","Ag^1+^_4_Pb^2+^_20_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_24_S^2-^_58_","Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA2010-033"," ",5863,"Madocite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Psty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Parasymplesite","Parasymplesite","Fe2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Fe2+3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe As O H"," "," ",3537,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ As^5+ O H","Psym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue, Light greenish blue.","#0b8b87,#d7ddcd"
"Paratacamite","Paratacamite","Cu2+3(Cu2+,Zn2+)Cl2(OH)6","Cu3(Cu,Zn)Cl2(OH)6","Cu_3_(Cu,Zn)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Zn Cl O H"," "," ",3538,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Cl O H","Pata","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Greenish black, Dark green.","#454445,#033500"
"Paratacamite-(Mg)","Paratacamite-(Mg)","Cu2+3(Mg,Cu2+)Cl2(OH)6","Cu3(Mg,Cu)Cl2(OH)6","Cu_3_(Mg,Cu)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_(Mg,Cu^2+^)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Mg Cl O H","IMA2013-014"," ",6176,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Mg Cl O H","Pata-Mg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Medium to deep-green colour","#0000cd,#25b68b"
"Paratacamite-(Ni)","Paratacamite-(Ni)","Cu2+3(Ni2+,Cu2+)Cl2(OH)6","Cu3(Ni,Cu)Cl2(OH)6","Cu_3_(Ni,Cu)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_(Ni^2+^,Cu^2+^)Cl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Ni Cl O H","IMA2013-013"," ",6181,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Ni^2+ Cl O H","Pata-Ni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Dark green","#033500"
"Paratellurite","Paratellurite","Te4+O2","TeO2","TeO_2_","Te^4+^O_2_","Te O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3539,"Rutile","tetragonal","P41212","Te^4+ O","Ptlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish white.","#d6dee9"
"Paratimroseite","Paratimroseite","Pb2+Cu2+2(Te6+O6)·H2O","Pb2Cu4(TeO6)2(H2O)2","Pb_2_Cu_4_(TeO_6_)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_2_(Te^6+^O_6_)·H_2_O","Pb Cu Te O H","IMA2009-065"," ",5793,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Ptim","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Vibrant ""neon"" green, lime green","#0add08,#8ead2c"
"Paratobermorite","Paratobermorite","Ca4(Al0.5Si0.5)2Si4O16(OH)(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)","Ca4(Al0.5Si0.5)2Si4O16(OH)(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)","Ca_4_(Al_0.5_Si_0.5_)_2_Si_4_O_16_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_·(Ca·3H_2_O)","Ca_4_(Al_0.5_Si_0.5_)_2_Si_4_O_16_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_·(Ca·3H_2_O)","Ca Al Si O H","IMA2020-100"," ",7114,"Tobermorite","monoclinic",,"Ca Al Si O H","Ptbm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colourless, pale yellowish, pale beige, or pinkish","#afafaf,#bdd4d1,#ccc7b1,#d46a7e"
"Paratooite-(La)","Paratooite-(La)","(La3+,Ca,Na,Sr)6Cu2+(CO3)8","(La,Ca,Na,Sr)6Cu(CO3)8","(La,Ca,Na,Sr)_6_Cu(CO_3_)_8_","(La^3+^,Ca,Na,Sr)_6_Cu^2+^(CO_3_)_8_","La Ca Na Sr Cu C O","IMA2005-020"," ",5460,"Carbocernaite","orthorhombic",,"La^3+ Ca Na Sr Cu^2+ C O","Pto-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pale blue.","#d0fefe"
"Paratsepinite-Ba","Paratsepinite-Ba","(Ba,Na,K)2-x(Ti4+,Nb5+)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·4H2O","(Ba,Na,K)2-x(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·4H2O","(Ba,Na,K)_2-x_(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·4H_2_O","(Ba,Na,K)_2-x_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·4H_2_O","Ba Na K Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2002-006"," ",5131,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba Na K Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Ptse-Ba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Paratsepinite-Na","Paratsepinite-Na","(Na,Sr,K,Ca)2(Ti4+,Nb5+)2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2·4H2O","(Na,Sr,K,Ca)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(O,OH)2·4H2O","(Na,Sr,K,Ca)_2_(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(Na,Sr,K,Ca)_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(O,OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Sr K Ca Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2003-008"," ",5223,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Sr K Ca Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Ptse-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Paraumbite","Paraumbite","K3Zr4+2H(Si3O9)2·3H2O","K3Zr2H(Si3O9)2·3H2O","K_3_Zr_2_H(Si_3_O_9_)_2_·3H_2_O","K_3_Zr^4+^_2_H(Si_3_O_9_)_2_·3H_2_O","K Zr H Si O","IMA1982-007"," ",3540," ","orthorhombic",,"K Zr^4+ H Si O","Pumb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Parauranophane","Parauranophane","Ca(U6+O2)2(SiO3OH)2·5H2O","Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·5H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca U O Si H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",4532," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca U^6+ O Si H","Urp-β","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish-green, yellow, brownish-yellow","#b0dd16,#ffff00,#c9b003"
"Paravauxite","Paravauxite","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe Al P O H"," "," ",3541,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Pvx","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Greenish white, Light greenish white.","#afafaf,#d1f1de,#d7ddcd"
"Paravinogradovite","Paravinogradovite","(Na,☐)2(Ti4+,Fe3+)4(Si2O6)2(Si3AlO10)(OH)4·H2O","(Na,☐)2(Ti4+,Fe3+)4(Si2O6)2(Si3AlO10)(OH)4·H2O","(Na,[box])_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_4_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(Si_3_AlO_10_)(OH)_4_·H_2_O","(Na,[box])_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_4_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(Si_3_AlO_10_)(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Na Ti Fe Si O Al H","IMA2002-033"," ",5151," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Si O Al H","Pvgd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Parawulffite","Parawulffite","K5Na3Cu2+8(S6+O4)8O4","K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8","K_5_Na_3_Cu_8_O_4_(SO_4_)_8_","K_5_Na_3_Cu^2+^_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_O_4_","K Na Cu O S","IMA2013-036"," ",6201,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/c","K Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Pwlf","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green or deep emerald-green","#033500,#4c574b"
"Pargasite","Pargasite","NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",3542,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Prg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish green, Brown, Grayish black, Light brown, Dark green.","#10a674,#653700,#555152,#b5651d,#033500"
"Parisite-(Ce)","Parisite-(Ce)","CaCe3+2(CO3)3F2","CaCe2(CO3)3F2","CaCe_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","CaCe^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","Ca Ce C O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3543,"Parisite","hexagonal, monoclinic","R3, Cc","Ca Ce^3+ C O F","Pst-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Grayish yellow, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#877254,#ffff00"
"Parisite-(La)","Parisite-(La)","CaLa2(CO3)3F2","CaLa2(CO3)3F2","CaLa_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","CaLa_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","Ca La C O F","IMA2016-031"," ",6541,"Parisite","monoclinic",,"Ca La C O F","Pst-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow-green to white","#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Parisite-(Nd)","Parisite-(Nd)","CaNd2(CO3)3F2","CaNd2(CO3)3F2","CaNd_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","CaNd_2_(CO_3_)_3_F_2_","Ca Nd C O F","IMA2024-013"," ",5132,"Parisite","monoclinic","Cc","Ca Nd C O F","Pst-Nd",,"No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Parkerite","Parkerite","Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2","Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2","Ni_3_(Bi,Pb)_2_S_2_","Ni_3_(Bi,Pb)_2_S_2_","Ni Bi Pb S"," "," ",3544," ","orthorhombic","Pmam","Ni Bi Pb S","Prk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze brown, Bronze.","#825e2f,#a87900"
"Parkinsonite","Parkinsonite","Pb2+7Mo6+O9Cl2","Pb7MoO9Cl2","Pb_7_MoO_9_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_7_Mo^6+^O_9_Cl_2_","Pb Mo O Cl","IMA1991-030"," ",3545,"Asisite","tetragonal",,"Pb^2+ Mo^6+ O Cl","Pkn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Carmine red, Purple red, Brownish red.","#ff0038,#990147,#9e3623"
"Parnauite","Parnauite","Cu2+9(As5+O4)2(S6+O4)(OH)10·7H2O","Cu9(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)10·7H2O","Cu_9_(AsO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·7H_2_O","Cu^2+^_9_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_10_·7H_2_O","Cu As O S H","IMA1978-014"," ",4948," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P2122, Pmn21, P21","Cu^2+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Pna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green, Light blue.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#add8e6"
"Parsettensite","Parsettensite","(K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn2+,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50·nH2O","(K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50·nH2O","(K,Na,Ca)_7.5_(Mn,Mg)_49_Si_72_O_168_(OH)_50_·nH_2_O","(K,Na,Ca)_7.5_(Mn^2+^,Mg)_49_Si_72_O_168_(OH)_50_·nH_2_O","K Na Ca Mn Mg Si O H"," "," ",5133,"Stilpnomelane, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Ca Mn^2+ Mg Si O H","Psn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Copper red.","#cb6d51"
"Parsonsite","Parsonsite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)(PO4)2","Pb2(UO2)(PO4)2","Pb_2_(UO_2_)(PO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)_2_","Pb U O P"," "," ",3547," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ U^6+ O P","Pso","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Greenish brown, Yellow, Yellow brown, Light yellow.","#653700,#696112,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Parthéite","Partheite","Ca2(Si4Al4)O15(OH)2·4H2O","Ca2(Si4Al4)O15(OH)2·4H2O","Ca_2_(Si_4_Al_4_)O_15_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_2_(Si_4_Al_4_)O_15_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1978-026"," ",3548," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Si Al O H","Pth","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, colorless in transmitted light","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Parwanite","Parwanite","NaMg4Al8(PO4)8(CO3)(OH)7·30H2O","NaMg4Al8(PO4)8(CO3)(OH)7·30H2O","NaMg_4_Al_8_(PO_4_)_8_(CO_3_)(OH)_7_·30H_2_O","NaMg_4_Al_8_(PO_4_)_8_(CO_3_)(OH)_7_·30H_2_O","Na Mg Al P O C H","IMA1986-036a"," ",5570," ","monoclinic",,"Na Mg Al P O C H","Prw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White, cream","#ffffff,#ffffc2"
"Parwelite","Parwelite","Mn2+10Sb5+2As5+2Si2O24","Mn2+10Sb5+2As5+2Si2O24","Mn^2+^_10_Sb^5+^_2_As^5+^_2_Si_2_O_24_","Mn^2+^_10_Sb^5+^_2_As^5+^_2_Si_2_O_24_","Mn Sb As Si O","IMA1966-023"," ",3549," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Mn^2+ Sb^5+ As^5+ Si O","Pwe","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Pašavaite","Pasavaite","Pd3Pb2Te2","Pd3Pb2Te2","Pd_3_Pb_2_Te_2_","Pd_3_Pb_2_Te_2_","Pd Pb Te","IMA2007-059"," ",5658," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Pd Pb Te","Pšv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","gray","#808080"
"Pascoite","Pascoite","Ca3[V5+10O28]·17H2O","Ca3V5+10O28·17H2O","Ca_3_V^5+^_10_O_28_·17H_2_O","Ca_3_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·17H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3550,"Pascoite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca V^5+ O H","Pas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow brown, Yellow orange, Red orange.","#ae8b0c,#fcb001,#ff3f34"
"Paseroite","Paseroite","Pb2+(Mn2+,☐)(Fe3+,☐)2(V5+,Ti4+,☐)18O38","Pb(Mn2+,☐)(Fe3+,☐)2(V5+,Ti4+,☐)18O38","Pb(Mn^2+^,[box])(Fe^3+^,[box])_2_(V^5+^,Ti^4+^,[box])_18_O_38_","Pb^2+^(Mn^2+^,[box])(Fe^3+^,[box])_2_(V^5+^,Ti^4+^,[box])_18_O_38_","Pb Mn Fe V Ti O","IMA2011-069"," ",6012,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ V^5+ Ti^4+ O","Psr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark grey to black","#363737,#000000"
"Patrónite","Patronite","V4+(S2)2-2","VS4","VS_4_","V^4+^(S_2_)^2-^_2_","V S","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3551," ","monoclinic","I2/c","V^4+ S","Pat","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Lead-gray on fresh surface, gray-black on exposed surface","#8a7963,#354a41"
"Pattersonite","Pattersonite","Pb2+Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O","PbFe3(PO4)2(OH)5·H2O","PbFe_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Pb Fe P O H","IMA2005-049"," ",5590," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Patt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Patynite","Patynite","NaKCa4[Si9O23]","NaKCa4[Si9O23]","NaKCa_4_[Si_9_O_23_]","NaKCa_4_[Si_9_O_23_]","Na K Ca Si O","IMA2019-018"," ",6905,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na K Ca Si O","Pty","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","colourless (individuals) to white or white-brownish (aggregates)","#afafaf,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Pauflerite","Pauflerite","V4+O(S6+O4)","VO(SO4)","VO(SO_4_)","V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)","V O S","IMA2005-004"," ",5542," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","V^4+ O S^6+","Pfl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Pauladamsite","Pauladamsite","Cu2+4(Se4+O3)(S6+O4)(OH)4·2H2O","Cu4(SeO3)(SO4)(OH)4·2H2O","Cu_4_(SeO_3_)(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_(Se^4+^O_3_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Cu Se O S H","IMA2015-005"," ",6411,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Se^4+ O S^6+ H","Pad","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","green","#00ff00"
"Paulgrothite","Paulgrothite","Cu2+9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl","Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl","Cu_9_Fe^3+^O_4_(PO_4_)_4_Cl","Cu^2+^_9_Fe^3+^O_4_(PO_4_)_4_Cl","Cu Fe O P Cl","IMA2021-004"," ",7178,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ O P Cl","Plgr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Paulingite-Ca","Paulingite-Ca","(Ca,K,Na,Ba,☐)10(Si,Al)42O84·34H2O","(Ca,K,Na,Ba,☐)10(Si,Al)42O84·34H2O","(Ca,K,Na,Ba,[box])_10_(Si,Al)_42_O_84_·34H_2_O","(Ca,K,Na,Ba,[box])_10_(Si,Al)_42_O_84_·34H_2_O","Ca K Na Ba Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3552," ","cubic","Im3m","Ca K Na Ba Si Al O H","Pau-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Paulingite-K","Paulingite-K","(K,Ca,Na,Ba,☐)10(Si,Al)42O84·34H2O","(K,Ca,Na,Ba,☐)10(Si,Al)42O84·34H2O","(K,Ca,Na,Ba,[box])_10_(Si,Al)_42_O_84_·34H_2_O","(K,Ca,Na,Ba,[box])_10_(Si,Al)_42_O_84_·34H_2_O","K Ca Na Ba Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3553," ","cubic","Im3m","K Ca Na Ba Si Al O H","Pau-K","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, Light yellow, Orange, Red.","#afafaf,#fffe7a,#ffa500,#ff0000"
"Paulišite","Paulisite","Ca2Zn2+(CO3)3·2H2O","Ca2Zn(CO3)3·2H2O","Ca_2_Zn(CO_3_)_3_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^(CO_3_)_3_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn C O H","IMA2023-031"," ",7386,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cc, Ia","Ca Zn^2+ C O H","Plš",,"No","colorless to white, sometimes with a bluish tint.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Paulkellerite","Paulkellerite","Bi3+2Fe3+O2(PO4)(OH)2","Bi3+2Fe3+O2(PO4)(OH)2","Bi^3+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(PO_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi^3+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(PO_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi Fe O P H","IMA1987-031"," ",3555," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ O P H","Pkl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Paulkerrite","Paulkerrite","[(H2O)K]Mg2(Fe3+2Ti4+)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H2O)K]Mg2(Fe3+2Ti)(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H_2_O)K]Mg_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","[(H_2_O)K]Mg_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_(OF)(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O K Mg Fe Ti P F","IMA1983-014"," ",3556,"Paulkerrite","orthorhombic","Pbca","H O K Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ P F","Pke","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Yellow brown, Light yellow brown.","#afafaf,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Paulmooreite","Paulmooreite","Pb2+2As3+2O5","Pb2As3+2O5","Pb_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_","Pb^2+^_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_","Pb As O","IMA1978-004"," ",3557," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Pb^2+ As^3+ O","Pmo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Light orange.","#afafaf,#ff7034"
"Pauloabibite","Pauloabibite","NaNb5+O3","NaNbO3","NaNbO_3_","NaNb^5+^O_3_","Na Nb O","IMA2012-090"," ",6153,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Na Nb^5+ O","Pla","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pinkish brown","#b17261"
"Paulrobinsonite","Paulrobinsonite","Ti8Fe4O2","Ti8Fe4O2","Ti_8_Fe_4_O_2_","Ti_8_Fe_4_O_2_","Ti Fe O","IMA2022-099a"," ",7357,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Fd3m","Ti Fe O","Prbs",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Paulscherrerite","Paulscherrerite","U6+O2(OH)2","(UO2)(OH)2","(UO_2_)(OH)_2_","U^6+^O_2_(OH)_2_","U O H","IMA2008-022"," ",5681," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic",,"U^6+ O H","Psc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," canary yellow","#f1f1e6"
"Pautovite","Pautovite","CsFe2+Fe3+S2-3","CsFe2S3","CsFe_2_S_3_","CsFe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cs Fe S","IMA2004-005"," ",5268,"Cubanite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Cs Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Ptv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark steel gray.","#014d4e"
"Pavlovskyite","Pavlovskyite","Ca8(SiO4)2(Si3O10)","Ca8(SiO4)2(Si3O10)","Ca_8_(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)","Ca_8_(SiO_4_)_2_(Si_3_O_10_)","Ca Si O","IMA2010-063"," ",5903," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ca Si O","Pvs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White","#ffffff"
"Pavonite","Pavonite","Ag1+Bi3+3S2-5","AgBi3S5","AgBi_3_S_5_","Ag^1+^Bi^3+^_3_S^2-^_5_","Ag Bi S"," "," ",3558,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Pav","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Tin white.","#8a7963,#cfd5db"
"Paxite","Paxite","CuAs2","CuAs2","CuAs_2_","CuAs_2_","Cu As","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3559,"Arsenopyrite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21/c","Cu As","Pax","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Black, Steel gray.","#000000,#000000,#43464b"
"Pearceite","Pearceite","[Ag1+9Cu1+S2-4][(Ag1+,Cu1+)6(As3+,Sb3+)2S2-7]","[Ag9CuS4][(Ag,Cu)6(As,Sb)2S7]","[Ag_9_CuS_4_][(Ag,Cu)_6_(As,Sb)_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^S^2-^_4_][(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_6_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_2_S^2-^_7_]","Ag Cu S As Sb","IMA2006 s.p."," ",3560,"Polybasite","hexagonal, monoclinic","P3m1, C2/c, P321","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ S^2- As^3+ Sb^3+","Pea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Peatite-(Y)","Peatite-(Y)","Li4Na12(Y,Na,Ca,REE)12(PO4)12(CO3)4(F,OH)8","Li4Na12(Y,Na,Ca,REE)12(PO4)12(CO3)4(F,OH)8","Li_4_Na_12_(Y,Na,Ca,REE)_12_(PO_4_)_12_(CO_3_)_4_(F,OH)_8_","Li_4_Na_12_(Y,Na,Ca,REE)_12_(PO_4_)_12_(CO_3_)_4_(F,OH)_8_","Li Na Y Ca REE P O C F H","IMA2009-020"," ",5749,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P222","Li Na Y Ca REE P O C F H","Pti-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Pecoraite","Pecoraite","Ni2+3Si2O5(OH)4","Ni3Si2O5(OH)4","Ni_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Ni^2+^_3_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_4_","Ni Si O H","IMA1969-005"," ",3561,"Clay, Serpentine",,,"Ni^2+ Si O H","Pco","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Pectolite","Pectolite","NaCa2Si3O8(OH)","NaCa2Si3O8(OH)","NaCa_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","NaCa_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","Na Ca Si O H"," "," ",3562,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si O H","Pct","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","White, Gray, Light pink, Light green.","#ffffff,#808080,#ffd1df,#76ff7b"
"Peisleyite","Peisleyite","Na3Al16(PO4)10(S6+O4)2(OH)17·20H2O","Na3Al16(PO4)10(SO4)2(OH)17·20H2O","Na_3_Al_16_(PO_4_)_10_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_17_·20H_2_O","Na_3_Al_16_(PO_4_)_10_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_17_·20H_2_O","Na Al P O S H","IMA1981-053"," ",3563," ","monoclinic, triclinic","P1","Na Al P O S^6+ H","Pei","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Pekoite","Pekoite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+11S2-18","CuPbBi11S18","CuPbBi_11_S_18_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_11_S^2-^_18_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA1975-014"," ",3564,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","P21am","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Pek","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Pekovite","Pekovite","SrB2Si2O8","SrB2Si2O8","SrB_2_Si_2_O_8_","SrB_2_Si_2_O_8_","Sr B Si O","IMA2003-035"," ",5241,"Danburite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Sr B Si O","Pko","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Péligotite","Peligotite","Na6(U6+O2)(S6+O4)4·4H2O","Na6(UO2)(SO4)4(H2O)4","Na_6_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Na_6_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·4H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2015-088"," ",6488," ","triclinic","P1","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Pél","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish green to greenish-yellow","#b0dd16,#cdfd02"
"Pellouxite","Pellouxite","(Cu1+,Ag1+)2Pb2+21Sb3+23S2-55ClO","(Cu,Ag)2Pb21Sb23S55ClO","(Cu,Ag)_2_Pb_21_Sb_23_S_55_ClO","(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_2_Pb^2+^_21_Sb^3+^_23_S^2-^_55_ClO","Cu Ag Pb Sb S Cl O","IMA2001-033"," ",3565," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- Cl O","Plx","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Pellyite","Pellyite","Ba2CaFe2+2Si6O17","Ba2CaFe2+2Si6O17","Ba_2_CaFe^2+^_2_Si_6_O_17_","Ba_2_CaFe^2+^_2_Si_6_O_17_","Ba Ca Fe Si O","IMA1970-035"," ",3566," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ba Ca Fe^2+ Si O","Ply","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Penberthycroftite","Penberthycroftite","[Al6(As5+O4)3(OH)9(H2O)5]·8H2O","[Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)5]·8H2O","[Al_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_5_]·8H_2_O","[Al_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_5_]·8H_2_O","Al As O H","IMA2015-025"," ",6426," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Al As^5+ O H","Pbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Pendevilleite-(Y)","Pendevilleite-(Y)","Mg2Y3Al(U6+O2)2(CO3)7(OH)6(H2O)16","Mg2Y3Al(UO2)2(CO3)7(OH)6(H2O)16","Mg_2_Y_3_Al(UO_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_7_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_16_","Mg_2_Y_3_Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_7_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_16_","Mg Y Al U O C H","IMA2022-054"," ",7274,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mg Y Al U^6+ O C H","Pnv-Y",,"No","whitish or greyish-white, locally pale-bluish white","#fefffc,#d6dee9,#afafaf"
"Penfieldite","Penfieldite","Pb2+2Cl3(OH)","Pb2Cl3(OH)","Pb_2_Cl_3_(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Cl_3_(OH)","Pb Cl O H"," "," ",3567," ","hexagonal","P6","Pb^2+ Cl O H","Pfd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Bluish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#2976bb"
"Pengite","Pengite","(Pb2+8Sb3+3)Sb5+9O35","(Pb8Sb3+3)Sb5+9O35","(Pb_8_Sb^3+^_3_)Sb^5+^_9_O_35_","(Pb^2+^_8_Sb^3+^_3_)Sb^5+^_9_O_35_","Pb Sb O","IMA2022-068"," ",7290,"Pyrochlore","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Sb^5+ O","Peg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Penikisite","Penikisite","BaMg2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMg2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","BaMg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ba Mg Al P O H","IMA1976-023"," ",3568,"Bjarebyite","triclinic, monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Mg Al P O H","Pks","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Green.","#0000ff,#00ff00"
"Penkvilksite","Penkvilksite","Na4Ti4+2Si8O22·4H2O","Na2TiSi4O11·2H2O","Na_2_TiSi_4_O_11_·2H_2_O","Na_4_Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_22_·4H_2_O","Na Ti Si O H","IMA1973-016"," ",5153," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pnca, P21/c","Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Pvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Pennantite","Pennantite","(Mn2+,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8","Mn2+5Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)8","Mn^2+^_5_Al(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_8_","(Mn^2+^,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_8_","Mn Al Si O H"," "," ",3570,"Chlorite, Clay","orthorhombic",,"Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Pnn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Orange red, Reddish brown.","#fe4401,#7f2b0a"
"Penobsquisite","Penobsquisite","Ca2Fe2+[B9O13(OH)6]Cl·4H2O","Ca2Fe2+[B9O13(OH)6]Cl·4H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^[B_9_O_13_(OH)_6_]Cl·4H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^[B_9_O_13_(OH)_6_]Cl·4H_2_O","Ca Fe B O H Cl","IMA1995-014"," ",3571," ","monoclinic","P21","Ca Fe^2+ B O H Cl","Pnb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Pale yellow.","#eecf9e"
"Penriceite","Penriceite","[Mg(H2O)6][Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2F6]·H2O","[Mg(H2O)6][Na(H2O)2Al3(PO4)2F6]·H2O","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_]·H_2_O","[Mg(H_2_O)_6_][Na(H_2_O)_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_F_6_]·H_2_O","Mg H O Na Al P F","IMA2021-068"," ",7175,"Aldermanite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg H O Na Al P F","Prc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Penroseite","Penroseite","(Ni2+,Co,Cu)(Se2)2-","(Ni,Co,Cu)Se2","(Ni,Co,Cu)Se_2_","(Ni^2+^,Co,Cu)(Se_2_)^2-^","Ni Co Cu Se"," "," ",3572,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ni^2+ Co Cu Se","Pen","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Steel gray.","#8a7963,#43464b"
"Pentagonite","Pentagonite","CaV4+OSi4O10·4H2O","CaV4+OSi4O10·4H2O","CaV^4+^OSi_4_O_10_·4H_2_O","CaV^4+^OSi_4_O_10_·4H_2_O","Ca V O Si H","IMA1971-039"," ",3573," ","orthorhombic","Ccm21","Ca V^4+ O Si H","Ptg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Pentahydrite","Pentahydrite","MgS6+O4·5H2O","Mg(SO4)·5H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·5H_2_O","Mg S O H"," "," ",3574,"Chalcanthite","triclinic","P1","Mg S^6+ O H","Phy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Light blue, Light greenish blue.","#ffffff,#add8e6,#d7ddcd"
"Pentahydroborite","Pentahydroborite","CaB2O(OH)6·2H2O","CaB2O(OH)6·2H2O","CaB_2_O(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","CaB_2_O(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3575," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B O H","Phb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pentlandite","Pentlandite","(Ni,Fe)9S8","(Ni,Fe)9S8","(Ni,Fe)_9_S_8_","(Ni,Fe)_9_S_8_","Ni Fe S"," "," ",3576,"Pentlandite","cubic","Fm3m","Ni Fe S","Pn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Bronze, Brown.","#a87900,#653700"
"Penzhinite","Penzhinite","(Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4","(Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4","(Ag,Cu)_4_Au(S,Se)_4_","(Ag,Cu)_4_Au(S,Se)_4_","Ag Cu Au S Se","IMA1982-027"," ",3577," ","hexagonal","P6322","Ag Cu Au S Se","Pzh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white, Steel gray.","#d7d5cb,#43464b"
"Peprossiite-(Ce)","Peprossiite-(Ce)","Ce3+Al2(B3.67Si0.33)O10.67","CeAl2(B3.67Si0.33)O10.67","CeAl_2_(B_3.67_Si_0.33_)O_10.67_","Ce^3+^Al_2_(B_3.67_Si_0.33_)O_10.67_","Ce Al B Si O","IMA1990-002"," ",3578,"Peprossiite","hexagonal","P62m","Ce^3+ Al B Si O","Pep-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish yellow, Light yellow, Lemon.","#c9b003,#fffe7a,#fff700"
"Peprossiite-(Y)","Peprossiite-(Y)","YAl2(B3.67Si0.33)O10.67","YAl2(B3.67Si0.33)O10.67","YAl_2_(B_3.67_Si_0.33_)O_10.67_","YAl_2_(B_3.67_Si_0.33_)O_10.67_","Y Al B Si O","IMA2024-046"," ",7506,"Peprossiite","hexagonal","P31m","Y Al B Si O","Pep-Y",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Perbøeite-(Ce)","Perboeite-(Ce)","(CaCe3+3)(Al3Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe3)(Al3Fe2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)3O(OH)2","(CaCe_3_)(Al_3_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","(CaCe^3+^_3_)(Al_3_Fe^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)_3_O(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Al Fe Si O H","IMA2011-055"," ",5999,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Pbø-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","grayish very pale green","#719f91"
"Perbøeite-(La)","Perboeite-(La)","(CaLa3)(Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2","(CaLa3)(Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2","(CaLa_3_)(Al_3_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_3_O(OH)_2_","(CaLa_3_)(Al_3_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_3_O(OH)_2_","Ca La Al Fe Si O H","IMA2018-116"," ",6847,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Pbø-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No"," brownish-black","#413936"
"Perchiazziite","Perchiazziite","Co2+2(CO3)(OH)2","Co2(CO3)(OH)2","Co_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Co^2+^_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Co C O H","IMA2023-013"," ",7367,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Co^2+ C O H","Pcz",,"No","Orange-pink","#ff6f52"
"Percleveite-(Ce)","Percleveite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Si2O7","Ce2Si2O7","Ce_2_Si_2_O_7_","Ce^3+^_2_Si_2_O_7_","Ce Si O","IMA2002-023"," ",5154,"Percleveite","tetragonal","P41","Ce^3+ Si O","Pcv-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White, Colorless, Yellowish gray.","#ffffff,#afafaf,#edeeda"
"Percleveite-(La)","Percleveite-(La)","La2Si2O7","La2Si2O7","La_2_Si_2_O_7_","La_2_Si_2_O_7_","La Si O","IMA2019-037"," ",6925,"Percleveite","tetragonal","P41","La Si O","Pcv-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Very pale yellow to colourless in thin fragments to light yellow in aggregates","#927288,#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Peretaite","Peretaite","CaSb3+4O4(S6+O4)2(OH)2·2H2O","CaSb3+4O4(SO4)2(OH)2·2H2O","CaSb^3+^_4_O_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","CaSb^3+^_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Sb O S H","IMA1979-068"," ",3579," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Sb^3+ O S^6+ H","Pta","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Perettiite-(Y)","Perettiite-(Y)","Y2Mn2+4Fe2+Si2B8O24","Y2Mn2+4Fe2+Si2B8O24","Y_2_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^2+^Si_2_B_8_O_24_","Y_2_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^2+^Si_2_B_8_O_24_","Y Mn Fe Si B O","IMA2014-109"," ",6413,"Perettiite","orthorhombic","Pmna","Y Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si B O","Ptt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Perhamite","Perhamite","Ca3Al7.7Si3P4O23.5(OH)14.1·8H2O","Ca3Al7.7Si3P4O23.5(OH)14.1·8H2O","Ca_3_Al_7.7_Si_3_P_4_O_23.5_(OH)_14.1_·8H_2_O","Ca_3_Al_7.7_Si_3_P_4_O_23.5_(OH)_14.1_·8H_2_O","Ca Al Si P O H","IMA1975-019"," ",3580,"Perhamite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca Al Si P O H","Phm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, White.","#b5651d,#ffffff"
"Periclase","Periclase","MgO","MgO","MgO","MgO","Mg O"," "," ",3581,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Mg O","Per","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Colorless, Green, Gray white, Yellow.","#c9b003,#afafaf,#00ff00,#d7d5cb,#ffff00"
"Perite","Perite","Pb2+Bi3+O2Cl","PbBiO2Cl","PbBiO_2_Cl","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^O_2_Cl","Pb Bi O Cl","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3582,"Nadorite","orthorhombic","Bmmb","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ O Cl","Pe","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow, Sulfur yellow.","#c9b003,#ffff00,#ccc050"
"Perlialite","Perlialite","K9NaCa(Si24Al12)O72·15H2O","K9NaCa(Si24Al12)O72·15H2O","K_9_NaCa(Si_24_Al_12_)O_72_·15H_2_O","K_9_NaCa(Si_24_Al_12_)O_72_·15H_2_O","K Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1982-032"," ",3583," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm","K Na Ca Si Al O H","Pll","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Perloffite","Perloffite","BaMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","BaMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","BaMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Ba Mn Fe P O H","IMA1976-002"," ",3584,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Plf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Greenish brown, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#696112,#73532a,#000000"
"Permingeatite","Permingeatite","Cu3SbSe2-4","Cu3SbSe4","Cu_3_SbSe_4_","Cu_3_SbSe^2-^_4_","Cu Sb Se","IMA1971-003"," ",3586,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu Sb Se^2-","Pmg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Pink brown.","#67594c"
"Perovskite","Perovskite","CaTi4+O3","CaTiO3","CaTiO_3_","CaTi^4+^O_3_","Ca Ti O"," "," ",3587,"Perovskite","orthorhombic, cubic","Pbnm, Im3, Cmmm, Pm3m","Ca Ti^4+ O","Prv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black, Reddish brown, Pale yellow, Yellowish orange.","#000000,#7f2b0a,#eecf9e,#ffab0f"
"Perraultite","Perraultite","NaBaMn2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F","NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F","NaBaMn_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F","NaBaMn^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_F","Na Ba Mn Ti Si O H F","IMA1984-033"," ",3588,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","monoclinic, triclinic","C2, C1","Na Ba Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H F","Prt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange brown.","#b16002"
"Perrierite-(Ce)","Perrierite-(Ce)","Ce3+4MgFe3+2Ti4+2O8(Si2O7)2","Ce4MgFe3+2Ti2O8(Si2O7)2","Ce_4_MgFe^3+^_2_Ti_2_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Ce^3+^_4_MgFe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Ce Mg Fe Ti O Si","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3589,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O Si","Prr-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Brownish, Dark reddish brown.","#000000,#9c6d57,#840000"
"Perrierite-(La)","Perrierite-(La)","(La,Ce3+,Ca)4(Fe2+,Mn2+)(Ti4+,Fe3+,Al)4(Si2O7)2O8","(La,Ce,Ca)4(Fe2+,Mn)(Ti,Fe3+,Al)4[(Si2O7)O4]2","(La,Ce,Ca)_4_(Fe^2+^,Mn)(Ti,Fe^3+^,Al)_4_[(Si_2_O_7_)O_4_]_2_","(La,Ce^3+^,Ca)_4_(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^)(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Al)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_8_","La Ce Ca Fe Mn Ti Al Si O","IMA2010-089"," ",5135,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","P21/a","La Ce^3+ Ca Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Al Si O","Prr-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Perroudite","Perroudite","Ag1+4Hg2+5S2-5(I1-,Br)2Cl2","Ag4Hg5S5(I,Br)2Cl2","Ag_4_Hg_5_S_5_(I,Br)_2_Cl_2_","Ag^1+^_4_Hg^2+^_5_S^2-^_5_(I^1-^,Br)_2_Cl_2_","Ag Hg S I Br Cl","IMA1986-035"," ",3590," ","orthorhombic","P21212","Ag^1+ Hg^2+ S^2- I^1- Br Cl","Pro","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light red.","#ff7f7f"
"Perryite","Perryite","(Ni,Fe)8(Si,P)3","(Ni,Fe)8(Si,P)3","(Ni,Fe)_8_(Si,P)_3_","(Ni,Fe)_8_(Si,P)_3_","Ni Fe Si P","IMA1968 s.p."," ",3591," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ni Fe Si P","Pry","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Pertlikite","Pertlikite","K2(Fe2+,Mg)2(Mg,Fe3+)4Fe3+2Al(S6+O4)12·18H2O","K2(Fe2+,Mg)2(Mg,Fe3+)4Fe3+2Al(SO4)12·18H2O","K_2_(Fe^2+^,Mg)_2_(Mg,Fe^3+^)_4_Fe^3+^_2_Al(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K_2_(Fe^2+^,Mg)_2_(Mg,Fe^3+^)_4_Fe^3+^_2_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K Fe Mg Al S O H","IMA2005-055"," ",5584,"Voltaite","tetragonal","I41/acd","K Fe^2+ Mg Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O H","Plk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Dark olive green, Black.","#373e02,#000000"
"Pertoldite","Pertoldite","GeO2","GeO2","GeO_2_","GeO_2_","Ge O","IMA2021-074"," ",7182,"Quartz","hexagonal","P3121, P3221","Ge O","Pert","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White to brownish","#ffffff,#9c6d57"
"Pertsevite-(F)","Pertsevite-(F)","Mg2BO3F","Mg2(BO3)F","Mg_2_(BO_3_)F","Mg_2_BO_3_F","Mg B O F","IMA2002-030"," ",5155,"Pertsevite","orthorhombic","Pna21","Mg B O F","Psv-F","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Pertsevite-(OH)","Pertsevite-(OH)","Mg2BO3(OH)","Mg2(BO3)(OH)","Mg_2_(BO_3_)(OH)","Mg_2_BO_3_(OH)","Mg B O H","IMA2008-060"," ",5720,"Pertsevite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg B O H","Psv-OH","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless or have a light brown hue","#afafaf,#a3b48c"
"Petalite","Petalite","LiAlSi4O10","LiAlSi4O10","LiAlSi_4_O_10_","LiAlSi_4_O_10_","Li Al Si O"," "," ",3592,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/c, P2/a","Li Al Si O","Ptl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Gray, Yellow, Yellow gray, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Petarasite","Petarasite","Na5Zr4+2Si6O18(Cl,OH)·2H2O","Na5Zr2Si6O18(Cl,OH)·2H2O","Na_5_Zr_2_Si_6_O_18_(Cl,OH)·2H_2_O","Na_5_Zr^4+^_2_Si_6_O_18_(Cl,OH)·2H_2_O","Na Zr Si O Cl H","IMA1979-063"," ",3593," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Zr^4+ Si O Cl H","Pra","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow.","#c9b003,#cdfd02"
"Petedunnite","Petedunnite","CaZn2+Si2O6","CaZnSi2O6","CaZnSi_2_O_6_","CaZn^2+^Si_2_O_6_","Ca Zn Si O","IMA1983-073"," ",3594,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Zn^2+ Si O","Pdu","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Peterandresenite","Peterandresenite","Mn2+4Nb5+6O19·14H2O","Mn4Nb6O19·14H2O","Mn_4_Nb_6_O_19_·14H_2_O","Mn^2+^_4_Nb^5+^_6_O_19_·14H_2_O","Mn Nb O H","IMA2012-084"," ",6147,"Peterandresenite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Nb^5+ O H","Pan","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Peterbaylissite","Peterbaylissite","Hg1+3CO3(OH)·2H2O","Hg3(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","Hg_3_(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Hg^1+^_3_CO_3_(OH)·2H_2_O","Hg C O H","IMA1993-041"," ",3595," ","orthorhombic","Pcab","Hg^1+ C O H","Pby","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Dark red brown.","#000000,#840000"
"Peterchinite","Peterchinite","Zn2+3Zn2+2(OH)6As5+[O3(OH)3]","Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3]","Zn_3_Zn_2_(OH)_6_As[O_3_(OH)_3_]","Zn^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_2_(OH)_6_As^5+^[O_3_(OH)_3_]","Zn O H As","IMA2023-050"," ",7398,"Chlorophoenicite","monoclinic","C2/m","Zn^2+ O H As^5+","Pcn",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Petermegawite","Petermegawite","Al6(Se4+O3)3[SiO3(OH)](OH)9·10H2O","Al6(Se4+O3)3[SiO3(OH)](OH)9·10H2O","Al_6_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)](OH)_9_·10H_2_O","Al_6_(Se^4+^O_3_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)](OH)_9_·10H_2_O","Al Se O Si H","IMA2021-079"," ",7185,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Al Se^4+ O Si H","Pmw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Petersenite-(Ce)","Petersenite-(Ce)","Na4Ce3+2(CO3)5","Na4Ce2(CO3)5","Na_4_Ce_2_(CO_3_)_5_","Na_4_Ce^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ce C O","IMA1992-048"," ",3596,"Burbankite","monoclinic","P21","Na Ce^3+ C O","Pet-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light violet, Light yellow, Pink gray, Reddish gray.","#d6b4fc,#fffe7a,#7f7e72,#997570"
"Petersite-(Ce)","Petersite-(Ce)","Cu2+6Ce3+(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu6Ce(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu_6_Ce(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Ce^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu Ce P O H","IMA2014-002"," ",6259,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Ce^3+ P O H","Pts-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish-green","#b0dd16"
"Petersite-(La)","Petersite-(La)","Cu2+6La(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu6La(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu_6_La(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_La(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu La P O H","IMA2017-089"," ",6716,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ La P O H","Pts-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish green","#b0dd16"
"Petersite-(Y)","Petersite-(Y)","Cu2+6Y(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu6Y(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","Cu_6_Y(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Y(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu Y P O H","IMA1981-064, IMA1987 s.p."," ",3597,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Y P O H","Pts-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Petewilliamsite","Petewilliamsite","(Ni2+,Co2+)30(As5+2O7)15","(Ni,Co)30(As2O7)15","(Ni,Co)_30_(As_2_O_7_)_15_","(Ni^2+^,Co^2+^)_30_(As^5+^_2_O_7_)_15_","Ni Co As O","IMA2002-059"," ",5208," ","monoclinic","C2","Ni^2+ Co^2+ As^5+ O","Pwi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark violet red, Dark brownish red.","#34013f,#73532a"
"Petitjeanite","Petitjeanite","Bi3+3O(PO4)2(OH)","Bi3O(PO4)2(OH)","Bi_3_O(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi^3+^_3_O(PO_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi O P H","IMA1992-013"," ",3598," ","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ O P H","Pjn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Deep yellow, White, Black.","#653700,#feff32,#ffffff,#000000"
"Petříčekite","Petricekite","Cu2+(Se2)2-","CuSe2","CuSe_2_","Cu^2+^(Se_2_)^2-^","Cu Se","IMA2015-111"," ",6509,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Cu^2+ Se","Pčk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Petrovicite","Petrovicite","Cu1+3Hg2+Pb2+Bi3+Se2-5","Cu3HgPbBiSe5","Cu_3_HgPbBiSe_5_","Cu^1+^_3_Hg^2+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^Se^2-^_5_","Cu Hg Pb Bi Se","IMA1975-010"," ",3599,"Petrovicite","orthorhombic",,"Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Pvc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Petrovite","Petrovite","Na12Cu2+2(S6+O4)8","Na12Cu2(SO4)8","Na_12_Cu_2_(SO_4_)_8_","Na_12_Cu^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_8_","Na Cu S O","IMA2018-149b"," ",6967,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Pv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Petrovskaite","Petrovskaite","AuAgS","AuAgS","AuAgS","AuAgS","Au Ag S","IMA1983-079"," ",3600," ","monoclinic",,"Au Ag S","Pvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Dark grayish black, Black.","#8a7963,#363737,#000000"
"Petrukite","Petrukite","(Cu1+,Ag1+)2(Fe2+,Zn2+)(Sn4+,In4+)S2-4","(Cu,Ag)2(Fe,Zn)(Sn,In)S4","(Cu,Ag)_2_(Fe,Zn)(Sn,In)S_4_","(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_2_(Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)(Sn^4+^,In^4+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Ag Fe Zn Sn In S","IMA1985-052"," ",3601,"Enargite, Wurtzite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ In^4+ S^2-","Ptk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Brown.","#808080,#653700"
"Petscheckite","Petscheckite","U4+Fe2+Nb5+2O8","U4+Fe2+Nb2O8","U^4+^Fe^2+^Nb_2_O_8_","U^4+^Fe^2+^Nb^5+^_2_O_8_","U Fe Nb O","IMA1975-038"," ",3602," ","hexagonal","P31m","U^4+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ O","Psk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Petterdite","Petterdite","Pb2+Cr3+2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","PbCr2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","PbCr_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cr^3+^_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Pb Cr C O H","IMA1999-034"," ",3603,"Dundasite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Pb^2+ Cr^3+ C O H","Pte","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale gray, Pinkish violet.","#fdfdfe,#4c2882"
"Petzite","Petzite","Ag1+3Au1+Te2-2","Ag3AuTe2","Ag_3_AuTe_2_","Ag^1+^_3_Au^1+^Te^2-^_2_","Ag Au Te"," "," ",3604," ","cubic","I4132","Ag^1+ Au^1+ Te^2-","Ptz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black, Steel gray.","#263145,#43464b"
"Pezzottaite","Pezzottaite","CsLiBe2Al2Si6O18","CsLiBe2Al2Si6O18","CsLiBe_2_Al_2_Si_6_O_18_","CsLiBe_2_Al_2_Si_6_O_18_","Cs Li Be Al Si O","IMA2003-022"," ",5156,"Beryl","hexagonal","R3c, R3m, R3c","Cs Li Be Al Si O","Pez","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Raspberry red, Pink.","#f62217,#ffc0cb"
"Pfaffenbergite","Pfaffenbergite","KNa3(Al4Si12)O32","KNa3(Al4Si12)O32","KNa_3_(Al_4_Si_12_)O_32_","KNa_3_(Al_4_Si_12_)O_32_","K Na Al Si O","IMA2023-105"," ",7453,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Al Si O","Pfg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pharmacoalumite","Pharmacoalumite","KAl4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·6.5H2O","KAl4(AsO4)3(OH)4·6.5H2O","KAl_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·6.5H_2_O","KAl_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·6.5H_2_O","K Al As O H","IMA1980-002"," ",858,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","K Al As^5+ O H","Pal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Pharmacolite","Pharmacolite","Ca(As5+O3OH)·2H2O","Ca(AsO3OH)·2H2O","Ca(AsO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Ca(As^5+^O_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Ca As O H"," "," ",3605,"Gypsum","monoclinic","Ia","Ca As^5+ O H","Pmc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Yellow, Reddish white, Grayish white.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#fff8d5,#d6dee9"
"Pharmacosiderite","Pharmacosiderite","KFe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·6-7H2O","KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·6-7H2O","KFe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·6-7H_2_O","KFe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·6-7H_2_O","K Fe As O H"," "," ",3606,"Pharmacosiderite","tetragonal, cubic","P43m","K Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Pmsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green, Emerald green, Reddish brown, Yellowish brown, Honey yellow.","#8ead2c,#046307,#7f2b0a,#9b7a01,#ca9456"
"Pharmazincite","Pharmazincite","KZn2+As5+O4","KZn(AsO4)","KZn(AsO_4_)","KZn^2+^As^5+^O_4_","K Zn As O","IMA2014-015"," ",6313,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","K Zn^2+ As^5+ O","Pznc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Phaunouxite","Phaunouxite","Ca3(As5+O4)2·11H2O","Ca3(AsO4)2·11H2O","Ca_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Ca_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA1980-062"," ",3607," ","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Pnx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Phenakite","Phenakite","Be2SiO4","Be2(SiO4)","Be_2_(SiO_4_)","Be_2_SiO_4_","Be Si O"," "," ",3608,"Phenakite","hexagonal","R3","Be Si O","Phk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Wine yellow, Yellow, Pink, Pinkish red.","#afafaf,#d7c485,#ffff00,#ffc0cb,#f10c45"
"Philipsbornite","Philipsbornite","Pb2+Al3(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","PbAl_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Al_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb Al As O H","IMA1981-029"," ",3609,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Pbn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray green.","#afafaf,#86a17d"
"Philipsburgite","Philipsburgite","Cu2+5Zn2+(As5+O4)(PO4)(OH)6·H2O","Cu5Zn(AsO4)(PO4)(OH)6·H2O","Cu_5_Zn(AsO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_5_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu Zn As O P H","IMA1984-029, IMA2020-G, IMA2021"," ",3610,"Philipsburgite","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O P H","Pbu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Phillipsite-Ca","Phillipsite-Ca","Ca3(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","Ca3(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","Ca_3_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3611,"Harmotome","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/m, B2mb","Ca Si Al O H","Php-Ca","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Light yellow, Pink.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Phillipsite-K","Phillipsite-K","K6(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","K6(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","K_6_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","K_6_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","K Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3612,"Harmotome","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/m","K Si Al O H","Php-K","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Light yellow, Pink.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Phillipsite-Na","Phillipsite-Na","Na6(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","Na6(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O","Na_6_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Na_6_(Si_10_Al_6_)O_32_·12H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3613,"Harmotome","orthorhombic","B2mb","Na Si Al O H","Php-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White, Reddish white, Light yellow, Pink.","#ffffff,#fff8d5,#fffe7a,#ffc0cb"
"Philolithite","Philolithite","Pb2+12O6Mn2+7(S6+O4)(CO3)4Cl4(OH)12","Pb12O6Mn7(SO4)(CO3)4Cl4(OH)12","Pb_12_O_6_Mn_7_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_4_Cl_4_(OH)_12_","Pb^2+^_12_O_6_Mn^2+^_7_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_4_Cl_4_(OH)_12_","Pb O Mn S C Cl H","IMA1996-020"," ",3614," ","tetragonal","P42/nnm","Pb^2+ O Mn^2+ S^6+ C Cl H","Phi","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Emerald green.","#00ff00,#046307"
"Philoxenite","Philoxenite","(K,Na,Pb2+)4(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Cu2+)3(Fe3+0.5Al0.5)(S6+O4)8","(K,Na,Pb)4(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Cu)3(Fe3+0.5Al0.5)(SO4)8","(K,Na,Pb)_4_(Na,Ca)_2_(Mg,Cu)_3_(Fe^3+^_0.5_Al_0.5_)(SO_4_)_8_","(K,Na,Pb^2+^)_4_(Na,Ca)_2_(Mg,Cu^2+^)_3_(Fe^3+^_0.5_Al_0.5_)(S^6+^O_4_)_8_","K Na Pb Ca Mg Cu Fe Al S O","IMA2015-108"," ",6507,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","K Na Pb^2+ Ca Mg Cu^2+ Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O","Pxn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless to very pale yellowish","#afafaf,#927288"
"Philrothite","Philrothite","Tl1+As3+3S2-5","TlAs3S5","TlAs_3_S_5_","Tl^1+^As^3+^_3_S^2-^_5_","Tl As S","IMA2013-066"," ",6228,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Phr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Phlogopite","Phlogopite","KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2","KMg_3_(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_2_","KMg_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Al Si O H"," "," ",3615,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic, hexagonal","Cm, P3112, C2/c, C2/m, C2","K Mg Si Al O H","Phl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Gray, Green, Yellow, Reddish brown.","#653700,#808080,#00ff00,#ffff00,#7f2b0a"
"Phoenicochroite","Phoenicochroite","Pb2+2O(Cr6+O4)","Pb2O(CrO4)","Pb_2_O(CrO_4_)","Pb^2+^_2_O(Cr^6+^O_4_)","Pb O Cr","IMA1980 s.p."," ",3616," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ O Cr^6+","Phc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red, Lemon yellow.","#840000,#cfff04"
"Phosgenite","Phosgenite","Pb2+2CO3Cl2","Pb2(CO3)Cl2","Pb_2_(CO_3_)Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_2_CO_3_Cl_2_","Pb C O Cl"," "," ",3617," ","tetragonal","P4/mbm","Pb^2+ C O Cl","Pho","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White, Gray, Brownish yellow, Greenish white, Pinkish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#c9b003,#d1f1de,#fff1fa"
"Phosinaite-(Ce)","Phosinaite-(Ce)","Na13Ca2Ce3+(SiO3)4(PO4)4","Na13Ca2Ce(SiO3)4(PO4)4","Na_13_Ca_2_Ce(SiO_3_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_","Na_13_Ca_2_Ce^3+^(SiO_3_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_","Na Ca Ce Si O P","IMA1973-058"," ",3618," ","orthorhombic","P22121","Na Ca Ce^3+ Si O P","Psi-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pink, Light brown.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb,#b5651d"
"Phosphammite","Phosphammite","(N3-H4)2(PO3OH)","(NH4)2(PO3OH)","(NH_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)","N H P O"," "," ",3619," ","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H P O","Pam","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Phosphocyclite-(Fe)","Phosphocyclite-(Fe)","Fe2+2(P4O12)","Fe2+2(P4O12)","Fe^2+^_2_(P_4_O_12_)","Fe^2+^_2_(P_4_O_12_)","Fe P O","IMA2020-087"," ",7102,"Phosphocyclite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ P O","Pc-Fe","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Phosphocyclite-(Ni)","Phosphocyclite-(Ni)","Ni2+2(P4O12)","Ni2(P4O12)","Ni_2_(P_4_O_12_)","Ni^2+^_2_(P_4_O_12_)","Ni P O","IMA2020-088"," ",7103,"Phosphocyclite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ni^2+ P O","Pc-Ni","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Phosphoellenbergerite","Phosphoellenbergerite","(Mg,☐)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6","(Mg,☐)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6","(Mg,[box])_2_Mg_12_(PO_4_,PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_3_OH,CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","(Mg,[box])_2_Mg_12_(PO_4_,PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_3_OH,CO_3_)_2_(OH)_6_","Mg P O H C","IMA1994-006"," ",3620,"Ellenbergerite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mg P O H C","Pell","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Phosphoferrite","Phosphoferrite","Fe2+3(PO4)2·3H2O","Fe2+3(PO4)2·3H2O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",3621,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna, Pcmb","Fe^2+ P O H","Phf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light green, Dark reddish brown, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#76ff7b,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Phosphofibrite","Phosphofibrite","(H2O,K)3.5Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7·5H2O","(H2O,K)3.5Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7·5H2O","(H_2_O,K)_3.5_Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_·5H_2_O","(H_2_O,K)_3.5_Fe^3+^_8_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_7_·5H_2_O","H O K Fe P","IMA1982-082"," ",3622,"Phosphofibrite","orthorhombic",,"H O K Fe^3+ P","Pfb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow green.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Phosphogartrellite","Phosphogartrellite","Pb2+Cu2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH,H2O)2","PbCuFe3+(PO4)2(OH,H2O)2","PbCuFe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_2_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH,H_2_O)_2_","Pb Cu Fe P O H","IMA1996-035"," ",3623,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Pgtl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright green.","#66ff00"
"Phosphohedyphane","Phosphohedyphane","Ca2Pb2+3(PO4)3Cl","Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl","Ca_2_Pb_3_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_2_Pb^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca Pb P O Cl","IMA2005-026"," ",5300,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Pb^2+ P O Cl","Phdy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Coloress, Yellow, Yellowish green, Orange, Greenish blue.","#75876e,#ffff00,#b0dd16,#ffa500,#0b8b87"
"Phosphoinnelite","Phosphoinnelite","Na3Ba4Ti4+3Si4O14(PO4)2O2F","Na3Ba4Ti3Si4O14(PO4)2O2F","Na_3_Ba_4_Ti_3_Si_4_O_14_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_F","Na_3_Ba_4_Ti^4+^_3_Si_4_O_14_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_F","Na Ba Ti Si O P F","IMA2005-022"," ",5462,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic",,"Na Ba Ti^4+ Si O P F","Pinn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow–brown, honey, occasionally brown.","#ae8b0c,#ae8934,#bb8866"
"Phosphophyllite","Phosphophyllite","Zn2+2Fe2+(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn2Fe2+(PO4)2·4H2O","Zn_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H"," "," ",3624,"Phosphophyllite","monoclinic","P21/c","Zn^2+ Fe^2+ P O H","Pp","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Colorless, Light green.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Phosphorrösslerite","Phosphorrosslerite","Mg(PO3OH)·7H2O","Mg(PO3OH)·7H2O","Mg(PO_3_OH)·7H_2_O","Mg(PO_3_OH)·7H_2_O","Mg P O H"," "," ",3625," ",,,"Mg P O H","Prö","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, white, pale yellow due to staining; colorless in transmitted light.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#869cbb,#afafaf"
"Phosphosiderite","Phosphosiderite","Fe3+PO4·2H2O","Fe3+(PO4)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^PO_4_·2H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3626,"Phosphosiderite","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^3+ P O H","Phsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Purple, Pink, Red, Red violet.","#afafaf,#800080,#ffc0cb,#ff0000,#9e0168"
"Phosphovanadylite-Ba","Phosphovanadylite-Ba","BaV4+4P2O10(OH)6·12H2O","Ba[V4+4P2O12(OH)4]·12H2O","Ba[V^4+^_4_P_2_O_12_(OH)_4_]·12H_2_O","BaV^4+^_4_P_2_O_10_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ba V P O H","IMA1996-037"," ",3627,"Phosphovanadylite","cubic","I43m","Ba V^4+ P O H","Pvd-Ba","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green-blue","#e2f0d2"
"Phosphovanadylite-Ca","Phosphovanadylite-Ca","CaV4+4P2O10(OH)6·12H2O","Ca[V4+4P2O12(OH)4]·12H2O","Ca[V^4+^_4_P_2_O_12_(OH)_4_]·12H_2_O","CaV^4+^_4_P_2_O_10_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca V P O H","IMA2011-101"," ",6045,"Phosphovanadylite","cubic","I43m","Ca V^4+ P O H","Pvd-Ca","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","bright greenish blue","#66ff00"
"Phosphowalpurgite","Phosphowalpurgite","(U6+O2)Bi3+4O4(PO4)2·2H2O","(UO2)Bi4O4(PO4)2·2H2O","(UO_2_)Bi_4_O_4_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)Bi^3+^_4_O_4_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","U O Bi P H","IMA2001-062"," ",5353," ","triclinic","P1","U^6+ O Bi^3+ P H","Pwal","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish gray.","#86775f"
"Phosphuranylite","Phosphuranylite","KCa(H3O)3(U6+O2)7(PO4)4O4·8H2O","KCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4·8H2O","KCa(H_3_O)_3_(UO_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_O_4_·8H_2_O","KCa(H_3_O)_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_O_4_·8H_2_O","K Ca H O U P"," "," ",3628,"Phosphuranylite","orthorhombic","Bmmb","K Ca H O U^6+ P","Puy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Dark yellow, Lemon.","#ffdf00,#e7bf8e,#fff700"
"Phoxite","Phoxite","(N3-H4)2Mg2((C2)6+O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)4","(NH4)2Mg2(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)4","(NH_4_)_2_Mg_2_(C_2_O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","N H Mg C O P","IMA2018-009"," ",6753,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H Mg C O P","Phx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Phuralumite","Phuralumite","Al2[(U6+O2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9","Al2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9","Al_2_[(UO_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)](OH)_3_(H_2_O)_9_","Al_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)](OH)_3_(H_2_O)_9_","Al U O P H","IMA1978-044"," ",3629," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Al U^6+ O P H","Pha","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Phurcalite","Phurcalite","Ca2(U6+O2)3O2(PO4)2·7H2O","Ca2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2·7H2O","Ca_2_(UO_2_)_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Ca_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Ca U O P H","IMA1977-040"," ",3630,"Phosphuranylite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca U^6+ O P H","Phu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Phylloretine","Phylloretine","C18H18","C18H18","C_18_H_18_","C_18_H_18_","C H"," "," ",5463," ",,,"C H","Pre","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Phyllotungstite","Phyllotungstite","HCaFe3+3(W6+O4)6·10H2O","HCaFe3+3(WO4)6·10H2O","HCaFe^3+^_3_(WO_4_)_6_·10H_2_O","HCaFe^3+^_3_(W^6+^O_4_)_6_·10H_2_O","H Ca Fe W O","IMA1984-018"," ",3631," ","orthorhombic",,"H Ca Fe^3+ W^6+ O","Ptgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Picaite","Picaite","NaCa[As5+O3OH][As5+O2(OH)2]","NaCa[AsO3OH][AsO2(OH)2]","NaCa[AsO_3_OH][AsO_2_(OH)_2_]","NaCa[As^5+^O_3_OH][As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]","Na Ca As O H","IMA2018-022"," ",6767,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca As^5+ O H","Pic","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," indigo blue","#3a18b1"
"Piccoliite","Piccoliite","NaCaMn3+2(As5+O4)2O(OH)","NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH)","NaCaMn^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_O(OH)","NaCaMn^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_O(OH)","Na Ca Mn As O H","IMA2017-016"," ",6656,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Pbcm","Na Ca Mn^3+ As^5+ O H","Pcc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black. It is transparent in thin section although very deep red coloured.","#351e1c"
"Pickeringite","Pickeringite","MgAl2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","MgAl2(SO4)4·22H2O","MgAl_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","MgAl_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Mg Al S O H"," "," ",3632,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Al S^6+ O H","Pkg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish white, Reddish white, Greenish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5,#d1f1de"
"Picotpaulite","Picotpaulite","Tl1+Fe2+Fe3+S2-3","TlFe2S3","TlFe_2_S_3_","Tl^1+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Tl Fe S","IMA1970-031"," ",3633,"Cubanite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Tl^1+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Pcp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Picromerite","Picromerite","K2Mg(S6+O4)2·6H2O","K2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O","K_2_Mg(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","K Mg S O H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3634,"Picromerite","monoclinic","P21/a","K Mg S^6+ O H","Pmr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Gray, Yellow, White, Reddish.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#ffffff,#c44240"
"Picropharmacolite","Picropharmacolite","Ca4Mg(As5+O3OH)2(As5+O4)2·11H2O","Ca4Mg(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·11H2O","Ca_4_Mg(AsO_3_OH)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Ca_4_Mg(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·11H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H"," "," ",3635," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Ppm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Silky white.","#afafaf,#efebe2"
"Pieczkaite","Pieczkaite","Mn2+5(PO4)3Cl","Mn5(PO4)3Cl","Mn_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Mn^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Mn P O Cl","IMA2014-005"," ",6298,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Mn^2+ P O Cl","Pzk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grey","#808080"
"Piemontite","Piemontite","Ca2(Al2Mn3+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_Mn^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca_2_(Al_2_Mn^3+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al Mn Si O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3636,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Al Mn^3+ Si O H","Pmt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow, Carmine red, Red, Reddish brown, Reddish black.","#ffff00,#ff0038,#ff0000,#7f2b0a,#433635"
"Piemontite-(Pb)","Piemontite-(Pb)","CaPb2+(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaPb(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaPb(Al_2_Mn^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaPb^2+^(Al_2_Mn^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca Pb Al Mn Si O H","IMA2011-087"," ",6030,"Epidote, Clinozoisite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Pb^2+ Al Mn^3+ Si O H","Pmt-Pb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No"," purplish-red","#b0054b"
"Piemontite-(Sr)","Piemontite-(Sr)","CaSr(Al2Mn3+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSr(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaSr(Al_2_Mn^3+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaSr(Al_2_Mn^3+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Sr Al Mn Si O H","IMA1989-031"," ",4234,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Sr Al Mn^3+ Si O H","Pmt-Sr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Piergorite-(Ce)","Piergorite-(Ce)","Ca8Ce3+2AlLiSi6B8O36(OH)2","Ca8Ce2AlLiSi6B8O36(OH)2","Ca_8_Ce_2_AlLiSi_6_B_8_O_36_(OH)_2_","Ca_8_Ce^3+^_2_AlLiSi_6_B_8_O_36_(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Al Li Si B O H","IMA2005-008"," ",5215," ","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Ce^3+ Al Li Si B O H","Pgo-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorelss, Pale yellow.","#585d40,#eecf9e"
"Pierrotite","Pierrotite","Tl1+2(Sb3+,As3+)10S2-16","Tl2(Sb,As)10S16","Tl_2_(Sb,As)_10_S_16_","Tl^1+^_2_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_10_S^2-^_16_","Tl Sb As S","IMA1969-036"," ",3637,"Sartorite","orthorhombic","Pna21","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Pie","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Pigeonite","Pigeonite","(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)SiO3","(Mg,Fe,Ca)2Si2O6","(Mg,Fe,Ca)_2_Si_2_O_6_","(Mg,Fe^2+^,Ca)SiO_3_","Mg Fe Ca Si O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",3638,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Fe^2+ Ca Si O","Pgt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Greenish brown, Light purple brown, Black.","#653700,#696112,#65648b,#000000"
"Pigotite","Pigotite","Al4C6H5O10·13H2O (?)","Al4C6H5O10·13H2O (?)","Al_4_C_6_H_5_O_10_·13H_2_O (?)","Al_4_C_6_H_5_O_10_·13H_2_O (?)","Al C H O"," "," ",5464,"Citrate",,,"Al C H O","Pig","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","brown","#653700"
"Pilanesbergite","Pilanesbergite","Na2Ca2Fe2+2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na2Ca2Fe2Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na_2_Ca_2_Fe_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Ca_2_Fe^2+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na Ca Fe Ti Si O F","IMA2023-007"," ",7362,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Ca Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O F","Pbt",,"No","brown-orange","#b96902"
"Pilawite-(Y)","Pilawite-(Y)","Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2","Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2","Ca_2_Y_2_Al_4_(SiO_4_)_4_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_Y_2_Al_4_(SiO_4_)_4_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ca Y Al Si O H","IMA2013-125"," ",6284,"Carminite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Y Al Si O H","Plw-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White","#ffffff"
"Pilipenkoite","Pilipenkoite","KCu2+(As5+O4)·H2O","KCu(AsO4)·H2O","KCu(AsO_4_)·H_2_O","KCu^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)·H_2_O","K Cu As O H","IMA2022-017"," ",7245,"Not in a structural group",,,"K Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Plp","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pillaite","Pillaite","Pb2+9Sb3+10S2-23ClO0.5","Pb9Sb10S23ClO0.5","Pb_9_Sb_10_S_23_ClO_0.5_","Pb^2+^_9_Sb^3+^_10_S^2-^_23_ClO_0.5_","Pb Sb S Cl O","IMA1997-042"," ",3639," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- Cl O","Pil","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Pilsenite","Pilsenite","Bi4Te3","Bi4Te3","Bi_4_Te_3_","Bi_4_Te_3_","Bi Te","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3640,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi Te","Pse","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Tin white.","#43464b,#cfd5db"
"Pinakiolite","Pinakiolite","(Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn3+,Sb5+)O2(BO3)","(Mg,Mn)2(Mn3+,Sb5+)O2(BO3)","(Mg,Mn)_2_(Mn^3+^,Sb^5+^)O_2_(BO_3_)","(Mg,Mn^2+^)_2_(Mn^3+^,Sb^5+^)O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Mn Sb O B"," "," ",3641," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Sb^5+ O B","Pki","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Pinalite","Pinalite","Pb2+3(W6+O4)OCl2","Pb3(WO4)OCl2","Pb_3_(WO_4_)OCl_2_","Pb^2+^_3_(W^6+^O_4_)OCl_2_","Pb W O Cl","IMA1988-025"," ",3642," ","orthorhombic","Amam","Pb^2+ W^6+ O Cl","Pnl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orangish, Golden yellow.","#ffff00,#fd8d49,#ffdf00"
"Pinchite","Pinchite","Hg2+5O4Cl2","Hg5O4Cl2","Hg_5_O_4_Cl_2_","Hg^2+^_5_O_4_Cl_2_","Hg O Cl","IMA1973-052"," ",3643," ","orthorhombic","Ibam","Hg^2+ O Cl","Pin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Black brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Pingguite","Pingguite","Bi3+6Te6+2O15","Bi6Te6+2O15","Bi_6_Te^6+^_2_O_15_","Bi^3+^_6_Te^6+^_2_O_15_","Bi Te O","IMA1993-019"," ",3644," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Bi^3+ Te^6+ O","Png","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish green.","#b0dd16"
"Pinnoite","Pinnoite","MgB2O(OH)6","MgB2O(OH)6","MgB_2_O(OH)_6_","MgB_2_O(OH)_6_","Mg B O H"," "," ",3645," ","tetragonal","P42/n, P42","Mg B O H","Pno","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Yellow, Yellow green, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a"
"Pintadoite","Pintadoite","Ca2V5+2O7·9H2O","Ca2V5+2O7·9H2O","Ca_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_·9H_2_O","Ca_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_·9H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3646," ",,,"Ca V^5+ O H","Ptd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green, Dark green.","#76ff7b,#033500"
"Piretite","Piretite","Ca(U6+O2)3(Se4+O3)2(OH)4·4H2O","Ca(UO2)3(Se4+O3)2(OH)4·4H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca U O Se H","IMA1996-002"," ",3647,"Guilleminite","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O Se^4+ H","Pir","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon yellow.","#cfff04"
"Pirquitasite","Pirquitasite","Ag1+2Zn2+Sn4+S2-4","Ag2ZnSnS4","Ag_2_ZnSnS_4_","Ag^1+^_2_Zn^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Ag Zn Sn S","IMA1980-091"," ",3648,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I4","Ag^1+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Pi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Pirssonite","Pirssonite","Na2Ca(CO3)2·2H2O","Na2Ca(CO3)2·2H2O","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Ca C O H"," "," ",3649," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Na Ca C O H","Pss","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Grayish, White.","#afafaf,#cfcac7,#ffffff"
"Písekite-(Y)","Pisekite-(Y)","(Y,As3+,Ca,Fe2+,U4+)(Nb5+,Ti4+,Ta5+)O4","(Y,As,Ca,Fe,U)(Nb,Ti,Ta)O4","(Y,As,Ca,Fe,U)(Nb,Ti,Ta)O_4_","(Y,As^3+^,Ca,Fe^2+^,U^4+^)(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^,Ta^5+^)O_4_","Y As Ca Fe U Nb Ti Ta O"," "," ",5465," ",,,"Y As^3+ Ca Fe^2+ U^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Ta^5+ O","Pís-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish brown to black","#9b7a01,#000000"
"Pitiglianoite","Pitiglianoite","K2Na6(Si6Al6)O24(S6+O4)·2H2O","K2Na6(Si6Al6)O24(SO4)·2H2O","K_2_Na_6_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(SO_4_)·2H_2_O","K_2_Na_6_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(S^6+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","K Na Si Al O S H","IMA1990-012"," ",3650,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63","K Na Si Al O S^6+ H","Pgl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pitticite","Pitticite","(Fe3+,As5+O4,S6+O4,H2O)","[Fe,AsO4,SO4,H2O] (?)","[Fe,AsO_4_,SO_4_,H_2_O] (?)","(Fe^3+^,As^5+^O_4_,S^6+^O_4_,H_2_O)","Fe As O S H"," "," ",3651," ",,,"Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Ptc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Gray, Gray white, Yellow, Yellow brown, White.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffffff"
"Pittongite","Pittongite","(Na,H2O)0.7(W6+,Fe3+)(O,OH)3","(Na,H2O)0.7(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3","(Na,H_2_O)_0.7_(W,Fe^3+^)(O,OH)_3_","(Na,H_2_O)_0.7_(W^6+^,Fe^3+^)(O,OH)_3_","Na H O W Fe","IMA2005-034a"," ",5580," ","hexagonal","P6m2","Na H O W^6+ Fe^3+","Pit","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Creamy yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Piypite","Piypite","K4Cu2+4O2(S6+O4)4·(Na,Cu1+)Cl","K4Cu4O2(SO4)4·(Na,Cu)Cl","K_4_Cu_4_O_2_(SO_4_)_4_·(Na,Cu)Cl","K_4_Cu^2+^_4_O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·(Na,Cu^1+^)Cl","K Cu O S Na Cl","IMA1982-097"," ",3652," ","tetragonal","I4, P4/n","K Cu^2+ O S^6+ Na Cu^1+ Cl","Piy","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark green, Emerald green, Black, Black green.","#033500,#046307,#000000,#384e49"
"Pizgrischite","Pizgrischite","(Cu1+,Fe2+)Cu1+14Pb2+Bi3+17S2-34","(Cu,Fe)Cu14PbBi17S34","(Cu,Fe)Cu_14_PbBi_17_S_34_","(Cu^1+^,Fe^2+^)Cu^1+^_14_Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_17_S^2-^_34_","Cu Fe Pb Bi S","IMA2001-002"," ",5544," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Piz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Plagionite","Plagionite","Pb2+5Sb3+8S2-17","Pb5Sb8S17","Pb_5_Sb_8_S_17_","Pb^2+^_5_Sb^3+^_8_S^2-^_17_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",3653," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Pgi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Gray black.","#000000,#373a3a"
"Plancheite","Plancheite","Cu2+8(Si4O11)2(OH)4·H2O","Cu8(Si4O11)2(OH)4·H2O","Cu_8_(Si_4_O_11_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_8_(Si_4_O_11_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Cu Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3654,"Plancheite","orthorhombic","Pcnb","Cu^2+ Si O H","Pch","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Greenish blue.","#0000ff,#0b8b87"
"Planerite","Planerite","Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8·4H2O","Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8·4H2O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_2_(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3655,"Turquoise","triclinic","P1","Al P O H","Pnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green, Light blue, Light green, Olive green.","#10a674,#add8e6,#76ff7b,#8ead2c"
"Plášilite","Plasilite","Na(U6+O2)(S6+O4)(OH)·2H2O","Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·2H2O","Na(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Na(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Na U O S H","IMA2014-021"," ",6330,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Pšl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Platinum","Platinum","Pt","Pt","Pt","Pt","Pt"," "," ",3657,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Pt","Pt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Whitish steel gray, Steel gray, Dark gray.","#6f828a,#43464b,#363737"
"Plattnerite","Plattnerite","Pb4+O2","PbO2","PbO_2_","Pb^4+^O_2_","Pb O"," "," ",3658,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Pb^4+ O","Ptn","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brownish black, Iron black, Black.","#413936,#263145,#000000"
"Plavnoite","Plavnoite","K0.8Mn2+0.6[(U6+O2)2O2(S6+O4)]·3.5H2O","K0.8Mn0.6[(UO2)2O2(SO4)]·3.5H2O","K_0.8_Mn_0.6_[(UO_2_)_2_O_2_(SO_4_)]·3.5H_2_O","K_0.8_Mn^2+^_0.6_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)]·3.5H_2_O","K Mn U O S H","IMA2015-059"," ",6461,"Zippeite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mn^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Pvn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Playfairite","Playfairite","Pb2+16(Sb3+,As3+)19S2-44Cl","Pb16(Sb,As)19S44Cl","Pb_16_(Sb,As)_19_S_44_Cl","Pb^2+^_16_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_19_S^2-^_44_Cl","Pb Sb As S Cl","IMA1966-019"," ",3659,"Madocite","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2- Cl","Pyf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Pleysteinite","Pleysteinite","[(H2O)K]Mn2+2Al3(PO4)4F2(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H2O)K]Mn2Al3(PO4)4F2(H2O)10·4H2O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_F_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","[(H_2_O)K]Mn^2+^_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_F_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","H O K Mn Al P F","IMA2022-077"," ",7297,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, Pbca","H O K Mn^2+ Al P F","Pley",,"No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Plimerite","Plimerite","Zn2+2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","Zn2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)","Zn_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2008-013"," ",5672,"Rockbridgeite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Pme","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale-green to dark-olive-green, almost black","#69b076,#7ebd01,#c2ebd1"
"Pliniusite","Pliniusite","Ca5(V5+O4)3F","Ca5(VO4)3F","Ca_5_(VO_4_)_3_F","Ca_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_F","Ca V O F","IMA2018-031"," ",6775,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca V^5+ O F","Pli","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless or white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Plombièrite","Plombierite","Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·7H2O","Ca4Si6O16(OH)2(H2O)2·(Ca·5H2O)","Ca_4_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_·(Ca·5H_2_O)","Ca_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA2014 s.p."," ",5136,"Tobermorite","monoclinic","Bb","Ca Si O H","Plm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White to pink to red-brown","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#a52a2f"
"Plumboagardite","Plumboagardite","(Pb2+,REE,Ca)Cu2+6(As5+O4)3(OH)6·3H2O","(Pb,REE,Ca)Cu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O","(Pb,REE,Ca)Cu_6_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","(Pb^2+^,REE,Ca)Cu^2+^_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Pb REE Ca Cu As O H","IMA2003-031a"," ",5466,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ REE Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Pagr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green.","#419c03"
"Plumboferrite","Plumboferrite","Pb2+[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb2+]O18.33","Pb[Fe3+10.67Mn2+0.33Pb]O18.33","Pb[Fe^3+^_10.67_Mn^2+^_0.33_Pb]O_18.33_","Pb^2+^[Fe^3+^_10.67_Mn^2+^_0.33_Pb^2+^]O_18.33_","Pb Fe Mn O","IMA2020 s.p."," ",3661,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ O","Pfr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black.","#000000"
"Plumbogaidonnayite","Plumbogaidonnayite","Pb2+Zr4+Si3O9·2H2O","PbZrSi3O9·2H2O","PbZrSi_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Pb Zr Si O H","IMA2022-095"," ",7320,"Gaidonnayite","orthorhombic","P21nb","Pb^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H","Pgdn",,"No","colorless or light brown","#afafaf,#b5651d"
"Plumbogummite","Plumbogummite","Pb2+Al3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","PbAl_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Al_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb Al P O H","IMA1999 s.p."," ",3662,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Al P O H","Pbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Gray, Yellow, Bluish green, Brown.","#ffffff,#808080,#ffff00,#10a674,#653700"
"Plumbojarosite","Plumbojarosite","Pb2+0.5Fe3+3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6","Pb_0.5_Fe^3+^_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Fe S O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3663,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Pjrs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish brown, Dark brown, Golden brown.","#9b7a01,#73532a,#b27a01"
"Plumbojohntomaite","Plumbojohntomaite","Pb2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbFe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb Fe P O H","IMA2023-119"," ",7465,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Pjtm",,"No","dark green to olive green","#033500,#8ead2c"
"Plumbonacrite","Plumbonacrite","Pb2+5(CO3)3O(OH)2","Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2","Pb_5_(CO_3_)_3_O(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_5_(CO_3_)_3_O(OH)_2_","Pb C O H"," "," ",5306," ","hexagonal","P63cm","Pb^2+ C O H","Pncr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White, Gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080"
"Plumbopalladinite","Plumbopalladinite","Pb2Pd3","Pd3Pb2","Pd_3_Pb_2_","Pb_2_Pd_3_","Pd Pb","IMA1970-020"," ",3665," ","hexagonal",,"Pb Pd","Ppdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Plumboperloffite","Plumboperloffite","Pb2+Mn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","PbMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Pb Mn Fe P O H","IMA2020-007"," ",7024,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Pplf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","brownish orange","#cb7723"
"Plumbopharmacosiderite","Plumbopharmacosiderite","Pb2+0.5Fe3+4(As5+O4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Pb0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·5H2O","Pb_0.5_Fe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Pb^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·5H_2_O","Pb Fe As O H","IMA2016-109"," ",6636,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Ppsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green to yellowish-green","#69b076,#b0dd16"
"Plumbophyllite","Plumbophyllite","Pb2+2Si4O10·H2O","Pb2Si4O10·H2O","Pb_2_Si_4_O_10_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Si_4_O_10_·H_2_O","Pb Si O H","IMA2008-025"," ",5684," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Pb^2+ Si O H","Pbp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lght blue.","#add8e6"
"Plumboselite","Plumboselite","Pb2+3O2(Se4+O3)","Pb3O2(SeO3)","Pb_3_O_2_(SeO_3_)","Pb^2+^_3_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)","Pb O Se","IMA2010-028"," ",5855,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Pb^2+ O Se^4+","Pbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Plumbotellurite","Plumbotellurite","Pb2+Te4+O3","Pb(Te4+O3)","Pb(Te^4+^O_3_)","Pb^2+^Te^4+^O_3_","Pb Te O","IMA1980-102"," ",3667," ","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ Te^4+ O","Pbtlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown, Gray, Gray brown, Yellow gray.","#653700,#808080,#7f7053,#c8fd3d"
"Plumbotsumite","Plumbotsumite","Pb2+5Si4O8(OH)10","Pb5Si4O8(OH)10","Pb_5_Si_4_O_8_(OH)_10_","Pb^2+^_5_Si_4_O_8_(OH)_10_","Pb Si O H","IMA1979-049"," ",3668," ","orthorhombic, triclinic","C2221","Pb^2+ Si O H","Ptm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Plumosite","Plumosite","Pb2+2Sb3+2S2-5","Pb2Sb2S5","Pb_2_Sb_2_S_5_","Pb^2+^_2_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",5467," ",,,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Plu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Podlesnoite","Podlesnoite","BaCa2(CO3)2F2","Ca2Ba(CO3)2F2","Ca_2_Ba(CO_3_)_2_F_2_","BaCa_2_(CO_3_)_2_F_2_","Ca Ba C O F","IMA2006-033"," ",5545," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ba Ca C O F","Pod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Poellmannite","Poellmannite","Ca6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](S6+O4)2·6H2O","Ca6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Ca_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca Al O H Na S","IMA2021-109"," ",7212,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Al O H Na S^6+","Poe","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pohlite","Pohlite","Pb2+7(I5+O3)(OH)4Cl9","Pb7(IO3)(OH)4Cl9","Pb_7_(IO_3_)(OH)_4_Cl_9_","Pb^2+^_7_(I^5+^O_3_)(OH)_4_Cl_9_","Pb I O H Cl","IMA2022-043"," ",7265,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ I^5+ O H Cl","Poh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep blue","#040273"
"Poirierite","Poirierite","Mg2SiO4","Mg2SiO4","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Mg Si O","IMA2018-026b"," ",6995," ","orthorhombic","Pmma","Mg Si O","Poi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Poitevinite","Poitevinite","Cu2+S6+O4·H2O","Cu(SO4)·H2O","Cu(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Cu^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA1963-010"," ",3669," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Pvi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Light red.","#ffc0cb,#ff7f7f"
"Pokhodyashinite","Pokhodyashinite","Cu1+Tl1+Sb3+2(Sb3+0.7Tl1+0.3)As3+S2-6.7","CuTlSb2(Sb1-xTlx)AsS7-x (0.2 < x < 0.5)","CuTlSb_2_(Sb_1-x_Tl_x_)AsS_7-x_ (0.2 < x < 0.5)","Cu^1+^Tl^1+^Sb^3+^_2_(Sb^3+^_0.7_Tl^1+^_0.3_)As^3+^S^2-^_6.7_","Cu Tl Sb As S","IMA2019-130"," ",7013,"Not in a structural group","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, C2/m","Cu^1+ Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Pok","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Pokrovskite","Pokrovskite","Mg2CO3(OH)2","Mg2(CO3)(OH)2","Mg_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Mg_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_","Mg C O H","IMA1982-054"," ",3670,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mg C O H","Pkr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Beige yellow, White, Pink.","#feff32,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Polarite","Polarite","Pd(Bi,Pb)","Pd(Bi,Pb)","Pd(Bi,Pb)","Pd(Bi,Pb)","Pd Bi Pb","IMA1969-032"," ",3671," ","orthorhombic","Ccm21, Cmc21","Pd Bi Pb","Plr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White, Yellowish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0"
"Poldervaartite","Poldervaartite","Ca(Ca,Mn2+)(SiO3OH)(OH)","Ca(Ca,Mn)(SiO3OH)(OH)","Ca(Ca,Mn)(SiO_3_OH)(OH)","Ca(Ca,Mn^2+^)(SiO_3_OH)(OH)","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1992-012"," ",3672," ","orthorhombic","Pbca, P212121","Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Pdv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Milky white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Polekhovskyite","Polekhovskyite","MoNiP2","MoNiP2","MoNiP_2_","MoNiP_2_","Mo Ni P","IMA2018-147"," ",6872," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Mo Ni P","Pkh","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Bluish-gray","#748b97"
"Polezhaevaite-(Ce)","Polezhaevaite-(Ce)","NaSrCe3+F6","NaSrCeF6","NaSrCeF_6_","NaSrCe^3+^F_6_","Na Sr Ce F","IMA2009-015"," ",5744,"Gagarinite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na Sr Ce^3+ F","Pzv-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","snowy white","#eeffee"
"Polhemusite","Polhemusite","(Zn2+,Hg2+)S2-","(Zn,Hg)S","(Zn,Hg)S","(Zn^2+^,Hg^2+^)S^2-^","Zn Hg S","IMA1972-017"," ",3673,"Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal, cubic",,"Zn^2+ Hg^2+ S^2-","Phe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Polkanovite","Polkanovite","Rh12As7","Rh12As7","Rh_12_As_7_","Rh_12_As_7_","Rh As","IMA1997-030"," ",3674," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Rh As","Pkv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Polkovicite","Polkovicite","(Fe2+,Pb2+)3(Ge4+,Fe3+)1-xS2-4","(Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4","(Fe,Pb)_3_(Ge,Fe)_1-x_S_4_","(Fe^2+^,Pb^2+^)_3_(Ge^4+^,Fe^3+^)_1-x_S^2-^_4_","Fe Pb Ge S","IMA1974-037"," ",3675,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic",,"Fe^2+ Pb^2+ Ge^4+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Pk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish gray.","#86775f"
"Polloneite","Polloneite","Ag1+Pb2+46As3+26Sb3+23S2-120","AgPb46As26Sb23S120","AgPb_46_As_26_Sb_23_S_120_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^_46_As^3+^_26_Sb^3+^_23_S^2-^_120_","Ag Pb As Sb S","IMA2014-093"," ",6391,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Plo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","greyish-black","#555152"
"Pollucite","Pollucite","Cs(Si2Al)O6·nH2O","Cs(Si2Al)O6·nH2O","Cs(Si_2_Al)O_6_·nH_2_O","Cs(Si_2_Al)O_6_·nH_2_O","Cs Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",3676,"Analcime","cubic, tetragonal","Ia3d, Ia3d, I41/acd","Cs Si Al O H","Pol","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Pale pink, Blue.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#efcddb,#0000ff"
"Polyakovite-(Ce)","Polyakovite-(Ce)","(Ce3+,Ca)4MgCr3+2(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Si4O22","(Ce,Ca)4MgCr2(Ti,Nb)2Si4O22","(Ce,Ca)_4_MgCr_2_(Ti,Nb)_2_Si_4_O_22_","(Ce^3+^,Ca)_4_MgCr^3+^_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Si_4_O_22_","Ce Ca Mg Cr Ti Nb Si O","IMA1998-029"," ",3677,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ce^3+ Ca Mg Cr^3+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O","Pak-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Polyarsite","Polyarsite","Na7CaMgCu2+2(As5+O4)4F2Cl","Na7CaMgCu2(AsO4)4F2Cl","Na_7_CaMgCu_2_(AsO_4_)_4_F_2_Cl","Na_7_CaMgCu^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_F_2_Cl","Na Ca Mg Cu As O F Cl","IMA2019-058"," ",6946,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/m","Na Ca Mg Cu^2+ As^5+ O F Cl","Par","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Polybasite","Polybasite","[Ag1+9Cu1+S2-4][(Ag1+,Cu1+)6(Sb3+,As3+)2S2-7]","[Ag9CuS4][(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2S7]","[Ag_9_CuS_4_][(Ag,Cu)_6_(Sb,As)_2_S_7_]","[Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^S^2-^_4_][(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_6_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_2_S^2-^_7_]","Ag Cu S Sb As","IMA2006 s.p."," ",3678,"Polybasite","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2/c, P3m1","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ S^2- Sb^3+ As^3+","Plb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Dark ruby red.","#000000,#45362b"
"Polydymite","Polydymite","Ni2+Ni3+2S2-4","Ni2+Ni3+2S4","Ni^2+^Ni^3+^_2_S_4_","Ni^2+^Ni^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Ni S"," "," ",3680,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Ni^2+ Ni^3+ S^2-","Pld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Violet gray, Copper red, Light gray, Steel gray.","#8c6897,#cb6d51,#d8dcd6,#43464b"
"Polyhalite","Polyhalite","K2Ca2Mg(S6+O4)4·2H2O","K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O","K_2_Ca_2_Mg(SO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","K_2_Ca_2_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","K Ca Mg S O H"," "," ",3681," ","triclinic","P1, F1","K Ca Mg S^6+ O H","Plhl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Polylithionite","Polylithionite","KLi2AlSi4O10F2","KLi2AlSi4O10F2","KLi_2_AlSi_4_O_10_F_2_","KLi_2_AlSi_4_O_10_F_2_","K Li Al Si O F","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3682,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c, C2","K Li Al Si O F","Pln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish, Colorless, Violet, Greenish, Pearl white.","#2976bb,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#40a368,#f3f2ed"
"Polyphite","Polyphite","Na6(Na4Ca2)2Na2Ti4+2Na2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(PO4)6O4F4","Na6(Na4Ca2)2Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)6O4F4","Na_6_(Na_4_Ca_2_)_2_Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_6_O_4_F_4_","Na_6_(Na_4_Ca_2_)_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_6_O_4_F_4_","Na Ca Ti Si O P F","IMA1990-025"," ",5137,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Ti^4+ Si O P F","Ppt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light-brown","#b5651d"
"Pomite","Pomite","Ca3[V4+5V5+10O37(CO3)]·37H2O","Ca3[V4+5V5+10O37(CO3)]·37H2O","Ca_3_[V^4+^_5_V^5+^_10_O_37_(CO_3_)]·37H_2_O","Ca_3_[V^4+^_5_V^5+^_10_O_37_(CO_3_)]·37H_2_O","Ca V O C H","IMA2021-063"," ",7166,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca V^4+ V^5+ O C H","Pom","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark green-blue","#3a4859"
"Ponomarevite","Ponomarevite","K4Cu2+4OCl10","K4Cu4OCl10","K_4_Cu_4_OCl_10_","K_4_Cu^2+^_4_OCl_10_","K Cu O Cl","IMA1986-040"," ",3685," ","monoclinic","C2/c","K Cu^2+ O Cl","Pon","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Orange red.","#fe4401"
"Popovite","Popovite","Cu2+5O2(As5+O4)2","Cu5O2(AsO4)2","Cu_5_O_2_(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O As","IMA2013-060"," ",6221,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O As^5+","Ppv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No"," olive green to dark olive-green","#8ead2c,#7ebd01"
"Poppiite","Poppiite","Ca2V3+V3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca2V3+V3+2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca_2_V^3+^V^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_V^3+^V^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca V Si O H","IMA2005-018"," ",5299,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca V^3+ Si O H","Pop","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Greenish brown.","#653700,#696112"
"Popugaevaite","Popugaevaite","Ca3[B5O6(OH)6]FCl2·8H2O","Ca3[B5O6(OH)6]FCl2·8H2O","Ca_3_[B_5_O_6_(OH)_6_]FCl_2_·8H_2_O","Ca_3_[B_5_O_6_(OH)_6_]FCl_2_·8H_2_O","Ca B O H F Cl","IMA2019-115"," ",6999,"Brianroulstonite","monoclinic","Pn","Ca B O H F Cl","Pgv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Portlandite","Portlandite","Ca(OH)2","Ca(OH)2","Ca(OH)_2_","Ca(OH)_2_","Ca O H"," "," ",3686,"Brucite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca O H","Por","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pošepnýite","Posepnyite","(Cu+13+x☐3-x)(Hg2+4-xCu+12+x)Sb3+4(Se2-12.5☐0.5) (0 ≤ x << 2)","(Cu+3+x☐3-x)Σ6(Hg2+4-xCu+2+x)Σ6Sb4(Se12.5☐0.5)Σ13 (0 ≤ x << 2)","(Cu^+^_3+x_[box]_3-x_)_Σ6_(Hg^2+^_4-x_Cu^+^_2+x_)_Σ6_Sb_4_(Se_12.5_[box]_0.5_)_Σ13_ (0 ≤ x << 2)","(Cu^+1^_3+x_[box]_3-x_)(Hg^2+^_4-x_Cu^+1^_2+x_)Sb^3+^_4_(Se^2-^_12.5_[box]_0.5_) (0 ≤ x << 2)","Cu Hg Sb Se","IMA2018-121a"," ",6984,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu Hg^2+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Pšý","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel-grey","#43464b"
"Posnjakite","Posnjakite","Cu2+4S6+O4(OH)6·H2O","Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·H2O","Cu_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA1967-001"," ",3687," ","monoclinic","Pa","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Pnk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Dark blue.","#0000ff,#315b7d"
"Postite","Postite","MgAl2(OH)2[V5+10O28]·27H2O","Mg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28)·13H2O","Mg(H_2_O)_6_Al_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_8_(V_10_O_28_)·13H_2_O","MgAl_2_(OH)_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·27H_2_O","Mg H O Al V","IMA2011-060"," ",6003,"Pascoite","orthorhombic","Pccn","Mg Al O H V^5+","Pos","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No"," golden yellow","#ffdf00"
"Potarite","Potarite","PdHg","PdHg","PdHg","PdHg","Pd Hg"," "," ",3688,"Potarite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pd Hg","Ptr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Potassic-arfvedsonite","Potassic-arfvedsonite","KNa2Fe2+4Fe3+Si8O22(OH)2","KNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","KNa_2_Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Fe Si O H","IMA2003-043, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5247,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Parf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black or dark blue-green","#000000,#666655"
"Potassiccarpholite","Potassiccarpholite","K(Mn2+,Li)2Al4Si4O12(OH,F)8","K(Mn2+,Li)2Al4Si4O12(OH,F)8","K(Mn^2+^,Li)_2_Al_4_Si_4_O_12_(OH,F)_8_","K(Mn^2+^,Li)_2_Al_4_Si_4_O_12_(OH,F)_8_","K Mn Li Al Si O H F","IMA2002-064"," ",5212,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","K Mn^2+ Li Al Si O H F","Pcar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","White, Straw yellow.","#ffffff,#f0d696"
"Potassic-chloro-hastingsite","Potassic-chloro-hastingsite","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_Cl_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_Cl_2_","K Ca Fe Si Al O Cl","IMA2005-007, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5214,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O Cl","Pchst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish black, dark green","#454445,#033500"
"Potassic-chloro-pargasite","Potassic-chloro-pargasite","KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2","KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_Cl_2_","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_Cl_2_","K Ca Mg Al Si O Cl","IMA2001-036, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5429,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Mg Al Si O Cl","Pcprg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-ferri-leakeite","Potassic-ferri-leakeite","KNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","KNa_2_(Mg_2_Fe^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Mg Fe Li Si O H","IMA2001-049, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3694,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Mg Fe^3+ Li Si O H","Pflk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown","#7f2b0a"
"Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite","Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite","KCa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA1997-035, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3693,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Pffsdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","black","#000000"
"Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite","Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite","K(NaCa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",5471,"Amphibole-amphiboles sodic-calcic",,,"K Na Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Pfftrm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-ferro-pargasite","Potassic-ferro-pargasite","KCa2(Fe2+4Al)Si6Al2O22(OH)2","KCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Al)Si_6_Al_2_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2007-053, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5470,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Pfprg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","black","#000000"
"Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite","Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite","KCa2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Fe2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",5516,"Amphibole",,,"K Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Pfsdg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-ferro-taramite","Potassic-ferro-taramite","K(NaCa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K(NaCa)(Fe^2+^_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA2007-015, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5572,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Pftrm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark bluish-green","#7ebd01"
"Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite","Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_F_2_","K Ca Fe Si Al O F","IMA2005-006, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5528,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O F","Pfhst","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark greenish black","#033500"
"Potassic-fluoro-pargasite","Potassic-fluoro-pargasite","KCa2(Mg4Al)Si6Al2O22F2","KCa2(Mg4Al)Si6Al2O22F2","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)Si_6_Al_2_O_22_F_2_","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)Si_6_Al_2_O_22_F_2_","K Ca Mg Al Si O F","IMA2009-091, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5820,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Mg Al Si O F","Pflprg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brownish-black","#413936"
"Potassic-fluoro-richterite","Potassic-fluoro-richterite","K(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22F2","K(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22F2","K(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","K(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_F_2_","K Na Ca Mg Si O F","IMA1986-046, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5452,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Ca Mg Si O F","Pfrct","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown to brownish-red, rose-red, yellow, grey-brown, also pale to dark green.","#653700,#9e3623,#c92351,#ffff00,#7f7053,#d5847e,#033500"
"Potassic-hastingsite","Potassic-hastingsite","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Fe^2+^_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Fe Si Al O H","IMA2018-160"," ",6885,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Phst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Potassic-jeanlouisite","Potassic-jeanlouisite","K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti4+)Si8O22O2","K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2","K(NaCa)(Mg_4_Ti)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","K(NaCa)(Mg_4_Ti^4+^)Si_8_O_22_O_2_","K Na Ca Mg Ti Si O","IMA2018-050"," ",6787,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Ca Mg Ti^4+ Si O","Pjl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Pale-yellow to colourless","#eecf9e,#afafaf"
"Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite","Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite","KNa2Mg4Fe3+Si8O22(OH)2","KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","KNa_2_Mg_4_Fe^3+^Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2016-083"," ",6609,"Amphibole-amphiboles sodic","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Mg Fe^3+ Si O H","Pmarf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite","Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite","KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22F2","KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22F2","KNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","KNa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_22_F_2_","K Na Mg Fe Si O F","IMA1985-023, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5331,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Mg Fe^3+ Si O F","Pmfarf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite","Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite","KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Fe^3+^)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Mg Fe Si Al O H","IMA2004-027b, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5469,"Amphibole","monoclinic",,"K Ca Mg Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Pmhst","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Green-brown, black","#696006,#000000"
"Potassic-mangani-leakeite","Potassic-mangani-leakeite","KNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2","KNa_2_(Mg_2_Mn^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","KNa_2_(Mg_2_Mn^3+^_2_Li)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Mg Mn Li Si O H","IMA1992-032, IMA2012 s.p."," ",2697,"Amphibole",,,"K Na Mg Mn^3+ Li Si O H","Pmlk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red to brownish-lilac","#840000,#413936"
"Potassic-pargasite","Potassic-pargasite","KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_(Mg_4_Al)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA1994-046, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3695,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Mg Al Si O H","Pprg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Potassic-richterite","Potassic-richterite","K(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","K(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","K Na Ca Mg Si O H","IMA2017-102"," ",6727,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Na Ca Mg Si O H","Prct","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Straw yellow to brown colour","#f0d696,#c37c59"
"Potassic-sadanagaite","Potassic-sadanagaite","KCa2Mg3Al2(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","KCa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","KCa_2_Mg_3_Al_2_(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","K Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA1982-102, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3692,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","K Ca Mg Al Si O H","Psdg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","black, dark brown","#000000,#73532a"
"Pottsite","Pottsite","(Pb2+3Bi3+)Bi3+(V5+O4)4·H2O","(Pb3Bi)Bi(VO4)4·H2O","(Pb_3_Bi)Bi(VO_4_)_4_·H_2_O","(Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^)Bi^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)_4_·H_2_O","Pb Bi V O H","IMA1986-045"," ",3700,"Pottsite","tetragonal","I4122","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ V^5+ O H","Pot","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow.","#fffd01"
"Poubaite","Poubaite","Pb2+Bi3+2(Se2-,Te2-,S2-)4","PbBi2(Se,Te,S)4","PbBi_2_(Se,Te,S)_4_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_2_(Se^2-^,Te^2-^,S^2-^)_4_","Pb Bi Se Te S","IMA1975-015"," ",3701,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2- Te^2- S^2-","Pub","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Poudretteite","Poudretteite","KNa2(B3Si12)O30","KNa2(B3Si12)O30","KNa_2_(B_3_Si_12_)O_30_","KNa_2_(B_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Na B Si O","IMA1986-028"," ",3702,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na B Si O","Pou","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Poughite","Poughite","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)2S6+O4·3H2O","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)2(SO4)·3H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(SO_4_)·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_S^6+^O_4_·3H_2_O","Fe Te O S H","IMA1966-048"," ",3703," ","orthorhombic","P21nb","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O S^6+ H","Pgh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow, Dark yellow.","#c9b003,#cdfd02,#e7bf8e"
"Povondraite","Povondraite","NaFe3+3(Fe3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe3+3(Fe3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Fe^3+^_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaFe^3+^_3_(Fe^3+^_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Fe Mg Si O B H","IMA1990 s.p."," ",3704,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^3+ Mg Si O B H","Pov","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Powellite","Powellite","CaMo6+O4","Ca(MoO4)","Ca(MoO_4_)","CaMo^6+^O_4_","Ca Mo O"," "," ",3705,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca Mo^6+ O","Pwl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Brown, Green yellow, Greenish blue, Gray.","#0000ff,#653700,#c6f808,#0b8b87,#808080"
"Poyarkovite","Poyarkovite","Hg1+3OCl","Hg3OCl","Hg_3_OCl","Hg^1+^_3_OCl","Hg O Cl","IMA1980-099"," ",3706," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Hg^1+ O Cl","Poy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red, Red, Black.","#840000,#ff0000,#000000"
"Prachařite","Pracharite","CaSb5+2(As3+2O5)2O2·10H2O","CaSb5+2(As3+2O5)2O2·10H2O","CaSb^5+^_2_(As^3+^_2_O_5_)_2_O_2_·10H_2_O","CaSb^5+^_2_(As^3+^_2_O_5_)_2_O_2_·10H_2_O","Ca Sb As O H","IMA2018-081"," ",6811,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P3c1","Ca Sb^5+ As^3+ O H","Pcř","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Pradetite","Pradetite","Co2+Cu2+4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·9H2O","CoCu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2O","CoCu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Co^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Co Cu As O H","IMA1991-046"," ",5579,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Co^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Pde","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Prehnite","Prehnite","Ca2Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","Ca2Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","Ca_2_Al(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca_2_Al(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",3707,"Prehnite","orthorhombic","P2cm, Pncm","Ca Al Si O H","Prh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Gray, Yellow, Yellow green, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#ffffff"
"Preisingerite","Preisingerite","Bi3+3O(As5+O4)2(OH)","Bi3O(AsO4)2(OH)","Bi_3_O(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi^3+^_3_O(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi O As H","IMA1981-016"," ",3708," ","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ O As^5+ H","Psg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray white, Yellow gray.","#d7d5cb,#c8fd3d"
"Preiswerkite","Preiswerkite","NaAlMg2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","NaAlMg2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","NaAlMg_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","NaAlMg_2_(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","Na Al Mg Si O H","IMA1979-008"," ",3709,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Al Mg Si O H","Pwk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish white, Light green.","#d1f1de,#76ff7b"
"Preobrazhenskite","Preobrazhenskite","Mg3B11O15(OH)9","Mg3B11O15(OH)9","Mg_3_B_11_O_15_(OH)_9_","Mg_3_B_11_O_15_(OH)_9_","Mg B O H"," "," ",3710," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mg B O H","Pbz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Yellow, Dark gray.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#363737"
"Pretulite","Pretulite","ScPO4","Sc(PO4)","Sc(PO_4_)","ScPO_4_","Sc P O","IMA1996-024"," ",3711,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Sc P O","Ptu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pale pink.","#efcddb"
"Prewittite","Prewittite","KPb2+1.5Zn2+Cu2+6O2(Se4+O3)2Cl10","KPb1.5ZnCu6O2(SeO3)2Cl10","KPb_1.5_ZnCu_6_O_2_(SeO_3_)_2_Cl_10_","KPb^2+^_1.5_Zn^2+^Cu^2+^_6_O_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_Cl_10_","K Pb Zn Cu O Se Cl","IMA2002-041"," ",5200," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","K Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Cu^2+ O Se^4+ Cl","Pwt","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Olive green.","#8ead2c"
"Příbramite","Pribramite","Cu1+Sb3+Se2-2","CuSbSe2","CuSbSe_2_","Cu^1+^Sb^3+^Se^2-^_2_","Cu Sb Se","IMA2015-127"," ",6528,"Chalcostibite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Pbm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead grey","#8a7963"
"Priceite","Priceite","Ca2B5O7(OH)5·H2O","Ca2B5O7(OH)5·H2O","Ca_2_B_5_O_7_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Ca_2_B_5_O_7_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",4895," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca B O H","Pce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Priderite","Priderite","K(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16","K(Ti7Fe3+)O16","K(Ti_7_Fe^3+^)O_16_","K(Ti^4+^_7_Fe^3+^)O_16_","K Ti Fe O"," "," ",3712,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","K Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O","Pdr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Reddish, Reddish black, Black.","#c44240,#433635,#000000"
"Princivalleite","Princivalleite","Na(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Mn2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","Na(Mn_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na(Mn^2+^_2_Al)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na Mn Al Si O B H","IMA2020-056"," ",7070,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Al Si O B H","Pva","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light blue","#add8e6"
"Pringleite","Pringleite","Ca9B26O34(OH)24Cl4·13H2O","Ca9B26O34(OH)24Cl4·13H2O","Ca_9_B_26_O_34_(OH)_24_Cl_4_·13H_2_O","Ca_9_B_26_O_34_(OH)_24_Cl_4_·13H_2_O","Ca B O H Cl","IMA1992-010"," ",3713," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B O H Cl","Pri","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light yellow, Orange.","#afafaf,#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Priscillagrewite-(Y)","Priscillagrewite-(Y)","YCa2Zr4+2Al3O12","YCa2Zr2Al3O12","YCa_2_Zr_2_Al_3_O_12_","YCa_2_Zr^4+^_2_Al_3_O_12_","Y Ca Zr Al O","IMA2020-002"," ",7020,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Y Ca Zr^4+ Al O","Pgr-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","pale yellowish tinge","#bdd4d1"
"Prismatine","Prismatine","(Mg,Al,Fe2+,Fe3+)6Al4(Si,Al)4(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)22","(Mg,Al,Fe)6Al4(Si,Al)4(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)22","(Mg,Al,Fe)_6_Al_4_(Si,Al)_4_(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)_22_","(Mg,Al,Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_6_Al_4_(Si,Al)_4_(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)_22_","Mg Al Fe Si B O H F","IMA1996 s.p."," ",3714,"Kornerupine","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Mg Al Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si B O H F","Prm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow brown, Green brown, Brown green.","#ae8b0c,#696006,#706c11"
"Probertite","Probertite","NaCaB5O7(OH)4·3H2O","NaCaB5O7(OH)4·3H2O","NaCaB_5_O_7_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","NaCaB_5_O_7_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Na Ca B O H"," "," ",3715," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca B O H","Pbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Proshchenkoite-(Y)","Proshchenkoite-(Y)","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn2+)15Fe2+Ca(P,Si)Si6B3(O,F)48","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn)15Fe2+Ca(P,Si)Si6B3(O,F)48","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn)_15_Fe^2+^Ca(P,Si)Si_6_B_3_(O,F)_48_","(Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn^2+^)_15_Fe^2+^Ca(P,Si)Si_6_B_3_(O,F)_48_","Y REE Ca Na Mn Fe P Si B O F","IMA2008-007"," ",5666,"Okanoganite","hexagonal","R3m","Y REE Ca Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ P Si B O F","Pck-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Prosopite","Prosopite","CaAl2F4(OH)4","CaAl2F4(OH)4","CaAl_2_F_4_(OH)_4_","CaAl_2_F_4_(OH)_4_","Ca Al F O H"," "," ",3716," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Al F O H","Psp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Greenish white, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#d1f1de,#fff8d5"
"Prosperite","Prosperite","Ca2Zn2+4(As5+O4)4·H2O","Ca2Zn4(AsO4)4·H2O","Ca_2_Zn_4_(AsO_4_)_4_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_·H_2_O","Ca Zn As O H","IMA1978-028"," ",3717," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ppe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Protasite","Protasite","Ba(U6+O2)3O3(OH)2·3H2O","Ba(UO2)3O3(OH)2·3H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_3_O_3_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ba U O H","IMA1984-001"," ",3718," ","monoclinic","Pn","Ba U^6+ O H","Ps","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light orange.","#ff7034"
"Proto-anthophyllite","Proto-anthophyllite","Mg7Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mg_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mg_7_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H","IMA2001-065, IMA2012 s.p."," ",5141,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnmn","Mg Si O H","Path","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Protocaseyite","Protocaseyite","[Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V5+10O28]·8H2O","[Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V10O28]·8H2O","[Al_4_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_12_][V_10_O_28_]·8H_2_O","[Al_4_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_12_][V^5+^_10_O_28_]·8H_2_O","Al O H V","IMA2020-090"," ",7105,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","Al O H V^5+","Pcy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Saffron yellow","#d09b2c"
"Protochabournéite","Protochabourneite","Tl1+4-xPb2+2+2xSb3+20-x-yAs3+yS2-34 (with 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.34, 5.71 ≤ y ≤ 6.69)","Tl4-xPb2+2xSb20-x-yAsyS34 (with 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.34, 5.71 ≤ y ≤ 6.69)","Tl_4-x_Pb_2+2x_Sb_20-x-y_As_y_S_34_ (with 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.34, 5.71 ≤ y ≤ 6.69)","Tl^1+^_4-x_Pb^2+^_2+2x_Sb^3+^_20-x-y_As^3+^_y_S^2-^_34_ (with 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.34, 5.71 ≤ y ≤ 6.69)","Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA2011-054; IMA2021 s.p."," ",5998,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Pchb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Protoenstatite","Protoenstatite","Mg2Si2O6","Mg2Si2O6","Mg_2_Si_2_O_6_","Mg_2_Si_2_O_6_","Mg Si O","IMA2016-117"," ",6643,"Pyroxene","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mg Si O","Pten","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Proto-ferro-anthophyllite","Proto-ferro-anthophyllite","Fe2+7Si8O22(OH)2","☐Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Fe^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^_7_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Fe Si O H","IMA1986-006, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3719,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnmn","Fe^2+ Si O H","Pfath","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","brownish yellow","#c9b003"
"Proto-ferro-suenoite","Proto-ferro-suenoite","☐Mn2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mn2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mn Fe Si O H","IMA1986-007, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3720,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnmn","Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Si O H","Pfsue","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White to brownish-yellow.","#ffffff,#c9b003"
"Proto-owyheeite","Proto-owyheeite","Ag1+9Pb2+40Sb3+45S2-112","Ag9Pb40Sb45S112","Ag_9_Pb_40_Sb_45_S_112_","Ag^1+^_9_Pb^2+^_40_Sb^3+^_45_S^2-^_112_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2024-021"," ",7548," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Powy",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Proudite","Proudite","Cu1+2Pb2+16Bi3+20(S2-,Se2-)47","Cu2Pb16Bi20(S,Se)47","Cu_2_Pb_16_Bi_20_(S,Se)_47_","Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_16_Bi^3+^_20_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_47_","Cu Pb Bi S Se","IMA1975-028"," ",3721," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Pdi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Proustite","Proustite","Ag1+3As3+S2-3","Ag3AsS3","Ag_3_AsS_3_","Ag^1+^_3_As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag As S"," "," ",3722," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ag^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Prs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Vermilion, Reddish gray.","#f4320c,#997570"
"Proxidecagonite","Proxidecagonite","Al34Ni9Fe2","Al34Ni9Fe2","Al_34_Ni_9_Fe_2_","Al_34_Ni_9_Fe_2_","Al Ni Fe","IMA2018-038"," ",6762," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Al Ni Fe","Pdec","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Grey to black","#808080,#000000"
"Proxitwelvefoldite","Proxitwelvefoldite","Pd3Ni4Te8","Pd3Ni4Te8","Pd_3_Ni_4_Te_8_","Pd_3_Ni_4_Te_8_","Pd Ni Te","IMA2024-034"," ",7551," ","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Pd Ni Te","Ptw",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Przhevalskite","Przhevalskite","Pb2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Pb(UO2)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Pb U O P H"," "," ",3723," ",,,"Pb^2+ U^6+ O P H","Prz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Bright greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#66ff00"
"Pseudoboleite","Pseudoboleite","Pb2+31Cu2+24Cl62(OH)48","Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48","Pb_31_Cu_24_Cl_62_(OH)_48_","Pb^2+^_31_Cu^2+^_24_Cl_62_(OH)_48_","Pb Cu Cl O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3724," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Cl O H","Pbol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Indigo blue.","#3a18b1"
"Pseudobrookite","Pseudobrookite","(Fe3+2Ti4+)O5","(Fe3+2Ti)O5","(Fe^3+^_2_Ti)O_5_","(Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^)O_5_","Fe Ti O","IMA1988 s.p."," ",3725,"Pseudobrookite","orthorhombic","Bbmm, Cmcm","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Pbrk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish black, Reddish brown, Black.","#413936,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Pseudocotunnite","Pseudocotunnite","K2Pb2+Cl4","K2PbCl4 (?)","K_2_PbCl_4_ (?)","K_2_Pb^2+^Cl_4_","K Pb Cl"," "," ",5143," ",,,"K Pb^2+ Cl","Pcot","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Green yellow, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#c6f808,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Pseudodickthomssenite","Pseudodickthomssenite","Mg(V5+O3)2·8H2O","Mg(VO3)2·8H2O","Mg(VO_3_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg(V^5+^O_3_)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg V O H","IMA2021-027"," ",7138,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Mg V^5+ O H","Pdth","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light tan","#e0ffff"
"Pseudograndreefite","Pseudograndreefite","Pb2+6(S6+O4)F10","Pb6(SO4)F10","Pb_6_(SO_4_)F_10_","Pb^2+^_6_(S^6+^O_4_)F_10_","Pb S O F","IMA1988-017"," ",3726," ","orthorhombic","F222","Pb^2+ S^6+ O F","Pgrf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pseudojohannite","Pseudojohannite","Cu2+3(U6+O2)4O4(S6+O4)2(OH)2·12H2O","Cu3(OH)2[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2]·12H2O","Cu_3_(OH)_2_[(UO_2_)_4_O_4_(SO_4_)_2_]·12H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·12H_2_O","Cu O H U S","IMA2000-019"," ",5473," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Pjh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Olive gray, Moss green.","#928e7c,#5a7c46"
"Pseudolaueite","Pseudolaueite","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",3727,"Stewartite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Plae","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Pseudolyonsite","Pseudolyonsite","Cu2+3(V5+O4)2","Cu3(VO4)2","Cu_3_(VO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu V O","IMA2009-062"," ",5790,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ V^5+ O","Plyo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Dark red with a brownish tint to black","#840000,#000000"
"Pseudomalachite","Pseudomalachite","Cu2+5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu P O H"," "," ",3728," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ P O H","Pmlc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green, Dark green, Black green.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#033500,#384e49"
"Pseudomarkeyite","Pseudomarkeyite","Ca8(U6+O2)4(CO3)12(H2O)18·3H2O","Ca8(UO2)4(CO3)12(H2O)18·3H2O","Ca_8_(UO_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_12_(H_2_O)_18_·3H_2_O","Ca_8_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(CO_3_)_12_(H_2_O)_18_·3H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA2018-114"," ",6845," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca U^6+ O C H","Pmk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green yellow","#69b076"
"Pseudomeisserite-(NH4)","Pseudomeisserite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)2Na4[(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)5]·4H2O","(NH4)2Na4[(UO2)2(SO4)5]·4H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Na_4_[(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_5_]·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Na_4_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_]·4H_2_O","N H Na U O S","IMA2018-166"," ",6889,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H Na U^6+ O S^6+","Pmss-NH4","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Pseudomertieite","Pseudomertieite","Pd5+x(Sb,As)2-x (x = 0.1-0.2)","Pd5+x(Sb,As)2-x (x = 0.1-0.2)","Pd_5+x_(Sb,As)_2-x_ (x = 0.1-0.2)","Pd_5+x_(Sb,As)_2-x_ (x = 0.1-0.2)","Pd Sb As","IMA1971-016"," ",3104," ","monoclinic",,"Pd Sb As","Met-I","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brassy yellow","#b58735"
"Pseudopomite","Pseudopomite","Ca3.5[V4+6V5+9O37(CO3)]·32H2O","Ca3.5[V4+6V5+9O37(CO3)]·32H2O","Ca_3.5_[V^4+^_6_V^5+^_9_O_37_(CO_3_)]·32H_2_O","Ca_3.5_[V^4+^_6_V^5+^_9_O_37_(CO_3_)]·32H_2_O","Ca V O C H","IMA2021-064"," ",7167,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca V^4+ V^5+ O C H","Ppom","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","very dark blue-green","#3a4859"
"Pseudorutile","Pseudorutile","Fe3+2Ti4+3O9","Fe3+2Ti4+3O9","Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","Fe Ti O","IMA1994 s.p."," ",3729,"Tivanite","hexagonal","P6322","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O","Pdrt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Brown, Red, Gray.","#000000,#653700,#ff0000,#808080"
"Pseudosinhalite","Pseudosinhalite","Mg2Al3B2O9(OH)","Mg2Al3B2O9(OH)","Mg_2_Al_3_B_2_O_9_(OH)","Mg_2_Al_3_B_2_O_9_(OH)","Mg Al B O H","IMA1997-014"," ",3730," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg Al B O H","Pshl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pseudowollastonite","Pseudowollastonite","CaSiO3","CaSiO3","CaSiO_3_","CaSiO_3_","Ca Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",5157," ","triclinic, monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Si O","Pwo","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pucherite","Pucherite","Bi3+V5+O4","Bi(VO4)","Bi(VO_4_)","Bi^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Bi V O"," "," ",3731,"Scheelite","orthorhombic","Pnca","Bi^3+ V^5+ O","Puc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Dark brown red, Pink brown, Reddish brown.","#ae8b0c,#73532a,#67594c,#7f2b0a"
"Pumpellyite-(Al)","Pumpellyite-(Al)","Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca_2_Al_3_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Al_3_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA2005-016"," ",5158,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m, C2/m","Ca Al Si O H","Pmp-Al","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Pumpellyite-(Fe2+)","Pumpellyite-(Fe2+)","Ca2Fe2+Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2Fe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^Al_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA1973 s.p."," ",3732,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m","Ca Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Pmp-Fe2+","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pumpellyite-(Fe3+)","Pumpellyite-(Fe3+)","Ca2Fe3+Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2·H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^Al_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH,O)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Fe Al Si O H","IMA1973 s.p."," ",3733,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic",,"Ca Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Pmp-Fe3+","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pumpellyite-(Mg)","Pumpellyite-(Mg)","Ca2MgAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2MgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_MgAl_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_MgAl_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA1973 s.p."," ",3734,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m, C2/m","Ca Mg Al Si O H","Pmp-Mg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue green, Olive green, Brown.","#137e6d,#8ead2c,#653700"
"Pumpellyite-(Mn2+)","Pumpellyite-(Mn2+)","Ca2Mn2+Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2Mn2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Al_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^Al_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Mn Al Si O H","IMA1980-006"," ",3735,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","A2/m","Ca Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Pmp-Mn2+","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Puninite","Puninite","Na2Cu2+3O(S6+O4)3","Na2Cu3O(SO4)3","Na_2_Cu_3_O(SO_4_)_3_","Na_2_Cu^2+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","Na Cu O S","IMA2015-012"," ",6421,"Euchlorine","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Cu^2+ O S^6+","Pun","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Emerald green","#046307"
"Punkaruaivite","Punkaruaivite","LiTi4+2Si4O11(OH)3·H2O","Li{Ti2(OH)2[Si4O11(OH)]}·H2O","Li{Ti_2_(OH)_2_[Si_4_O_11_(OH)]}·H_2_O","LiTi^4+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Li Ti O H Si","IMA2008-018"," ",5677," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Li Ti^4+ Si O H","Pka","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","brownish yellow to colorless","#c9b003,#afafaf"
"Purpurite","Purpurite","Mn3+☐PO4","Mn3+(PO4)","Mn^3+^(PO_4_)","Mn^3+^[box]PO_4_","Mn P O"," "," ",3736,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mn^3+ P O","Pur","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Brownish black, Violet, Dark pink, Dark red, Reddish purple.","#413936,#9a0eea,#cb416b,#840000,#910951"
"Puschridgeite","Puschridgeite","Mn2+(C2H3O3)1-2(H2O)2","Mn(C2H3O3)2(H2O)2","Mn(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Mn^2+^(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Mn C H O","IMA2025-030"," ",7578,"Glycolate, Stanevansite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ C H O","Phd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Pushcharovskite","Pushcharovskite","K0.6Cu2+18[As5+O2(OH)2]4[As5+O3OH]10(As5+O4)(OH)9.6·18.6H2O","K0.6Cu18[AsO2(OH)2]4[AsO3OH]10(AsO4)(OH)9.6·18.6H2O","K_0.6_Cu_18_[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_4_[AsO_3_OH]_10_(AsO_4_)(OH)_9.6_·18.6H_2_O","K_0.6_Cu^2+^_18_[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]_4_[As^5+^O_3_OH]_10_(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_9.6_·18.6H_2_O","K Cu As O H","IMA1995-048"," ",3737," ","triclinic","P1","K Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Pus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very light green, Colorless.","#673b66,#afafaf"
"Putnisite","Putnisite","SrCa4Cr3+8(CO3)8S6+O4(OH)16·25H2O","SrCa4Cr3+8(CO3)8(SO4)(OH)16·25H2O","SrCa_4_Cr^3+^_8_(CO_3_)_8_(SO_4_)(OH)_16_·25H_2_O","SrCa_4_Cr^3+^_8_(CO_3_)_8_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_16_·25H_2_O","Sr Ca Cr C O S H","IMA2011-106"," ",6050,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Sr Ca Cr^3+ C O S^6+ H","Pni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Putoranite","Putoranite","Cu1.1Fe1.2S2","Cu1.1Fe1.2S2","Cu_1.1_Fe_1.2_S_2_","Cu_1.1_Fe_1.2_S_2_","Cu Fe S","IMA1979-054"," ",3738,"Chalcopyrite","cubic",,"Cu Fe S","Put","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brass yellow.","#b58735"
"Puttapaite","Puttapaite","Pb2+2Mn2+2Zn2+Cr3+4O2(As5+O4)4(OH)6·12H2O","Pb2Mn2+2ZnCr3+4O2(AsO4)4(OH)6·12H2O","Pb_2_Mn^2+^_2_ZnCr^3+^_4_O_2_(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^2+^_2_Zn^2+^Cr^3+^_4_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Pb Mn Zn Cr O As H","IMA2020-025"," ",7035,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Cr^3+ O As^5+ H","Ptp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale green","#69b076"
"Putzite","Putzite","(Cu1+,Ag1+)8Ge4+S2-6","(Cu,Ag)8GeS6","(Cu,Ag)_8_GeS_6_","(Cu^1+^,Ag^1+^)_8_Ge^4+^S^2-^_6_","Cu Ag Ge S","IMA2002-024"," ",5194,"Argyrodite","cubic","F43m","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Pzi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Iron black.","#263145"
"Pyatenkoite-(Y)","Pyatenkoite-(Y)","Na5YTi4+Si6O18·6H2O","Na5YTiSi6O18·6H2O","Na_5_YTiSi_6_O_18_·6H_2_O","Na_5_YTi^4+^Si_6_O_18_·6H_2_O","Na Y Ti Si O H","IMA1995-034"," ",3739," ","hexagonal","R32","Na Y Ti^4+ Si O H","Pyt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Pyracmonite","Pyracmonite","(N3-H4)3Fe3+(S6+O4)3","(NH4)3Fe(SO4)3","(NH_4_)_3_Fe(SO_4_)_3_","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_3_","N H Fe S O","IMA2008-029"," ",5687,"Pyracmonite","hexagonal, monoclinic","R3c, P21/c","N^3- H Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Pyr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Pyradoketosite","Pyradoketosite","Ag1+3Sb3+S2-3","Ag3SbS3","Ag_3_SbS_3_","Ag^1+^_3_Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Sb S","IMA2019-132"," ",7015," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Pdk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Pyrargyrite","Pyrargyrite","Ag1+3Sb3+S2-3","Ag3SbS3","Ag_3_SbS_3_","Ag^1+^_3_Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Sb S"," "," ",3740," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Pyg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Deep red, Red gray.","#9a0200,#99686a"
"Pyrite","Pyrite","Fe2+(S2)2-","FeS2","FeS_2_","Fe^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Fe S"," "," ",3741,"Pyrite","cubic, triclinic","Pa3, P1","Fe^2+ S","Py","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale brass yellow.","#8895c5"
"Pyroaurite","Pyroaurite","Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16CO3·4H2O","Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_CO_3_·4H_2_O","Mg Fe O H C"," "," ",3742,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Fe^3+ O H C","Pya","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Brown white, Colorless, Greenish, Yellowish white.","#c9b003,#eeebe3,#afafaf,#40a368,#e9f1d0"
"Pyrobelonite","Pyrobelonite","Pb2+Mn2+V5+O4(OH)","PbMn2+VO4(OH)","PbMn^2+^VO_4_(OH)","Pb^2+^Mn^2+^V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Pb Mn V O H"," "," ",3743,"Descloizite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Pbl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Pyrochroite","Pyrochroite","Mn2+(OH)2","Mn2+(OH)2","Mn^2+^(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^(OH)_2_","Mn O H"," "," ",3745,"Brucite","hexagonal","P3m1","Mn^2+ O H","Pyc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Pale green, Blue, Dark brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#69b076,#0000ff,#73532a"
"Pyrolusite","Pyrolusite","Mn4+O2","MnO2","MnO_2_","Mn^4+^O_2_","Mn O","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3746,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Mn^4+ O","Pyl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Steel gray, Iron gray, Bluish gray.","#43464b,#7c7f7c,#748b97"
"Pyromorphite","Pyromorphite","Pb2+5(PO4)3Cl","Pb5(PO4)3Cl","Pb_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Pb^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_3_Cl","Pb P O Cl"," "," ",3747,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ P O Cl","Pym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow, Brown, Grayish white, Yellowish red.","#00ff00,#ffff00,#653700,#d6dee9,#edeeda"
"Pyrope","Pyrope","Mg3Al2(SiO4)3","Mg3Al2(SiO4)3","Mg_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mg Al Si O"," "," ",3748,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Mg Al Si O","Prp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Blood red, Orange red, Purple red, Pink, Black red.","#71383f,#fe4401,#990147,#ffc0cb,#584043"
"Pyrophanite","Pyrophanite","Mn2+Ti4+O3","Mn2+TiO3","Mn^2+^TiO_3_","Mn^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Mn Ti O"," "," ",3749,"Corundum","tetragonal, hexagonal","P4/nnc, R3, R3c","Mn^2+ Ti^4+ O","Pph","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Blood red, Green yellow, Dark red.","#71383f,#c6f808,#840000"
"Pyrophyllite","Pyrophyllite","Al2Si4O10(OH)2","Al2Si4O10(OH)2","Al_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Al_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Al Si O H"," "," ",3750,"Clay, Pyrophyllite","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/c, C1","Al Si O H","Prl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Brown green, Brownish yellow, Greenish, Gray green, Gray white.","#706c11,#c9b003,#40a368,#86a17d,#d7d5cb"
"Pyrosmalite-(Fe)","Pyrosmalite-(Fe)","Fe2+8Si6O15(OH)10","Fe2+8Si6O15(OH)10","Fe^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_10_","Fe^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_10_","Fe Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",1907,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","hexagonal","P3m1","Fe^2+ Si O H","Pys-Fe","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green blackish, Pale liver brown, Gray.","#373a3a,#ebe5d6,#808080"
"Pyrosmalite-(Mn)","Pyrosmalite-(Mn)","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10","Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH,Cl)_10_","Mn^2+^_8_Si_6_O_15_(OH,Cl)_10_","Mn Si O H Cl","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3017,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","hexagonal","P3m1","Mn^2+ Si O H Cl","Pys-Mn","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Green blackish, Pale liver brown, Gray.","#373a3a,#ebe5d6,#808080"
"Pyrostilpnite","Pyrostilpnite","Ag1+3Sb3+S2-3","Ag3SbS3","Ag_3_SbS_3_","Ag^1+^_3_Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Sb S"," "," ",3751,"Xanthoconite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Psti","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Hyacinth red, Orange red.","#a75536,#fe4401"
"Pyroxferroite","Pyroxferroite","Fe2+SiO3","Fe2+SiO3","Fe^2+^SiO_3_","Fe^2+^SiO_3_","Fe Si O","IMA1970-001"," ",3752," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Si O","Pxf","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Yellow, Orange, Pink orange.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffa500,#ff9066"
"Pyroxmangite","Pyroxmangite","Mn2+SiO3","Mn2+SiO3","Mn^2+^SiO_3_","Mn^2+^SiO_3_","Mn Si O"," "," ",3753," ","triclinic","C1","Mn^2+ Si O","Pxm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pink, Rose pink, Purplish pink, Yellowish red brown, Brown.","#ffc0cb,#ff66cc,#df4ec8,#edeeda,#653700"
"Pyrrhotite","Pyrrhotite","Fe2+5Fe3+2S2-8","Fe7S8","Fe_7_S_8_","Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_2_S^2-^_8_","Fe S"," "," ",3754,"Nickeline","monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal","F2/d, Cmca, Fd, Cc, P63/mmc, C2/c, P21","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Pyh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Bronze, Bronze red, Dark brown.","#a87900,#8d8752,#73532a"
"Qandilite","Qandilite","(Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Al)O4","(Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4","(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_(Ti,Fe^3+^,Al)O_4_","(Mg,Fe^3+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Al)O_4_","Mg Fe Ti Al O","IMA1980-046"," ",3755,"Spinel","cubic, tetragonal","Fd3m, P4122","Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Al O","Qnd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Qaqarssukite-(Ce)","Qaqarssukite-(Ce)","BaCe3+(CO3)2F","BaCe(CO3)2F","BaCe(CO_3_)_2_F","BaCe^3+^(CO_3_)_2_F","Ba Ce C O F","IMA2004-019"," ",5476," ","hexagonal","P3c1","Ba Ce^3+ C O F","Qq-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Yellow brown.","#ae8b0c"
"Qatranaite","Qatranaite","CaZn2+2(OH)6(H2O)2","CaZn2(OH)6(H2O)2","CaZn_2_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","CaZn^2+^_2_(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca Zn O H","IMA2016-024"," ",6552," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Zn^2+ O H","Qat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Qeltite","Qeltite","Ca3Ti4+Si2(Fe3+2Si)O14","Ca3TiSi2(Fe3+2Si)O14","Ca_3_TiSi_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Si)O_14_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Si_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Si)O_14_","Ca Ti Si Fe O","IMA2021-032"," ",7142,"Paqueite","hexagonal","P321","Ca Ti^4+ Si Fe^3+ O","Qlt","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","light-brown color with a red hue","#b08699"
"Qilianshanite","Qilianshanite","NaH4(CO3)(BO3)·2H2O","NaH4(CO3)(BO3)·2H2O","NaH_4_(CO_3_)(BO_3_)·2H_2_O","NaH_4_(CO_3_)(BO_3_)·2H_2_O","Na H C O B","IMA1992-008"," ",3756," ","monoclinic","C2","Na H C O B","Qil","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Qingheiite","Qingheiite","NaNaMn2+(MgAl)(PO4)3","NaNaMn(MgAl)(PO4)3","NaNaMn(MgAl)(PO_4_)_3_","NaNaMn^2+^(MgAl)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Mg Al P O","IMA1981-051"," ",3757,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Mg Al P O","Qin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow green, Jade green, Light yellow green.","#c8fd3d,#779977,#fffe7a"
"Qingsongite","Qingsongite","BN3-","BN","BN","BN^3-^","B N","IMA2013-030"," ",6191,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","B N^3-","Qsg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Qitianlingite","Qitianlingite","Fe2+2Nb5+2W6+O10","Fe2+2Nb2W6+O10","Fe^2+^_2_Nb_2_W^6+^O_10_","Fe^2+^_2_Nb^5+^_2_W^6+^O_10_","Fe Nb W O","IMA1983-075"," ",3758,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Fe^2+ Nb^5+ W^6+ O","Qit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Qiumingite","Qiumingite","Pb2+3(Zn2+2Fe3+)Sb5+P2O14","Pb3(Zn2Fe3+)Sb5+P2O14","Pb_3_(Zn_2_Fe^3+^)Sb^5+^P_2_O_14_","Pb^2+^_3_(Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^)Sb^5+^P_2_O_14_","Pb Zn Fe Sb P O","IMA2025-008"," ",7586,"Dugganite","hexagonal","P321","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^5+ P O","Qmg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Quadratite","Quadratite","Ag1+Cd2+As3+S2-3","AgCdAsS3","AgCdAsS_3_","Ag^1+^Cd^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Cd As S","IMA1994-038"," ",3759,"Quadratite","tetragonal","P4322","Ag^1+ Cd^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Qd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Reddish gray.","#808080,#997570"
"Quadridavyne","Quadridavyne","[(Na,K)6Cl2][Ca2Cl2][(Si6Al6O24)]","[(Na,K)6Cl2][Ca2Cl2][(Si6Al6O24)]","[(Na,K)_6_Cl_2_][Ca_2_Cl_2_][(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)]","[(Na,K)_6_Cl_2_][Ca_2_Cl_2_][(Si_6_Al_6_O_24_)]","Na K Cl Ca Si Al O","IMA1990-054"," ",3760,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63/m","Na K Cl Ca Si Al O","Qdv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Quadruphite","Quadruphite","Na6Na2(CaNa)2Na2Ti4+2Na2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O4F2","Na6Na2(CaNa)2Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O4F2","Na_6_Na_2_(CaNa)_2_Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_O_4_F_2_","Na_6_Na_2_(CaNa)_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_O_4_F_2_","Na Ca Ti Si O P F","IMA1990-026"," ",3761,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Ti^4+ Si O P F","Qua","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown","#b5651d"
"Quartz","Quartz","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3763,"Quartz","hexagonal","P3221, P6222, P3121","Si O","Qz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM43 - Shear-induced minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Brown, Colorless, Violet, Gray, Yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#9a0eea,#808080,#ffff00"
"Quatrandorite","Quatrandorite","Ag1+Pb2+Sb3+3S2-6","AgPbSb3S6","AgPbSb_3_S_6_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5368,"Lillianite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pm2a, P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ado IV","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Queitite","Queitite","Zn2+2Pb2+4(SiO4)(Si2O7)(S6+O4)","Zn2Pb4(Si2O7)(SiO4)(SO4)","Zn_2_Pb_4_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(SO_4_)","Zn^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_4_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(S^6+^O_4_)","Zn Pb Si O S","IMA1978-029"," ",3764," ","monoclinic","P21","Zn^2+ Pb^2+ Si O S^6+","Que","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Quenselite","Quenselite","Pb2+Mn3+O2(OH)","PbMn3+O2(OH)","PbMn^3+^O_2_(OH)","Pb^2+^Mn^3+^O_2_(OH)","Pb Mn O H"," "," ",3765," ","monoclinic","P2/a, P2/c","Pb^2+ Mn^3+ O H","Qns","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pitch black.","#483c41"
"Quenstedtite","Quenstedtite","Fe3+2(S6+O4)3·11H2O","Fe3+2(SO4)3·11H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_3_·11H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·11H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",3766,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Qst","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light violet, Red violet.","#ffffff,#d6b4fc,#9e0168"
"Quetzalcoatlite","Quetzalcoatlite","Cu2+3Zn2+6Te6+2O12(OH)6·(Ag1+,Pb2+,☐)Cl","Cu2+3Zn6Te6+2O12(OH)6·(Ag,Pb,☐)Cl","Cu^2+^_3_Zn_6_Te^6+^_2_O_12_(OH)_6_·(Ag,Pb,[box])Cl","Cu^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_6_Te^6+^_2_O_12_(OH)_6_·(Ag^1+^,Pb^2+^,[box])Cl","Cu Zn Te O H Ag Pb Cl","IMA1973-010"," ",3767," ","hexagonal","P31m","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Te^6+ O H Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Cl","Qzl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Quijarroite","Quijarroite","Cu1+6Hg2+Pb2+2Bi3+4Se2-12","Cu6HgPb2Bi4Se12","Cu_6_HgPb_2_Bi_4_Se_12_","Cu^1+^_6_Hg^2+^Pb^2+^_2_Bi^3+^_4_Se^2-^_12_","Cu Hg Pb Bi Se","IMA2016-052"," ",6580," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Qui","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Quintinite","Quintinite","Mg4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O","Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Mg_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Mg_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_CO_3_·3H_2_O","Mg Al O H C","IMA1992-028"," ",3768,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P6322, P3112, P62m","Mg Al O H C","Qtn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to colorless, orange-brown","#ffff00,#afafaf,#b16002"
"Qusongite","Qusongite","W4+C4-","WC","WC","W^4+^C^4-^","W C","IMA2007-034"," ",5634,"Qusongite","hexagonal","P6m2","W^4+ C^4-","Qus","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Raadeite","Raadeite","Mg7(PO4)2(OH)8","Mg7(PO4)2(OH)8","Mg_7_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mg_7_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mg P O H","IMA1996-034"," ",3770,"Allactite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mg P O H","Raa","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Rabbittite","Rabbittite","Ca3Mg3(U6+O2)2(CO3)6(OH)4·18H2O","Ca3Mg3(UO2)2(CO3)6(OH)4·18H2O","Ca_3_Mg_3_(UO_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_6_(OH)_4_·18H_2_O","Ca_3_Mg_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(CO_3_)_6_(OH)_4_·18H_2_O","Ca Mg U O C H"," "," ",3771," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Mg U^6+ O C H","Rab","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale green, Greenish yellow.","#69b076,#cdfd02"
"Rabejacite","Rabejacite","Ca2(U6+O2)4O4(S6+O4)2·8H2O","Ca2[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)8","Ca_2_[(UO_2_)_4_O_4_(SO_4_)_2_](H_2_O)_8_","Ca_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca U O S H","IMA1992-043"," ",3772," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O S^6+ H","Rbj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Amber yellow.","#ffff00,#fab75a"
"Raberite","Raberite","Tl1+5Ag1+4As3+6Sb3+S2-15","Tl5Ag4As6SbS15","Tl_5_Ag_4_As_6_SbS_15_","Tl^1+^_5_Ag^1+^_4_As^3+^_6_Sb^3+^S^2-^_15_","Tl Ag As Sb S","IMA2012-017"," ",6075,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Ag^1+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Radekškodaite-(Ce)","Radekskodaite-(Ce)","(CaCe3+5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaCe_5_)(Al_4_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","(CaCe^3+^_5_)(Al_4_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","Ca Ce Al Fe Si O H","IMA2019-042"," ",6929,"Radekškodaite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Ršk-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish-brown","#696112"
"Radekškodaite-(La)","Radekskodaite-(La)","(CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaLa_5_)(Al_4_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","(CaLa_5_)(Al_4_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","Ca La Al Fe Si O H","IMA2018-107"," ",6834,"Radekškodaite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Ršk-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish-brown","#696112"
"Radhakrishnaite","Radhakrishnaite","PbTe3(Cl,S)2","PbTe3(Cl,S)2","PbTe_3_(Cl,S)_2_","PbTe_3_(Cl,S)_2_","Pb Te Cl S","IMA1983-082"," ",3773," ","tetragonal",,"Pb Te Cl S","Rhk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Reddish brown.","#808080,#7f2b0a"
"Radovanite","Radovanite","Cu2+2Fe3+(As5+O4)(As3+O2OH)2·H2O","Cu2Fe3+[As5+O4][As3+O2(OH)]2·H2O","Cu_2_Fe^3+^[As^5+^O_4_][As^3+^O_2_(OH)]_2_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(As^5+^O_4_)(As^3+^O_2_OH)_2_·H_2_O","Cu Fe As O H","IMA2000-001"," ",3774," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O As^3+ H","Rdv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pistachio green.","#a9d39e"
"Radtkeite","Radtkeite","Hg2+3S2-2ClI1-","Hg3S2ClI","Hg_3_S_2_ClI","Hg^2+^_3_S^2-^_2_ClI^1-^","Hg S Cl I","IMA1989-030"," ",3775," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Hg^2+ S^2- Cl I^1-","Rdk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow orange, Orange.","#fffd01,#ffa500"
"Radvaniceite","Radvaniceite","GeS2-2","GeS2","GeS_2_","GeS^2-^_2_","Ge S","IMA2021-052"," ",7158," ","monoclinic","Pc","Ge S^2-","Rad","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White to yellowish grey","#ffffff,#edeeda"
"Raguinite","Raguinite","Tl1+Fe3+S2-2","TlFeS2","TlFeS_2_","Tl^1+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_2_","Tl Fe S","IMA1968-022"," ",3776,"Raguinite","monoclinic","C2/m","Tl^1+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Rgu","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Raisaite","Raisaite","Cu2+Mg[Te6+O4(OH)2]·6H2O","CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2]·6H2O","CuMg[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_]·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^Mg[Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_2_]·6H_2_O","Cu Mg Te O H","IMA2014-046"," ",6342,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Cu^2+ Mg Te^6+ O H","Rsa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","deep blue","#040273"
"Raite","Raite","Na3Mn2+3Ti4+0.25Si8O20(OH)2·10H2O","Na3Mn2+3Ti0.25(Si8O20)(OH)2·10H2O","Na_3_Mn^2+^_3_Ti_0.25_(Si_8_O_20_)(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Na_3_Mn^2+^_3_Ti^4+^_0.25_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·10H_2_O","Na Mn Ti Si O H","IMA1972-010"," ",3777," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Rai","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Violet red, Golden yellow, Reddish brown.","#653700,#a50055,#ffdf00,#7f2b0a"
"Rajite","Rajite","Cu2+Te4+2O5","CuTe4+2O5","CuTe^4+^_2_O_5_","Cu^2+^Te^4+^_2_O_5_","Cu Te O","IMA1978-039"," ",3778," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O","Raj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Rakovanite","Rakovanite","(N3-H4)3Na3[V5+10O28]·12H2O","(NH4)3Na3[V10O28]·12H2O","(NH_4_)_3_Na_3_[V_10_O_28_]·12H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Na_3_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·12H_2_O","N H Na V O","IMA2010-052"," ",5879,"Pascoite","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H Na V^5+ O","Rkv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Ralphcannonite","Ralphcannonite","Ag1+Zn2+2Tl1+As3+2S2-6","AgZn2TlAs2S6","AgZn_2_TlAs_2_S_6_","Ag^1+^Zn^2+^_2_Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Ag Zn Tl As S","IMA2014-077"," ",6375,"Routhierite","tetragonal","I42m","Ag^1+ Zn^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Rcn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Ramaccioniite","Ramaccioniite","Cu2+4[Se6+O4](OH)6","Cu4[SeO4](OH)6","Cu_4_[SeO_4_](OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_4_[Se^6+^O_4_](OH)_6_","Cu Se O H","IMA2018-082"," ",6812,"Brochantite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ Se^6+ O H","Rmc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ramanite-(Cs)","Ramanite-(Cs)","CsB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","CsB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","CsB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","CsB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Cs B O H","IMA2007-007"," ",5616,"Santite","monoclinic","C2/c","Cs B O H","Ram-Cs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ramanite-(Rb)","Ramanite-(Rb)","RbB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","RbB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","RbB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","RbB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Rb B O H","IMA2007-006"," ",5615,"Santite","orthorhombic","Aba2","Rb B O H","Ram-Rb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ramazzoite","Ramazzoite","[Mg8Cu2+12(PO4)(CO3)4(OH)24(H2O)20][(H0.33S6+O4)3(H2O)36]","[Mg8Cu12(PO4)(CO3)4(OH)24(H2O)20][(H0.33SO4)3(H2O)36]","[Mg_8_Cu_12_(PO_4_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_24_(H_2_O)_20_][(H_0.33_SO_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_36_]","[Mg_8_Cu^2+^_12_(PO_4_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_24_(H_2_O)_20_][(H_0.33_S^6+^O_4_)_3_(H_2_O)_36_]","Mg Cu P O C H S","IMA2017-090"," ",6717,"Not in a structural group","cubic","P43m","Mg Cu^2+ P O C H S^6+","Rmz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue to greenish-blue","#0000ff,#0b8b87"
"Rambergite","Rambergite","Mn2+S2-","MnS","MnS","Mn^2+^S^2-^","Mn S","IMA1995-028"," ",3780,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Mn^2+ S^2-","Rbg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Ramdohrite","Ramdohrite","Pb2+5.9Fe2+0.1Mn2+0.1In3+0.1Cd2+0.2Ag1+2.8Sb3+10.8S2-24","Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24","Pb_5.9_Fe_0.1_Mn_0.1_In_0.1_Cd_0.2_Ag_2.8_Sb_10.8_S_24_","Pb^2+^_5.9_Fe^2+^_0.1_Mn^2+^_0.1_In^3+^_0.1_Cd^2+^_0.2_Ag^1+^_2.8_Sb^3+^_10.8_S^2-^_24_","Pb Fe Mn In Cd Ag Sb S"," "," ",3781,"Lillianite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pn21a, P21/n","Pb^2+ Fe^2+ Mn^2+ In^3+ Cd^2+ Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rdh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish black gray.","#413f44"
"Rameauite","Rameauite","K2Ca(U6+O2)6O6(OH)4·6H2O","K2Ca(UO2)6O6(OH)4·6H2O","K_2_Ca(UO_2_)_6_O_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K_2_Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","K Ca U O H","IMA1971-045"," ",3782,"Compreignacite","monoclinic",,"K Ca U^6+ O H","Rme","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Ramikite-(Y)","Ramikite-(Y)","Li2Na6(Y,Ca,REE)3Zr4+3(PO4)6(CO3)2O2(OH,F)2","Li4(Na,Ca)12(Y,Ca,REE)6Zr6(PO4)12(CO3)4O4[(OH),F]4","Li_4_(Na,Ca)_12_(Y,Ca,REE)_6_Zr_6_(PO_4_)_12_(CO_3_)_4_O_4_[(OH),F]_4_","Li_2_Na_6_(Y,Ca,REE)_3_Zr^4+^_3_(PO_4_)_6_(CO_3_)_2_O_2_(OH,F)_2_","Li Na Ca Y REE Zr P O C H F","IMA2009-021"," ",5750,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Li Na Y Ca REE Zr^4+ P O C H F","Rmi-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish-white","#e9f1d0"
"Rammelsbergite","Rammelsbergite","Ni3+(As2)3-","NiAs2","NiAs_2_","Ni^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Ni As"," "," ",3783,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Ni^3+ As","Rmb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Tin white, Reddish white.","#cfd5db,#fff8d5"
"Ramosite","Ramosite","Pb2+25.7Sn4+8.3Mn2+3.4Sb3+6.4S2-56.2","Pb25.7Sn8.3Mn3.4Sb6.4S56.2","Pb_25.7_Sn_8.3_Mn_3.4_Sb_6.4_S_56.2_","Pb^2+^_25.7_Sn^4+^_8.3_Mn^2+^_3.4_Sb^3+^_6.4_S^2-^_56.2_","Pb Sn Mn Sb S","IMA2019-099"," ",6983,"Cylindrite","monoclinic","C2/m, P21","Pb^2+ Sn^4+ Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rms","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ramsbeckite","Ramsbeckite","Cu2+15(S6+O4)4(OH)22·6H2O","Cu15(SO4)4(OH)22·6H2O","Cu_15_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)_22_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_15_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_22_·6H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA1984-067"," ",3784," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Rbe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Ramsdellite","Ramsdellite","Mn4+O2","MnO2","MnO_2_","Mn^4+^O_2_","Mn O"," "," ",3785,"Ramsdellite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Mn^4+ O","Rmd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Iron black, Black, Steel gray.","#263145,#000000,#43464b"
"Ranciéite","Rancieite","(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2·0.6H2O","(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2·0.6H2O","(Ca,Mn^2+^)_0.2_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)O_2_·0.6H_2_O","(Ca,Mn^2+^)_0.2_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)O_2_·0.6H_2_O","Ca Mn O H"," "," ",3786," ","hexagonal","P3","Ca Mn^2+ Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O H","Rnc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, brownish, violet","#000000,#9c6d57,#9a0eea"
"Rankachite","Rankachite","Ca0.5(V4+,V5+)(W6+,Fe3+)2O8(OH)·2H2O","Ca0.5(V4+,V5+)(W6+,Fe3+)2O8(OH)·2H2O","Ca_0.5_(V^4+^,V^5+^)(W^6+^,Fe^3+^)_2_O_8_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca_0.5_(V^4+^,V^5+^)(W^6+^,Fe^3+^)_2_O_8_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca V W Fe O H","IMA1983-044"," ",3787," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Pmmn, P21/m","Ca V^4+ V^5+ W^6+ Fe^3+ O H","Rka","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Dark brown.","#c9b003,#73532a"
"Rankamaite","Rankamaite","(Na,K)3(Ta5+,Nb5+,Al)11(O,OH)31","(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31","(Na,K)_3_(Ta,Nb,Al)_11_(O,OH)_31_","(Na,K)_3_(Ta^5+^,Nb^5+^,Al)_11_(O,OH)_31_","Na K Ta Nb Al O H","IMA1968-002"," ",3788," ","orthorhombic","C222","Na K Ta^5+ Nb^5+ Al O H","Rkm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","White, Creamy white.","#ffffff,#f0e9d6"
"Rankinite","Rankinite","Ca3Si2O7","Ca3Si2O7","Ca_3_Si_2_O_7_","Ca_3_Si_2_O_7_","Ca Si O"," "," ",3789," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Si O","Rnk","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ransomite","Ransomite","Cu2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)4·6H2O","CuFe3+2(SO4)4·6H2O","CuFe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","Cu Fe S O H"," "," ",3790," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Rns","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Ranunculite","Ranunculite","Al(U6+O2)(PO3OH)(OH)3·4H2O","Al(UO2)(PO3OH)(OH)3·4H2O","Al(UO_2_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1978-067"," ",3791," ","monoclinic",,"Al U^6+ O P H","Rnu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Canary yellow.","#ffdf00,#f1f1e6"
"Rapidcreekite","Rapidcreekite","Ca2(S6+O4)(CO3)·4H2O","Ca2(SO4)(CO3)·4H2O","Ca_2_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ca_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ca S O C H","IMA1984-035"," ",3792," ","orthorhombic","Pcnb","Ca S^6+ O C H","Rck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Rappoldite","Rappoldite","Pb2+Co2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","PbCo2(AsO4)2·2H2O","PbCo_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Co^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Co As O H","IMA1998-015"," ",3793,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Rap","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Reddish brown.","#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Raslakite","Raslakite","Na15Ca3Fe2+3(Na,Zr4+)3Zr4+3(Si,Nb5+)Si25O73(OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)","Na15Ca3Fe3(Na,Zr)3Zr3(Si,Nb)Si25O73(OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)","Na_15_Ca_3_Fe_3_(Na,Zr)_3_Zr_3_(Si,Nb)Si_25_O_73_(OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)","Na_15_Ca_3_Fe^2+^_3_(Na,Zr^4+^)_3_Zr^4+^_3_(Si,Nb^5+^)Si_25_O_73_(OH,H_2_O)_3_(Cl,OH)","Na Ca Fe Zr Si Nb O H Cl","IMA2002-067"," ",3794,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si Nb^5+ O H Cl","Rsk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish red.","#9e3623"
"Rasmussenite","Rasmussenite","Ca(C2H3O3)1-2·3H2O","Ca(C2H3O3)2·3H2O","Ca(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_·3H_2_O","Ca C H O","IMA2024-018"," ",7445,"Glycolate","triclinic","P1","Ca C H O","Rsu",,"No","colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Raspite","Raspite","Pb2+W6+O4","Pb(WO4)","Pb(WO_4_)","Pb^2+^W^6+^O_4_","Pb W O"," "," ",3795,"Raspite","monoclinic","P21/a","Pb^2+ W^6+ O","Rsp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Yellow gray, Light yellow.","#ae8b0c,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a"
"Rastsvetaevite","Rastsvetaevite","Na27K8Ca12Fe2+3Zr4+6Si52O144(OH,O)6Cl2","Na27K8Ca12Fe3Zr6Si52O144(OH,O)6Cl2","Na_27_K_8_Ca_12_Fe_3_Zr_6_Si_52_O_144_(OH,O)_6_Cl_2_","Na_27_K_8_Ca_12_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_6_Si_52_O_144_(OH,O)_6_Cl_2_","Na K Ca Fe Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2000-028"," ",3796,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na K Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Rvt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Rasvumite","Rasvumite","KFe2+Fe3+S2-3","KFe2S3","KFe_2_S_3_","KFe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","K Fe S","IMA1970-028"," ",3797,"Cubanite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","K Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Rsv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Gray, Black, Steel gray.","#413936,#808080,#000000,#43464b"
"Rathite","Rathite","Ag1+2Pb2+12-xTl1+x/2As3+18+x/2S2-40","Ag2Pb12-xTlx/2As18+x/2S40","Ag_2_Pb_12-x_Tl_x/2_As_18+x/2_S_40_","Ag^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_12-x_Tl^1+^_x/2_As^3+^_18+x/2_S^2-^_40_","Ag Pb Tl As S"," "," ",3798,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21, P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Rat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Rathite-IV","Rathite-IV","Pb3As5S10","Pb3As5S10","Pb_3_As_5_S_10_","Pb_3_As_5_S_10_","Pb As S"," "," ",5477,"Sartorite",,,"Pb As S","Rat-IV","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Rauchite","Rauchite","Ni2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O","Ni(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ni^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ni U O As H","IMA2010-037"," ",5867,"Autunite","triclinic","P1, I1","Ni^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Rau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow to light greenish yellow","#ffff00,#d7ddcd"
"Rauenthalite","Rauenthalite","Ca3(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Ca3(AsO4)2·10H2O","Ca_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ca_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA1964-007"," ",3799," ","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Rth","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Snow white.","#afafaf,#eeffee"
"Rauvite","Rauvite","Ca(U6+O2)2V5+10O28·16H2O","Ca(UO2)2V10O28·16H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_V_10_O_28_·16H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_V^5+^_10_O_28_·16H_2_O","Ca U O V H"," "," ",3800," ",,,"Ca U^6+ O V^5+ H","Ruv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish black, Brown red, Orange, Purple red.","#413f44,#922b05,#ffa500,#990147"
"Ravatite","Ravatite","C14H10","C14H10","C_14_H_10_","C_14_H_10_","C H","IMA1992-019"," ",3801," ","monoclinic","P21","C H","Rav","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Pale gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fdfdfe"
"Raydemarkite","Raydemarkite","Mo6+O3·H2O","MoO3·H2O","MoO_3_·H_2_O","Mo^6+^O_3_·H_2_O","Mo O H","IMA2022-015"," ",7243," ","triclinic","P1","Mo^6+ O H","Ryd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Raygrantite","Raygrantite","Pb2+10Zn2+(S6+O4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","Pb10Zn(SO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2","Pb_10_Zn(SO_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_10_Zn^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Zn S O Si H","IMA2013-001"," ",6141,"Iranite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O Si H","Rgr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Rayite","Rayite","(Ag1+,Tl1+)2Pb2+8Sb3+8S2-21","(Ag,Tl)2Pb8Sb8S21","(Ag,Tl)_2_Pb_8_Sb_8_S_21_","(Ag^1+^,Tl^1+^)_2_Pb^2+^_8_Sb^3+^_8_S^2-^_21_","Ag Tl Pb Sb S","IMA1982-029"," ",3802," ",,,"Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ray","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Gray.","#8a7963,#808080"
"Realgar","Realgar","AsS","AsS","AsS","AsS","As S"," "," ",3803," ","monoclinic","P21/n","As S","Rlg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Aurora red, Orange yellow, Dark red.","#c13435,#fdb915,#840000"
"Reaphookhillite","Reaphookhillite","MgZn2+2(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZn2(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZn_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","MgZn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Zn P O H","IMA2018-128"," ",6855,"Parahopeite","triclinic","P1","Mg Zn^2+ P O H","Rea","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Rebulite","Rebulite","Tl1+5Sb3+5As3+8S2-22","Tl5Sb5As8S22","Tl_5_Sb_5_As_8_S_22_","Tl^1+^_5_Sb^3+^_5_As^3+^_8_S^2-^_22_","Tl Sb As S","IMA2008 s.p."," ",3804," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Reb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Reckibachite","Reckibachite","Ag1+2Pb2+12As3+14Sb3+4S2-40","Ag2Pb12As14Sb4S40","Ag_2_Pb_12_As_14_Sb_4_S_40_","Ag^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_12_As^3+^_14_Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_40_","Ag Pb As Sb S","IMA2019-071"," ",7433,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rek",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Rectorite","Rectorite","(Na,Ca)Al4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·2H2O","(Na,Ca)Al4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·2H2O","(Na,Ca)Al_4_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","(Na,Ca)Al_4_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3805,"Corrensite, Clay",,,"Na Ca Al Si O H","Rec","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish white, White.","#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Redcanyonite","Redcanyonite","(N3-H4)2Mn2+[(U6+O2)4O4(S6+O4)2](H2O)4","(NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4","(NH_4_)_2_Mn[(UO_2_)_4_O_4_(SO_4_)_2_](H_2_O)_4_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mn^2+^[(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_](H_2_O)_4_","N H Mn U O S","IMA2016-082"," ",6608,"Zippeite","monoclinic","C2/m","N^3- H Mn^2+ U^6+ O S^6+","Rcy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Red-orange","#ff3f34"
"Reddingite","Reddingite","Mn2+3(PO4)2·3H2O","Mn2+3(PO4)2·3H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Mn P O H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",3806,"Reddingite","orthorhombic","Pbna","Mn^2+ P O H","Rdd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Yellowish white, Colorless, Reddish brown, Dark brown.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#afafaf,#7f2b0a,#73532a"
"Redgillite","Redgillite","Cu2+6S6+O4(OH)10·H2O","Cu6(SO4)(OH)10·H2O","Cu_6_(SO_4_)(OH)_10_·H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_10_·H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA2004-016"," ",5276," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Rgl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green.","#419c03"
"Redingtonite","Redingtonite","Fe2+Cr3+2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","Fe2+Cr2(SO4)4·22H2O","Fe^2+^Cr_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Fe Cr S O H"," "," ",3807,"Halotrichite",,,"Fe^2+ Cr^3+ S^6+ O H","Rdt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White, Light violet, Light purple.","#ffffff,#d6b4fc,#65648b"
"Redledgeite","Redledgeite","Ba(Ti4+6Cr3+2)O16","Ba(Ti6Cr3+2)O16","Ba(Ti_6_Cr^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba(Ti^4+^_6_Cr^3+^_2_)O_16_","Ba Ti Cr O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",3808,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Ba Ti^4+ Cr^3+ O","Red","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Yellow green, Black.","#c8fd3d,#000000"
"Redmondite","Redmondite","[Pb2+8O2Zn2+(OH)6](S6+O3S2-)4","[Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](S2O3)4","[Pb_8_O_2_Zn(OH)_6_](S_2_O_3_)_4_","[Pb^2+^_8_O_2_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_](S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_4_","Pb O Zn H S","IMA2021-072"," ",7180,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ O Zn^2+ H S^6+ S^2-","Rdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Redondite","Redondite","AlPO4·2H2O","Al(PO4)·2H2O","Al(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","AlPO_4_·2H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",5159," ",,,"Al P O H","Rdo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Reederite-(Y)","Reederite-(Y)","(Na,Mn2+)15Y2(CO3)9(S6+O3F)Cl","(Na,Mn)15Y2(CO3)9(SO3F)Cl","(Na,Mn)_15_Y_2_(CO_3_)_9_(SO_3_F)Cl","(Na,Mn^2+^)_15_Y_2_(CO_3_)_9_(S^6+^O_3_F)Cl","Na Mn Y C O S F Cl","IMA1994-012"," ",3809," ","hexagonal","P6","Na Mn^2+ Y C O S^6+ F Cl","Rde-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Orange brown.","#ffff00,#b16002"
"Reedmergnerite","Reedmergnerite","NaBSi3O8","NaBSi3O8","NaBSi_3_O_8_","NaBSi_3_O_8_","Na B Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3810,"Feldspar","triclinic","C1","Na B Si O","Rm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Beige yellow, Colorless, Orange.","#feff32,#afafaf,#ffa500"
"Reevesite","Reevesite","Ni2+6Fe3+2(OH)16CO3·4H2O","Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Ni_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_6_Fe^3+^_2_(OH)_16_CO_3_·4H_2_O","Ni Fe O H C","IMA1966-025"," ",3811,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal",,"Ni^2+ Fe^3+ O H C","Rvs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green yellow, Light yellow.","#c6f808,#fffe7a"
"Refikite","Refikite","C20H34O2","C20H34O2","C_20_H_34_O_2_","C_20_H_34_O_2_","C H O"," "," ",3812," ","orthorhombic","P21212","C H O","Ref","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Regerite","Regerite","KFe3+6(PO4)4(OH)7(H2O)6·4H2O","KFe6(PO4)4(OH)7(H2O)6·4H2O","KFe_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_7_(H_2_O)_6_·4H_2_O","KFe^3+^_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_7_(H_2_O)_6_·4H_2_O","K Fe P O H","IMA2023-028"," ",7384,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","K Fe^3+ P O H","Reg",,"No","Yellowish-green","#b0dd16"
"Reichenbachite","Reichenbachite","Cu2+5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4","Cu_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu P O H","IMA1985-044"," ",3813," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ P O H","Rbh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Reidite","Reidite","Zr4+SiO4","Zr(SiO4)","Zr(SiO_4_)","Zr^4+^SiO_4_","Zr Si O","IMA2001-013"," ",3814," ","tetragonal","I41/a","Zr^4+ Si O","Rei","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Reinerite","Reinerite","Zn2+3(As3+O3)2","Zn3(AsO3)2","Zn_3_(AsO_3_)_2_","Zn^2+^_3_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_","Zn As O"," "," ",3815," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Zn^2+ As^3+ O","Rnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Light yellow green.","#0000ff,#fffe7a"
"Reinhardbraunsite","Reinhardbraunsite","Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA1980-032"," ",3816,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/b","Ca Si O H","Rbn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Relianceite-(K)","Relianceite-(K)","K4Mg(V4+O)2((C2)6+O4)(PO3OH)4(H2O)10","K4Mg(V4+O)2(C2O4)(PO3OH)4(H2O)10","K_4_Mg(V^4+^O)_2_(C_2_O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_4_(H_2_O)_10_","K_4_Mg(V^4+^O)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_4_(H_2_O)_10_","K Mg V O C P H","IMA2020-102"," ",7115,"Oxalate","monoclinic","Pc","K Mg V^4+ O C P H","Rel-K","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Sky blue","#9fb9e2"
"Rémondite-(Ce)","Remondite-(Ce)","Na3(Ce3+,Ca,Na)3(CO3)5","Na3(Ce,Ca,Na)3(CO3)5","Na_3_(Ce,Ca,Na)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na_3_(Ce^3+^,Ca,Na)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ce Ca C O","IMA1987-035"," ",3817,"Burbankite","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Na Ce^3+ Ca C O","Rém-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange-red to brown","#fe4401,#653700"
"Rémondite-(La)","Remondite-(La)","Na3(La,Ca,Na)3(CO3)5","Na3(La,Ca,Na)3(CO3)5","Na_3_(La,Ca,Na)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na_3_(La,Ca,Na)_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na La Ca C O","IMA1999-006"," ",3818,"Burbankite","monoclinic","P2","Na La Ca C O","Rém-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bright yellow orange","#fffd01"
"Renardite","Renardite","Pb2+(U6+O2)4(PO4)2(OH)4·7H2O","Pb(UO2)4(PO4)2(OH)4·7H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Pb U O P H"," "," ",3819," ",,,"Pb^2+ U^6+ O P H","Rnd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Rengeite","Rengeite","Sr4Ti4+4Zr4+O8(Si2O7)2","Sr4Ti4ZrO8(Si2O7)2","Sr_4_Ti_4_ZrO_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr_4_Ti^4+^_4_Zr^4+^O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr Ti Zr O Si","IMA1998-055"," ",3820,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","C2/m, P21/a","Sr Ti^4+ Zr^4+ O Si","Rge","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark greenish brown.","#033500"
"Renierite","Renierite","(Cu1+,Cu2+,Zn2+)11(Fe2+,Fe3+)4(Ge4+,As5+)2S2-16","(Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16","(Cu^1+^,Zn)_11_Fe_4_(Ge^4+^,As^5+^)_2_S_16_","(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_11_(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^)_4_(Ge^4+^,As^5+^)_2_S^2-^_16_","Cu Zn Fe Ge As S","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3821,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","P42c","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ge^4+ As^5+ S^2-","Ren","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze yellow, Pinkish brown.","#737000,#b17261"
"Reppiaite","Reppiaite","Mn2+5(V5+O4)2(OH)4","Mn2+5(VO4)2(OH)4","Mn^2+^_5_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Mn V O H","IMA1991-007"," ",3822," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ V^5+ O H","Rep","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange red.","#fe4401"
"Retgersite","Retgersite","Ni2+S6+O4·6H2O","Ni(SO4)·6H2O","Ni(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","Ni^2+^S^6+^O_4_·6H_2_O","Ni S O H"," "," ",3823," ","tetragonal","P41212, P43212","Ni^2+ S^6+ O H","Rtg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Retzian-(Ce)","Retzian-(Ce)","Mn2+2Ce3+As5+O4(OH)4","Mn2+2Ce(AsO4)(OH)4","Mn^2+^_2_Ce(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_2_Ce^3+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn Ce As O H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3824,"Retzian","orthorhombic","Pban","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ As^5+ O H","Rtz-Ce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Chestnut brown.","#73532a,#6d1008"
"Retzian-(La)","Retzian-(La)","Mn2+2LaAs5+O4(OH)4","Mn2+2La(AsO4)(OH)4","Mn^2+^_2_La(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_2_LaAs^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn La As O H","IMA1983-077"," ",3825,"Retzian","orthorhombic","Pban","Mn^2+ La As^5+ O H","Rtz-La","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Retzian-(Nd)","Retzian-(Nd)","Mn2+2NdAs5+O4(OH)4","Mn2+2Nd(AsO4)(OH)4","Mn^2+^_2_Nd(AsO_4_)(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^_2_NdAs^5+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Mn Nd As O H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3826,"Retzian","orthorhombic","Pban","Mn^2+ Nd As^5+ O H","Rtz-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink brown, Reddish brown.","#67594c,#7f2b0a"
"Revdite","Revdite","Na16Si16O27(OH)26·28H2O","Na16Si16O27(OH)26·28H2O","Na_16_Si_16_O_27_(OH)_26_·28H_2_O","Na_16_Si_16_O_27_(OH)_26_·28H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA1979-082"," ",3827," ","monoclinic","C2","Na Si O H","Rev","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Rewitzerite","Rewitzerite","K(H2O)Mn2+2(Al2Ti4+)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","K(H2O)Mn2(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10·4H2O","K(H_2_O)Mn_2_(Al_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","K(H_2_O)Mn^2+^_2_(Al_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)](H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","K H O Mn Al Ti P","IMA2023-005"," ",7361,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic","P21/c","K H O Mn^2+ Al Ti^4+ P","Rwz",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Reyerite","Reyerite","Na2Ca14Al2Si22O58(OH)8·6H2O","Na2Ca14Al2Si22O58(OH)8·6H2O","Na_2_Ca_14_Al_2_Si_22_O_58_(OH)_8_·6H_2_O","Na_2_Ca_14_Al_2_Si_22_O_58_(OH)_8_·6H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",3828,"Gyrolite","hexagonal","P3","Na Ca Al Si O H","Rey","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Reynoldsite","Reynoldsite","Pb2+2Mn4+2O5(Cr6+O4)","Pb2Mn4+2O5(CrO4)","Pb_2_Mn^4+^_2_O_5_(CrO_4_)","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^4+^_2_O_5_(Cr^6+^O_4_)","Pb Mn O Cr","IMA2011-051"," ",5979,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Mn^4+ O Cr^6+","Ryn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark orange-brown to black","#c65102,#000000"
"Reznitskyite","Reznitskyite","CaMg(V5+O4)F","CaMg(VO4)F","CaMg(VO_4_)F","CaMg(V^5+^O_4_)F","Ca Mg V O F","IMA2021-067"," ",7174,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg V^5+ O F","Rzs","Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Rhabdoborite-(Mo)","Rhabdoborite-(Mo)","Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2","Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2","Mg_12_Mo^6+^_1.33_O_6_(BO_3_)_6_F_2_","Mg_12_Mo^6+^_1.33_O_6_(BO_3_)_6_F_2_","Mg Mo O B F","IMA2019-114"," ",6998,"Rhabdoborite","hexagonal","P63","Mg Mo^6+ O B F","Rbo-Mo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Rhabdoborite-(V)","Rhabdoborite-(V)","Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As5+)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1)","Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1)","Mg_12_(V^5+^,Mo^6+^,W^6+^)_1.5_O_6_{[BO_3_]_6-x_[(P,As)O_4_]_x_F_2-x_} (x < 1)","Mg_12_(V^5+^,Mo^6+^,W^6+^)_1.5_O_6_{[BO_3_]_6-x_[(P,As^5+^)O_4_]_x_F_2-x_} (x < 1)","Mg V Mo W O B P As F","IMA2017-108"," ",6734,"Rhabdoborite","hexagonal","P63","Mg V^5+ Mo^6+ W^6+ O B P As^5+ F","Rbo-V","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light yellow, colorless, bright yellow","#fffe7a,#afafaf,#fffd01"
"Rhabdoborite-(W)","Rhabdoborite-(W)","Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As5+)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1)","Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1)","Mg_12_(W^6+^,V^5+^)_1.5_O_6_{[BO_3_]_6-x_[(P,As)O_4_]_x_F_2-x_} (x < 1)","Mg_12_(W^6+^,V^5+^)_1.5_O_6_{[BO_3_]_6-x_[(P,As^5+^)O_4_]_x_F_2-x_} (x < 1)","Mg W V O B P As F","IMA2017-109"," ",6735,"Rhabdoborite","hexagonal","P63","Mg W^6+ V^5+ O B P As^5+ F","Rbo-W","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light yellow, beige","#fffe7a,#e6daa6"
"Rhabdophane-(Ce)","Rhabdophane-(Ce)","Ce3+PO4·H2O","Ce(PO4)·H2O","Ce(PO_4_)·H_2_O","Ce^3+^PO_4_·H_2_O","Ce P O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3829,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P6222, P3121","Ce^3+ P O H","Rha-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Brownish white, Yellowish white, Pinkish white.","#ffffff,#d1f1de,#e9f1d0,#fff1fa"
"Rhabdophane-(La)","Rhabdophane-(La)","LaPO4·H2O","La(PO4)·H2O","La(PO_4_)·H_2_O","LaPO_4_·H_2_O","La P O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3830,"Rhabdophane",,,"La P O H","Rha-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Pink.","#653700,#ffc0cb"
"Rhabdophane-(Nd)","Rhabdophane-(Nd)","NdPO4·H2O","Nd(PO4)·H2O","Nd(PO_4_)·H_2_O","NdPO_4_·H_2_O","Nd P O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",3831,"Rhabdophane",,,"Nd P O H","Rha-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellowish white, Pink, Reddish brown.","#e9f1d0,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Rhabdophane-(Y)","Rhabdophane-(Y)","YPO4·H2O","Y(PO4)·H2O","Y(PO_4_)·H_2_O","YPO_4_·H_2_O","Y P O H","IMA2011-031"," ",5959,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P6222","Y P O H","Rha-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish white to yellowish brown","#e9f1d0,#9b7a01"
"Rheniite","Rheniite","ReS2","ReS2","ReS_2_","ReS_2_","Re S","IMA1999-004a"," ",4893," ","triclinic","P1","Re S","Rhn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Rhodarsenide","Rhodarsenide","Rh2As","Rh2As","Rh_2_As","Rh_2_As","Rh As","IMA1996-030"," ",3832,"Barringerite","orthorhombic",,"Rh As","Rda","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Rhodesite","Rhodesite","K2Ca2Si8O19·5H2O","KHCa2Si8O19·5H2O","KHCa_2_Si_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","K_2_Ca_2_Si_8_O_19_·5H_2_O","K H Ca Si O"," "," ",3833,"Rhodesite","orthorhombic","Pmmn, Pmam","K Ca Si O H","Rod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Silky white.","#efebe2"
"Rhodium","Rhodium","Rh","Rh","Rh","Rh","Rh","IMA1974-012"," ",3834,"Copper","cubic","Fm3m","Rh","Rh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Rhodizite","Rhodizite","KAl4Be5B11O28","KBe4Al4(B11Be)O28","KBe_4_Al_4_(B_11_Be)O_28_","KAl_4_Be_5_B_11_O_28_","K Be Al B O"," "," ",3835,"Rhodizite","cubic","P43m","K Al Be B O","Rdz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Grayish, Yellow, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#cfcac7,#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Rhodochrosite","Rhodochrosite","Mn2+CO3","Mn(CO3)","Mn(CO_3_)","Mn^2+^CO_3_","Mn C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3836,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c, R3c","Mn^2+ C O","Rds","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Pinkish red, Red, Rose red, Yellowish gray, Brown.","#f10c45,#ff0000,#c92351,#edeeda,#653700"
"Rhodonite","Rhodonite","CaMn2+3Mn2+Si5O15","CaMn3Mn(Si5O15)","CaMn_3_Mn(Si_5_O_15_)","CaMn^2+^_3_Mn^2+^Si_5_O_15_","Ca Mn Si O","IMA2019 s.p."," ",3837,"Rhodonite","triclinic","C1, P1","Ca Mn^2+ Si O","Rdn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pink, Rose red, Brownish red, Black, Yellow.","#ffc0cb,#c92351,#9e3623,#000000,#ffff00"
"Rhodostannite","Rhodostannite","Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S2-4","Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4","Cu^1+^(Fe^2+^_0.5_Sn^4+^_1.5_)S_4_","Cu^1+^(Fe^2+^_0.5_Sn^4+^_1.5_)S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Sn S","IMA1968-018"," ",3838,"Spinel","tetragonal","I41/a","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Rhs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Reddish gray.","#997570"
"Rhodplumsite","Rhodplumsite","Rh3Pb2S2","Rh3Pb2S2","Rh_3_Pb_2_S_2_","Rh_3_Pb_2_S_2_","Rh Pb S","IMA1982-043"," ",3839," ","hexagonal","R3m","Rh Pb S","Rhp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Rhomboclase","Rhomboclase","(H5O2)Fe3+(S6+O4)2·2H2O","(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2·2H2O","(H_5_O_2_)Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","(H_5_O_2_)Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","H O Fe S"," "," ",3840,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","H O Fe^3+ S^6+","Rbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Bluish, Colorless, Greenish, Gray, Yellow.","#2976bb,#afafaf,#40a368,#808080,#ffff00"
"Rhönite","Rhonite","Ca4(Mg8Fe3+2Ti4+2)O4[Si6Al6O36]","Ca4[Mg8Fe3+2Ti2]O4[Si6Al6O36]","Ca_4_[Mg_8_Fe^3+^_2_Ti_2_]O_4_[Si_6_Al_6_O_36_]","Ca_4_(Mg_8_Fe^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_2_)O_4_[Si_6_Al_6_O_36_]","Ca Mg Fe Ti O Si Al","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3841,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O Si Al","Rhö","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale brown","#b1916e"
"Ribbeite","Ribbeite","Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2","Mn^2+^_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H","IMA1985-045"," ",3842,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ Si O H","Rib","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Richardsite","Richardsite","Zn2+2Cu1+Ga3+S2-4","Zn2CuGaS4","Zn_2_CuGaS_4_","Zn^2+^_2_Cu^1+^Ga^3+^S^2-^_4_","Zn Cu Ga S","IMA2019-136"," ",6969,"Stannite","tetragonal","I42m","Zn^2+ Cu^1+ Ga^3+ S^2-","Ric","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Dark grey","#363737"
"Richardsollyite","Richardsollyite","Tl1+Pb2+As3+S2-3","TlPbAsS3","TlPbAsS_3_","Tl^1+^Pb^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Tl Pb As S","IMA2016-043"," ",6571,"Richardsollyite","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Rsy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey-black","#373a3a"
"Richellite","Richellite","CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2","CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2","CaFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,F)_2_","CaFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,F)_2_","Ca Fe P O H F"," "," ",3843," ",,,"Ca Fe^3+ P O H F","Rhe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Reddish brown.","#ae8b0c,#7f2b0a"
"Richelsdorfite","Richelsdorfite","Ca2Cu2+5Sb5+(As5+O4)4(OH)6Cl·6H2O","Ca2Cu5Sb5+(AsO4)4(OH)6Cl·6H2O","Ca_2_Cu_5_Sb^5+^(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_5_Sb^5+^(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","Ca Cu Sb As O H Cl","IMA1982-019"," ",3844," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Cu^2+ Sb^5+ As^5+ O H Cl","Rdf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Sky blue, Turquoise.","#9fb9e2,#06c2ac"
"Richetite","Richetite","(Fe3+,Mg)xPb2+8.6(U6+O2)36O36(OH)24·41H2O","(Fe3+,Mg)xPb2+8.6(UO2)36O36(OH)24·41H2O","(Fe^3+^,Mg)_x_Pb^2+^_8.6_(UO_2_)_36_O_36_(OH)_24_·41H_2_O","(Fe^3+^,Mg)_x_Pb^2+^_8.6_(U^6+^O_2_)_36_O_36_(OH)_24_·41H_2_O","Fe Mg Pb U O H"," "," ",3845," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ Mg Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Rht","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Richterite","Richterite","Na(CaNa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(CaNa)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",3846,"Amphibole","monoclinic","I2/m, C2/m","Na Ca Mg Si O H","Rct","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Blue, Brown, Brown red, Gray violet, Yellow.","#0000ff,#653700,#922b05,#9b8e8e,#ffff00"
"Rickardite","Rickardite","Cu2.64-3.00Te2","Cu3-xTe2","Cu_3-x_Te_2_","Cu_2.64-3.00_Te_2_","Cu Te"," "," ",3847," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Cu Te","Rkd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Violet, Purple red.","#9a0eea,#990147"
"Rickturnerite","Rickturnerite","Pb2+7O4[Mg(OH)4](OH)Cl3","Pb7O4[Mg(OH)4](OH)Cl3","Pb_7_O_4_[Mg(OH)_4_](OH)Cl_3_","Pb^2+^_7_O_4_[Mg(OH)_4_](OH)Cl_3_","Pb O Mg H Cl","IMA2010-034"," ",5864,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmm2","Pb^2+ O Mg H Cl","Rtn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","white to pale green","#ffffff,#69b076"
"Riebeckite","Riebeckite","☐Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Na_2_(Fe^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",3848,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Rbk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Black, Dark green.","#0000ff,#000000,#033500"
"Riesite","Riesite","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O","IMA2015-110a"," ",6620,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Ti^4+ O","Rie","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Rietveldite","Rietveldite","Fe2+(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2(H2O)5","Fe(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)5","Fe(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Fe^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Fe U O S H","IMA2016-081"," ",6607,"Svornostite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Fe^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Rvd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish-yellow","#c9b003"
"Rilandite","Rilandite","Cr3+6SiO11·5H2O","Cr6SiO11·5H2O (?)","Cr_6_SiO_11_·5H_2_O (?)","Cr^3+^_6_SiO_11_·5H_2_O","Cr Si O H"," "," ",5128," ",,,"Cr^3+ Si O H","Ril","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Black.","#000000"
"Rimkorolgite","Rimkorolgite","BaMg5(PO4)4·8H2O","BaMg5(PO4)4·8H2O","BaMg_5_(PO_4_)_4_·8H_2_O","BaMg_5_(PO_4_)_4_·8H_2_O","Ba Mg P O H","IMA1990-032"," ",3849," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ba Mg P O H","Rolg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish brown, Pink.","#9b7a01,#ffc0cb"
"Ringwoodite","Ringwoodite","Mg2SiO4","SiMg2O4","SiMg_2_O_4_","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Si Mg O","IMA1968-036"," ",3850,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mg Si O","Rwd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Blue gray, Colorless, Light violet, Purple, Smoky gray.","#758da3,#afafaf,#d6b4fc,#800080,#cebaa8"
"Rinkite-(Ce)","Rinkite-(Ce)","Ca2(CaCe3+)Na(NaCa)Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(CaCe)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(CaCe)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(CaCe^3+^)Na(NaCa)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Ce Na Ti Si O F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",3851,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Ce^3+ Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Rin-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish-brown, yellow; brown","#9b7a01,#ffff00,#653700"
"Rinkite-(Y)","Rinkite-(Y)","Ca2(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti4+(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca2(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2","Ca_2_(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca_2_(CaY)Na(NaCa)Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OF)F_2_","Ca Y Na Ti Si O F","IMA2017-043"," ",6692,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Y Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Rin-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Rinmanite","Rinmanite","Zn2+Sb5+(Fe3+2Mg)O7(OH)","ZnSb5+(Fe3+2Mg)O7(OH)","ZnSb^5+^(Fe^3+^_2_Mg)O_7_(OH)","Zn^2+^Sb^5+^(Fe^3+^_2_Mg)O_7_(OH)","Zn Sb Fe Mg O H","IMA2000-036"," ",3852,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ Sb^5+ Fe^3+ Mg O H","Rnm","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Very dark red.","#000000,#3a4859"
"Rinneite","Rinneite","K3NaFe2+Cl6","K3NaFe2+Cl6","K_3_NaFe^2+^Cl_6_","K_3_NaFe^2+^Cl_6_","K Na Fe Cl"," "," ",3853,"Rinneite","hexagonal","R3c","K Na Fe^2+ Cl","Rne","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Rose red, Violet, Brown, Yellow.","#afafaf,#c92351,#9a0eea,#653700,#ffff00"
"Riomarinaite","Riomarinaite","Bi3+S6+O4(OH)·H2O","Bi(SO4)(OH)·H2O","Bi(SO_4_)(OH)·H_2_O","Bi^3+^S^6+^O_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Bi S O H","IMA2000-004"," ",5329," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ S^6+ O H","Rmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light beige, Light gray.","#e5deca,#d8dcd6"
"Ríosecoite","Riosecoite","Ca2Mg(As5+O3OH)3(H2O)2","Ca2Mg(AsO3OH)3(H2O)2","Ca_2_Mg(AsO_3_OH)_3_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca_2_Mg(As^5+^O_3_OH)_3_(H_2_O)_2_","Ca Mg As O H","IMA2018-023"," ",6768,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Rse","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Riotintoite","Riotintoite","Al(S6+O4)(OH)·3H2O","Al(SO4)(OH)·3H2O","Al(SO_4_)(OH)·3H_2_O","Al(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·3H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA2015-085"," ",6485,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al S^6+ O H","Rio","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Rippite","Rippite","K2(Nb5+,Ti4+)2(Si4O12)O(O,F)","K2(Nb,Ti)2(Si4O12)O(O,F)","K_2_(Nb,Ti)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O(O,F)","K_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O(O,F)","K Nb Ti Si O F","IMA2016-025"," ",6553,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P4bm","K Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O F","Rip","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Rittmannite","Rittmannite","(Mn2+,Ca)Mn2+(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","(Mn2+,Ca)Mn2+(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","(Mn^2+^,Ca)Mn^2+^(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^,Mg)_2_(Al,Fe^3+^)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","(Mn^2+^,Ca)Mn^2+^(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^,Mg)_2_(Al,Fe^3+^)_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Ca Fe Mg Al P O H","IMA1987-048"," ",3854,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Ca Fe^2+ Mg Al Fe^3+ P O H","Rit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Rivadavite","Rivadavite","Na6Mg[B6O7(OH)6]4·10H2O","Na6Mg[B6O7(OH)6]4·10H2O","Na_6_Mg[B_6_O_7_(OH)_6_]_4_·10H_2_O","Na_6_Mg[B_6_O_7_(OH)_6_]_4_·10H_2_O","Na Mg B O H","IMA1966-010"," ",3855," ","monoclinic","P21/m, P21/c","Na Mg B O H","Riv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Riversideite","Riversideite","Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·2H2O","Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·2H2O","Ca_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA2014 s.p."," ",3856,"Tobermorite",,,"Ca Si O H","Rsd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Roaldite","Roaldite","(Fe,Ni)4N","(Fe,Ni)4N","(Fe,Ni)_4_N","(Fe,Ni)_4_N","Fe Ni N","IMA1980-079"," ",3857," ","cubic","P43m","Fe Ni N","Roa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Robertsite","Robertsite","Ca2Mn3+3O2(PO4)3·3H2O","Ca2Mn3+3O2(PO4)3·3H2O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Ca Mn O P H","IMA1973-024"," ",3858,"Arseniosiderite","monoclinic","A2/a, Aa","Ca Mn^3+ O P H","Rbt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blood red, Brownish black, Dark red, Reddish brown, Black.","#71383f,#413936,#840000,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Robinsonite","Robinsonite","Pb2+4Sb3+6S2-13","Pb4Sb6S13","Pb_4_Sb_6_S_13_","Pb^2+^_4_Sb^3+^_6_S^2-^_13_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",3859," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rob","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish lead gray.","#413f44"
"Rockbridgeite","Rockbridgeite","(Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5","(Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5","(Fe^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_5_","(Fe^2+^_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.5_)_2_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_5_","Fe P O H"," "," ",3860,"Rockbridgeite","orthorhombic","Bbmm","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Rkb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Dark olive green, Black, Brownish green, Reddish brown.","#00ff00,#373e02,#000000,#6a6e09,#7f2b0a"
"Rodalquilarite","Rodalquilarite","H3Fe3+2(Te4+O3)4Cl","H3Fe3+2(Te4+O3)4Cl","H_3_Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_Cl","H_3_Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_4_Cl","H Fe Te O Cl","IMA1967-040"," ",3861," ","triclinic","P1","H Fe^3+ Te^4+ O Cl","Raq","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Emerald green.","#419c03,#046307"
"Rodolicoite","Rodolicoite","Fe3+PO4","Fe3+(PO4)","Fe^3+^(PO_4_)","Fe^3+^PO_4_","Fe P O","IMA1995-038"," ",3862,"Quartz","hexagonal","P3121","Fe^3+ P O","Rdl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown, Red brown.","#653700,#a52a2f"
"Roeblingite","Roeblingite","Pb2+2Ca6Mn2+(Si3O9)2(S6+O4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Ca6Mn2+Pb2(Si3O9)2(SO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Ca_6_Mn^2+^Pb_2_(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Ca_6_Mn^2+^(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Mn Pb Si O S H"," "," ",3863," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Ca Mn^2+ Si O S^6+ H","Roe","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pink.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Roedderite","Roedderite","KNaMg2(Mg3Si12)O30","KNaMg2(Mg3Si12)O30","KNaMg_2_(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","KNaMg_2_(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Na Mg Si O","IMA1965-023"," ",3864,"Milarite","hexagonal","P62c, P6/mcc","K Na Mg Si O","Rdr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Blue green, Colorless, Yellow, Reddish brown.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#ffff00,#7f2b0a"
"Rogermitchellite","Rogermitchellite","Na6Sr12Ba2Zr4+13Si39B6O123(OH)14·10H2O","Na6Sr12Ba2Zr13Si39B6O123(OH)14·10H2O","Na_6_Sr_12_Ba_2_Zr_13_Si_39_B_6_O_123_(OH)_14_·10H_2_O","Na_6_Sr_12_Ba_2_Zr^4+^_13_Si_39_B_6_O_123_(OH)_14_·10H_2_O","Na Sr Ba Zr Si B O H","IMA2003-019"," ",5603," ","hexagonal","P3c1","Na Sr Ba Zr^4+ Si B O H","Rmt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless to grey","#afafaf,#808080"
"Roggianite","Roggianite","Ca2BeAl2Si4O13(OH)2·nH2O (n < 2.5)","Ca2BeAl2Si4O13(OH)2·nH2O (n < 2.5)","Ca_2_BeAl_2_Si_4_O_13_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (n < 2.5)","Ca_2_BeAl_2_Si_4_O_13_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (n < 2.5)","Ca Be Al Si O H","IMA1968-015"," ",3865," ","tetragonal","I4/mcm","Ca Be Al Si O H","Rog","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Yellow, Yellowish white, White.","#ffff00,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Rohaite","Rohaite","(Tl,Pb,K)2Cu8.7Sb2S4","(Tl,Pb,K)2Cu8.7Sb2S4","(Tl,Pb,K)_2_Cu_8.7_Sb_2_S_4_","(Tl,Pb,K)_2_Cu_8.7_Sb_2_S_4_","Tl Pb K Cu Sb S","IMA1973-043"," ",3866," ","tetragonal, orthorhombic",,"Tl Pb K Cu Sb S","Roh","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Rokühnite","Rokuhnite","Fe2+Cl2·2H2O","FeCl2·2H2O","FeCl_2_·2H_2_O","Fe^2+^Cl_2_·2H_2_O","Fe Cl H O","IMA1979-036"," ",3867," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ Cl H O","Rok","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless (transmitted light), light green","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Rollandite","Rollandite","Cu2+3(As5+O4)2·4H2O","Cu3(AsO4)2·4H2O","Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA1998-001"," ",3868," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Rol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bottle green.","#006a4e"
"Romanèchite","Romanechite","(Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10","(Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10","(Ba,H_2_O)_2_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)_5_O_10_","(Ba,H_2_O)_2_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)_5_O_10_","Ba H O Mn","IMA1982 s.p."," ",3869," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ba H O Mn^4+ Mn^3+","Rmn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Greyish black, black","#555152,#000000"
"Romanorlovite","Romanorlovite","K11Cu2+9Cl25(OH)4·2H2O","K11Cu9Cl25(OH)4·2H2O","K_11_Cu_9_Cl_25_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K_11_Cu^2+^_9_Cl_25_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K Cu Cl O H","IMA2014-011"," ",6304," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","K Cu^2+ Cl O H","Ror","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","yellow-brown to dark brown; tiny crystals are honey- or golden-yellow","#ae8b0c,#73532a,#975b60,#ffdf00"
"Romarchite","Romarchite","Sn2+O","SnO","SnO","Sn^2+^O","Sn O","IMA1969-006"," ",3870,"Litharge","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Sn^2+ O","Rom","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Black.","#000000"
"Römerite","Romerite","Fe2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)4·14H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4·14H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_4_·14H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·14H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",3872,"Römerite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Röm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light greenish blue","#d7ddcd"
"Rondorfite","Rondorfite","Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2","Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2","Ca_8_Mg(SiO_4_)_4_Cl_2_","Ca_8_Mg(SiO_4_)_4_Cl_2_","Ca Mg Si O Cl","IMA1997-013"," ",5160," ","triclinic, cubic","P1, Fd3","Ca Mg Si O Cl","Ron","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Orange brown, Amber brown.","#b16002,#b46a4d"
"Rongibbsite","Rongibbsite","Pb2+2(AlSi4)O11(OH)","Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH)","Pb_2_(Si_4_Al)O_11_(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_(AlSi_4_)O_11_(OH)","Pb Si Al O H","IMA2010-055"," ",5858,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m, I2/m","Pb^2+ Al Si O H","Rgb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Ronneburgite","Ronneburgite","K2Mn2+V5+4O12","K2MnV4O12","K_2_MnV_4_O_12_","K_2_Mn^2+^V^5+^_4_O_12_","K Mn V O","IMA1998-069"," ",3873," ","monoclinic","P21/n","K Mn^2+ V^5+ O","Rbu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Ronpetersonite","Ronpetersonite","BaW6+O4","BaWO4","BaWO_4_","BaW^6+^O_4_","Ba W O","IMA2023-036"," ",7390,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ba W^6+ O","Rpt",,"No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Röntgenite-(Ce)","Rontgenite-(Ce)","Ca2Ce3+3(CO3)5F3","Ca2Ce3(CO3)5F3","Ca_2_Ce_3_(CO_3_)_5_F_3_","Ca_2_Ce^3+^_3_(CO_3_)_5_F_3_","Ca Ce C O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3874," ","hexagonal","R3","Ca Ce^3+ C O F","Rng-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow to brown, green","#ffff00,#653700,#00ff00"
"Rooseveltite","Rooseveltite","Bi3+As5+O4","Bi(AsO4)","Bi(AsO_4_)","Bi^3+^As^5+^O_4_","Bi As O"," "," ",3875,"Monazite","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ As^5+ O","Roo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Gray white.","#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Roquesite","Roquesite","Cu1+In3+S2-2","CuInS2","CuInS_2_","Cu^1+^In^3+^S^2-^_2_","Cu In S","IMA1962-001"," ",3876,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","I42d","Cu^1+ In^3+ S^2-","Ro","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Rorisite","Rorisite","CaClF","CaClF","CaClF","CaClF","Ca Cl F","IMA1989-015"," ",3877,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Ca Cl F","Rrs","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Rosasite","Rosasite","Cu2+Zn2+CO3(OH)2","CuZn(CO3)(OH)2","CuZn(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^CO_3_(OH)_2_","Cu Zn C O H"," "," ",3878,"Malachite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ C O H","Rss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue green, Light blue, Sky blue.","#137e6d,#add8e6,#9fb9e2"
"Roscherite","Roscherite","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Mn2+5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Mn Be P O H"," "," ",3879,"Roscherite","triclinic","C1","Ca Mn^2+ Be P O H","Rsc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Dark brown, Olive green, Orange red, Red.","#b5651d,#73532a,#8ead2c,#fe4401,#ff0000"
"Roscoelite","Roscoelite","KV3+2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KV3+2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KV^3+^_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","KV^3+^_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K V Si Al O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",3880,"Mica",,,"K V^3+ Si Al O H","Rcl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Brown green, Greenish brown, Yellow green, Dark brown, Dark green.","#706c11,#696112,#c8fd3d,#73532a,#033500"
"Roselite","Roselite","Ca2Co2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Co(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Co(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Co^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Co As O H"," "," ",3881,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Rsl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark rose red, Pink.","#b5485d,#ffc0cb"
"Rosemaryite","Rosemaryite","☐NaMn2+(Fe3+Al)(PO4)3","☐NaMn2+(Fe3+Al)(PO4)3","[box]NaMn^2+^(Fe^3+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","[box]NaMn^2+^(Fe^3+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Fe Al P O","IMA1979 s.p."," ",3883,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O","Rmy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish green, Dark green, Deep brown, Reddish brown.","#10a674,#033500,#342a2a,#7f2b0a"
"Rosenbergite","Rosenbergite","AlF[F0.5(H2O)0.5]4·H2O","AlF[F0.5(H2O)0.5]4·H2O","AlF[F_0.5_(H_2_O)_0.5_]_4_·H_2_O","AlF[F_0.5_(H_2_O)_0.5_]_4_·H_2_O","Al F H O","IMA1992-046"," ",3884,"Rosenbergite","tetragonal","P4/n","Al F H O","Ros","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Rosenbuschite","Rosenbuschite","Ca6Zr4+2Na6Zr4+Ti4+(Si2O7)4(OF)2F4","Ca6Zr2Na6ZrTi(Si2O7)4(OF)2F4","Ca_6_Zr_2_Na_6_ZrTi(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OF)_2_F_4_","Ca_6_Zr^4+^_2_Na_6_Zr^4+^Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OF)_2_F_4_","Ca Zr Na Ti Si O F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",3885,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","triclinic","P1","Ca Zr^4+ Na Ti^4+ Si O F","Rbs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Gray, Orange, Brownish.","#808080,#ffa500,#9c6d57"
"Rosenhahnite","Rosenhahnite","Ca3Si3O8(OH)2","Ca3Si3O8(OH)2","Ca_3_Si_3_O_8_(OH)_2_","Ca_3_Si_3_O_8_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA1965-030"," ",3886," ","triclinic","P1","Ca Si O H","Rhh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Beige white, Colorless.","#f6f2f1,#afafaf"
"Roshchinite","Roshchinite","(Ag1+,Cu1+)19Pb2+10Sb3+51S2-96","(Ag,Cu)19Pb10Sb51S96","(Ag,Cu)_19_Pb_10_Sb_51_S_96_","(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_19_Pb^2+^_10_Sb^3+^_51_S^2-^_96_","Ag Cu Pb Sb S","IMA1989-006"," ",3887,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Pmna","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Rch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#a8a8a4"
"Rosiaite","Rosiaite","Pb2+Sb5+2O6","PbSb2O6","PbSb_2_O_6_","Pb^2+^Sb^5+^_2_O_6_","Pb Sb O","IMA1995-021"," ",3888,"Kassite","hexagonal","P31m","Pb^2+ Sb^5+ O","Rsi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Rosickýite","Rosickyite","S","S","S","S","S"," "," ",3889," ","monoclinic","P2/c, P21/n, P2/n","S","Rký","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Colourless, pale yellow with green tint","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Rosièresite","Rosieresite","PbxCuyAlz(PO4)m·nH2O","[Pb,Cu,Al,PO4,H2O] (?)","[Pb,Cu,Al,PO_4_,H_2_O] (?)","Pb_x_Cu_y_Al_z_(PO_4_)_m_·nH_2_O","Pb Cu Al P O H"," "," ",3890," ",,,"Pb Cu Al P O H","Rsr","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Rossiantonite","Rossiantonite","Al3(PO4)(S6+O4)2(OH)2·14H2O","Al3(PO4)(SO4)2(OH)2(H2O)10·4H2O","Al_3_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_10_·4H_2_O","Al_3_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·14H_2_O","Al P O S H","IMA2012-056"," ",6112,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Al P O S^6+ H","Ran","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Rossite","Rossite","Ca(V5+O3)2·4H2O","Ca(VO3)2·4H2O","Ca(VO_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca(V^5+^O_3_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",3891," ","triclinic","P1","Ca V^5+ O H","Rs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Rösslerite","Rosslerite","Mg(As5+O3OH)·7H2O","Mg(AsO3OH)·7H2O","Mg(AsO_3_OH)·7H_2_O","Mg(As^5+^O_3_OH)·7H_2_O","Mg As O H"," "," ",3892," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Mg As^5+ O H","Rö","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, white, pale yellow due to staining; colorless in transmitted light.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#869cbb,#afafaf"
"Rossmanite","Rossmanite","☐(LiAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","☐(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","[box](Al_2_Li)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","[box](LiAl_2_)Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Al Li Si O B H","IMA1996-018"," ",3893,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Li Al Si O B H","Rsm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Pink, Pale pink.","#ffc0cb,#efcddb"
"Rossovskyite","Rossovskyite","Fe3+Nb5+O4","Fe3+NbO4","Fe^3+^NbO_4_","Fe^3+^Nb^5+^O_4_","Fe Nb O","IMA2014-056, IMA2022 s.p."," ",6353,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Fe^3+ Nb^5+ O","Rvy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black","#000000"
"Rostite","Rostite","AlS6+O4(OH)·5H2O","Al(SO4)(OH)·5H2O","Al(SO_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","AlS^6+^O_4_(OH)·5H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA1988 s.p."," ",3894,"Khademite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Al S^6+ O H","Rst","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Rotemite","Rotemite","Ca4Cr3+2(OH)12Cl2·4H2O","Ca4Cr2(OH)12Cl2·4H2O","Ca_4_Cr_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_4_Cr^3+^_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Cr O H Cl","IMA2024-058"," ",7511,"Hydrotalcite, Clay","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Cr^3+ O H Cl","Rot",,"No","pale bluish-violet","#c6c3d6"
"Roterbärite","Roterbarite","Cu1+Pd2+Bi3+Se2-3","PdCuBiSe3","PdCuBiSe_3_","Cu^1+^Pd^2+^Bi^3+^Se^2-^_3_","Pd Cu Bi Se","IMA2019-043"," ",6930,"Lapieite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^1+ Pd^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Rbä","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greyish white","#d6dee9"
"Rotherkopfite","Rotherkopfite","KNa2(Fe2+2.5Ti4+1.5)Fe2+(Si4O12)2","KNa2(Fe2+2.5Ti1.5)Fe2+(Si4O12)2","KNa_2_(Fe^2+^_2.5_Ti_1.5_)Fe^2+^(Si_4_O_12_)_2_","KNa_2_(Fe^2+^_2.5_Ti^4+^_1.5_)Fe^2+^(Si_4_O_12_)_2_","K Na Fe Ti Si O","IMA2023-032a"," ",7419,"Neptunite","monoclinic","C2/c","K Na Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O","Rkp",,"No","dark brownish red","#73532a"
"Rouaite","Rouaite","Cu2+2N5+O3(OH)3","Cu2(NO3)(OH)3","Cu_2_(NO_3_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_N^5+^O_3_(OH)_3_","Cu N O H","IMA1999-010"," ",3895," ","monoclinic","P21","Cu^2+ N^5+ O H","Rou","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Dark emerald green.","#00834e"
"Roubaultite","Roubaultite","Cu2+2O2(U6+O2)3(CO3)2(OH)2·4H2O","Cu2O2(UO2)3(CO3)2(OH)2·4H2O","Cu_2_O_2_(UO_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_O_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Cu O U C H","IMA1970-030"," ",3896," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O U^6+ C H","Rbl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Apple green.","#419c03,#69b076"
"Roumaite","Roumaite","(Nb5+,Ti4+)(Ca,Na,☐)3(Ca,REE)4(Si2O7)2(OH)F3","(Nb,Ti)(Ca,Na,☐)3(Ca,REE)4(Si2O7)2(OH)F3","(Nb,Ti)(Ca,Na,[box])_3_(Ca,REE)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)F_3_","(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)(Ca,Na,[box])_3_(Ca,REE)_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)F_3_","Nb Ti Ca Na REE Si O H F","IMA2008-024"," ",5683," ","monoclinic","Cc","Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Ca Na REE Si O H F","Rma","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Rouseite","Rouseite","Pb2+2Mn2+(As3+O3)2·2H2O","Pb2Mn2+(AsO3)2·2H2O","Pb_2_Mn^2+^(AsO_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_Mn^2+^(As^3+^O_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Mn As O H","IMA1984-071"," ",3897," ","triclinic",,"Pb^2+ Mn^2+ As^3+ O H","Rus","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Routhierite","Routhierite","Tl1+Cu1+Hg2+2As3+2S2-6","TlCuHg2As2S6","TlCuHg_2_As_2_S_6_","Tl^1+^Cu^1+^Hg^2+^_2_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Tl Cu Hg As S","IMA1973-030"," ",3898,"Routhierite","tetragonal","I42m","Tl^1+ Cu^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Rtr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Violet red, Black.","#a50055,#000000"
"Rouvilleite","Rouvilleite","Na3Ca2(CO3)3F","Na3Ca2(CO3)3F","Na_3_Ca_2_(CO_3_)_3_F","Na_3_Ca_2_(CO_3_)_3_F","Na Ca C O F","IMA1989-050, IMA2022 s.p."," ",3899," ","monoclinic","Cc","Na Ca C O F","Rvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Reddish brown, Tan.","#afafaf,#7f2b0a,#d1b26f"
"Rouxelite","Rouxelite","Cu1+2Hg2+Pb2+22Sb3+28S2-64(O,S2-)2","Cu2HgPb22Sb28S64(O,S)2","Cu_2_HgPb_22_Sb_28_S_64_(O,S)_2_","Cu^1+^_2_Hg^2+^Pb^2+^_22_Sb^3+^_28_S^2-^_64_(O,S^2-^)_2_","Cu Hg Pb Sb S O","IMA2002-062"," ",5211," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- O","Rxl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Roweite","Roweite","Ca2Mn2+2B4O7(OH)6","Ca2Mn2+2B4O7(OH)6","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_2_B_4_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_2_B_4_O_7_(OH)_6_","Ca Mn B O H"," "," ",3900," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Ca Mn^2+ B O H","Rwe","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Rowlandite-(Y)","Rowlandite-(Y)","Fe2+Y4(Si2O7)2F2","Fe2+Y4(Si2O7)2F2","Fe^2+^Y_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_2_","Fe^2+^Y_4_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_F_2_","Fe Y Si O F","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5129,"Rowlandite",,,"Fe^2+ Y Si O F","Row-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Gray white, Light green.","#d7d5cb,#76ff7b"
"Rowleyite","Rowleyite","[Na(N3-H4,K)9Cl4][(V5+,V4+)2(P,As5+)O8]6·n[H2O,Na,N3-H4,K,Cl]","[Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6·n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl]","[Na(NH_4_,K)_9_Cl_4_][V^5+,4+^_2_(P,As)O_8_]_6_·n[H_2_O,Na,NH_4_,K,Cl]","[Na(N^3-^H_4_,K)_9_Cl_4_][(V^5+^,V^4+^)_2_(P,As^5+^)O_8_]_6_·n[H_2_O,Na,N^3-^H_4_,K,Cl]","Na N H K Cl V P As O","IMA2016-037"," ",6565,"Not in a structural group","cubic","Fd3m","Na N^3- H K Cl V^5+ V^4+ P As^5+ O","Rwl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Very dark brownish green","#3a4859"
"Roxbyite","Roxbyite","Cu1.78S","Cu9S5","Cu_9_S_5_","Cu_1.78_S","Cu S","IMA1986-010"," ",3901," ","monoclinic, triclinic","P2/m, P1","Cu S","Rox","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Bluish black.","#413f44"
"Roymillerite","Roymillerite","Pb2+24Mg9(Si10O28)(CO3)10(BO3)(SiO4)(OH)13O5","Pb24Mg9(Si10O28)(CO3)10(BO3)(SiO4)(OH)13O5","Pb_24_Mg_9_(Si_10_O_28_)(CO_3_)_10_(BO_3_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_13_O_5_","Pb^2+^_24_Mg_9_(Si_10_O_28_)(CO_3_)_10_(BO_3_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_13_O_5_","Pb Mg Si O C B H","IMA2016-061"," ",6588,"Molybdophyllite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Mg Si O C B H","Roy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colourless to light pink","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Rozenite","Rozenite","Fe2+S6+O4·4H2O","Fe2+(SO4)·4H2O","Fe^2+^(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^S^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA1962-006, IMA1963 s.p."," ",3902,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Rzn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Greenish, Greenish white, Yellowish white, White.","#afafaf,#40a368,#d1f1de,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn)","Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn)","Ag1+6(Ag1+4Zn2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Ag6(Ag4Zn2)Sb4S13","Ag_6_(Ag_4_Zn_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Ag^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Zn Sb S","IMA2016-094, IMA2019 s.p."," ",6619,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Zn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Roz-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Rruffite","Rruffite","Ca2Cu2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Cu(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Cu(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Cu As O H","IMA2009-077"," ",5800,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Ruf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue, light blue","#d0fefe,#add8e6"
"Ruarsite","Ruarsite","Ru3+(AsS)3-","RuAsS","RuAsS","Ru^3+^(AsS)^3-^","Ru As S","IMA1980 s.p."," ",3903," ","monoclinic",,"Ru^3+ As S","Rua","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray, Dark lead gray.","#808080,#840000"
"Rubicline","Rubicline","RbAlSi3O8","Rb(AlSi3O8)","Rb(AlSi_3_O_8_)","RbAlSi_3_O_8_","Rb Al Si O","IMA1996-058"," ",3904,"Feldspar","monoclinic","C2/m","Rb Al Si O","Rub","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Rubinite","Rubinite","Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12","Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12","Ca_3_Ti^3+^_2_Si_3_O_12_","Ca_3_Ti^3+^_2_Si_3_O_12_","Ca Ti Si O","IMA2016-110"," ",6637,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca Ti^3+ Si O","Rbi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No","bluish brown","#453b32"
"Rucklidgeite","Rucklidgeite","Pb2+Bi3+2Te2-4","PbBi2Te4","PbBi_2_Te_4_","Pb^2+^Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_4_","Pb Bi Te","IMA1975-029"," ",3905,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2-","Ruk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Rudabányaite","Rudabanyaite","(Ag1+2Hg1+2)(As5+O4)Cl","(Ag2Hg2)(AsO4)Cl","(Ag_2_Hg_2_)(AsO_4_)Cl","(Ag^1+^_2_Hg^1+^_2_)(As^5+^O_4_)Cl","Ag Hg As O Cl","IMA2016-088"," ",6614,"Not in a structural group","cubic","F43c","Ag^1+ Hg^1+ As^5+ O Cl","Rdb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","yellowish-orange to brownish-yellow colour","#ffab0f,#c9b003"
"Rudashevskyite","Rudashevskyite","(Fe2+,Zn2+)S2-","(Fe,Zn)S","(Fe,Zn)S","(Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)S^2-^","Fe Zn S","IMA2005-017"," ",5560,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Fe^2+ Zn^2+ S^2-","Rud","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Rudenkoite","Rudenkoite","Sr3Al3.5Si3.5O10(OH,O)8Cl2·H2O","Sr3Al3.5Si3.5O10(OH,O)8Cl2·H2O","Sr_3_Al_3.5_Si_3.5_O_10_(OH,O)_8_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Sr_3_Al_3.5_Si_3.5_O_10_(OH,O)_8_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Sr Al Si O H Cl","IMA2003-060"," ",5258," ","monoclinic",,"Sr Al Si O H Cl","Rd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Rüdlingerite","Rudlingerite","Mn2+2V5+As5+O7·2H2O","Mn2+2V5+As5+O7·2H2O","Mn^2+^_2_V^5+^As^5+^O_7_·2H_2_O","Mn^2+^_2_V^5+^As^5+^O_7_·2H_2_O","Mn V As O H","IMA2016-054a"," ",6693,"Fianelite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ V^5+ As^5+ O H","Rdg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light orange to light yellow orange; yellow","#ff7034,#fffe7a,#ffff00"
"Rudolfhermannite","Rudolfhermannite","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·H2O","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·H_2_O","Fe Te O H","IMA2021-099"," ",7203," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Rhr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Ruifrancoite","Ruifrancoite","Ca2(☐,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Mn2+,Mg)4Be4(PO4)6(OH)6·4H2O","Ca2(☐,Mn)2(Fe3+,Mn,Mg)4Be4(PO4)6(OH)6·4H2O","Ca_2_([box],Mn)_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn,Mg)_4_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Ca_2_([box],Mn^2+^)_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^,Mg)_4_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe Mg Be P O H","IMA2005-061a"," ",5330,"Roscherite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Mg Be P O H","Rui","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Ruitenbergite","Ruitenbergite","Ca9B26O34(OH)24Cl4·13H2O","Ca9B26O34(OH)24Cl4·13H2O","Ca_9_B_26_O_34_(OH)_24_Cl_4_·13H_2_O","Ca_9_B_26_O_34_(OH)_24_Cl_4_·13H_2_O","Ca B O H Cl","IMA1992-011"," ",3906," ","monoclinic","P21","Ca B O H Cl","Rtb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Ruizhongite","Ruizhongite","(Ag1+2☐)Pb2+3Ge2S8","(Ag2☐)Pb3Ge2S8","(Ag_2_[box])Pb_3_Ge_2_S_8_","(Ag^1+^_2_[box])Pb^2+^_3_Ge_2_S_8_","Ag Pb Ge S","IMA2022-066"," ",7288,"Not in a structural group","cubic","I43d","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Ge S","Rzh",,"No","gray","#808080"
"Ruizite","Ruizite","Ca2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","Ca2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1977-007"," ",3907,"Ruizite","monoclinic","P21/c, A2, C2/m, C2","Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Rz","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown, Orange.","#653700,#ffa500"
"Rumoiite","Rumoiite","AuSn2","AuSn2","AuSn_2_","AuSn_2_","Au Sn","IMA2018-161"," ",6886," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Au Sn","Rmo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white","#e7e8e3"
"Rumseyite","Rumseyite","Pb2+2OFCl","[Pb2OF]Cl","[Pb_2_OF]Cl","Pb^2+^_2_OFCl","Pb O F Cl","IMA2011-091"," ",6041," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ O F Cl","Rum","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale orange-brown","#b16002"
"Rundqvistite-(Ce)","Rundqvistite-(Ce)","Na3(Sr3Ce3+)[Zn2+2Si8O24]","Na3(Sr3Ce)[Zn2Si8O24]","Na_3_(Sr_3_Ce)[Zn_2_Si_8_O_24_]","Na_3_(Sr_3_Ce^3+^)[Zn^2+^_2_Si_8_O_24_]","Na Sr Ce Zn Si O","IMA2023-043"," ",7448,"Vladykinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Sr Ce^3+ Zn^2+ Si O","Run-Ce",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Rusakovite","Rusakovite","(Fe3+,Al)5(V5+O4)2(OH)9·3H2O","(Fe,Al)5(VO4)2(OH)9·3H2O","(Fe,Al)_5_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_9_·3H_2_O","(Fe^3+^,Al)_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_9_·3H_2_O","Fe Al V O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3908," ",,,"Fe^3+ Al V^5+ O H","Rko","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, Reddish yellow.","#fcb001,#cdfd02"
"Rusinovite","Rusinovite","Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2","Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2","Ca_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_Cl_2_","Ca_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_Cl_2_","Ca Si O Cl","IMA2010-072"," ",5911,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ca Si O Cl","Rnv","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Russellite","Russellite","Bi3+2W6+O6","Bi2WO6","Bi_2_WO_6_","Bi^3+^_2_W^6+^O_6_","Bi W O"," "," ",3909," ","orthorhombic, tetragonal","Pca21, I41/amd","Bi^3+ W^6+ O","Rll","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown orange, Greenish, Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#b96902,#40a368,#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Russoite","Russoite","(N3-H4)ClAs3+2O3(H2O)0.5","(NH4)ClAs2O3(H2O)0.5","(NH_4_)ClAs_2_O_3_(H_2_O)_0.5_","(N^3-^H_4_)ClAs^3+^_2_O_3_(H_2_O)_0.5_","N H Cl As O","IMA2015-105"," ",6505," ","hexagonal","P622","N^3- H Cl As^3+ O","Rso","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, yellowish","#afafaf,#faee66"
"Rustenburgite","Rustenburgite","Pt3Sn","Pt3Sn","Pt_3_Sn","Pt_3_Sn","Pt Sn","IMA1974-040"," ",3910,"Perovskite, Auricupride","cubic","Fm3m","Pt Sn","Rsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Rustumite","Rustumite","Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2","Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2","Ca_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_Cl_2_","Ca_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_Cl_2_","Ca Si O H Cl","IMA1964-004"," ",3911," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Si O H Cl","Rtm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ruthenarsenite","Ruthenarsenite","(Ru,Ni)As","(Ru,Ni)As","(Ru,Ni)As","(Ru,Ni)As","Ru Ni As","IMA1973-020"," ",3912,"Modderite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ru Ni As","Ras","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Brown, Brownish gray, Reddish gray.","#653700,#86775f,#997570"
"Rutheniridosmine","Rutheniridosmine","(Ir,Os,Ru)","(Ir,Os,Ru)","(Ir,Os,Ru)","(Ir,Os,Ru)","Ir Os Ru","IMA1973 s.p."," ",3913," ",,,"Ir Os Ru","Rir","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Ruthenium","Ruthenium","Ru","Ru","Ru","Ru","Ru","IMA1974-013"," ",3914," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ru","Ru","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Rutherfordine","Rutherfordine","(U6+O2)CO3","(UO2)(CO3)","(UO_2_)(CO_3_)","(U^6+^O_2_)CO_3_","U O C","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3915," ","orthorhombic","Imm2","U^6+ O C","Rfd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish, Brownish yellow, White, Light brown orange, Light yellow.","#9c6d57,#c9b003,#ffffff,#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Rutile","Rutile","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O"," "," ",3916,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Ti^4+ O","Rt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Blood red, Bluish, Brownish yellow, Brown red, Violet.","#71383f,#2976bb,#c9b003,#922b05,#9a0eea"
"Ryabchikovite","Ryabchikovite","Cu2+MgSi2O6","CuMgSi2O6","CuMgSi_2_O_6_","Cu^2+^MgSi_2_O_6_","Cu Mg Si O","IMA2021-011"," ",7125,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Mg Si O","Ryb","Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light brown to reddish-brown","#b5651d,#7f2b0a"
"Rynersonite","Rynersonite","CaTa5+2O6","CaTa2O6","CaTa_2_O_6_","CaTa^5+^_2_O_6_","Ca Ta O","IMA1974-058"," ",3917,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Ta^5+ O","Rys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Beige white, Pink.","#f6f2f1,#ffc0cb"
"Saamite","Saamite","Ba☐Ti4+Nb5+Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ba☐TiNbNa3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)2","Ba[box]TiNbNa_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ba[box]Ti^4+^Nb^5+^Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_","Ba Ti Nb Na Si O H","IMA2013-083"," ",6242,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Na Si O H","Saa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to very pale tan","#afafaf,#927288"
"Sabatierite","Sabatierite","Cu6TlSe4","Cu6TlSe4","Cu_6_TlSe_4_","Cu_6_TlSe_4_","Cu Tl Se","IMA1976-043"," ",3918," ","orthorhombic, tetragonal","I4/mmm","Cu Tl Se","Sab","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray.","#758da3"
"Sabelliite","Sabelliite","Cu2+2Zn2+As5+O4(OH)3","Cu2Zn(AsO4)(OH)3","Cu_2_Zn(AsO_4_)(OH)_3_","Cu^2+^_2_Zn^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)_3_","Cu Zn As O H","IMA1994-013"," ",3919," ","hexagonal","P3","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Sbl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Sabieite","Sabieite","N3-H4Fe3+(S6+O4)2","(NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2","(NH_4_)Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_","N^3-^H_4_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","N H Fe S O","IMA1982-088"," ",3920,"Sabieite","hexagonal","P321","N^3- H Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Sbi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sabinaite","Sabinaite","Na4Ti4+Zr4+2O4(CO3)4","Na4TiZr2O4(CO3)4","Na_4_TiZr_2_O_4_(CO_3_)_4_","Na_4_Ti^4+^Zr^4+^_2_O_4_(CO_3_)_4_","Na Ti Zr O C","IMA1978-071"," ",3921," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ti^4+ Zr^4+ O C","Sba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Sabugalite","Sabugalite","HAl(U6+O2)4(PO4)4·16H2O","HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4·16H2O","HAl(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_·16H_2_O","HAl(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_·16H_2_O","H Al U O P"," "," ",3922," ","tetragonal",,"H Al U^6+ O P","Sbg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, Lemon.","#fffe7a,#fff700"
"Saccoite","Saccoite","Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8·0.5(S6+O4)","Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8·0.5(SO4)","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_2_F(OH)_8_·0.5(SO_4_)","Ca_2_Mn^3+^_2_F(OH)_8_·0.5(S^6+^O_4_)","Ca Mn F O H S","IMA2019-056"," ",6944,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Ca Mn^3+ F O H S^6+","Sac","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale to olive green","#fff9d0,#8ead2c"
"Sacrofanite","Sacrofanite","(Na61K19Ca32)(Si84Al84O336)(S6+O4)26Cl2F6·2H2O","(Na61K19Ca32)Σ=112(Si84Al84O336)(SO4)26Cl2F6·2H2O","(Na_61_K_19_Ca_32_)_Σ=112_(Si_84_Al_84_O_336_)(SO_4_)_26_Cl_2_F_6_·2H_2_O","(Na_61_K_19_Ca_32_)(Si_84_Al_84_O_336_)(S^6+^O_4_)_26_Cl_2_F_6_·2H_2_O","Na K Ca Si Al O S Cl F H","IMA1979-058"," ",3923,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal",,"Na K Ca Si Al O S^6+ Cl F H","Scf","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Sadanagaite","Sadanagaite","NaCa2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_5_Al_3_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2002-051, IMA2012 s.p."," ",3924,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Sdg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Saddlebackite","Saddlebackite","Pb2+2Bi3+2Te2-2S2-3","Pb2Bi2Te2S3","Pb_2_Bi_2_Te_2_S_3_","Pb^2+^_2_Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_2_S^2-^_3_","Pb Bi Te S","IMA1994-051"," ",3925,"Tetradymite","hexagonal",,"Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Sdd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Black.","#808080,#000000"
"Safflorite","Safflorite","Co3+(As2)3-","CoAs2","CoAs_2_","Co^3+^(As_2_)^3-^","Co As"," "," ",3926,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Co^3+ As","Saf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Dark gray, Tin white.","#808080,#363737,#cfd5db"
"Sahamalite-(Ce)","Sahamalite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Mg(CO3)4","Ce2Mg(CO3)4","Ce_2_Mg(CO_3_)_4_","Ce^3+^_2_Mg(CO_3_)_4_","Ce Mg C O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3927," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ce^3+ Mg C O","Shm-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Sahlinite","Sahlinite","Pb2+14O9(As5+O4)2Cl4","Pb14O9(AsO4)2Cl4","Pb_14_O_9_(AsO_4_)_2_Cl_4_","Pb^2+^_14_O_9_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_Cl_4_","Pb O As Cl"," "," ",3928," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ O As^5+ Cl","Sah","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, Pale sulfur yellow.","#fffe7a,#d0fefe"
"Sailaufite","Sailaufite","(Ca,Na,☐)2Mn3+3O2(As5+O4)2CO3·3H2O","(Ca,Na,☐)2Mn3+3O2(AsO4)2(CO3)·3H2O","(Ca,Na,[box])_2_Mn^3+^_3_O_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","(Ca,Na,[box])_2_Mn^3+^_3_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_CO_3_·3H_2_O","Ca Na Mn O As C H","IMA2000-005"," ",3929,"Arseniosiderite","monoclinic","Cm","Ca Na Mn^3+ O As^5+ C H","Slf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red brown, Black.","#840000,#000000"
"Sainfeldite","Sainfeldite","Ca5(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2O","Ca_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA1963-018"," ",3930,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca As^5+ O H","Sai","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Sakhaite","Sakhaite","Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16·2(H2O,HCl)","Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16·2(H2O,HCl)","Ca_48_Mg_16_(BO_3_)_32_(CO_3_)_16_·2(H_2_O,HCl)","Ca_48_Mg_16_(BO_3_)_32_(CO_3_)_16_·2(H_2_O,HCl)","Ca Mg B O C H Cl","IMA1965-035, IMA2021 s.p."," ",3931,"Harkerite","cubic","F4132, Fd3m","Ca Mg B O C H Cl","Skh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb"
"Sakuraiite","Sakuraiite","(Cu1+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Fe2+)3(In3+,Sn4+)S2-4","(Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4","(Cu,Zn,Fe)_3_(In,Sn)S_4_","(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_3_(In^3+^,Sn^4+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Zn Fe In Sn S","IMA1965-017"," ",3933,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal, cubic",,"Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^2+ In^3+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Sak","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Greenish gray, Greenish steel gray.","#96ae8d,#32bf84"
"Salammoniac","Salammoniac","N3-H4Cl","(NH4)Cl","(NH_4_)Cl","N^3-^H_4_Cl","N H Cl","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3934," ","cubic","Pm3m","N^3- H Cl","Sam","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Grayish, Yellow, Brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#cfcac7,#ffff00,#653700"
"Saléeite","Saleeite","Mg(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·10H2O","Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2(H2O)10","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_10_","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Mg U O P H"," "," ",3935," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","Mg U^6+ O P H","Slé","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Salesite","Salesite","Cu2+(I5+O3)(OH)","Cu(IO3)(OH)","Cu(IO_3_)(OH)","Cu^2+^(I^5+^O_3_)(OH)","Cu I O H"," "," ",3936," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ I^5+ O H","Sls","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Dark green.","#137e6d,#033500"
"Saliotite","Saliotite","(Li,Na)Al3(Si3Al)O10(OH)5","(Li,Na)Al3(Si3Al)O10(OH)5","(Li,Na)Al_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_5_","(Li,Na)Al_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_5_","Li Na Al Si O H","IMA1990-018"," ",3937,"Corrensite","monoclinic","C2/m","Li Na Al Si O H","Sal","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Saltonseaite","Saltonseaite","K3NaMn2+Cl6","K3NaMnCl6","K_3_NaMnCl_6_","K_3_NaMn^2+^Cl_6_","K Na Mn Cl","IMA2011-104"," ",6047,"Rinneite","hexagonal","R3c","K Na Mn^2+ Cl","Sts","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Salzburgite","Salzburgite","Cu1+1.6Pb2+1.6Bi3+6.4S2-12","Cu1.6Pb1.6Bi6.4S12","Cu_1.6_Pb_1.6_Bi_6.4_S_12_","Cu^1+^_1.6_Pb^2+^_1.6_Bi^3+^_6.4_S^2-^_12_","Cu Pb Bi S","IMA2000-044"," ",3938,"Meneghinite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Szb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Samaniite","Samaniite","Cu1+2Fe2+5Ni2+2S2-8","Cu2Fe5Ni2S8","Cu_2_Fe_5_Ni_2_S_8_","Cu^1+^_2_Fe^2+^_5_Ni^2+^_2_S^2-^_8_","Cu Fe Ni S","IMA2007-038"," ",5638," ","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Ni^2+ S^2-","Smn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Yellow white","#e9f1d0"
"Samarskite-(Y)","Samarskite-(Y)","YFe3+Nb5+2O8","YFe3+Nb2O8","YFe^3+^Nb_2_O_8_","YFe^3+^Nb^5+^_2_O_8_","Y Fe Nb O","IMA2019 s.p."," ",3939,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Y Fe^3+ Nb^5+ O","Smk-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, Brownish, Yellowish brown.","#000000,#9c6d57,#9b7a01"
"Samarskite-(Yb)","Samarskite-(Yb)","YbNb5+O4","YbNbO4","YbNbO_4_","YbNb^5+^O_4_","Yb Nb O","IMA2004-001, IMA2022 s.p."," ",5264,"Columbite","monoclinic",,"Yb Nb^5+ O","Smk-Yb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Samfowlerite","Samfowlerite","Ca14Mn2+3Zn2+2Be2Be6Si14O52(OH)6","Ca14Mn2+3Zn2Be2Be6Si14O52(OH)6","Ca_14_Mn^2+^_3_Zn_2_Be_2_Be_6_Si_14_O_52_(OH)_6_","Ca_14_Mn^2+^_3_Zn^2+^_2_Be_2_Be_6_Si_14_O_52_(OH)_6_","Ca Mn Zn Be Si O H","IMA1991-045"," ",3940," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Be Si O H","Sfw","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sampleite","Sampleite","NaCaCu2+5(PO4)4Cl·5H2O","NaCaCu5(PO4)4Cl·5H2O","NaCaCu_5_(PO_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","NaCaCu^2+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","Na Ca Cu P O Cl H"," "," ",3941," ","monoclinic","P21/n, P21/c","Na Ca Cu^2+ P O Cl H","Smp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Bluish green, Light blue.","#10a674,#add8e6"
"Samraite","Samraite","Ni2+2P2O7","Ni2P2O7","Ni_2_P_2_O_7_","Ni^2+^_2_P_2_O_7_","Ni P O","IMA2021-029"," ",7139," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ni^2+ P O","Samr","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Samsonite","Samsonite","Ag1+4Mn2+Sb3+2S2-6","Ag4MnSb2S6","Ag_4_MnSb_2_S_6_","Ag^1+^_4_Mn^2+^Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Ag Mn Sb S"," "," ",3942," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ssn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Steel black.","#000000,#464d4a"
"Samuelsonite","Samuelsonite","Ca9Mn2+4Al2(PO4)10(OH)2","Ca9Mn2+4Al2(PO4)10(OH)2","Ca_9_Mn^2+^_4_Al_2_(PO_4_)_10_(OH)_2_","Ca_9_Mn^2+^_4_Al_2_(PO_4_)_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Mn Al P O H","IMA1974-026"," ",3943," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mn^2+ Al P O H","Sms","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Sanbornite","Sanbornite","BaSi2O5","BaSi2O5","BaSi_2_O_5_","BaSi_2_O_5_","Ba Si O"," "," ",3944," ","orthorhombic","Pcmn","Ba Si O","Sabn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sanderite","Sanderite","MgS6+O4·2H2O","Mg(SO4)·2H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·2H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Mg S O H"," "," ",3945,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Mg S^6+ O H","Sdr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Saneroite","Saneroite","NaMn2+5[Si5O14(OH)](V5+O3)(OH)","NaMn2+5[Si5O14(OH)](VO3)(OH)","NaMn^2+^_5_[Si_5_O_14_(OH)](VO_3_)(OH)","NaMn^2+^_5_[Si_5_O_14_(OH)](V^5+^O_3_)(OH)","Na Mn Si O H V","IMA1979-060"," ",3946,"Saneroite","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si O H V^5+","Snr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light orange.","#ff7034"
"Sangenaroite","Sangenaroite","Ag8(Sb8-xAsx)S16 (0 < x < 2)","Ag8(Sb8-xAsx)S16 (0 < x < 2)","Ag_8_(Sb_8-x_As_x_)S_16_ (0 < x < 2)","Ag_8_(Sb_8-x_As_x_)S_16_ (0 < x < 2)","Ag Sb As S","IMA2019-014"," ",6904,"Ferdowsiite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag Sb As S","Sgar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sanguite","Sanguite","KCu2+Cl3","KCuCl3","KCuCl_3_","KCu^2+^Cl_3_","K Cu Cl","IMA2013-002"," ",6165," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Cu^2+ Cl","Sgu","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bright red","#ff000d"
"Sanidine","Sanidine","KAlSi3O8","K(AlSi3O8)","K(AlSi_3_O_8_)","KAlSi_3_O_8_","K Al Si O"," "," ",3947,"Feldspar","monoclinic","C2/m","K Al Si O","Sa","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Gray, Yellowish white, Reddish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#808080,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5"
"Sanjuanite","Sanjuanite","Al2(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)·9H2O","Al2(PO4)(SO4)(OH)·9H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)·9H_2_O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·9H_2_O","Al P O S H","IMA1966-043"," ",3948," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Al P O S^6+ H","Sjn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sanmartinite","Sanmartinite","Zn2+W6+O4","Zn(WO4)","Zn(WO_4_)","Zn^2+^W^6+^O_4_","Zn W O"," "," ",3949,"Columbite","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P2/c","Zn^2+ W^6+ O","Sma","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish black, Dark brown.","#413936,#73532a"
"Sanrománite","Sanromanite","Na2CaPb2+3(CO3)5","Na2CaPb3(CO3)5","Na_2_CaPb_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na_2_CaPb^2+^_3_(CO_3_)_5_","Na Ca Pb C O","IMA2006-009"," ",5479,"Burbankite","hexagonal","P63mc","Na Ca Pb^2+ C O","Srm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, green-yellow","#afafaf,#c6f808"
"Santabarbaraite","Santabarbaraite","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA2000-052"," ",3950,"Amorphous",,,"Fe^3+ P O H","Sbb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Brown.","#b5651d,#653700"
"Santaclaraite","Santaclaraite","CaMn2+4Si5O14(OH)2·H2O","CaMn2+4Si5O14(OH)2·H2O","CaMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","CaMn^2+^_4_Si_5_O_14_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Mn Si O H","IMA1979-005"," ",3951," ","triclinic","I1","Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Scl","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light pink, Reddish orange.","#ffd1df,#f8481c"
"Santafeite","Santafeite","(Ca,Sr,Na)3(Mn2+,Fe3+)2Mn4+2(V5+O4)4(OH,O)5·2H2O","(Ca,Sr,Na)3(Mn2+,Fe3+)2Mn4+2(VO4)4(OH,O)5·2H2O","(Ca,Sr,Na)_3_(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2_Mn^4+^_2_(VO_4_)_4_(OH,O)_5_·2H_2_O","(Ca,Sr,Na)_3_(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_2_Mn^4+^_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH,O)_5_·2H_2_O","Ca Sr Na Mn Fe V O H"," "," ",3952," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Sr Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^4+ V^5+ O H","Sfe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Santanaite","Santanaite","Pb2+9Pb4+2Cr6+O16","Pb11CrO16","Pb_11_CrO_16_","Pb^2+^_9_Pb^4+^_2_Cr^6+^O_16_","Pb Cr O","IMA1971-035"," ",3953," ","hexagonal","P6322","Pb^2+ Pb^4+ Cr^6+ O","San","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Straw yellow.","#f0d696"
"Santarosaite","Santarosaite","Cu2+B2O4","CuB2O4","CuB_2_O_4_","Cu^2+^B_2_O_4_","Cu B O","IMA2007-013"," ",5619," ","tetragonal","I42d","Cu^2+ B O","Srs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Vivid blue.","#152eff"
"Santite","Santite","KB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","KB5O6(OH)4·2H2O","KB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","KB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K B O H","IMA1969-044"," ",3954,"Santite","orthorhombic","Aba2","K B O H","Snt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Saponite","Saponite","(Ca,Na)0.3(Mg,Fe2+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","(Ca,Na)0.3(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","(Ca,Na)_0.3_(Mg,Fe)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(Ca,Na)_0.3_(Mg,Fe^2+^)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Na Mg Fe Si Al O H"," "," ",3955,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Ca Na Mg Fe^2+ Si Al O H","Sap","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellowish white, Greenish white, Reddish white, Bluish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de,#fff8d5,#e5dad4"
"Sapozhnikovite","Sapozhnikovite","Na8(Al6Si6O24)(HS2-)2","Na8(Al6Si6O24)(HS)2","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(HS)_2_","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_O_24_)(HS^2-^)_2_","Na Al Si O H S","IMA2021-030"," ",7140,"Sodalite","cubic","P43n","Na Al Si O H S^2-","Spz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless to pale grayish","#afafaf,#fdfdfe"
"Sapphirine","Sapphirine","Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si3Al9O36]","Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si3Al9O36]","Mg_4_(Mg_3_Al_9_)O_4_[Si_3_Al_9_O_36_]","Mg_4_(Mg_3_Al_9_)O_4_[Si_3_Al_9_O_36_]","Mg Al O Si"," "," ",3956,"Sapphirine","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P21/a","Mg Al O Si","Spr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Blue, Bluish gray, Greenish gray, Green.","#0000ff,#748b97,#96ae8d,#00ff00"
"Sarabauite","Sarabauite","CaSb3+10O10S2-6","Sb4S6·CaSb6O10","Sb_4_S_6_·CaSb_6_O_10_","CaSb^3+^_10_O_10_S^2-^_6_","Sb S Ca O","IMA1976-035"," ",3957," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Sb^3+ O S^2-","Sbu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Carmine red, Red.","#ff0038,#ff0000"
"Saranchinaite","Saranchinaite","Na2Cu2+(S6+O4)2","Na2Cu(SO4)2","Na_2_Cu(SO_4_)_2_","Na_2_Cu^2+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Na Cu S O","IMA2015-019"," ",6423,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21","Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Src","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Saranovskite","Saranovskite","SrCaFe2+ 2(Cr3+4Ti4+2)Ti4+12O38","SrCaFe2+ 2(Cr4Ti2)Ti12O38","SrCaFe^2+^_ 2_(Cr_4_Ti_2_)Ti_12_O_38_","SrCaFe^2+^_ 2_(Cr^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_)Ti^4+^_12_O_38_","Sr Ca Fe Cr Ti O","IMA2020-015"," ",7029,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Sr Ca Fe^2+ Cr^3+ Ti^4+ O","Svs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Black; very dark green in bright light","#000000,#3a4859"
"Sarcolite","Sarcolite","Na4Ca12Al8Si12O46(SiO4,PO4)(OH,H2O)4(CO3,Cl)","Na4Ca12Al8Si12O46(SiO4,PO4)(OH,H2O)4(CO3,Cl)","Na_4_Ca_12_Al_8_Si_12_O_46_(SiO_4_,PO_4_)(OH,H_2_O)_4_(CO_3_,Cl)","Na_4_Ca_12_Al_8_Si_12_O_46_(SiO_4_,PO_4_)(OH,H_2_O)_4_(CO_3_,Cl)","Na Ca Al Si O P H C Cl"," "," ",4918," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Na Ca Al Si O P H C Cl","Sco","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Flesh pink, Red, Reddish white.","#f8cbc4,#ff0000,#fff8d5"
"Sarcopside","Sarcopside","Fe2+3☐(PO4)2","Fe2+3(PO4)2","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Fe^2+^_3_[box](PO_4_)_2_","Fe P O"," "," ",3958,"Olivine-Sarcopside","monoclinic","P21/a","Fe^2+ P O","Sar","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Red, Purplish blue, Green, Reddish brown.","#ff0000,#6140ef,#00ff00,#7f2b0a"
"Sardashtite","Sardashtite","Ag1+9Cu1+2.5Pb2+41Sb3+36.5As3+7S2-112","Ag9Cu2.5Pb41Sb36.5As7S112","Ag_9_Cu_2.5_Pb_41_Sb_36.5_As_7_S_112_","Ag^1+^_9_Cu^1+^_2.5_Pb^2+^_41_Sb^3+^_36.5_As^3+^_7_S^2-^_112_","Ag Cu Pb Sb As S","IMA2022-140"," ",7351,"Owyheeite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Sard",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sardignaite","Sardignaite","Bi3+Mo6+2O7(OH)·2H2O","BiMo2O7(OH)·2H2O","BiMo_2_O_7_(OH)·2H_2_O","Bi^3+^Mo^6+^_2_O_7_(OH)·2H_2_O","Bi Mo O H","IMA2008-040"," ",5699,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Bi^3+ Mo^6+ O H","Sdi","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Sarkinite","Sarkinite","Mn2+2As5+O4(OH)","Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Mn As O H"," "," ",3959,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Srk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow, Dark red, Reddish yellow.","#ffff00,#840000,#cdfd02"
"Sarmientite","Sarmientite","Fe3+2(As5+O4)(S6+O4)(OH)·5H2O","Fe3+2(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)·5H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)·5H_2_O","Fe As O S H"," "," ",3960," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Smi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, Light yellow, Light orange.","#fcb001,#fffe7a,#ff7034"
"Sarrabusite","Sarrabusite","Pb2+5Cu2+(Se4+O3)4Cl4","Pb5CuCl4(SeO3)4","Pb_5_CuCl_4_(SeO_3_)_4_","Pb^2+^_5_Cu^2+^(Se^4+^O_3_)_4_Cl_4_","Pb Cu Cl Se O","IMA1997-046a"," ",5997,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Se^4+ O Cl","Sbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon yellow","#cfff04"
"Sarrochite","Sarrochite","[Ca4(H2O)38][Mo6+8P2Fe3+3O37(OH)]","[Ca4(H2O)38][Mo8P2Fe3+3O37(OH)]","[Ca_4_(H_2_O)_38_][Mo_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_37_(OH)]","[Ca_4_(H_2_O)_38_][Mo^6+^_8_P_2_Fe^3+^_3_O_37_(OH)]","Ca H O Mo P Fe","IMA2021-116"," ",7220," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Ca H O Mo^6+ P Fe^3+","Sarr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sartorite","Sartorite","Pb2+As3+2S2-4","PbAs2S4","PbAs_2_S_4_","Pb^2+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Pb As S"," "," ",3961,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Sat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dear lead gray.","#f5f3e6"
"Sarvodaite","Sarvodaite","Al2(S6+O4)3·5H2O","Al2(SO4)3·5H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)_3_·5H_2_O","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·5H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA2023-073"," ",7413," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Al S^6+ O H","Svd",,"No","white","#ffffff"
"Saryarkite-(Y)","Saryarkite-(Y)","Ca(Y,Th4+)Al5(SiO4)2(PO4)2(OH)7·6H2O","Ca(Y,Th)Al5(SiO4)2(PO4)2(OH)7·6H2O","Ca(Y,Th)Al_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·6H_2_O","Ca(Y,Th^4+^)Al_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·6H_2_O","Ca Y Th Al Si O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",3962," ","tetragonal",,"Ca Y Th^4+ Al Si O P H","Syk-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sasaite","Sasaite","Al6(PO4)5(OH)3·36H2O","Al6(PO4)5(OH)3·36H2O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_5_(OH)_3_·36H_2_O","Al_6_(PO_4_)_5_(OH)_3_·36H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1977-033"," ",3963," ","orthorhombic",,"Al P O H","Sas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sassite","Sassite","Ti3+2Ti4+O5","Ti3+2Ti4+O5","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","Ti^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_5_","Ti O","IMA2022-014"," ",7242,"Pseudobrookite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ti^3+ Ti^4+ O","Ssi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No","brown","#653700"
"Sassolite","Sassolite","B(OH)3","B(OH)3","B(OH)_3_","B(OH)_3_","B O H"," "," ",3964," ","triclinic","P1","B O H","Sso","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","White, Gray, Yellow, Brown.","#ffffff,#808080,#ffff00,#653700"
"Satimolite","Satimolite","KNa2(Al5Mg2)[B12O18(OH)12](OH)6Cl4·4H2O","KNa2(Al5Mg2)[B12O18(OH)12](OH)6Cl4·4H2O","KNa_2_(Al_5_Mg_2_)[B_12_O_18_(OH)_12_](OH)_6_Cl_4_·4H_2_O","KNa_2_(Al_5_Mg_2_)[B_12_O_18_(OH)_12_](OH)_6_Cl_4_·4H_2_O","K Na Al Mg B O H Cl","IMA1967-023"," ",3965," ","orthorhombic",,"K Na Al Mg B O H Cl","Sati","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Chalky white.","#e5f1ed"
"Satpaevite","Satpaevite","Al12V4+2V5+6O37·30H2O","Al12(V4+,V5+)8O37·30H2O (?)","Al_12_(V^4+^,V^5+^)_8_O_37_·30H_2_O (?)","Al_12_V^4+^_2_V^5+^_6_O_37_·30H_2_O","Al V O H"," "," ",3966," ",,,"Al V^4+ V^5+ O H","Spv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Dull yellow.","#cdfd02,#eedc5b"
"Satterlyite","Satterlyite","(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)12(PO3OH)(PO4)5(OH,O)6","(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)12(PO3OH)(PO4)5(OH,O)6","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_12_(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)_5_(OH,O)_6_","(Fe^2+^,Mg,Fe^3+^)_12_(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)_5_(OH,O)_6_","Fe Mg P O H","IMA1976-056"," ",3967,"Holtedahlite","hexagonal","P31m","Fe^2+ Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Sly","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Light yellow.","#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Sauconite","Sauconite","Na0.3Zn2+3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Na0.3Zn3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Na_0.3_Zn_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_0.3_Zn^2+^_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Zn Si Al O H"," "," ",3968,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Na Zn^2+ Si Al O H","Sau","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish white, Reddish brown.","#e5dad4,#7f2b0a"
"Savelievaite","Savelievaite","Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3)","Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Cr^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Cr^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg Cr O B","IMA2021-051"," ",7157,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Mg Cr^3+ O B","Svlv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sayrite","Sayrite","Pb2+2(U6+O2)5O6(OH)2·4H2O","Pb2(UO2)5O6(OH)2·4H2O","Pb_2_(UO_2_)_5_O_6_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_5_O_6_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Pb U O H","IMA1982-050"," ",3969," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Syr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, Red orange.","#fcb001,#ff3f34"
"Sazhinite-(Ce)","Sazhinite-(Ce)","Na3Ce3+Si6O15·2H2O","Na3CeSi6O15·2H2O","Na_3_CeSi_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Na_3_Ce^3+^Si_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Na Ce Si O H","IMA1973-060, IMA1987 s.p."," ",3970," ","orthorhombic","Pmm2","Na Ce^3+ Si O H","Szi-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Gray, Gray white, Pearl white.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#f3f2ed"
"Sazhinite-(La)","Sazhinite-(La)","Na3LaSi6O15·2H2O","Na3LaSi6O15·2H2O","Na_3_LaSi_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Na_3_LaSi_6_O_15_·2H_2_O","Na La Si O H","IMA2002-042a"," ",5349," ","orthorhombic","Pmm2","Na La Si O H","Szi-La","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Creamy white.","#f0e9d6"
"Sazykinaite-(Y)","Sazykinaite-(Y)","Na5YZr4+Si6O18·6H2O","Na5YZrSi6O18·6H2O","Na_5_YZrSi_6_O_18_·6H_2_O","Na_5_YZr^4+^Si_6_O_18_·6H_2_O","Na Y Zr Si O H","IMA1992-031"," ",3971," ","hexagonal","R32","Na Y Zr^4+ Si O H","Szn-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light green, Yellow.","#76ff7b,#ffff00"
"Sbacchiite","Sbacchiite","Ca2AlF7","Ca2AlF7","Ca_2_AlF_7_","Ca_2_AlF_7_","Ca Al F","IMA2017-097"," ",6721,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Al F","Scc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Sborgite","Sborgite","NaB5O6(OH)4·3H2O","NaB5O6(OH)4·3H2O","NaB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","NaB_5_O_6_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Na B O H"," "," ",3972," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na B O H","Srg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Scacchite","Scacchite","Mn2+Cl2","MnCl2","MnCl_2_","Mn^2+^Cl_2_","Mn Cl"," "," ",3973,"Scacchite","hexagonal","R3m","Mn^2+ Cl","Sca","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Rose red, Brown, Brownish red.","#afafaf,#c92351,#653700,#9e3623"
"Scainiite","Scainiite","Pb2+14Sb3+30S2-54O5","Pb14Sb30S54O5","Pb_14_Sb_30_S_54_O_5_","Pb^2+^_14_Sb^3+^_30_S^2-^_54_O_5_","Pb Sb S O","IMA1996-014"," ",3974," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2- O","Scn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish black.","#413f44"
"Scandiobabingtonite","Scandiobabingtonite","(Ca,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+)(Sc,Fe3+)Si5O14(OH)","(Ca,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn)(Sc,Fe3+)Si5O14(OH)","(Ca,Na)_2_(Fe^2+^,Mn)(Sc,Fe^3+^)Si_5_O_14_(OH)","(Ca,Na)_2_(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^)(Sc,Fe^3+^)Si_5_O_14_(OH)","Ca Na Fe Mn Sc Si O H","IMA1993-012"," ",3975,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Ca Na Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Sc Fe^3+ Si O H","Sbab","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite","Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite","NaNa2(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)F2","NaNa2(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)F2","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Sc)(Si_8_O_22_)F_2_","NaNa_2_(Mg_4_Sc)(Si_8_O_22_)F_2_","Na Mg Sc Si O F","IMA2024-002"," ",7472,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Sc Si O F","Sfeck",,"No","light yellow to light blue color","#fffe7a,#add8e6"
"Scandio-winchite","Scandio-winchite","☐(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2","☐(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2","[box](NaCa)(Mg_4_Sc)(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","[box](NaCa)(Mg_4_Sc)(Si_8_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Sc Si O H","IMA2022-009"," ",7233,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Sc Si O H","Swnc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","could not be determined","#559c9b"
"Scarbroite","Scarbroite","Al5(CO3)(OH)13·5H2O","Al5(CO3)(OH)13·5H2O","Al_5_(CO_3_)(OH)_13_·5H_2_O","Al_5_(CO_3_)(OH)_13_·5H_2_O","Al C O H"," "," ",3976," ","triclinic",,"Al C O H","Scr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Scawtite","Scawtite","Ca7(Si3O9)2(CO3)·2H2O","Ca7(Si3O9)2(CO3)·2H2O","Ca_7_(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","Ca_7_(Si_3_O_9_)_2_(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","Ca Si O C H"," "," ",3977," ","monoclinic","I2/m, Im, Cm","Ca Si O C H","Scw","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Scenicite","Scenicite","[(U6+O2)(H2O)2(S6+O4)]2·3H2O","[(UO2)(H2O)2(SO4)]2·3H2O","[(UO_2_)(H_2_O)_2_(SO_4_)]_2_·3H_2_O","[(U^6+^O_2_)(H_2_O)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)]_2_·3H_2_O","U O H S","IMA2021-057"," ",7162,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pca21","U^6+ O H S^6+","Sce","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green-yellow","#f7d28c"
"Schachnerite","Schachnerite","Ag1.1Hg0.9","Ag1.1Hg0.9","Ag_1.1_Hg_0.9_","Ag_1.1_Hg_0.9_","Ag Hg","IMA1971-055"," ",3978," ","hexagonal",,"Ag Hg","Shn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Schafarzikite","Schafarzikite","Fe2+Sb3+2O4","Fe2+(Sb3+)2O4","Fe^2+^(Sb^3+^)_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Sb^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe Sb O"," "," ",3979,"Minium","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Fe^2+ Sb^3+ O","Sfz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Red, Reddish brown, Yellow.","#ff0000,#7f2b0a,#ffff00"
"Schäferite","Schaferite","NaCa2Mg2(V5+O4)3","(NaCa2)Mg2(VO4)3","(NaCa_2_)Mg_2_(VO_4_)_3_","NaCa_2_Mg_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Ca Mg V O","IMA1997-048"," ",3980,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Na Ca Mg V^5+ O","Sfr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Schairerite","Schairerite","Na21(S6+O4)7ClF6","Na21(SO4)7ClF6","Na_21_(SO_4_)_7_ClF_6_","Na_21_(S^6+^O_4_)_7_ClF_6_","Na S O Cl F"," "," ",3981," ","hexagonal","P31m","Na S^6+ O Cl F","Shr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Schallerite","Schallerite","Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17","Mn2+16As3+3Si12O36(OH)17","Mn^2+^_16_As^3+^_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_17_","Mn^2+^_16_As^3+^_3_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_17_","Mn As Si O H"," "," ",3982,"Pyrosmalite, Clay","hexagonal","P63","Mn^2+ As^3+ Si O H","Slr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light brown, Reddish brown.","#b5651d,#7f2b0a"
"Schapbachite","Schapbachite","Ag1+0.4Pb2+0.2Bi3+0.4S2-","Ag0.4Pb0.2Bi0.4S","Ag_0.4_Pb_0.2_Bi_0.4_S","Ag^1+^_0.4_Pb^2+^_0.2_Bi^3+^_0.4_S^2-^","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1982 s.p."," ",5161,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Spb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Schaurteite","Schaurteite","Ca3Ge(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca_3_Ge(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca_3_Ge(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Ge S O H","IMA1988 s.p."," ",3983,"Fleischerite","hexagonal","P62c, P63/mmc","Ca Ge S^6+ O H","Sht","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Silky white.","#efebe2"
"Scheelite","Scheelite","CaW6+O4","Ca(WO4)","Ca(WO_4_)","CaW^6+^O_4_","Ca W O"," "," ",3984,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca W^6+ O","Sch","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, White, Pale yellow, Brownish yellow, Reddish yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#c9b003,#cdfd02"
"Schertelite","Schertelite","(N3-H4)2Mg(PO3OH)2·4H2O","(NH4)2Mg(PO3OH)2·4H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Mg(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg(PO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","N H Mg P O"," "," ",3985," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","N^3- H Mg P O","She","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Scheuchzerite","Scheuchzerite","NaMn2+9Si9V5+O28(OH)4","NaMn2+9Si9V5+O28(OH)4","NaMn^2+^_9_Si_9_V^5+^O_28_(OH)_4_","NaMn^2+^_9_Si_9_V^5+^O_28_(OH)_4_","Na Mn Si V O H","IMA2004-044"," ",5302," ","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si V^5+ O H","Shz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Schiavinatoite","Schiavinatoite","Nb5+BO4","Nb(BO4)","Nb(BO_4_)","Nb^5+^BO_4_","Nb B O","IMA1999-051"," ",3986,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Nb^5+ B O","Shv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish pink.","#c88d94"
"Schieffelinite","Schieffelinite","Pb2+10Te6+6O20(OH)14(S6+O4)·5H2O","Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(SO4)(H2O)5","Pb_10_Te^6+^_6_O_20_(OH)_14_(SO_4_)(H_2_O)_5_","Pb^2+^_10_Te^6+^_6_O_20_(OH)_14_(S^6+^O_4_)·5H_2_O","Pb Te O H S","IMA1979-043"," ",3987,"Schieffelinite","orthorhombic","C2221","Pb^2+ Te^6+ O H S^6+","Sfl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Schindlerite","Schindlerite","(N3-H4)4Na2[V5+10O28]·10H2O","{(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28}","{(NH_4_)_4_Na_2_(H_2_O)_10_}{V_10_O_28_}","(N^3-^H_4_)_4_Na_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·10H_2_O","N H Na O V","IMA2012-063, IMA2015 s.p."," ",6118,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Na V^5+ O","Shi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Schizolite","Schizolite","NaCaMn2+Si3O8(OH)","NaCaMnSi3O8(OH)","NaCaMnSi_3_O_8_(OH)","NaCaMn^2+^Si_3_O_8_(OH)","Na Ca Mn Si O H","IMA2013-067"," ",6197,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1, C1","Na Ca Mn^2+ Si O H","Szl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale red or pink to brownish","#752745,#ffc0cb,#9c6d57"
"Schlegelite","Schlegelite","Bi3+7O4(Mo6+O4)2(As5+O4)3","Bi7O4(MoO4)2(AsO4)3","Bi_7_O_4_(MoO_4_)_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","Bi^3+^_7_O_4_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_","Bi O Mo As","IMA2003-051"," ",5252," ","orthorhombic","Pnca","Bi^3+ O Mo^6+ As^5+","Scg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Schlemaite","Schlemaite","(Cu1+,☐)6(Pb2+,Bi3+)Se2-4","(Cu,☐)6(Pb,Bi)Se4","(Cu,[box])_6_(Pb,Bi)Se_4_","(Cu^1+^,[box])_6_(Pb^2+^,Bi^3+^)Se^2-^_4_","Cu Pb Bi Se","IMA2003-026"," ",5162," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Slm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Silvery gray.","#000000,#a8a8a4"
"Schlossmacherite","Schlossmacherite","(H3O)Al3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","(H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6","(H_3_O)Al_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","(H_3_O)Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","H O Al S","IMA1979-028"," ",5103,"Alunite-Alunite",,,"H O Al S^6+","Ssm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray green, Light green.","#86a17d,#76ff7b"
"Schlüterite-(Y)","Schluterite-(Y)","(Y,REE)2AlSi2O7(OH)2F","(Y,REE)2AlSi2O7(OH)2F","(Y,REE)_2_AlSi_2_O_7_(OH)_2_F","(Y,REE)_2_AlSi_2_O_7_(OH)_2_F","Y REE Al Si O H F","IMA2012-015"," ",6073,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/c","Y REE Al Si O H F","Slü-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Schmidite","Schmidite","Zn2+(Fe3+0.5Mn2+0.5)2Zn2+Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)3(H2O)8","Zn(Fe3+0.5Mn2+0.5)2ZnFe3+(PO4)3(OH)3(H2O)8","Zn(Fe^3+^_0.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_)_2_ZnFe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_8_","Zn^2+^(Fe^3+^_0.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_)_2_Zn^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_8_","Zn Fe Mn P O H","IMA2017-012"," ",6653,"Calcioferrite-Schoonerite","orthorhombic","Pmab","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ P O H","Smd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","orange-brown, red, copper-red","#b16002,#ff0000,#cb6d51"
"Schmiederite","Schmiederite","Cu2+2Pb2+2(Se4+O3)(Se6+O4)(OH)4","Cu2Pb2(Se4+O3)(Se6+O4)(OH)4","Cu_2_Pb_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)(Se^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_2_Pb^2+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)(Se^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu Pb Se O H"," "," ",3989,"Linarite","monoclinic","P21/m","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Se^4+ O Se^6+ H","Scm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Schmitterite","Schmitterite","(U6+O2)Te4+O3","(UO2)(Te4+O3)","(UO_2_)(Te^4+^O_3_)","(U^6+^O_2_)Te^4+^O_3_","U O Te","IMA1967-045"," ",3990," ","orthorhombic","Pca21, Pbcm","U^6+ O Te^4+","Sci","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Schneebergite","Schneebergite","Bi3+Co2+2(As5+O4)2(OH)·H2O","BiCo2(AsO4)2(OH)·H2O","BiCo_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Bi^3+^Co^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","Bi Co As O H","IMA1999-027"," ",3991,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Bi^3+ Co^2+ As^5+ O H","Snb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Beige.","#653700,#e6daa6"
"Schneiderhöhnite","Schneiderhohnite","Fe2+Fe3+3As3+5O13","Fe2+Fe3+3As3+5O13","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_As^3+^_5_O_13_","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_As^3+^_5_O_13_","Fe As O","IMA1973-046"," ",4042," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ As^3+ O","Snh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Usually black to blackish brown","#3f4041,#453b32"
"Schoderite","Schoderite","Al2(PO4)(V5+O4)·8H2O","Al2(PO4)(VO4)·8H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(VO_4_)·8H_2_O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(V^5+^O_4_)·8H_2_O","Al P O V H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3993," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Al P O V^5+ H","Sde","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Schoenfliesite","Schoenfliesite","MgSn4+(OH)6","MgSn(OH)6","MgSn(OH)_6_","MgSn^4+^(OH)_6_","Mg Sn O H","IMA1968-008"," ",3994,"Perovskite","cubic","Pn3","Mg Sn^4+ O H","Sfs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Schoepite","Schoepite","(U6+O2)4O(OH)6(H2O)6","(UO2)4O(OH)6(H2O)6","(UO_2_)_4_O(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_6_","(U^6+^O_2_)_4_O(OH)_6_(H_2_O)_6_","U O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",3995,"Schoepite","orthorhombic","P21ca","U^6+ O H","Sho","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Lemon yellow, Brownish yellow, Amber.","#ffff00,#cfff04,#c9b003,#ffbf00"
"Schöllhornite","Schollhornite","Na0.3CrS2·H2O","Na0.3CrS2·H2O","Na_0.3_CrS_2_·H_2_O","Na_0.3_CrS_2_·H_2_O","Na Cr S H O","IMA1984-043"," ",3996," ","hexagonal",,"Na Cr S H O","Slh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Grey","#808080"
"Scholzite","Scholzite","CaZn2+2(PO4)2·2H2O","CaZn2(PO4)2·2H2O","CaZn_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn P O H"," "," ",3997," ","orthorhombic","Pbc21, Pbcn","Ca Zn^2+ P O H","Slz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Schoonerite","Schoonerite","Zn2+Mn2+Fe2+2Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","ZnMn2+Fe2+2Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2(H2O)7·2H2O","ZnMn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^Mn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_7_·2H_2_O","Zn Mn Fe P O H","IMA1976-021"," ",3998,"Calcioferrite-Schoonerite","orthorhombic","Pmab","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Soo","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Brown, Yellow brown, Light yellow brown.","#a87900,#653700,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Schorl","Schorl","NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","NaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","NaFe^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Na Fe Al Si O B H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3999,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Fe^2+ Al Si O B H","Srl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black, Brownish black, Greenish black, Bluish black.","#000000,#413936,#454445,#413f44"
"Schorlomite","Schorlomite","Ca3Ti4+2(Fe3+2Si)O12","Ca3Ti2(SiFe3+2)O12","Ca_3_Ti_2_(SiFe^3+^_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Ti Si Fe O"," "," ",4000,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Si O","Slo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Pitch black, Brownish black.","#483c41,#413936"
"Schreibersite","Schreibersite","(Fe,Ni)3P","(Fe,Ni)3P","(Fe,Ni)_3_P","(Fe,Ni)_3_P","Fe Ni P"," "," ",4001," ","tetragonal","I4","Fe Ni P","Scb","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Bronze, Brown, Brass yellow, Silver white.","#a87900,#653700,#b58735,#e7e8e3"
"Schreyerite","Schreyerite","V3+2Ti4+3O9","V3+2Ti4+3O9","V^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","V^3+^_2_Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","V Ti O","IMA1976-004"," ",4002,"Schreyerite","monoclinic","C2/c","V^3+ Ti^4+ O","Sry","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black brown.","#73532a"
"Schröckingerite","Schrockingerite","NaCa3(U6+O2)(S6+O4)(CO3)3F·10H2O","NaCa3(UO2)(SO4)(CO3)3F·10H2O","NaCa_3_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_3_F·10H_2_O","NaCa_3_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_3_F·10H_2_O","Na Ca U O S C F H"," "," ",4003," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca U^6+ O S^6+ C F H","Srö","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Schubnelite","Schubnelite","Fe3+V5+O4·H2O","Fe3+(V5+O4)·H2O","Fe^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)·H_2_O","Fe^3+^V^5+^O_4_·H_2_O","Fe V O H","IMA1970-015"," ",4004,"Schubnelite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ V^5+ O H","Shb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Yellowish, Greenish brown.","#000000,#faee66,#696112"
"Schuetteite","Schuetteite","Hg2+3O2(S6+O4)","Hg3O2(SO4)","Hg_3_O_2_(SO_4_)","Hg^2+^_3_O_2_(S^6+^O_4_)","Hg O S","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4005," ","hexagonal","P3121","Hg^2+ O S^6+","Sh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bright canary yellow, Yellow, Orange.","#adbfc8,#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Schuilingite-(Nd)","Schuilingite-(Nd)","Cu2+Pb2+Nd(CO3)3(OH)·1.5H2O","CuPbNd(CO3)3(OH)·1.5H2O","CuPbNd(CO_3_)_3_(OH)·1.5H_2_O","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^Nd(CO_3_)_3_(OH)·1.5H_2_O","Cu Pb Nd C O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4006," ","orthorhombic","P21cn","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Nd C O H","Shg-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure, Turquoise.","#007fff,#06c2ac"
"Schulenbergite","Schulenbergite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)7(S6+O4)2(OH)10·3H2O","(Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2O","(Cu,Zn)_7_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·3H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_7_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_10_·3H_2_O","Cu Zn S O H","IMA1982-074"," ",4007,"Ktenasite","hexagonal","P3","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Slb","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM28 - Photo-alteration, pre-biotic, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Green blue, Light green blue.","#42b395,#76ff7b"
"Schüllerite","Schullerite","Na2Ba2Mg2Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba2Ti2Na2Mg2(Si2O7)2O2F2","Ba_2_Ti_2_Na_2_Mg_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Ba_2_Mg_2_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Ba Ti Na Mg Si O F","IMA2010-035"," ",5865,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1, P1","Na Ba Mg Ti^4+ Si O F","Shü","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown","#653700"
"Schultenite","Schultenite","Pb2+(As5+O3OH)","Pb(AsO3OH)","Pb(AsO_3_OH)","Pb^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)","Pb As O H"," "," ",4008," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Pb^2+ As^5+ O H","Slt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pale yellow, White.","#afafaf,#eecf9e,#ffffff"
"Schumacherite","Schumacherite","Bi3+3O(V5+O4)2(OH)","Bi3O(VO4)2(OH)","Bi_3_O(VO_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi^3+^_3_O(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Bi O V H","IMA1982-023"," ",4009," ","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ O V^5+ H","Shh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow brown.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Schwartzembergite","Schwartzembergite","Pb2+5H2I3+O6Cl3","Pb2+5H2I3+O6Cl3","Pb^2+^_5_H_2_I^3+^O_6_Cl_3_","Pb^2+^_5_H_2_I^3+^O_6_Cl_3_","Pb H I O Cl"," "," ",4010," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ H I^3+ O Cl","Swb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Light yellow, Reddish brown.","#ae8b0c,#fffe7a,#7f2b0a"
"Schwertmannite","Schwertmannite","Fe3+16O16(OH)9.6(S6+O4)3.2·10H2O","Fe3+16O16(OH)9.6(SO4)3.2·10H2O","Fe^3+^_16_O_16_(OH)_9.6_(SO_4_)_3.2_·10H_2_O","Fe^3+^_16_O_16_(OH)_9.6_(S^6+^O_4_)_3.2_·10H_2_O","Fe O H S","IMA1990-006"," ",4011,"Coronadite","tetragonal, triclinic","P4/m, P1","Fe^3+ O H S^6+","Swm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Sclarite","Sclarite","Zn2+7(CO3)2(OH)10","Zn7(CO3)2(OH)10","Zn_7_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_10_","Zn^2+^_7_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_10_","Zn C O H","IMA1988-026"," ",4012," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Zn^2+ C O H","Sl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Scolecite","Scolecite","Ca(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O","Ca(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O","Ca(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·3H_2_O","Ca(Si_3_Al_2_)O_10_·3H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4013,"Natrolite","monoclinic","Cc, Fd","Ca Si Al O H","Slc","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brownish, Colorless, White.","#9c6d57,#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Scordariite","Scordariite","K8(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)[Fe3+3O(S6+O4)6(H2O)3]2(H2O)11","K8(Fe3+0.67☐0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]2(H2O)11","K_8_(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)[Fe^3+^_3_O(SO_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_3_]_2_(H_2_O)_11_","K_8_(Fe^3+^_0.67_[box]_0.33_)[Fe^3+^_3_O(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(H_2_O)_3_]_2_(H_2_O)_11_","K Fe O S H","IMA2019-010"," ",6900,"Metavoltine","hexagonal","R3","K Fe^3+ O S^6+ H","Sda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish to brownish","#faee66,#9c6d57"
"Scorodite","Scorodite","Fe3+As5+O4·2H2O","Fe3+(AsO4)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(AsO_4_)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^As^5+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Fe As O H"," "," ",4014," ","orthorhombic","Pbca, Pcab","Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Scd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish green, Pale leek green, Liver brown, Blue green, Black green.","#b0dd16,#bdcaa8,#513e32,#137e6d,#384e49"
"Scorticoite","Scorticoite","Mn2+6(Sb5+☐)(SiO4)2O3(OH)3","Mn6(Sb☐)(SiO4)2O3(OH)3","Mn_6_(Sb[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_3_(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^_6_(Sb^5+^[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_3_(OH)_3_","Mn Sb Si O H","IMA2018-159"," ",6884,"Welinite","hexagonal","P3","Mn^2+ Sb^5+ Si O H","Srt","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red to black","#840000,#000000"
"Scorzalite","Scorzalite","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Fe Al P O H"," "," ",4854,"Lazulite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Scz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Dark blue, Greenish blue.","#315b7d,#0b8b87"
"Scotlandite","Scotlandite","Pb2+S4+O3","Pb(S4+O3)","Pb(S^4+^O_3_)","Pb^2+^S^4+^O_3_","Pb S O","IMA1982-001"," ",4015,"Molybdomenite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ S^4+ O","Sct","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray white, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#fffe7a"
"Scottyite","Scottyite","BaCu2+2Si2O7","BaCu2Si2O7","BaCu_2_Si_2_O_7_","BaCu^2+^_2_Si_2_O_7_","Ba Cu Si O","IMA2012-027"," ",6039,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba Cu^2+ Si O","Sty","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark-blue","#315b7d"
"Scrutinyite","Scrutinyite","Pb4+O2","PbO2","PbO_2_","Pb^4+^O_2_","Pb O","IMA1984-061"," ",4016,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Pb^4+ O","Sny","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Seaborgite","Seaborgite","LiK2Na6(U6+O2)(S6+O4)5(S6+O3OH)(H2O)","LiK2Na6(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O)","LiK_2_Na_6_(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_5_(SO_3_OH)(H_2_O)","LiK_2_Na_6_(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_5_(S^6+^O_3_OH)(H_2_O)","Li K Na U O S H","IMA2019-087"," ",6974,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Li K Na U^6+ O S^6+ H","Sea","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Seamanite","Seamanite","Mn2+3B(PO4)(OH)6","Mn2+3B(OH)4(PO4)(OH)2","Mn^2+^_3_B(OH)_4_(PO_4_)(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_3_B(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Mn B O H P"," "," ",4017," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Mn^2+ B P O H","Sem","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow brown, Light pink, Wine yellow.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffd1df,#d7c485"
"Searlesite","Searlesite","NaBSi2O5(OH)2","NaBSi2O5(OH)2","NaBSi_2_O_5_(OH)_2_","NaBSi_2_O_5_(OH)_2_","Na B Si O H"," "," ",4018," ","monoclinic","P21","Na B Si O H","Sle","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White, Light brown.","#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Sederholmite","Sederholmite","NiSe","NiSe","NiSe","NiSe","Ni Se","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4019,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Ni Se","Sdh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, Orange yellow.","#ffff00,#fdb915"
"Sedovite","Sedovite","U4+(Mo6+O4)2","U4+(MoO4)2","U^4+^(MoO_4_)_2_","U^4+^(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_","U Mo O","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4020," ","orthorhombic",,"U^4+ Mo^6+ O","Sdv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Reddish brown.","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Seeligerite","Seeligerite","Pb2+3(I5+O4)Cl3","Pb3(IO4)Cl3","Pb_3_(IO_4_)Cl_3_","Pb^2+^_3_(I^5+^O_4_)Cl_3_","Pb I O Cl","IMA1970-036"," ",4021," ","orthorhombic","Cmm2","Pb^2+ I^5+ O Cl","Sli","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Seelite","Seelite","Mg(U6+O2)2(As3+O3,As5+O4)2·7H2O","Mg(UO2)2(AsO3,AsO4)2·7H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_3_,AsO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^3+^O_3_,As^5+^O_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Mg U O As H","IMA1992-005"," ",4022,"Seelite","monoclinic","C2/m","Mg U^6+ O As^3+ As^5+ H","See","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow to bright yellow","#f1f1e6,#fffd01"
"Segelerite","Segelerite","CaMgFe3+(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgFe3+(PO4)2(OH)·4H2O","CaMgFe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","CaMgFe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·4H_2_O","Ca Mg Fe P O H","IMA1973-023"," ",4024,"Overite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Ca Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Sgl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Chartreuse, Colorless.","#00ff00,#c1f80a,#afafaf"
"Segerstromite","Segerstromite","Ca3(As5+O4)2(As3+(OH)3)2","Ca3(As5+O4)2[As3+(OH)3]2","Ca_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_[As^3+^(OH)_3_]_2_","Ca_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^3+^(OH)_3_)_2_","Ca As O H","IMA2014-001"," ",6258,"Not in a structural group","cubic","I213","Ca As^5+ O As^3+ H","Ssr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Segnitite","Segnitite","Pb2+Fe3+3(As5+O4)(As5+O3OH)(OH)6","PbFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6","PbFe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Pb Fe As O H","IMA1991-017"," ",4025,"Alunite-crandallite",,,"Pb^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Sgt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish brown, Yellow brown.","#696112,#ae8b0c"
"Seidite-(Ce)","Seidite-(Ce)","Na4(Ce3+,Sr)2Ti4+Si8O18(O,OH,F)6·5H2O","Na4(Ce,Sr)2TiSi8O18(O,OH,F)6·5H2O","Na_4_(Ce,Sr)_2_TiSi_8_O_18_(O,OH,F)_6_·5H_2_O","Na_4_(Ce^3+^,Sr)_2_Ti^4+^Si_8_O_18_(O,OH,F)_6_·5H_2_O","Na Ce Sr Ti Si O H F","IMA1993-029"," ",4026," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ce^3+ Sr Ti^4+ Si O H F","Sei-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Pinkish yellow, Cream.","#ffff00,#f6b511,#ffffc2"
"Seidozerite","Seidozerite","Na2Zr4+2Na2Mn2+Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na2Zr2Na2MnTi(Si2O7)2O2F2","Na_2_Zr_2_Na_2_MnTi(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na_2_Zr^4+^_2_Na_2_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_F_2_","Na Zr Mn Ti Si O F","IMA2016 s.p."," ",4027,"Seidozerite-Rinkite","monoclinic","P2/c","Na Zr^4+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O F","Sdz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish red, Reddish yellow.","#9e3623,#cdfd02"
"Seifertite","Seifertite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O","IMA2004-010"," ",5190,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Si O","Sft","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Seinäjokite","Seinajokite","Fe3+(Sb2)3-","FeSb2","FeSb_2_","Fe^3+^(Sb_2_)^3-^","Fe Sb","IMA1976-001"," ",4028,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm, Pnn2","Fe^3+ Sb","Sjk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray","#d8dcd6"
"Sejkoraite-(Y)","Sejkoraite-(Y)","Y2[(U6+O2)8O6(S6+O4)4(OH)2]·26H2O","Y2[(UO2)8O6(SO4)4(OH)2]·26H2O","Y_2_[(UO_2_)_8_O_6_(SO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_]·26H_2_O","Y_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_8_O_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_2_]·26H_2_O","Y U O S H","IMA2009-008"," ",5737,"Zippeite","triclinic","P1","Y U^6+ O S^6+ H","Sej-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow-orange to orange","#fcb001,#ffa500"
"Sekaninaite","Sekaninaite","Fe2+2Al3(AlSi5)O18","Fe2+2Al4Si5O18","Fe^2+^_2_Al_4_Si_5_O_18_","Fe^2+^_2_Al_3_(AlSi_5_)O_18_","Fe Al Si O","IMA1967-047"," ",4029,"Beryl","orthorhombic","Cccm","Fe^2+ Al Si O","Skn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Blue, Blue violet, Violet blue, Gray blue.","#0000ff,#4e32b2,#510ac9,#77a1b5"
"Selenium","Selenium","Se","Se","Se","Se","Se"," "," ",4030,"Sulphur","hexagonal, monoclinic","P3221, P21/a, P21/n, P21/c, P3121, R3","Se","Se","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes","Gray, Purple gray, Reddish.","#808080,#866f85,#c44240"
"Selenodantopaite","Selenodantopaite","Ag1+5Bi3+13Se2-22","Ag5Bi13Se22","Ag_5_Bi_13_Se_22_","Ag^1+^_5_Bi^3+^_13_Se^2-^_22_","Ag Bi Se","IMA2023-092"," ",7430,"Pavonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Sdnt",,"No","dark grey","#363737"
"Selenojalpaite","Selenojalpaite","Ag1+3Cu1+Se2-2","Ag3CuSe2","Ag_3_CuSe_2_","Ag^1+^_3_Cu^1+^Se^2-^_2_","Ag Cu Se","IMA2004-048"," ",5295,"Jalpaite","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ag^1+ Cu^1+ Se^2-","Sjal","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Selenojunoite","Selenojunoite","Cu1+2Pb2+3Bi3+8Se2-16","Cu2Pb3Bi8Se16","Cu_2_Pb_3_Bi_8_Se_16_","Cu^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^_8_Se^2-^_16_","Cu Pb Bi Se","IMA2023-038"," ",7392,"Junoite","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Se^2-","Sjnt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Selenolaurite","Selenolaurite","RuSe2","RuSe2","RuSe_2_","RuSe_2_","Ru Se","IMA2020-027"," ",7037,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ru Se","Slrt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","gray","#808080"
"Selenopolybasite","Selenopolybasite","Cu1+(Ag1+,Cu1+)6Ag1+9Sb3+2(S2-,Se2-)9Se2-2","Cu(Ag,Cu)6Ag9Sb2(S,Se)9Se2","Cu(Ag,Cu)_6_Ag_9_Sb_2_(S,Se)_9_Se_2_","Cu^1+^(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_6_Ag^1+^_9_Sb^3+^_2_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_9_Se^2-^_2_","Cu Ag Sb S Se","IMA2006-053"," ",5563,"Polybasite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Splb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Selenostephanite","Selenostephanite","Ag1+5Sb3+Se2-4","Ag5SbSe4","Ag_5_SbSe_4_","Ag^1+^_5_Sb^3+^Se^2-^_4_","Ag Sb Se","IMA1982-028"," ",4031," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ Se^2-","Ssph","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Seligmannite","Seligmannite","Cu1+Pb2+As3+S2-3","CuPbAsS3","CuPbAsS_3_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Pb As S"," "," ",4032,"Bournonite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Seli","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Dark lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#840000,#000000"
"Selivanovaite","Selivanovaite","Fe3+☐Ti4+2Na☐Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4","Fe3+☐Ti2Na☐Ti2(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4","Fe^3+^[box]Ti_2_Na[box]Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Fe^3+^[box]Ti^4+^_2_Na[box]Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Fe Ti Na Si O H","IMA2015-126"," ",6527,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1, C1","Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Na Si O H","Svn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark-orange","#c65102"
"Sellaite","Sellaite","MgF2","MgF2","MgF_2_","MgF_2_","Mg F"," "," ",4033,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Mg F","Sel","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Selsurtite","Selsurtite","(H3O)12Na3(Ca3Mn2+3)(Na2Fe2+)Zr4+3☐Si[Si24O69(OH)3](OH)Cl·H2O","(H3O)12Na3(Ca3Mn3)(Na2Fe)Zr3☐Si[Si24O69(OH)3](OH)Cl·H2O","(H_3_O)_12_Na_3_(Ca_3_Mn_3_)(Na_2_Fe)Zr_3_[box]Si[Si_24_O_69_(OH)_3_](OH)Cl·H_2_O","(H_3_O)_12_Na_3_(Ca_3_Mn^2+^_3_)(Na_2_Fe^2+^)Zr^4+^_3_[box]Si[Si_24_O_69_(OH)_3_](OH)Cl·H_2_O","H O Na Ca Mn Fe Zr Si Cl","IMA2022-026"," ",7254,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","H O Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si Cl","Ssu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish-red to reddish-orange","#9e3623,#f8481c"
"Selwynite","Selwynite","NaKBeZr4+2(PO4)4·2H2O","NaKBeZr2(PO4)4·2H2O","NaKBeZr_2_(PO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","NaKBeZr^4+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","Na K Be Zr P O H","IMA1993-037"," ",4034," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Na K Be Zr^4+ P O H","Swy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Deep purplish blue.","#36013f"
"Semenovite-(Ce)","Semenovite-(Ce)","(Na,Ca)9Fe2+Ce4+2(Si,Be)20(O,OH,F)48","(Na,Ca)9Fe2+Ce2(Si,Be)20(O,OH,F)48","(Na,Ca)_9_Fe^2+^Ce_2_(Si,Be)_20_(O,OH,F)_48_","(Na,Ca)_9_Fe^2+^Ce^4+^_2_(Si,Be)_20_(O,OH,F)_48_","Na Ca Fe Ce Si Be O H F","IMA1971-036"," ",4035," ","tetragonal, orthorhombic","P42/n, Pmnn","Na Ca Fe^2+ Ce^4+ Si Be O H F","Smv-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Reddish brown, colourless, gray, brown","#7f2b0a,#afafaf,#808080,#653700"
"Semseyite","Semseyite","Pb2+9Sb3+8S2-21","Pb9Sb8S21","Pb_9_Sb_8_S_21_","Pb^2+^_9_Sb^3+^_8_S^2-^_21_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",4036," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ssy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Gray.","#000000,#808080"
"Senaite","Senaite","Pb2+(Mn2+,Y,U6+)(Fe2+,Zn2+)2(Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,V5+)18(O,OH)38","Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38","Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)_2_(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Pb^2+^(Mn^2+^,Y,U^6+^)(Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)_2_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,V^5+^)_18_(O,OH)_38_","Pb Mn Y U Fe Zn Ti Cr V O H"," "," ",4037,"Crichtonite","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Y U^6+ Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Cr^3+ V^5+ O H","Sna","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Senandorite","Senandorite","Ag1+Pb2+Sb3+3S2-6","AgPbSb3S6","AgPbSb_3_S_6_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^Sb^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",884,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Pn21a, Bbmm","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ado VI","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Senarmontite","Senarmontite","Sb3+2O3","Sb2O3","Sb_2_O_3_","Sb^3+^_2_O_3_","Sb O"," "," ",4038,"Arsenolite","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Sb^3+ O","Sen","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Colorless, Gray.","#ffffff,#afafaf,#808080"
"Senegalite","Senegalite","Al2PO4(OH)3·H2O","Al2(PO4)(OH)3·H2O","Al_2_(PO_4_)(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Al_2_PO_4_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1975-004"," ",4039," ","orthorhombic","P21nb","Al P O H","Sng","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Sengierite","Sengierite","Cu2+2(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Cu2(UO2)2(VO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Cu_2_(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Cu^2+^_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Cu U O V H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",4040,"Sengierite","monoclinic","P21/a","Cu^2+ U^6+ O V^5+ H","Sgi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Senkevichite","Senkevichite","CsKNaCa2Ti4+OSi7O18(OH)","CsNaKCa2TiOSi7O18(OH)","CsNaKCa_2_TiOSi_7_O_18_(OH)","CsKNaCa_2_Ti^4+^OSi_7_O_18_(OH)","Cs Na K Ca Ti O Si H","IMA2004-017"," ",5277," ","triclinic","P1","Cs K Na Ca Ti^4+ O Si H","Sev","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sepiolite","Sepiolite","Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O","Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O","Mg_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg_4_Si_6_O_15_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg Si O H"," "," ",4041,"Sepiolite, Clay","orthorhombic","Pncn","Mg Si O H","Sep","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Grayish white, Yellowish white, Bluish green white, Reddish white, Gray.","#d6dee9,#e9f1d0,#10a674,#fff8d5,#808080"
"Serandite","Serandite","NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)","NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)","NaMn^2+^_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","NaMn^2+^_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","Na Mn Si O H"," "," ",4883,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1, C1","Na Mn^2+ Si O H","Srd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Light pink, Orange red.","#b5651d,#ffd1df,#fe4401"
"Serendibite","Serendibite","Ca4(Mg6Al6)O4[Si6B3Al3O36]","Ca4[Mg6Al6]O4[Si6B3Al3O36]","Ca_4_[Mg_6_Al_6_]O_4_[Si_6_B_3_Al_3_O_36_]","Ca_4_(Mg_6_Al_6_)O_4_[Si_6_B_3_Al_3_O_36_]","Ca Mg Al O Si B"," "," ",4043,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Al O Si B","Ser","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Blue, Blue green, Gray blue, Light yellow, Dark blue.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#77a1b5,#fffe7a,#315b7d"
"Sergeevite","Sergeevite","Ca2Mg11(CO3)9(HCO3)4(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Mg11(CO3)9(HCO3)4(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Mg_11_(CO_3_)_9_(HCO_3_)_4_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg_11_(CO_3_)_9_(HCO_3_)_4_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Mg C O H","IMA1979-038"," ",4044," ","hexagonal",,"Ca Mg C O H","Sge","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sergevanite","Sergevanite","Na15(Ca3Mn2+3)(Na2Fe2+)Zr4+3Si26O72(OH)3·H2O","Na15(Ca3Mn3)(Na2Fe)Zr3Si26O72(OH)3·H2O","Na_15_(Ca_3_Mn_3_)(Na_2_Fe)Zr_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Na_15_(Ca_3_Mn^2+^_3_)(Na_2_Fe^2+^)Zr^4+^_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH)_3_·H_2_O","Na Ca Mn Fe Zr Si O H","IMA2019-057"," ",6945,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H","Sgv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow to orange-yellow","#ffff00,#fdb915"
"Sergeysmirnovite","Sergeysmirnovite","MgZn2+2(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZn2(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZn_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","MgZn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Zn P O H","IMA2021-033"," ",7143,"Hopeite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg Zn^2+ P O H","Ssv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Serpierite","Serpierite","Ca(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O","Ca(Cu,Zn)_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Cu Zn S O H"," "," ",4045,"Devilline","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Cu^2+ Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Spe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Sky blue.","#9fb9e2"
"Serrabrancaite","Serrabrancaite","Mn3+PO4·H2O","Mn(PO4)·H2O","Mn(PO_4_)·H_2_O","Mn^3+^PO_4_·H_2_O","Mn P O H","IMA1998-006"," ",4046,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^3+ P O H","Sra","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown, Dark greenish black.","#73532a,#033500"
"Sewardite","Sewardite","CaFe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2","CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2","CaFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","CaFe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Ca Fe As O H","IMA2001-054"," ",4047,"Carminite","orthorhombic","Cccm","Ca Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Sew","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark red, Lighter red orange.","#840000,#e94f58"
"Shabaite-(Nd)","Shabaite-(Nd)","CaNd2(U6+O2)(CO3)4(OH)2·6H2O","CaNd2(UO2)(CO3)4(OH)2·6H2O","CaNd_2_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","CaNd_2_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Ca Nd U O C H","IMA1988-005"," ",4048," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Nd U^6+ O C H","Sbt-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#69b076,#fffe7a"
"Shabynite","Shabynite","Mg5BO3(OH)5Cl2·4H2O","Mg5(BO3)(OH)5Cl2·4H2O","Mg_5_(BO_3_)(OH)_5_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg_5_BO_3_(OH)_5_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg B O H Cl","IMA1979-075"," ",4049," ",,,"Mg B O H Cl","Sby","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Shadlunite","Shadlunite","(Fe,Cu)8(Pb,Cd)S8","(Fe,Cu)8(Pb,Cd)S8","(Fe,Cu)_8_(Pb,Cd)S_8_","(Fe,Cu)_8_(Pb,Cd)S_8_","Fe Cu Pb Cd S","IMA1972-012"," ",4050,"Pentlandite","cubic",,"Fe Cu Pb Cd S","Slu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Shafranovskite","Shafranovskite","Na3K2(Mn2+,Fe3+,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2·nH2O","Na3K2(Mn,Fe,Na)4[Si9(O,OH)27](OH)2·nH2O","Na_3_K_2_(Mn,Fe,Na)_4_[Si_9_(O,OH)_27_](OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na_3_K_2_(Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^,Na)_4_[Si_9_(O,OH)_27_](OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Na K Mn Fe Si O H","IMA1981-048"," ",4051," ","hexagonal","P31c","Na K Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O H","Sfn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow green, Yellow orange, Olive green.","#c8fd3d,#fcb001,#8ead2c"
"Shagamite","Shagamite","KFe3+11O17","KFe11O17","KFe_11_O_17_","KFe^3+^_11_O_17_","K Fe O","IMA2020-091"," ",7106,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Fe^3+ O","Sgm","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shakhdaraite-(Y)","Shakhdaraite-(Y)","ScYNb5+2O8","ScYNb2O8","ScYNb_2_O_8_","ScYNb^5+^_2_O_8_","Sc Y Nb O","IMA2020-024"," ",7034,"Columbite","monoclinic","P2/c","Sc Y Nb^5+ O","Skd-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black to dark-brown","#000000,#73532a"
"Shakhovite","Shakhovite","Hg1+4Sb5+O3(OH)3","Hg1+4Sb5+O3(OH)3","Hg^1+^_4_Sb^5+^O_3_(OH)_3_","Hg^1+^_4_Sb^5+^O_3_(OH)_3_","Hg Sb O H","IMA1980-069"," ",4052," ","monoclinic","Im","Hg^1+ Sb^5+ O H","Sk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Green, Olive green, Yellowish green.","#00ff00,#8ead2c,#b0dd16"
"Shandite","Shandite","Pb2Ni3S2","Ni3Pb2S2","Ni_3_Pb_2_S_2_","Pb_2_Ni_3_S_2_","Ni Pb S"," "," ",4053," ","hexagonal","R3m","Pb Ni S","Snd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brass yellow.","#b58735"
"Shannonite","Shannonite","Pb2+2O(CO3)","Pb2O(CO3)","Pb_2_O(CO_3_)","Pb^2+^_2_O(CO_3_)","Pb O C","IMA1993-053"," ",4054," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Pb^2+ O C","Snn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sharpite","Sharpite","Ca(U6+O2)3(CO3)4·3H2O","Ca(UO2)3(CO3)4·3H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_4_·3H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(CO_3_)_4_·3H_2_O","Ca U O C H"," "," ",4055," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O C H","Shp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Olive green, Grayish white.","#cdfd02,#8ead2c,#d6dee9"
"Sharyginite","Sharyginite","Ca3Ti4+Fe3+2O8","Ca3TiFe2O8","Ca_3_TiFe_2_O_8_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Fe^3+^_2_O_8_","Ca Ti Fe O","IMA2017-014"," ",6655,"Brownmillerite, Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pmc21","Ca Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O","Syg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Shasuite","Shasuite","CaNi2+3(P2O7)2","CaNi3(P2O7)2","CaNi_3_(P_2_O_7_)_2_","CaNi^2+^_3_(P_2_O_7_)_2_","Ca Ni P O","IMA2021-020"," ",7133," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Ni^2+ P O","Shs","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shattuckite","Shattuckite","Cu2+5(SiO3)4(OH)2","Cu5(SiO3)4(OH)2","Cu_5_(SiO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_5_(SiO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_","Cu Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4056," ","orthorhombic","Pcab","Cu^2+ Si O H","Sha","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Dark blue, Green.","#0000ff,#315b7d,#00ff00"
"Shcherbakovite","Shcherbakovite","K2NaTi4+2(Si4O12)O(OH)","K2NaTi2O(OH)Si4O12","K_2_NaTi_2_O(OH)Si_4_O_12_","K_2_NaTi^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O(OH)","K Na Ti O H Si"," "," ",4057,"Batisite","orthorhombic","Imma","K Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Sbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Shcherbinaite","Shcherbinaite","V5+2O5","V2O5","V_2_O_5_","V^5+^_2_O_5_","V O","IMA1971-021"," ",4058," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21, Pmmn","V^5+ O","Shc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Shchurovskyite","Shchurovskyite","K2CaCu2+6O2(As5+O4)4","K2CaCu6O2(AsO4)4","K_2_CaCu_6_O_2_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_2_CaCu^2+^_6_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Ca Cu O As","IMA2013-078"," ",6237,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2","K Ca Cu^2+ O As^5+","Svk","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","olive-green or olive drab","#8ead2c,#6f7632"
"Sheldrickite","Sheldrickite","NaCa3(CO3)2F3·H2O","NaCa3(CO3)2F3·H2O","NaCa_3_(CO_3_)_2_F_3_·H_2_O","NaCa_3_(CO_3_)_2_F_3_·H_2_O","Na Ca C O F H","IMA1996-019"," ",4059," ","hexagonal","P32","Na Ca C O F H","Sdk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Shenganfuite","Shenganfuite","Pb2+Te4+3O5(OH)Cl3(H2O)","PbTe4+3O5(OH)Cl3(H2O)","PbTe^4+^_3_O_5_(OH)Cl_3_(H_2_O)","Pb^2+^Te^4+^_3_O_5_(OH)Cl_3_(H_2_O)","Pb Te O H Cl","IMA2024-031"," ",7469,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O H Cl","Sgf",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shenzhuangite","Shenzhuangite","Ni2+Fe2+S2-2","NiFeS2","NiFeS_2_","Ni^2+^Fe^2+^S^2-^_2_","Ni Fe S","IMA2017-018"," ",6659,"Chalcopyrite","tetragonal","I42d","Ni^2+ Fe^2+ S^2-","Szh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sherwoodite","Sherwoodite","Ca5.5(AlV4+V5+12O39)·28H2O","Ca5.5(AlV4+V5+12O39)·28H2O","Ca_5.5_(AlV^4+^V^5+^_12_O_39_)·28H_2_O","Ca_5.5_(AlV^4+^V^5+^_12_O_39_)·28H_2_O","Ca Al V O H"," "," ",4060," ","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ca Al V^4+ V^5+ O H","Swd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Blue green, Yellow green, Dark blue black.","#137e6d,#c8fd3d,#315b7d"
"Shibkovite","Shibkovite","K2Ca2(Zn2+3Si12)O30","K2Ca2(Zn3Si12)O30","K_2_Ca_2_(Zn_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K_2_Ca_2_(Zn^2+^_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Ca Zn Si O","IMA1997-018"," ",4061,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Ca Zn^2+ Si O","Sko","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Shigaite","Shigaite","Mn2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](S6+O4)2·6H2O","Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Mn_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn^2+^_6_Al_3_(OH)_18_[Na(H_2_O)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn Al O H Na S","IMA1984-057"," ",4062,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3","Mn^2+ Al O H Na S^6+","Sga","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, Orange.","#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Shijiangshanite","Shijiangshanite","Pb2+3CaAl(Si5O14)(OH)3·3H2O","Pb3CaAl(Si5O14)(OH)3·3H2O","Pb_3_CaAl(Si_5_O_14_)(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_CaAl(Si_5_O_14_)(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Pb Ca Al Si O H","IMA2022-029"," ",7268,"Wickenburgite","hexagonal","R3c","Pb^2+ Ca Al Si O H","Sjs",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shilovite","Shilovite","Cu2+(N3-H3)4(N5+O3)2","Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2","Cu(NH_3_)_4_(NO_3_)_2_","Cu^2+^(N^3-^H_3_)_4_(N^5+^O_3_)_2_","Cu N H O","IMA2014-016"," ",6333," ","orthorhombic","Pnn2, Pnnm","Cu^2+ N^3- H N^5+ O","Shil","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Deep violet blue","#330066"
"Shimazakiite","Shimazakiite","Ca2B2O5","Ca2B2O5","Ca_2_B_2_O_5_","Ca_2_B_2_O_5_","Ca B O","IMA2010-085a"," ",5969,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic, orthorhombic","P21/c, P212121","Ca B O","Smz","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Grayish white","#d6dee9"
"Shimenite","Shimenite","Tl1+5Sb3+21-yAs3+yS2-34 (9 ≤ y ≤ 10)","Tl5Sb21-yAsyS34 (9 ≤ y ≤ 10)","Tl_5_Sb_21-y_As_y_S_34_ (9 ≤ y ≤ 10)","Tl^1+^_5_Sb^3+^_21-y_As^3+^_y_S^2-^_34_ (9 ≤ y ≤ 10)","Tl Sb As S","IMA2019-069"," ",7169,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Shmn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shinarumpite","Shinarumpite","[Co2+(H2O)6][(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2(H2O)]·4H2O","[Co(H2O)6][(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)]·4H2O","[Co(H_2_O)_6_][(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)]·4H_2_O","[Co^2+^(H_2_O)_6_][(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)]·4H_2_O","Co H O U S","IMA2021-105"," ",7207,"Leydetite","monoclinic","P21/c","Co^2+ H O U^6+ S^6+","Sru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Shinichengite","Shinichengite","Ca5[BSi2O7(OH)2]2·6H2O","Ca5[BSi2O7(OH)2]2·6H2O","Ca_5_[BSi_2_O_7_(OH)_2_]_2_·6H_2_O","Ca_5_[BSi_2_O_7_(OH)_2_]_2_·6H_2_O","Ca B Si O H","IMA2023-026"," ",7382," ","triclinic","P1","Ca B Si O H","Shnc",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shinkolobweite","Shinkolobweite","Pb2+1.33[U5+O(OH)(U6+O2)5O4.67(OH)5.33](H2O)5","Pb1.33[U5+O(OH)(U6+O2)5O4.67(OH)5.33](H2O)5","Pb_1.33_[U^5+^O(OH)(U^6+^O_2_)_5_O_4.67_(OH)_5.33_](H_2_O)_5_","Pb^2+^_1.33_[U^5+^O(OH)(U^6+^O_2_)_5_O_4.67_(OH)_5.33_](H_2_O)_5_","Pb U O H","IMA2016-095"," ",6622,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Imm2","Pb^2+ U^5+ O H U^6+","Skw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","dark reddish brown","#840000"
"Shiranuiite","Shiranuiite","Cu1+(Rh3+Rh4+)S2-4","Cu1+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4","Cu^1+^(Rh^3+^Rh^4+^)S_4_","Cu^1+^(Rh^3+^Rh^4+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Rh S","IMA2023-072a"," ",7459,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Cu^1+ Rh^3+ Rh^4+ S^2-","Sir",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shirokshinite","Shirokshinite","K(Mg2Na)Si4O10F2","K(Mg2Na)Si4O10F2","K(Mg_2_Na)Si_4_O_10_F_2_","K(Mg_2_Na)Si_4_O_10_F_2_","K Mg Na Si O F","IMA2001-063"," ",4063," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg Na Si O F","Shk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale gray.","#afafaf,#fdfdfe"
"Shirozulite","Shirozulite","KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","KMn^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","KMn^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mn Si Al O H","IMA2001-045"," ",5163," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Szu","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark reddish brown.","#840000"
"Shkatulkalite","Shkatulkalite","Na2Nb5+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(FO)(H2O)4(H2O)3","Na2Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(FO)(H2O)4(H2O)3","Na_2_Nb_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(FO)(H_2_O)_4_(H_2_O)_3_","Na_2_Nb^5+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(FO)(H_2_O)_4_(H_2_O)_3_","Na Nb Ti Si O F H","IMA1993-058"," ",4064,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","monoclinic",,"Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O F H","Skk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Silvery white, Light pink, Creamy, Yellowish.","#afafaf,#e7e8e3,#ffd1df,#efe8db,#faee66"
"Shlykovite","Shlykovite","KCa[Si4O9(OH)]·3H2O","KCa[Si4O9(OH)]·3H2O","KCa[Si_4_O_9_(OH)]·3H_2_O","KCa[Si_4_O_9_(OH)]·3H_2_O","K Ca Si O H","IMA2008-062"," ",5722," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Ca Si O H","Skv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Grayish white, Beige.","#d6dee9,#e6daa6"
"Shojiite","Shojiite","Na(NaMg)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaMg)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","Na(NaMg)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaMg)Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Mg Si O H","IMA2024-023a"," ",7599,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Mg Si O H","Shj",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Shomiokite-(Y)","Shomiokite-(Y)","Na3Y(CO3)3·3H2O","Na3Y(CO3)3·3H2O","Na_3_Y(CO_3_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na_3_Y(CO_3_)_3_·3H_2_O","Na Y C O H","IMA1990-015"," ",4065," ","orthorhombic","Pbn21, Pna21","Na Y C O H","Shom-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Shortite","Shortite","Na2Ca2(CO3)3","Na2Ca2(CO3)3","Na_2_Ca_2_(CO_3_)_3_","Na_2_Ca_2_(CO_3_)_3_","Na Ca C O"," "," ",4066," ","orthorhombic","Amm2","Na Ca C O","Sot","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Shosanbetsuite","Shosanbetsuite","Ag3Sn","Ag3Sn","Ag_3_Sn","Ag_3_Sn","Ag Sn","IMA2018-162"," ",6887," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ag Sn","Ssb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white","#e7e8e3"
"Shuangfengite","Shuangfengite","Ir4+Te2-2","IrTe2","IrTe_2_","Ir^4+^Te^2-^_2_","Ir Te","IMA1993-018"," ",4067,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ir^4+ Te^2-","Sfg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Shubnikovite","Shubnikovite","Ca2Cu2+8(As5+O4)6Cl(OH)·7H2O","Ca2Cu8(AsO4)6Cl(OH)·7H2O (?)","Ca_2_Cu_8_(AsO_4_)_6_Cl(OH)·7H_2_O (?)","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_8_(As^5+^O_4_)_6_Cl(OH)·7H_2_O","Ca Cu As O Cl H"," "," ",5104," ",,,"Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O Cl H","Snk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Shuiskite-(Cr)","Shuiskite-(Cr)","Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[SiO4][Si2O6(OH)](OH)2O","Ca2CrCr2[SiO4][Si2O6(OH)](OH)2O","Ca_2_CrCr_2_[SiO_4_][Si_2_O_6_(OH)](OH)_2_O","Ca_2_Cr^3+^Cr^3+^_2_[SiO_4_][Si_2_O_6_(OH)](OH)_2_O","Ca Cr Si O H","IMA2019-117"," ",7001,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Cr^3+ Si O H","Sui-Cr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green to light-green and purple or greyish-purple","#00ff00,#d7ddcd,#887191"
"Shuiskite-(Mg)","Shuiskite-(Mg)","Ca2MgCr3+2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O","Ca2MgCr2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_MgCr_2_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_MgCr^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Mg Cr Si O H","IMA1980-061"," ",4068,"Pumpellyite","monoclinic",,"Ca Mg Cr^3+ Si O H","Sui-Mg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Dark brown with a violet tint","#73532a"
"Shulamitite","Shulamitite","Ca3Ti4+Fe3+AlO8","Ca3TiFe3+AlO8","Ca_3_TiFe^3+^AlO_8_","Ca_3_Ti^4+^Fe^3+^AlO_8_","Ca Ti Fe Al O","IMA2011-016"," ",5945,"Perovskite, Brownmillerite","orthorhombic","Pmma","Ca Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Al O","Sla","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Reddish brown","#7f2b0a"
"Shumwayite","Shumwayite","(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)2·5H2O","[(UO2)(SO4)(H2O)2]2·H2O","[(UO_2_)(SO_4_)(H_2_O)_2_]_2_·H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·5H_2_O","U O S H","IMA2015-058"," ",6458,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","U^6+ O S^6+ H","Smw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Shuvalovite","Shuvalovite","K2(Ca2Na)(S6+O4)3F","K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F","K_2_(Ca_2_Na)(SO_4_)_3_F","K_2_(Ca_2_Na)(S^6+^O_4_)_3_F","K Ca Na S O F","IMA2014-057"," ",6354,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Ca Na S^6+ O F","Svv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Sibirskite","Sibirskite","CaHBO3","CaH(BO3)","CaH(BO_3_)","CaHBO_3_","Ca H B O"," "," ",4069," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Ca H B O","Sib","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Dark gray.","#afafaf,#363737"
"Sicherite","Sicherite","Tl1+Ag1+2(As3+,Sb3+)3S2-6","TlAg2(As,Sb)3S6","TlAg_2_(As,Sb)_3_S_6_","Tl^1+^Ag^1+^_2_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_3_S^2-^_6_","Tl Ag As Sb S","IMA1997-051"," ",4070," ","orthorhombic","Pmnb","Tl^1+ Ag^1+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Sic","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Siderazot","Siderazot","Fe3N1.33","Fe3N1.33","Fe_3_N_1.33_","Fe_3_N_1.33_","Fe N","IMA2021 s.p."," ",4072," ","hexagonal","P312, P6322","Fe N","Saz","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Siderite","Siderite","Fe2+CO3","Fe(CO3)","Fe(CO_3_)","Fe^2+^CO_3_","Fe C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4073,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c","Fe^2+ C O","Sd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish brown, Brown, Gray, Yellowish gray, Greenish gray.","#9b7a01,#653700,#808080,#edeeda,#96ae8d"
"Sideronatrite","Sideronatrite","Na2Fe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·3H2O","Na2Fe3+(SO4)2(OH)·3H2O","Na_2_Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Na_2_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Na Fe S O H"," "," ",4074," ","orthorhombic","Pbnm, P212121","Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Snat","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow, Yellow brown, Pale orange.","#ffff00,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#db9c7b"
"Siderophyllite","Siderophyllite","KFe2+2Al(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","KFe2+2Al(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2","KFe^2+^_2_Al(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","KFe^2+^_2_Al(Si_2_Al_2_)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Fe Al Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",4075,"Mica","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2, C2/m, P3112","K Fe^2+ Al Si O H","Sid","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue green, Dark brown, Black.","#137e6d,#73532a,#000000"
"Siderotil","Siderotil","Fe2+S6+O4·5H2O","Fe(SO4)·5H2O","Fe(SO_4_)·5H_2_O","Fe^2+^S^6+^O_4_·5H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA1963 s.p."," ",4076,"Chalcanthite","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Sdt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish, Yellowish white, White, Light green, Light green white.","#faee66,#e9f1d0,#ffffff,#76ff7b,#76ff7b"
"Sidorenkite","Sidorenkite","Na3Mn2+(PO4)(CO3)","Na3Mn(PO4)(CO3)","Na_3_Mn(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na_3_Mn^2+^(PO_4_)(CO_3_)","Na Mn P O C","IMA1978-013"," ",4077,"Bradleyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Mn^2+ P O C","Sdo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Sidorovite","Sidorovite","PtFe3","PtFe3","PtFe_3_","PtFe_3_","Pt Fe","IMA2022-056"," ",7295,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Pt Fe","Sido",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sidpietersite","Sidpietersite","Pb2+4(S6+O3S2-)O2(OH)2","Pb2+4(S2O3)O2(OH)2","Pb^2+^_4_(S_2_O_3_)O_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)O_2_(OH)_2_","Pb S O H","IMA1998-036"," ",4078," ","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ S^6+ O S^2- H","Sdp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Cream white, Beige, Colorless.","#f2eee2,#e6daa6,#afafaf"
"Sidwillite","Sidwillite","Mo6+O3·2H2O","MoO3·2H2O","MoO_3_·2H_2_O","Mo^6+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Mo O H","IMA1983-089"," ",4079," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Mo^6+ O H","Sdw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Resin yellow, Light green.","#ffff00,#ffdf22,#76ff7b"
"Siegenite","Siegenite","Co2+Ni3+2S2-4","CoNi2S4","CoNi_2_S_4_","Co^2+^Ni^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Co Ni S"," "," ",4080,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Co^2+ Ni^3+ S^2-","Seg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Violet gray, Copper red, Light gray, Steel gray.","#8c6897,#cb6d51,#d8dcd6,#43464b"
"Sieleckiite","Sieleckiite","Cu2+3Al4(PO4)2(OH)12·2H2O","Cu3Al4(PO4)2(OH)12·2H2O","Cu_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Cu Al P O H","IMA1987-023"," ",4081," ","triclinic",,"Cu^2+ Al P O H","Sie","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue, Royal blue.","#9fb9e2,#4169e1"
"Sigismundite","Sigismundite","BaFe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","BaFe2+(CaNa2)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2","BaFe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","BaFe^2+^(CaNa_2_)Fe^2+^_13_Al(PO_4_)_11_(PO_3_OH)(OH)_2_","Ba Fe Ca Na Al P O H","IMA1994-033, IMA2022 s.p."," ",4082,"Arrojadite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ba Fe^2+ Ca Na Al P O H","Sigm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish-green","#82a67d"
"Sigloite","Sigloite","Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3·7H2O","Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3·7H2O","Fe^3+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·7H_2_O","Fe^3+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·7H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4083,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ Al P O H","Sig","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Light brown, Light yellow, Straw yellow.","#653700,#b5651d,#fffe7a,#f0d696"
"Sigogglinite","Sigogglinite","[Pb2+6Zn2+(OH)8](S6+O4)3·3H2O","[Pb6Zn(OH)8](SO4)3·3H2O","[Pb_6_Zn(OH)_8_](SO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_6_Zn^2+^(OH)_8_](S^6+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Pb Zn O H S","IMA2024-069"," ",7521,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P2/n","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ O H S^6+","Sgog",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Siidraite","Siidraite","Pb2+2Cu1+(OH)2I1-3","Pb2Cu(OH)2I3","Pb_2_Cu(OH)_2_I_3_","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^1+^(OH)_2_I^1-^_3_","Pb Cu O H I","IMA2016-039"," ",6567,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Fddd","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ O H I^1-","Sii","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Silesiaite","Silesiaite","Ca4Fe3+2Sn4+2(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca4Fe3+2Sn2(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_2_Sn_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_2_Sn^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_2_O_6_OH)_2_","Ca Fe Sn Si O H","IMA2017-064"," ",6698,"Kristiansenite","triclinic","C1","Ca Fe^3+ Sn^4+ Si O H","Ssa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to rarely greenish-grey","#afafaf,#85928f"
"Silhydrite","Silhydrite","Si3O6·H2O","Si3O6·H2O","Si_3_O_6_·H_2_O","Si_3_O_6_·H_2_O","Si O H","IMA1970-044"," ",4084," ","orthorhombic",,"Si O H","Shy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Silicocarnotite","Silicocarnotite","Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4)","Ca5[(PO4)(SiO4)](PO4)","Ca_5_[(PO_4_)(SiO_4_)](PO_4_)","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)","Ca P O Si","IMA2013-139"," ",6294,"Ternesite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca P O Si","Scnt","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colourless (natural); blue (synthetic)","#afafaf,#2c3b4d"
"Silicon","Silicon","Si","Si","Si","Si","Si","IMA1982-099"," ",4085,"Diamond","cubic, orthorhombic","Fd3m, Ia3, Imma","Si","Si","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","Yes","Iron black, Reddish brown.","#263145,#7f2b0a"
"Siligiite","Siligiite","[Pb2+(H2O)5(S6+O4)][Zn2+9(OH)18]","[Pb(H2O)5(SO4)][Zn9(OH)18]","[Pb(H_2_O)_5_(SO_4_)][Zn_9_(OH)_18_]","[Pb^2+^(H_2_O)_5_(S^6+^O_4_)][Zn^2+^_9_(OH)_18_]","Pb H O S Zn","IMA2023-117"," ",7464,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ H O S^6+ Zn^2+","Sigi",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Silinaite","Silinaite","NaLiSi2O5·2H2O","NaLiSi2O5·2H2O","NaLiSi_2_O_5_·2H_2_O","NaLiSi_2_O_5_·2H_2_O","Na Li Si O H","IMA1990-028"," ",4086," ","monoclinic","A2/n","Na Li Si O H","Sln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sillénite","Sillenite","Bi3+12SiO20","Bi12SiO20","Bi_12_SiO_20_","Bi^3+^_12_SiO_20_","Bi Si O"," "," ",4087," ","cubic","I23","Bi^3+ Si O","Sén","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Olive-green, yellowish-green, gray- or brown-green","#8ead2c,#b0dd16,#808080,#706c11"
"Sillimanite","Sillimanite","Al2OSiO4","Al2SiO5","Al_2_SiO_5_","Al_2_OSiO_4_","Al Si O"," "," ",4088,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Al O Si","Sil","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Bluish, Brownish greenish, Colorless, Gray, Gray green.","#2976bb,#6a6e09,#afafaf,#808080,#86a17d"
"Silver","Silver","Ag","Ag","Ag","Ag","Ag"," "," ",4089,"Copper","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, P63/mmc","Ag","Ag","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","Yes","Silver white, Gray white, Gray.","#e7e8e3,#d7d5cb,#808080"
"Silvialite","Silvialite","Ca4Al6Si6O24(S6+O4)","Ca4Al6Si6O24(SO4)","Ca_4_Al_6_Si_6_O_24_(SO_4_)","Ca_4_Al_6_Si_6_O_24_(S^6+^O_4_)","Ca Al Si O S","IMA1998-010"," ",4090,"Scapolite","tetragonal","I4/m","Ca Al Si O S^6+","Slv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Slightly yellowish white, Colorless.","#fffe7a,#afafaf"
"Simferite","Simferite","LiMg(PO4)","LiMg(PO4)","LiMg(PO_4_)","LiMg(PO_4_)","Li Mg P O","IMA1989-016"," ",4091,"Olivine-Sarcopside","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Li Mg P O","Smf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Simmonsite","Simmonsite","Na2LiAlF6","Na2LiAlF6","Na_2_LiAlF_6_","Na_2_LiAlF_6_","Na Li Al F","IMA1997-045"," ",4092,"Perovskite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Li Al F","Sim","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Pale buff cream.","#eeebe8"
"Simonellite","Simonellite","C19H24","C19H24","C_19_H_24_","C_19_H_24_","C H","IMA2024-F"," ",4093," ","orthorhombic","Pnaa","C H","Sne","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Simonite","Simonite","Tl1+Hg2+As3+3S2-6","TlHgAs3S6","TlHgAs_3_S_6_","Tl^1+^Hg^2+^As^3+^_3_S^2-^_6_","Tl Hg As S","IMA1982-052"," ",4094," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Tl^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Smo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Simonkolleite","Simonkolleite","Zn2+5(OH)8Cl2·H2O","Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O","Zn_5_(OH)_8_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Zn^2+^_5_(OH)_8_Cl_2_·H_2_O","Zn O H Cl","IMA1983-019"," ",4095," ","hexagonal","R3m","Zn^2+ O H Cl","Skl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Simplotite","Simplotite","CaV4+4O9·5H2O","CaV4+4O9·5H2O","CaV^4+^_4_O_9_·5H_2_O","CaV^4+^_4_O_9_·5H_2_O","Ca V O H"," "," ",4096," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca V^4+ O H","Spo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Greenish black, Dark green, Black.","#454445,#033500,#000000"
"Simpsonite","Simpsonite","Al4Ta5+3O13(OH)","Al4Ta3O13(OH)","Al_4_Ta_3_O_13_(OH)","Al_4_Ta^5+^_3_O_13_(OH)","Al Ta O H"," "," ",4097," ","hexagonal","P3","Al Ta^5+ O H","Spn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish yellow, Colorless, White, Light brown, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#afafaf,#ffffff,#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Sincosite","Sincosite","Ca(V4+O)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Ca(VO)2(PO4)2·4H2O","Ca(VO)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca(V^4+^O)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca V O P H"," "," ",4098,"Meta-autunite","triclinic","P1","Ca V^4+ O P H","Scs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Green, Yellowish green, Olive green, Brownish green.","#00ff00,#b0dd16,#8ead2c,#6a6e09"
"Sinhalite","Sinhalite","MgAlBO4","MgAl(BO4)","MgAl(BO_4_)","MgAlBO_4_","Mg Al B O"," "," ",4099,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Mg Al B O","Shl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Brown, Brown pink, Colorless, Yellow, Light pink.","#653700,#f2aeb1,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffd1df"
"Sinjarite","Sinjarite","CaCl2·2H2O","CaCl2·2H2O","CaCl_2_·2H_2_O","CaCl_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Cl H O","IMA1979-041"," ",4100," ","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ca Cl H O","Snj","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Sinkankasite","Sinkankasite","Mn2+Al(PO3OH)2(OH)·6H2O","Mn2+Al(PO3OH)2(OH)·6H2O","Mn^2+^Al(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)·6H_2_O","Mn^2+^Al(PO_3_OH)_2_(OH)·6H_2_O","Mn Al P O H","IMA1982-078"," ",4101," ","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Ska","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sinnerite","Sinnerite","Cu1+6As3+4S2-9","Cu6As4S9","Cu_6_As_4_S_9_","Cu^1+^_6_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_9_","Cu As S","IMA1964-020"," ",4102," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Sin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Sinoite","Sinoite","Si2N3-2O","Si2N2O","Si_2_N_2_O","Si_2_N^3-^_2_O","Si N O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4103," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Si N^3- O","Sno","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Colorless, Light gray.","#afafaf,#d8dcd6"
"Sitinakite","Sitinakite","KNa2Ti4+4Si2O13(OH)·4H2O","KNa2Ti4Si2O13(OH)·4H2O","KNa_2_Ti_4_Si_2_O_13_(OH)·4H_2_O","KNa_2_Ti^4+^_4_Si_2_O_13_(OH)·4H_2_O","K Na Ti Si O H","IMA1989-051"," ",4104," ","tetragonal","P42/mcm","K Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Sit","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Light brown, Pink.","#afafaf,#b5651d,#ffc0cb"
"Siudaite","Siudaite","Na8(Mn2+2Na)Ca6Fe3+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O74(OH)2Cl·5H2O","Na8(Mn2+2Na)Ca6Fe3+3Zr3NbSi25O74(OH)2Cl·5H2O","Na_8_(Mn^2+^_2_Na)Ca_6_Fe^3+^_3_Zr_3_NbSi_25_O_74_(OH)_2_Cl·5H_2_O","Na_8_(Mn^2+^_2_Na)Ca_6_Fe^3+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_74_(OH)_2_Cl·5H_2_O","Na Mn Ca Fe Zr Nb Si O H Cl","IMA2017-092"," ",6718,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Ca Fe^3+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H Cl","Siu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, yellow-orange; cherry red (when oxidized)","#ffff00,#fcb001,#f7022a"
"Siwaqaite","Siwaqaite","Ca6Al2(Cr6+O4)3(OH)12·26H2O","Ca6Al2(CrO4)3(OH)12·26H2O","Ca_6_Al_2_(CrO_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca_6_Al_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·26H_2_O","Ca Al Cr O H","IMA2018-150"," ",6873,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P31c","Ca Al Cr^6+ O H","Siw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow","#f1f1e6"
"Škáchaite","Skachaite","CaCo2+(CO3)2","CaCo(CO3)2","CaCo(CO_3_)_2_","CaCo^2+^(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Co C O","IMA2022-143"," ",7354,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3","Ca Co^2+ C O","Škác",,"No","Pale to bright pink","#fff9d0,#ffd1df"
"Skaergaardite","Skaergaardite","PdCu","PdCu","PdCu","PdCu","Pd Cu","IMA2003-049"," ",5250,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Pd Cu","Skg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray, Bronze gray.","#43464b,#8d8752"
"Skinnerite","Skinnerite","Cu1+3Sb3+S2-3","Cu3SbS3","Cu_3_SbS_3_","Cu^1+^_3_Sb^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Sb S","IMA1973-035"," ",4106," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ski","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Skippenite","Skippenite","Bi3+2Se2-2Te2-","Bi2Se2Te","Bi_2_Se_2_Te","Bi^3+^_2_Se^2-^_2_Te^2-^","Bi Se Te","IMA1986-033"," ",4107,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi^3+ Se^2- Te^2-","Skp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Sklodowskite","Sklodowskite","Mg(U6+O2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Mg(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·6H2O","Mg(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg U O Si H"," "," ",4108," ","monoclinic","I2/m, C2/m","Mg U^6+ O Si H","Sds","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Light yellow.","#cdfd02,#fffe7a"
"Skogbyite","Skogbyite","Zr4+(Mg2Mn3+ 4)SiO12","Zr(Mg2Mn3+ 4)SiO12","Zr(Mg_2_Mn^3+^_ 4_)SiO_12_","Zr^4+^(Mg_2_Mn^3+^_ 4_)SiO_12_","Zr Mg Mn Si O","IMA2023-085"," ",7425,"Braunite","tetragonal","I41/acd","Zr^4+ Mg Mn^3+ Si O","Skb",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Skorpionite","Skorpionite","Ca3Zn2+2(PO4)2CO3(OH)2·H2O","Ca3Zn2(PO4)2(CO3)(OH)2·H2O","Ca_3_Zn_2_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_3_Zn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_CO_3_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Zn P O C H","IMA2005-010"," ",5314," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Zn^2+ P O C H","Skr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Skutterudite","Skutterudite","Co3+As3","CoAs3","CoAs_3_","Co^3+^As_3_","Co As"," "," ",4109,"Skutterudite, Perovskite","cubic","Im3","Co^3+ As","Skt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","White, Light steel gray.","#ffffff,#b0c4de"
"Slavíkite","Slavikite","(H3O)1+3Mg6Fe3+15(S6+O4)21(OH)18·98H2O","(H3O)3Mg6Fe15(SO4)21(OH)18·98H2O","(H_3_O)_3_Mg_6_Fe_15_(SO_4_)_21_(OH)_18_·98H_2_O","(H_3_O)^1+^_3_Mg_6_Fe^3+^_15_(S^6+^O_4_)_21_(OH)_18_·98H_2_O","H O Mg Fe S","IMA2008 s.p."," ",4110,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","H O Mg Fe^3+ S^6+","Sví","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale yellow, pale yellow-green","#eecf9e,#bea932"
"Slavkovite","Slavkovite","Cu2+13(As5+O4)6(As5+O3OH)4·23H2O","Cu13(AsO4)6(AsO3OH)4·23H2O","Cu_13_(AsO_4_)_6_(AsO_3_OH)_4_·23H_2_O","Cu^2+^_13_(As^5+^O_4_)_6_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_4_·23H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA2004-038"," ",5605," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Sav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale green, colourless with a greenish tint, light blue, blue-green","#69b076,#afafaf,#add8e6,#137e6d"
"Slawsonite","Slawsonite","SrAl2Si2O8","Sr(Al2Si2O8)","Sr(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","SrAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Sr Al Si O","IMA1967-026"," ",4111," ","monoclinic, triclinic","I2/c, P21/a, I1","Sr Al Si O","Sws","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Medium gray.","#afafaf,#7d7f7c"
"Šlikite","Slikite","Zn2+2Mg(CO3)2(OH)2·4H2O","Zn2Mg(CO3)2(OH)2·4H2O","Zn_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Mg(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn Mg C O H","IMA2018-120"," ",6852,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Mg C O H","Šlk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","snow-white (aggregates)","#afafaf"
"Slottaite","Slottaite","SrFe3+3(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)6","SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6","SrFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)_6_","SrFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Sr Fe P O S H","IMA2024-051"," ",7504,"Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Soi",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sluzhenikinite","Sluzhenikinite","Pd15(Sb7-xSnx); 3 ≤ x ≤ 4","Pd15(Sb7-xSnx); 3 ≤ x ≤ 4","Pd_15_(Sb_7-x_Sn_x_); 3 ≤ x ≤ 4","Pd_15_(Sb_7-x_Sn_x_); 3 ≤ x ≤ 4","Pd Sb Sn","IMA2020-089"," ",7104,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/m","Pd Sb Sn","Szhi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Slyudyankaite","Slyudyankaite","Na28Ca4(Si24Al24O96)(S6+O4)6(S6)1/3(CO2)·2H2O","Na28Ca4(Si24Al24O96)(SO4)6(S6)1/3(CO2)·2H2O","Na_28_Ca_4_(Si_24_Al_24_O_96_)(SO_4_)_6_(S_6_)_1/3_(CO_2_)·2H_2_O","Na_28_Ca_4_(Si_24_Al_24_O_96_)(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(S_6_)_1/3_(CO_2_)·2H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O S C H","IMA2021-062a"," ",7188,"Sodalite","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Si Al O S^6+ S C H","Sdy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Green to pale blue","#00ff00,#d0fefe"
"Smamite","Smamite","Ca2Sb5+(OH)4[H(As5+O4)2]·6H2O","Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O","Ca_2_Sb(OH)_4_[H(AsO_4_)_2_]·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Sb^5+^(OH)_4_[H(As^5+^O_4_)_2_]·6H_2_O","Ca Sb O H As","IMA2019-001"," ",6892,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Ca Sb^5+ O H As^5+","Smm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Smirnite","Smirnite","Bi3+2Te4+O5","Bi3+2Te4+O5","Bi^3+^_2_Te^4+^O_5_","Bi^3+^_2_Te^4+^O_5_","Bi Te O","IMA1982-104"," ",4112," ","orthorhombic","Abm2","Bi^3+ Te^4+ O","Smr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light gray, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#d8dcd6,#fffe7a"
"Smirnovskite","Smirnovskite","(Th4+,Ca)PO4·nH2O","(Th,Ca)(PO4)·nH2O","(Th,Ca)(PO_4_)·nH_2_O","(Th^4+^,Ca)PO_4_·nH_2_O","Th Ca P O H"," "," ",5480," ",,,"Th^4+ Ca P O H","Snv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Smithite","Smithite","Ag1+As3+S2-2","AgAsS2","AgAsS_2_","Ag^1+^As^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag As S"," "," ",4113," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Ag^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Sth","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brown orange, Light red, Orange red.","#b96902,#ff7f7f,#fe4401"
"Smithsonite","Smithsonite","Zn2+CO3","Zn(CO3)","Zn(CO_3_)","Zn^2+^CO_3_","Zn C O"," "," ",4114,"Calcite","hexagonal","R3c","Zn^2+ C O","Smt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grayish white, Dark gray, Green, Blue, Yellow.","#d6dee9,#363737,#00ff00,#0000ff,#ffff00"
"Smolyaninovite","Smolyaninovite","Co2+3Fe3+2(As5+O4)4·11H2O","Co3Fe3+2(AsO4)4·11H2O","Co_3_Fe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_4_·11H_2_O","Co^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_·11H_2_O","Co Fe As O H"," "," ",4115,"Smolyaninovite","orthorhombic",,"Co^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Sya","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Smrkovecite","Smrkovecite","Bi3+2O(OH)PO4","Bi2O(OH)(PO4)","Bi_2_O(OH)(PO_4_)","Bi^3+^_2_O(OH)PO_4_","Bi O H P","IMA1993-040"," ",4116,"Atelestite","monoclinic","P2/c","Bi^3+ O H P","Skc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Yellow.","#ffffff,#ffff00"
"Smythite","Smythite","(Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni)3-3.3S4","(Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x ≈ 0-0.3)","(Fe,Ni)_3+x_S_4_ (x ≈ 0-0.3)","(Fe^2+^,Fe^3+^,Ni)_3-3.3_S_4_","Fe Ni S"," "," ",4117," ","hexagonal","R3m","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ni S","Syt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish black, Light bronze.","#413936,#a05822"
"Sobolevite","Sobolevite","Na6(Na2Ca)(NaCaMn2+)Na2Ti4+2Na2(Ti4+Mn2+)(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O2(OF)F2","Na6(Na2Ca)(NaCaMn)Na2Ti2Na2(TiMn)(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O2(OF)F2","Na_6_(Na_2_Ca)(NaCaMn)Na_2_Ti_2_Na_2_(TiMn)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(OF)F_2_","Na_6_(Na_2_Ca)(NaCaMn^2+^)Na_2_Ti^4+^_2_Na_2_(Ti^4+^Mn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_4_O_2_(OF)F_2_","Na Ca Mn Ti Si O P F","IMA1982-042"," ",4118,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","monoclinic","Pc","Na Ca Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O P F","Sob","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Sobolevskite","Sobolevskite","PdBi","PdBi","PdBi","PdBi","Pd Bi","IMA1973-042"," ",4119,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pd Bi","Sov","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Sodalite","Sodalite","Na4Si3Al3O12Cl","Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl","Na_4_(Si_3_Al_3_)O_12_Cl","Na_4_Si_3_Al_3_O_12_Cl","Na Si Al O Cl"," "," ",4121,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic","P43n, Pm3n, P43m","Na Si Al O Cl","Sdl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Azure blue, White, Pink, Gray, Green.","#4d91c6,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#808080,#00ff00"
"Soddyite","Soddyite","(U6+O2)2SiO4(H2O)2","(UO2)2(SiO4)(H2O)2","(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_4_)(H_2_O)_2_","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_SiO_4_(H_2_O)_2_","U O Si H"," "," ",4122," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","U^6+ O Si H","Sod","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Canary yellow, Yellowish green, Yellow.","#ffff00,#f1f1e6,#b0dd16,#ffff00"
"Sofiite","Sofiite","Zn2+2(Se4+O3)Cl2","Zn2(Se4+O3)Cl2","Zn_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)Cl_2_","Zn^2+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)Cl_2_","Zn Se O Cl","IMA1987-028"," ",4143," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","Zn^2+ Se^4+ O Cl","Sof","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Reddish brown, colourless","#7f2b0a,#afafaf"
"Sogdianite","Sogdianite","KZr4+2(Li3Si12)O30","KZr2Li3Si12O30","KZr_2_Li_3_Si_12_O_30_","KZr^4+^_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Zr Li Si O","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4137,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Zr^4+ Li Si O","Sog","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Violet.","#9a0eea"
"Söhngeite","Sohngeite","Ga(OH)3","Ga(OH)3","Ga(OH)_3_","Ga(OH)_3_","Ga O H","IMA1965-022"," ",4138,"Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Ga O H","Söh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, white, pale yellow, pale brown, pale greenish yellow","#653700,#ffffff,#eecf9e,#b1916e,#69b076"
"Sokolovaite","Sokolovaite","CsLi2AlSi4O10F2","CsLi2AlSi4O10F2","CsLi_2_AlSi_4_O_10_F_2_","CsLi_2_AlSi_4_O_10_F_2_","Cs Li Al Si O F","IMA2004-012"," ",5272,"Mica","monoclinic",,"Cs Li Al Si O F","Sok","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Solongoite","Solongoite","Ca2B3O4(OH)4Cl","Ca2B3O4(OH)4Cl","Ca_2_B_3_O_4_(OH)_4_Cl","Ca_2_B_3_O_4_(OH)_4_Cl","Ca B O H Cl","IMA1973-017"," ",4139," ","monoclinic","P21/b","Ca B O H Cl","Sol","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Somersetite","Somersetite","Pb2+8O(OH)4(CO3)5","Pb8O(OH)4(CO3)5","Pb_8_O(OH)_4_(CO_3_)_5_","Pb^2+^_8_O(OH)_4_(CO_3_)_5_","Pb O H C","IMA2017-024"," ",6664,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Pb^2+ O H C","Sse","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green or white","#00ff00,#ffffff"
"Sonolite","Sonolite","Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2","Mn^2+^_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_9_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mn Si O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4140,"Humite","monoclinic","P21/b","Mn^2+ Si O H","Snl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown, Dark reddish brown, Pink brown, Reddish orange.","#73532a,#840000,#67594c,#f8481c"
"Sonoraite","Sonoraite","Fe3+Te4+O3(OH)·H2O","Fe3+(Te4+O3)(OH)·H2O","Fe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)(OH)·H_2_O","Fe^3+^Te^4+^O_3_(OH)·H_2_O","Fe Te O H","IMA1968-001"," ",4141," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Son","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Sopcheite","Sopcheite","Ag4Pd3Te4","Ag4Pd3Te4","Ag_4_Pd_3_Te_4_","Ag_4_Pd_3_Te_4_","Ag Pd Te","IMA1980-101"," ",4142," ","orthorhombic",,"Ag Pd Te","Sop","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brownish gray.","#86775f"
"Sorbyite","Sorbyite","Cu1+Pb2+9(Sb3+,As3+)11S2-26","Pb9Cu(Sb,As)11S26","Pb_9_Cu(Sb,As)_11_S_26_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^_9_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_11_S^2-^_26_","Pb Cu Sb As S","IMA1966-032"," ",4144,"Madocite","monoclinic",,"Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Srb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Sørensenite","Sorensenite","Na4Be2Sn4+(Si3O9)2·2H2O","Na4Be2Sn(Si3O9)2·2H2O","Na_4_Be_2_Sn(Si_3_O_9_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na_4_Be_2_Sn^4+^(Si_3_O_9_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Be Sn Si O H","IMA1965-006"," ",4145," ","monoclinic","Cc","Na Be Sn^4+ Si O H","Sør","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless to pink, milky white (altered); colourless in transmitted light","#afafaf,#ffc0cb,#dcd9cd,#afafaf"
"Sorosite","Sorosite","Cu1.1-1.2(Sn,Sb)","Cu1+x(Sn,Sb)","Cu_1+x_(Sn,Sb)","Cu_1.1-1.2_(Sn,Sb)","Cu Sn Sb","IMA1994-047"," ",4146,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Cu Sn Sb","Sor","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Pinkish tin white.","#d99b82"
"Sosedkoite","Sosedkoite","K5Al2Ta22O60","K5Al2Ta22O60","K_5_Al_2_Ta_22_O_60_","K_5_Al_2_Ta_22_O_60_","K Al Ta O","IMA1981-014"," ",4147," ","orthorhombic",,"K Al Ta O","Sos","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Součekite","Soucekite","Cu1+Pb2+Bi3+(S2-,Se2-)3","CuPbBi(S,Se)3","CuPbBi(S,Se)_3_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Bi^3+^(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_3_","Cu Pb Bi S Se","IMA1976-017"," ",4148,"Bournonite","orthorhombic","Pn21m","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Sče","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead-grey","#8a7963"
"Souzalite","Souzalite","Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6·2H2O","Mg_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Mg_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Mg Al P O H"," "," ",4149,"Souzalite","triclinic","P1","Mg Al P O H","Sou","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Blue green, Dark green.","#137e6d,#033500"
"Spadaite","Spadaite","MgSiO2(OH)2·H2O","MgSiO2(OH)2·H2O (?)","MgSiO_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O (?)","MgSiO_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Mg Si O H"," "," ",5106," ",,,"Mg Si O H","Spa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Cream, Pinkish.","#afafaf,#ffffc2,#d46a7e"
"Spaltiite","Spaltiite","Tl1+2Cu1+2As3+2S2-5","Tl2Cu2As2S5","Tl_2_Cu_2_As_2_S_5_","Tl^1+^_2_Cu^1+^_2_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Tl Cu As S","IMA2014-012"," ",6305," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Tl^1+ Cu^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Spti","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Spangolite","Spangolite","Cu2+6AlS6+O4(OH)12Cl·3H2O","Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl·3H2O","Cu_6_Al(SO_4_)(OH)_12_Cl·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_AlS^6+^O_4_(OH)_12_Cl·3H_2_O","Cu Al S O H Cl"," "," ",4150,"Spangolite","hexagonal","P31c","Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H Cl","Spg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green, Dark green, Emerald green.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#033500,#046307"
"Spencerite","Spencerite","Zn2+4(PO4)2(OH)2·3H2O","Zn4(PO4)2(OH)2·3H2O","Zn_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Zn P O H"," "," ",4151," ","monoclinic","P2/c","Zn^2+ P O H","Scrt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sperlingite","Sperlingite","(H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti4+)(PO4)4[O(OH)][(H2O)9(OH)]·4H2O","(H2O)K(Mn2+Fe3+)(Al2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)][(H2O)9(OH)]·4H2O","(H_2_O)K(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)(Al_2_Ti)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)][(H_2_O)_9_(OH)]·4H_2_O","(H_2_O)K(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)(Al_2_Ti^4+^)(PO_4_)_4_[O(OH)][(H_2_O)_9_(OH)]·4H_2_O","H O K Mn Fe Al Ti P","IMA2023-120"," ",7466,"Paulkerrite","monoclinic","P21/c","H O K Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Al Ti^4+ P","Sper",,"No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Sperrylite","Sperrylite","PtAs2","PtAs2","PtAs_2_","PtAs_2_","Pt As"," "," ",4152,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Pt As","Spy","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Spertiniite","Spertiniite","Cu2+(OH)2","Cu(OH)2","Cu(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^(OH)_2_","Cu O H","IMA1980-033"," ",4153," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21, Bbmm","Cu^2+ O H","Sni","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue, Blue green.","#0000ff,#137e6d"
"Spessartine","Spessartine","Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3","Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3","Mn^2+^_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn^2+^_3_Al_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Mn Al Si O"," "," ",4154,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Mn^2+ Al Si O","Sps","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Red, Reddish orange, Yellowish brown, Reddish brown, Brown.","#ff0000,#f8481c,#9b7a01,#7f2b0a,#653700"
"Sphaerobertrandite","Sphaerobertrandite","Be3SiO4(OH)2","Be3(SiO4)(OH)2","Be_3_(SiO_4_)(OH)_2_","Be_3_SiO_4_(OH)_2_","Be Si O H","IMA2003 s.p."," ",4155," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Be Si O H","Sbtd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellow, Brownish white, White, Gray.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#d1f1de,#ffffff,#808080"
"Sphaerobismoite","Sphaerobismoite","Bi3+2O3","Bi2O3","Bi_2_O_3_","Bi^3+^_2_O_3_","Bi O","IMA1993-009"," ",4156," ","tetragonal","P421c, P4b2, C42b","Bi^3+ O","Sbm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Green, Yellowish, Gray.","#00ff00,#faee66,#808080"
"Sphalerite","Sphalerite","Zn2+S2-","ZnS","ZnS","Zn^2+^S^2-^","Zn S","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4158,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Zn^2+ S^2-","Sp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Yellow, Red, Green, Black.","#653700,#ffff00,#ff0000,#00ff00,#000000"
"Spheniscidite","Spheniscidite","(N3-H4)Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","(NH4)Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","(NH_4_)Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","N H Fe P O","IMA1977-029"," ",4159,"Leucophosphite","monoclinic","P21/n","N^3- H Fe^3+ P O","Snc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Spherocobaltite","Spherocobaltite","Co2+CO3","Co(CO3)","Co(CO_3_)","Co^2+^CO_3_","Co C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4157," ","hexagonal","R3c","Co^2+ C O","Scbt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Spinel","Spinel","MgAl2O4","MgAl2O4","MgAl_2_O_4_","MgAl_2_O_4_","Mg Al O"," "," ",4160,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Mg Al O","Spl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Red, Blue, Green, Brown.","#afafaf,#ff0000,#0000ff,#00ff00,#653700"
"Spionkopite","Spionkopite","Cu1.32S","Cu39S28","Cu_39_S_28_","Cu_1.32_S","Cu S","IMA1978-023"," ",4161," ",,,"Cu S","Spi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black, Blue.","#000000,#0000ff"
"Spiridonovite","Spiridonovite","(Cu1+1-xAg1+x)2Te2-, (x≈0.4)","(Cu1-xAgx)2Te, (x≈0.4)","(Cu_1-x_Ag_x_)_2_Te, (x≈0.4)","(Cu^1+^_1-x_Ag^1+^_x_)_2_Te^2-^, (x≈0.4)","Cu Ag Te","IMA2018-136"," ",6824,"Fluorite","hexagonal","P3c1","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Te^2-","Srv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Spiroffite","Spiroffite","Mn2+2Te4+3O8","Mn2+2Te4+3O8","Mn^2+^_2_Te^4+^_3_O_8_","Mn^2+^_2_Te^4+^_3_O_8_","Mn Te O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4162," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ Te^4+ O","Spf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Purple.","#ff0000,#800080"
"Spodumene","Spodumene","LiAlSi2O6","LiAlSi2O6","LiAlSi_2_O_6_","LiAlSi_2_O_6_","Li Al Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4164,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Li Al Si O","Spd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Grayish white, Pink, Violet, Emerald green, Yellow.","#d6dee9,#ffc0cb,#9a0eea,#046307,#ffff00"
"Spriggite","Spriggite","Pb2+3(U6+O2)6O8(OH)2·3H2O","Pb3(UO2)6O8(OH)2·3H2O","Pb_3_(UO_2_)_6_O_8_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_6_O_8_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Pb U O H","IMA2002-014"," ",5168," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Sgg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright orange.","#ff7034"
"Springcreekite","Springcreekite","BaV3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","BaV3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6","BaV^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","BaV^3+^_3_(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)_6_","Ba V P O H","IMA1998-048"," ",4165,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba V^3+ P O H","Sck","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Black.","#000000"
"Spryite","Spryite","Ag1+8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S2-6","Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6","Ag_8_(As^3+^_0.5_As^5+^_0.5_)S_6_","Ag^1+^_8_(As^3+^_0.5_As^5+^_0.5_)S^2-^_6_","Ag As S","IMA2015-116"," ",6514,"Argyrodite","orthorhombic","Pna21","Ag^1+ As^3+ As^5+ S^2-","Syi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Spurrite","Spurrite","Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)","Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)","Ca Si O C"," "," ",4166,"Spurrite-Afwillite","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Si O C","Spu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Gray, Gray white, Lilac gray.","#808080,#d7d5cb,#3b3131"
"Srebrodolskite","Srebrodolskite","Ca2Fe3+2O5","Ca2Fe3+2O5","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_5_","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_2_O_5_","Ca Fe O","IMA1984-050"," ",4167,"Brownmillerite, Perovskite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pcmn","Ca Fe^3+ O","Sre","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown red, Black.","#922b05,#000000"
"Šreinite","Sreinite","Pb2+(U6+O2)4(Bi3+O)3(PO4)2(OH)7·4H2O","Pb(UO2)4(BiO)3(PO4)2(OH)7·4H2O","Pb(UO_2_)_4_(BiO)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(Bi^3+^O)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_7_·4H_2_O","Pb U O Bi P H","IMA2004-022"," ",5581," ","cubic",,"Pb^2+ U^6+ O Bi^3+ P H","Šrn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow with an orange tint","#fdf4bb"
"Srilankite","Srilankite","Ti4+O2","TiO2","TiO_2_","Ti^4+^O_2_","Ti O","IMA1982-056, IMA2022 s.p."," ",4168,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Ti^4+ O","Sri","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Stalderite","Stalderite","Tl1+Cu1+(Zn2+,Fe2+,Hg2+)2As3+2S2-6","TlCu(Zn,Fe,Hg)2As2S6","TlCu(Zn,Fe,Hg)_2_As_2_S_6_","Tl^1+^Cu^1+^(Zn^2+^,Fe^2+^,Hg^2+^)_2_As^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Tl Cu Zn Fe Hg As S","IMA1987-024"," ",4169,"Routhierite","tetragonal","I42m","Tl^1+ Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Sld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Reddish black, Bluish black.","#000000,#433635,#413f44"
"Staněkite","Stanekite","Fe3+Mn2+O(PO4)","Fe3+Mn2+O(PO4)","Fe^3+^Mn^2+^O(PO_4_)","Fe^3+^Mn^2+^O(PO_4_)","Fe Mn O P","IMA1994-045"," ",4170,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","I2/a","Fe^3+ Mn^2+ O P","Stk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Black","#000000"
"Stanevansite","Stanevansite","Mg(C2H3O3)1-2·2H2O","Mg(C2H3O3)2·2H2O","Mg(C_2_H_3_O_3_)_2_·2H_2_O","Mg(C_2_H_3_O_3_)^1-^_2_·2H_2_O","Mg C H O","IMA2022-085"," ",7238,"Glycolate, Stanevansite","monoclinic",,"Mg C H O","Ses","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Stanfieldite","Stanfieldite","Ca4Mg5(PO4)6","Ca4Mg5(PO4)6","Ca_4_Mg_5_(PO_4_)_6_","Ca_4_Mg_5_(PO_4_)_6_","Ca Mg P O","IMA1966-045"," ",4171," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Mg P O","Stf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Yellow brown, Reddish yellow.","#ae8b0c,#cdfd02"
"Stangersite","Stangersite","Sn2+Ge4+S2-3","SnGeS3","SnGeS_3_","Sn^2+^Ge^4+^S^2-^_3_","Sn Ge S","IMA2019-092"," ",6986," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Sn^2+ Ge^4+ S^2-","Sgs","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Orange to yellowish red","#ffa500,#edeeda"
"Stankeithite","Stankeithite","Mn2+Mn2+Te4+4O10","MnMnTe4+4O10","MnMnTe^4+^_4_O_10_","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Te^4+^_4_O_10_","Mn Te O","IMA2024-049"," ",7447,"Denningite","tetragonal","P42/nbc","Mn^2+ Te^4+ O","Stnk",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Stanleyite","Stanleyite","V4+O(S6+O4)·6H2O","V4+O(SO4)·6H2O","V^4+^O(SO_4_)·6H_2_O","V^4+^O(S^6+^O_4_)·6H_2_O","V O S H","IMA1980-042"," ",5107," ","orthorhombic",,"V^4+ O S^6+ H","Stl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Deep blue.","#0000ff,#040273"
"Stannite","Stannite","Cu1+2Fe2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu2FeSnS4","Cu_2_FeSnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Fe^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Sn S"," "," ",4172,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Stn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue, Grayish black, Steel gray.","#0000ff,#555152,#43464b"
"Stannoidite","Stannoidite","Cu1+8Fe3+2(Fe2+,Zn2+)Sn4+2S2-12","Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Sn2S12","Cu_8_(Fe,Zn)_3_Sn_2_S_12_","Cu^1+^_8_Fe^3+^_2_(Fe^2+^,Zn^2+^)Sn^4+^_2_S^2-^_12_","Cu Fe Zn Sn S","IMA1968-004a"," ",4173,"Stannoidite","orthorhombic","I222","Cu^1+ Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Zn^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Sta","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brass brown.","#663300"
"Stannopalladinite","Stannopalladinite","(Pd,Cu)3Sn","(Pd,Cu)3Sn","(Pd,Cu)_3_Sn","(Pd,Cu)_3_Sn","Pd Cu Sn"," "," ",5108," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd Cu Sn","Spdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Brown pink, Pale pink.","#f2aeb1,#efcddb"
"Starkeyite","Starkeyite","MgS6+O4·4H2O","Mg(SO4)·4H2O","Mg(SO_4_)·4H_2_O","MgS^6+^O_4_·4H_2_O","Mg S O H","IMA1970-014a"," ",4175,"Starkeyite","monoclinic","P21/n","Mg S^6+ O H","Ske","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Staročeskéite","Staroceskeite","Ag1+0.70Pb2+1.60(Bi3+1.35Sb3+1.35)S2-6","Ag0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6","Ag_0.70_Pb_1.60_(Bi_1.35_Sb_1.35_)_Σ2.70_S_6_","Ag^1+^_0.70_Pb^2+^_1.60_(Bi^3+^_1.35_Sb^3+^_1.35_)S^2-^_6_","Ag Pb Bi Sb S","IMA2016-101"," ",6628,"Lillianite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Sčk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Steel-grey","#43464b"
"Starovaite","Starovaite","KCu2+5O(V5+O4)3","KCu5O(VO4)3","KCu_5_O(VO_4_)_3_","KCu^2+^_5_O(V^5+^O_4_)_3_","K Cu O V","IMA2011-085"," ",6028," ","triclinic","P1","K Cu^2+ O V^5+","Sro","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Golden brown to reddish brown","#b27a01,#7f2b0a"
"Staurolite","Staurolite","Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)","Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)","Fe^2+^_2_Al_9_Si_4_O_23_(OH)","Fe^2+^_2_Al_9_Si_4_O_23_(OH)","Fe Al Si O H"," "," ",4176,"Staurolite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, Ccmm","Fe^2+ Al Si O H","St","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish yellow, Brownish black, Yellow brown, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#c9b003,#413936,#ae8b0c,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Stavelotite-(La)","Stavelotite-(La)","La3Mn2+3Cu2+(Mn3+,Fe3+,Mn4+)26(Si2O7)6O30","La3Mn2+3Cu2+(Mn3+,Fe3+,Mn4+)26(Si2O7)6O30","La_3_Mn^2+^_3_Cu^2+^(Mn^3+^,Fe^3+^,Mn^4+^)_26_(Si_2_O_7_)_6_O_30_","La_3_Mn^2+^_3_Cu^2+^(Mn^3+^,Fe^3+^,Mn^4+^)_26_(Si_2_O_7_)_6_O_30_","La Mn Cu Fe Si O","IMA2004-014"," ",5274," ","hexagonal","P31","La Mn^2+ Cu^2+ Mn^3+ Fe^3+ Mn^4+ Si O","Svt-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Black.","#000000"
"Steacyite","Steacyite","K0.3(Na,Ca)2Th4+Si8O20","K0.3(Na,Ca)2ThSi8O20","K_0.3_(Na,Ca)_2_ThSi_8_O_20_","K_0.3_(Na,Ca)_2_Th^4+^Si_8_O_20_","K Na Ca Th Si O","IMA1981 s.p."," ",4177,"Steacyite","tetragonal","P4/mcc","K Na Ca Th^4+ Si O","Scy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown, Yellow green.","#653700,#c8fd3d"
"Steedeite","Steedeite","NaMn2+2[Si3BO9](OH)2","NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2","NaMn_2_[Si_3_BO_9_](OH)_2_","NaMn^2+^_2_[Si_3_BO_9_](OH)_2_","Na Mn Si B O H","IMA2013-052"," ",5878,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Na Mn^2+ Si B O H","Sed","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless to pale pink; white","#afafaf,#efcddb,#ffffff"
"Steenstrupine-(Ce)","Steenstrupine-(Ce)","Na14Ce3+6Mn2+Mn3+Fe3+2Zr4+(PO4)7Si12O36(OH)2·3H2O","Na14Ce6Mn2+2Fe3+2Zr(PO4)7Si12O36(OH)2·3H2O","Na_14_Ce_6_Mn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_Zr(PO_4_)_7_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na_14_Ce^3+^_6_Mn^2+^Mn^3+^Fe^3+^_2_Zr^4+^(PO_4_)_7_Si_12_O_36_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na Ce Mn Fe Zr P O Si H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4178," ","monoclinic, hexagonal","R3m","Na Ce^3+ Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Fe^3+ Zr^4+ P O Si H","Ssp-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown red, Dark brown, Black.","#922b05,#73532a,#000000"
"Stefanweissite","Stefanweissite","(Ca,REE)2Zr4+2(Nb5+,Ti4+)(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Fe2+O14","(Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14","(Ca,REE)_2_Zr_2_(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)_2_Fe^2+^O_14_","(Ca,REE)_2_Zr^4+^_2_(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Fe^2+^O_14_","Ca REE Zr Nb Ti Fe O","IMA2018-020"," ",6765,"Zirconolite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Cmca, C2/c","Ca REE Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Swi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, reddish-brown","#653700,#7f2b0a"
"Steigerite","Steigerite","AlV5+O4·3H2O","Al(VO4)·3H2O","Al(VO_4_)·3H_2_O","AlV^5+^O_4_·3H_2_O","Al V O H"," "," ",4179," ",,,"Al V^5+ O H","Sgr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow, Olive green.","#f1f1e6,#8ead2c"
"Steinhardtite","Steinhardtite","Al","Al","Al","Al","Al","IMA2014-036"," ",6314,"Iron","cubic","Im3m","Al","Shd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Steiningerite","Steiningerite","Ba2Zr4+2(Si4O12)O2","Ba2Zr2(Si4O12)O2","Ba_2_Zr_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_","Ba_2_Zr^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)O_2_","Ba Zr Si O","IMA2024-016"," ",7493,"Labuntsovite","tetragonal","P4/mbm","Ba Zr^4+ Si O","Sngr",,"No","colourless or creamy white","#afafaf,#f0e9d6"
"Steinmetzite","Steinmetzite","Zn2+2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·3H2O","Zn2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·3H2O","Zn_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2015-081"," ",6480," ","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Snm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White to cream, pale yellow, pale orange","#ffffff,#ffffc2,#eecf9e,#db9c7b"
"Steklite","Steklite","KAl(S6+O4)2","KAl(SO4)2","KAl(SO_4_)_2_","KAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Al S O","IMA2011-041"," ",5968,"Sabieite","hexagonal","P321, P312","K Al S^6+ O","Sek","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Stellerite","Stellerite","Ca4(Si28Al8)O72·28H2O","Ca4(Si28Al8)O72·28H2O","Ca_4_(Si_28_Al_8_)O_72_·28H_2_O","Ca_4_(Si_28_Al_8_)O_72_·28H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4180,"Stilbite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Fmmm, F2/m, Amma","Ca Si Al O H","Ste","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","White, Pink, Salmon orange, Brown, Red.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#ff8c69,#653700,#ff0000"
"Stenhuggarite","Stenhuggarite","CaFe3+Sb3+As3+2O7","CaFe3+Sb3+As3+2O7","CaFe^3+^Sb^3+^As^3+^_2_O_7_","CaFe^3+^Sb^3+^As^3+^_2_O_7_","Ca Fe Sb As O","IMA1966-037"," ",4181," ","tetragonal","I41/a","Ca Fe^3+ Sb^3+ As^3+ O","Shu","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bright reddish orange.","#ff000d"
"Stenonite","Stenonite","Sr2Al(CO3)F5","Sr2Al(CO3)F5","Sr_2_Al(CO_3_)F_5_","Sr_2_Al(CO_3_)F_5_","Sr Al C O F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4182," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Sr Al C O F","Sten","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Stepanovite","Stepanovite","NaMgFe3+((C2)6+O4)3·9H2O","NaMgFe3+(C2O4)3·9H2O","NaMgFe^3+^(C_2_O_4_)_3_·9H_2_O","NaMgFe^3+^((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_3_·9H_2_O","Na Mg Fe C O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4183,"Stepanovite, Oxalate","hexagonal",,"Na Mg Fe^3+ C O H","Stpn","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Stephanite","Stephanite","Ag1+5Sb3+S2-4","Ag5SbS4","Ag_5_SbS_4_","Ag^1+^_5_Sb^3+^S^2-^_4_","Ag Sb S"," "," ",4184," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Ag^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Sph","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Štěpite","Stepite","U4+(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","U(AsO3OH)2·4H2O","U(AsO_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","U^4+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","U As O H","IMA2012-006"," ",6062,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","I41/acd","U^4+ As^5+ O H","Ště","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Emerald green","#046307"
"Stercorite","Stercorite","(N3-H4)Na(PO3OH)·4H2O","(NH4)Na(PO3OH)·4H2O","(NH_4_)Na(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)Na(PO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","N H Na P O"," "," ",4185," ","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Na P O","Stc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish, Brownish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#faee66,#9c6d57"
"Stergiouite","Stergiouite","CaZn2+2(As5+O4)2·4H2O","CaZn2(AsO4)2·4H2O","CaZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","CaZn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Zn As O H","IMA2018-051a"," ",6858,"Phosphophyllite","monoclinic","Pc","Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Sgo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White to colourless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Sterlinghillite","Sterlinghillite","Mn2+3(As5+O4)2·3H2O","Mn2+3(AsO4)2·3H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Mn As O H","IMA1980-007"," ",4186," ","monoclinic",,"Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Slg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light pink.","#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Sternbergite","Sternbergite","Ag1+Fe2+Fe3+S2-3","AgFe2S3","AgFe_2_S_3_","Ag^1+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Fe S"," "," ",4187,"Cubanite","orthorhombic","Ccmb","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^2-","Srn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue violet, Golden brown.","#4e32b2,#b27a01"
"Steropesite","Steropesite","Tl1+3Bi3+Cl6","Tl3BiCl6","Tl_3_BiCl_6_","Tl^1+^_3_Bi^3+^Cl_6_","Tl Bi Cl","IMA2008-014"," ",5673," ","monoclinic","Cc","Tl^1+ Bi^3+ Cl","Strp","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale lemon yellow.","#ffff66"
"Sterryite","Sterryite","Cu1+(Ag1+,Cu1+)3Pb2+19(Sb3+,As3+)22(As2)4+S2-56","Cu(Ag,Cu)3Pb19(Sb,As)22(As)2S56","Cu(Ag,Cu)_3_Pb_19_(Sb,As)_22_(As)_2_S_56_","Cu^1+^(Ag^1+^,Cu^1+^)_3_Pb^2+^_19_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_22_(As_2_)^4+^S^2-^_56_","Cu Ag Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-020"," ",4188,"Madocite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ As S^2-","Srr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Stetefeldtite","Stetefeldtite","Ag2+2Sb5+2(O,OH)7","Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7","Ag_2_Sb_2_(O,OH)_7_","Ag^2+^_2_Sb^5+^_2_(O,OH)_7_","Ag Sb O H","IMA2013 s.p."," ",4189,"Pyrochlore",,,"Ag^2+ Sb^5+ O H","Sf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Black, Brown, Yellowish.","#000000,#653700,#faee66"
"Stetindite-(Ce)","Stetindite-(Ce)","Ce4+SiO4","Ce(SiO4)","Ce(SiO_4_)","Ce^4+^SiO_4_","Ce Si O","IMA2008-035"," ",5695,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ce^4+ Si O","Std-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale yellow to colourless","#eecf9e,#afafaf"
"Steudelite","Steudelite","Na3☐(K17Ca7)Ca4(Al24Si24O96)(S4+O3)6F6·4H2O_","Na3☐(K17Ca7)Ca4(Al24Si24O96)(SO3)6F6·4H2O_","Na_3_[box](K_17_Ca_7_)Ca_4_(Al_24_Si_24_O_96_)(SO_3_)_6_F_6_·4H_2_O_","Na_3_[box](K_17_Ca_7_)Ca_4_(Al_24_Si_24_O_96_)(S^4+^O_3_)_6_F_6_·4H_2_O_","Na K Ca Al Si O S F H","IMA2021-007"," ",7123,"Cancrinite","hexagonal","P62c","Na K Ca Al Si O S^4+ F H","Stdl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colourless","#afafaf"
"Stevensite","Stevensite","(Ca,Na)xMg3-ySi4O10(OH)2","(Ca,Na)xMg3-ySi4O10(OH)2","(Ca,Na)_x_Mg_3-y_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","(Ca,Na)_x_Mg_3-y_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Ca Na Mg Si O H"," "," ",4190,"Clay",,,"Ca Na Mg Si O H","Stv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Beige white, Yellow brown, Pink.","#f6f2f1,#ae8b0c,#ffc0cb"
"Steverustite","Steverustite","Pb2+5Cu1+(S6+O3S2-)3(OH)5·2H2O","Pb2+5(OH)5[Cu1+(S6+O3S2-)3](H2O)2","Pb^2+^_5_(OH)_5_[Cu^1+^(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_3_](H_2_O)_2_","Pb^2+^_5_Cu^1+^(S^6+^O_3_S^2-^)_3_(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Pb O H Cu S","IMA2008-021"," ",5680," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ S^6+ O S^2- H","Svr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Stewartite","Stewartite","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",4191,"Stewartite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Stw","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow, Orange.","#c9b003,#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Stibarsen","Stibarsen","SbAs","SbAs","SbAs","SbAs","Sb As","IMA1982 s.p."," ",4192,"Arsenic","hexagonal","R3m","Sb As","Sbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Gray, Grayish white, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#808080,#d6dee9,#fff8d5"
"Stibiconite","Stibiconite","Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH)","Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH)","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Sb^3+^Sb^5+^_2_O_6_(OH)","Sb O H","IMA2013 s.p."," ",4193,"Pyrochlore","cubic","Fd3m","Sb^3+ Sb^5+ O H","Sbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Gray, Lemon white, Light yellow, Orange brown.","#653700,#808080,#fbf6e0,#fffe7a,#b16002"
"Stibioclaudetite","Stibioclaudetite","As3+Sb3+O3","AsSbO3","AsSbO_3_","As^3+^Sb^3+^O_3_","As Sb O","IMA2007-028"," ",5596,"Arsenolamprite-Claudetite","monoclinic","P21/n","As^3+ Sb^3+ O","Scld","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Stibiocolumbite","Stibiocolumbite","Sb3+Nb5+O4","SbNbO4","SbNbO_4_","Sb^3+^Nb^5+^O_4_","Sb Nb O"," "," ",4195," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","Sb^3+ Nb^5+ O","Sclb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow, Reddish brown.","#653700,#c9b003,#cdfd02,#7f2b0a"
"Stibiocolusite","Stibiocolusite","Cu1+12Cu2+V3+(Sb5+,Sn4+,As5+)3S2-16","Cu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16","Cu_13_V(Sb,Sn,As)_3_S_16_","Cu^1+^_12_Cu^2+^V^3+^(Sb^5+^,Sn^4+^,As^5+^)_3_S^2-^_16_","Cu V Sb Sn As S","IMA1991-043"," ",4196,"Germanite, Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","P43m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ V^3+ Sb^5+ Sn^4+ As^5+ S^2-","Sclu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Stibiogoldfieldite","Stibiogoldfieldite","Cu1+6Cu1+6(Sb3+2Te4+2)S2-13","Cu6Cu6(Sb2Te2)S13","Cu_6_Cu_6_(Sb_2_Te_2_)S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_Cu^1+^_6_(Sb^3+^_2_Te^4+^_2_)S^2-^_13_","Cu Sb Te S","IMA2020-104"," ",7117,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ Te^4+ S^2-","Sbgf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray","#363737"
"Stibiopalladinite","Stibiopalladinite","Pd5Sb2","Pd5Sb2","Pd_5_Sb_2_","Pd_5_Sb_2_","Pd Sb","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4198," ","hexagonal","P63cm","Pd Sb","Stpdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray, Silver gray, Silver white.","#43464b,#a8a8a4,#e7e8e3"
"Stibiosegnitite","Stibiosegnitite","Pb2+(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(As5+O4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6","Pb(Fe^3+^_2.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^(Fe^3+^_2.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Pb Fe Sb As O H","IMA2024-065"," ",7519,"Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^5+ As^5+ O H","Ssgt",,"No","olive-green","#8ead2c"
"Stibiotantalite","Stibiotantalite","Sb3+Ta5+O4","Sb3+TaO4","Sb^3+^TaO_4_","Sb^3+^Ta^5+^O_4_","Sb Ta O"," "," ",4199," ","orthorhombic","Pbn21","Sb^3+ Ta^5+ O","Sttl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Greenish yellow, Yellow, Light yellow brown, Dark brown.","#653700,#cdfd02,#ffff00,#fffe7a,#73532a"
"Stibioústalečite","Stibioustalecite","Cu1+6Cu1+6(Sb3+2Te4+2)Se2-13","Cu6Cu6(Sb2Te2)Se13","Cu_6_Cu_6_(Sb_2_Te_2_)Se_13_","Cu^1+^_6_Cu^1+^_6_(Sb^3+^_2_Te^4+^_2_)Se^2-^_13_","Cu Sb Te Se","IMA2021-071"," ",7179,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Sb^3+ Te^4+ Se^2-","Súč","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","dark grey","#363737"
"Stibivanite","Stibivanite","Sb3+2V4+O5","Sb3+2V4+O5","Sb^3+^_2_V^4+^O_5_","Sb^3+^_2_V^4+^O_5_","Sb V O","IMA1980-020"," ",4200," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/c, Pmcn","Sb^3+ V^4+ O","Stbv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow green, Dark yellow green, Emerald green.","#c8fd3d,#e7bf8e,#046307"
"Stibnite","Stibnite","Sb3+2S2-3","Sb2S3","Sb_2_S_3_","Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_3_","Sb S"," "," ",4201,"Stibnite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pbnm","Sb^3+ S^2-","Sbn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Lead gray, Bluish lead gray, Steel gray, Black.","#8a7963,#413f44,#43464b,#000000"
"Stichtite","Stichtite","Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Mg6Cr2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Mg_6_Cr_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Cr^3+^_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Mg Cr O H C"," "," ",4202,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","Mg Cr^3+ O H C","Stt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Lilac, Light violet, Pink.","#cea2fd,#d6b4fc,#ffc0cb"
"Stilbite-Ca","Stilbite-Ca","NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O","NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O","NaCa_4_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·28H_2_O","NaCa_4_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·28H_2_O","Na Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4203,"Stilbite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Fmmm, F2/m, C2/m","Na Ca Si Al O H","Stb-Ca","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Red, Yellow, Brown, Cream.","#ffffff,#ff0000,#ffff00,#653700,#ffffc2"
"Stilbite-Na","Stilbite-Na","Na9(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O","Na9(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O","Na_9_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·28H_2_O","Na_9_(Si_27_Al_9_)O_72_·28H_2_O","Na Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4204,"Stilbite","monoclinic","F2/m, C2/m","Na Si Al O H","Stb-Na","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Red, Yellow, Brown, Cream.","#ffffff,#ff0000,#ffff00,#653700,#ffffc2"
"Stilleite","Stilleite","Zn2+Se2-","ZnSe","ZnSe","Zn^2+^Se^2-^","Zn Se"," "," ",4205,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Zn^2+ Se^2-","Sll","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Stillwaterite","Stillwaterite","Pd8As3","Pd8As3","Pd_8_As_3_","Pd_8_As_3_","Pd As","IMA1974-029"," ",4206,"Stillwaterite","hexagonal","P3","Pd As","Slw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Stillwellite-(Ce)","Stillwellite-(Ce)","Ce3+BSiO5","CeBSiO5","CeBSiO_5_","Ce^3+^BSiO_5_","Ce B Si O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4207,"Stillwellite","hexagonal","P31","Ce^3+ B Si O","Swl-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Red brown, Pale pink.","#a52a2f,#efcddb"
"Stillwellite-(La)","Stillwellite-(La)","LaBSiO5","LaBSiO5","LaBSiO_5_","LaBSiO_5_","La B Si O","IMA2024-074"," ",7527,"Stillwellite","hexagonal","P3221, P31","La B Si O","Swl-La",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Stilpnomelane","Stilpnomelane","(K,Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)36·nH2O","(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)36·nH2O","(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)_8_(Si,Al)_12_(O,OH)_36_·nH_2_O","(K,Ca,Na)(Fe^2+^,Mg,Al,Fe^3+^)_8_(Si,Al)_12_(O,OH)_36_·nH_2_O","K Ca Na Fe Mg Al Si O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4208,"Stilpnomelane, Clay","triclinic","P1","K Ca Na Fe^2+ Mg Al Fe^3+ Si O H","Stp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown red, Green, Golden brown, Black.","#922b05,#00ff00,#b27a01,#000000"
"Stishovite","Stishovite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4209,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Si O","Sti","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Stistaite","Stistaite","Sn2+2(Sb2)4-","SnSb","SnSb","Sn^2+^_2_(Sb_2_)^4-^","Sn Sb","IMA1969-039"," ",4210,"Rocksalt","cubic, hexagonal","Fm3m, R3m","Sn^2+ Sb","Sst","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Stöfflerite","Stofflerite","CaAl2Si2O8","CaAl2Si2O8","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ca Al Si O","IMA2017-062"," ",6694,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Ca Al Si O","Sff","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Stoiberite","Stoiberite","Cu2+5O2(V5+O4)2","Cu5O2(VO4)2","Cu_5_O_2_(VO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_5_O_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O V","IMA1979-016"," ",4211," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ O V^5+","Sbe","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Black, Reddish brown.","#000000,#7f2b0a"
"Stokesite","Stokesite","CaSn4+Si3O9·2H2O","CaSnSi3O9·2H2O","CaSnSi_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","CaSn^4+^Si_3_O_9_·2H_2_O","Ca Sn Si O H"," "," ",4212," ","orthorhombic","Pnna","Ca Sn^4+ Si O H","Sks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Stolperite","Stolperite","AlCu","AlCu","AlCu","AlCu","Al Cu","IMA2016-033"," ",6559,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Al Cu","Slp","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Stolzite","Stolzite","Pb2+W6+O4","Pb(WO4)","Pb(WO_4_)","Pb^2+^W^6+^O_4_","Pb W O"," "," ",4213,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Pb^2+ W^6+ O","Sz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish brown, Yellowish brown, Brown, Greenish brown, Gray.","#7f2b0a,#9b7a01,#653700,#696112,#808080"
"Stoppaniite","Stoppaniite","Fe3+2Be3Si6O18·H2O","Fe3+2Be3Si6O18·H2O","Fe^3+^_2_Be_3_Si_6_O_18_·H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_Be_3_Si_6_O_18_·H_2_O","Fe Be Si O H","IMA1996-008"," ",4214,"Beryl","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Fe^3+ Be Si O H","Spp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Stottite","Stottite","Fe2+Ge(OH)6","Fe2+Ge(OH)6","Fe^2+^Ge(OH)_6_","Fe^2+^Ge(OH)_6_","Fe Ge O H"," "," ",4215,"Perovskite","tetragonal, monoclinic","P42/n, P2/n","Fe^2+ Ge O H","Sto","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Green.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00"
"Stracherite","Stracherite","BaCa6(SiO4)2[(PO4)(CO3)]F","BaCa6(SiO4)2[(PO4)(CO3)]F","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_[(PO_4_)(CO_3_)]F","BaCa_6_(SiO_4_)_2_[(PO_4_)(CO_3_)]F","Ba Ca Si O P C F","IMA2016-098"," ",6625,"Zadovite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O P C F","Stra","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Straczekite","Straczekite","(Ca,K,Ba)V4+2V5+6O20·3H2O","(Ca,K,Ba)(V5+,V4+)8O20·3H2O","(Ca,K,Ba)(V^5+^,V^4+^)_8_O_20_·3H_2_O","(Ca,K,Ba)V^4+^_2_V^5+^_6_O_20_·3H_2_O","Ca K Ba V O H","IMA1983-028"," ",4216,"Straczekite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca K Ba V^4+ V^5+ O H","Szk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Strakhovite","Strakhovite","NaBa3(Mn2+,Mn3+)4[Si4O10(OH)2][Si2O7]O2·(F,OH)·H2O","NaBa3(Mn2+,Mn3+)4[Si4O10(OH)2][Si2O7]O2·(F,OH)·H2O","NaBa_3_(Mn^2+^,Mn^3+^)_4_[Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_][Si_2_O_7_]O_2_·(F,OH)·H_2_O","NaBa_3_(Mn^2+^,Mn^3+^)_4_[Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_][Si_2_O_7_]O_2_·(F,OH)·H_2_O","Na Ba Mn Si O H F","IMA1993-005"," ",4217," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Na Ba Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O H F","Skhv","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black, Greenish black, Dark olive green.","#000000,#454445,#373e02"
"Stranskiite","Stranskiite","Cu2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2","CuZn2(AsO4)2","CuZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Cu Zn As O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4218," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O","Ssk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Cyanic blue.","#14a3c7"
"Strashimirite","Strashimirite","Cu2+4(As5+O4)2(OH)2·2.5H2O","Cu4(AsO4)2(OH)2·2.5H2O","Cu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·2.5H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·2.5H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA1967-025"," ",4219," ","monoclinic",,"Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Ssh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","White, Green.","#ffffff,#00ff00"
"Strassmannite","Strassmannite","Al(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2F·16H2O","Al(UO2)(SO4)2F·16H2O","Al(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_F·16H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F·16H_2_O","Al U O S F H","IMA2017-086"," ",6714,"Leydetite","monoclinic","C2/c","Al U^6+ O S^6+ F H","Sßm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow–green","#9dff00"
"Strätlingite","Stratlingite","Ca2Al(Si,Al)2O2(OH)10·2.25H2O","Ca2Al(Si,Al)2O2(OH)10·2.25H2O","Ca_2_Al(Si,Al)_2_O_2_(OH)_10_·2.25H_2_O","Ca_2_Al(Si,Al)_2_O_2_(OH)_10_·2.25H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1975-031"," ",4220," ","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Al Si O H","Srä","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Strelkinite","Strelkinite","Na2(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·6H2O","Na2(UO2)2(VO4)2·6H2O","Na_2_(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Na_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Na U O V H","IMA1973-063"," ",4221," ","orthorhombic",,"Na U^6+ O V^5+ H","Slk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow, Canary yellow.","#ffdf00,#f1f1e6"
"Strengite","Strengite","Fe3+PO4·2H2O","Fe3+(PO4)·2H2O","Fe^3+^(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^PO_4_·2H_2_O","Fe P O H"," "," ",4222," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Fe^3+ P O H","Stg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Pale violet, Deep violet, Red, Carmine red.","#afafaf,#c6c3d6,#330066,#ff0000,#ff0038"
"Stringhamite","Stringhamite","CaCu2+SiO4·H2O","CaCu(SiO4)·H2O","CaCu(SiO_4_)·H_2_O","CaCu^2+^SiO_4_·H_2_O","Ca Cu Si O H","IMA1974-007"," ",4223," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Cu^2+ Si O H","Sgh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure, Blue violet, Dark blue.","#007fff,#4e32b2,#315b7d"
"Stromeyerite","Stromeyerite","Cu1+Ag1+S2-","CuAgS","CuAgS","Cu^1+^Ag^1+^S^2-^","Cu Ag S"," "," ",4224," ","orthorhombic","Cmc21","Cu^1+ Ag^1+ S^2-","Smy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue gray, Dark blue, Dark steel gray, Steel gray.","#758da3,#315b7d,#014d4e,#43464b"
"Stronadelphite","Stronadelphite","Sr5(PO4)3F","Sr5(PO4)3F","Sr_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Sr_5_(PO_4_)_3_F","Sr P O F","IMA2008-009"," ",5668,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Sr P O F","Sad","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","colourless with a pale greenish tint","#afafaf"
"Stronalsite","Stronalsite","Na2SrAl4Si4O16","Na2SrAl4Si4O16","Na_2_SrAl_4_Si_4_O_16_","Na_2_SrAl_4_Si_4_O_16_","Na Sr Al Si O","IMA1983-016"," ",4225," ","orthorhombic","Iba2","Na Sr Al Si O","Sns","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Strontianite","Strontianite","SrCO3","Sr(CO3)","Sr(CO_3_)","SrCO_3_","Sr C O"," "," ",4226,"Aragonite","orthorhombic","Pmcn, Pnma","Sr C O","Str","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Greenish, Gray, Gray white, Yellowish.","#afafaf,#40a368,#808080,#d7d5cb,#faee66"
"Strontioborite","Strontioborite","Sr[B8O11(OH)4]","Sr[B8O11(OH)4]","Sr[B_8_O_11_(OH)_4_]","Sr[B_8_O_11_(OH)_4_]","Sr B O H","IMA2020-017"," ",4228,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21","Sr B O H","Srbo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Strontiochevkinite","Strontiochevkinite","(Sr,Ce3+,La3+)4Fe2+(Ti4+,Zr4+)4O8(Si2O7)2","(Sr,Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr)4O8(Si2O7)2","(Sr,Ce,La)_4_Fe^2+^(Ti,Zr)_4_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","(Sr,Ce^3+^,La^3+^)_4_Fe^2+^(Ti^4+^,Zr^4+^)_4_O_8_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_","Sr Ce La Fe Ti Zr O Si","IMA1983-009"," ",4229,"Chevkinite","monoclinic","P21/a","Sr Ce^3+ La^3+ Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Zr^4+ O Si","Scvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish black, Gray.","#413936,#808080"
"Strontiodresserite","Strontiodresserite","SrAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","SrAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O","SrAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","SrAl_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_·H_2_O","Sr Al C O H","IMA1977-005"," ",4230,"Dundasite","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Sr Al C O H","Sdrs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Strontiofluorite","Strontiofluorite","SrF2","SrF2","SrF_2_","SrF_2_","Sr F","IMA2009-014"," ",5743,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Sr F","Sflr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","pale gray","#fdfdfe"
"Strontioginorite","Strontioginorite","SrCaB14O20(OH)6·5H2O","CaSrB14O20(OH)6·5H2O","CaSrB_14_O_20_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","SrCaB_14_O_20_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Ca Sr B O H"," "," ",4231," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Sr Ca B O H","Sgnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Strontiohurlbutite","Strontiohurlbutite","SrBe2(PO4)2","SrBe2(PO4)2","SrBe_2_(PO_4_)_2_","SrBe_2_(PO_4_)_2_","Sr Be P O","IMA2012-032"," ",6090,"Danburite","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Sr Be P O","Shrb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No"," light blue","#add8e6"
"Strontiojoaquinite","Strontiojoaquinite","(Na,Fe2+)2Ba2Sr2Ti4+2(SiO3)8(O,OH)2·H2O","(Na,Fe)2Ba2Sr2Ti2(SiO3)8(O,OH)2·H2O","(Na,Fe)_2_Ba_2_Sr_2_Ti_2_(SiO_3_)_8_(O,OH)_2_·H_2_O","(Na,Fe^2+^)_2_Ba_2_Sr_2_Ti^4+^_2_(SiO_3_)_8_(O,OH)_2_·H_2_O","Na Fe Ba Sr Ti Si O H","IMA1979-080"," ",4232,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic",,"Na Fe^2+ Ba Sr Ti^4+ Si O H","Sjq","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Green, Yellow brown, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#ae8b0c,#c8fd3d"
"Strontiomelane","Strontiomelane","Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16","Sr(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Sr(Mn^4+^_6_Mn^3+^_2_)O_16_","Sr Mn O","IMA1995-005"," ",4233,"Coronadite","monoclinic","P21/n","Sr Mn^4+ Mn^3+ O","Sml","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Strontio-orthojoaquinite","Strontio-orthojoaquinite","NaSr4Fe3+Ti4+2Si8O24(OH)4","NaSr4Fe3+Ti2Si8O24(OH)4","NaSr_4_Fe^3+^Ti_2_Si_8_O_24_(OH)_4_","NaSr_4_Fe^3+^Ti^4+^_2_Si_8_O_24_(OH)_4_","Na Sr Fe Ti Si O H","IMA1979-081a"," ",4227,"Joaquinite","orthorhombic","P21am","Na Sr Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Sojq","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Strontioperloffite","Strontioperloffite","SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3","SrMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","SrMn^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Sr Mn Fe P O H","IMA2015-023"," ",6430,"Bjarebyite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Splf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No"," dark brownish orange","#73532a"
"Strontiopharmacosiderite","Strontiopharmacosiderite","Sr0.5Fe3+4[(As5+O4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","Sr0.5Fe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","Sr_0.5_Fe_4_[(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Sr_0.5_Fe^3+^_4_[(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Sr Fe As O H","IMA2013-101"," ",6261,"Pharmacosiderite","tetragonal","P42m","Sr Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Spsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Strontioruizite","Strontioruizite","Sr2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","Sr2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","Sr_2_Mn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Sr_2_Mn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Sr Mn Si O H","IMA2017-045"," ",6658,"Ruizite","monoclinic","C2","Sr Mn^3+ Si O H","Srz","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown","#653700"
"Strontiowhitlockite","Strontiowhitlockite","Sr9☐Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)","Sr9☐Mg(PO3OH)(PO4)6","Sr_9_[box]Mg(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)_6_","Sr_9_[box]Mg(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)","Sr Mg P O H","IMA1989-040"," ",4235,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Sr Mg P O H","Swht","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Strunzite","Strunzite","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Mn Fe P O H"," "," ",4237,"Strunzite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Snz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Golden yellow, Straw yellow.","#c9b003,#ffdf00,#f0d696"
"Struvite","Struvite","(N3-H4)MgPO4·6H2O","(NH4)Mg(PO4)·6H2O","(NH_4_)Mg(PO_4_)·6H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)MgPO_4_·6H_2_O","N H Mg P O"," "," ",4239,"Struvite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","N^3- H Mg P O","Suv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White, Yellowish white, Brownish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Struvite-(K)","Struvite-(K)","KMgPO4·6H2O","KMg(PO4)·6H2O","KMg(PO_4_)·6H_2_O","KMgPO_4_·6H_2_O","K Mg P O H","IMA2003-048"," ",5249,"Struvite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","K Mg P O H","Suv-K","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Studenitsite","Studenitsite","NaCa2B9O14(OH)4·2H2O","NaCa2B9O14(OH)4·2H2O","NaCa_2_B_9_O_14_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_B_9_O_14_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Na Ca B O H","IMA1994-026"," ",4240," ","monoclinic","P21/b","Na Ca B O H","Sdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light dirty yellow, Light gray.","#afafaf,#e0d5e9,#d8dcd6"
"Studtite","Studtite","(U6+O2)(O2)2-(H2O)2·2H2O","(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2·2H2O","(UO_2_)(O_2_)(H_2_O)_2_·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)(O_2_)^2-^(H_2_O)_2_·2H_2_O","U O H"," "," ",4241," ","monoclinic","C2/c","U^6+ O H","Stu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, White yellow.","#ffff00,#d7c485"
"Stumpflite","Stumpflite","PtSb","PtSb","PtSb","PtSb","Pt Sb","IMA1972-013"," ",4242,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/mmc","Pt Sb","Stm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Stunorthropite","Stunorthropite","(N3-H4)4[Mo6+2O6(Mo6+O4)2]","(NH4)4[Mo2O6(MoO4)2]","(NH_4_)_4_[Mo_2_O_6_(MoO_4_)_2_]","(N^3-^H_4_)_4_[Mo^6+^_2_O_6_(Mo^6+^O_4_)_2_]","N H Mo O","IMA2024-064"," ",7518," ","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Mo^6+ O","Snp",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sturmanite","Sturmanite","Ca6Fe3+2(S6+O4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12·25H2O","Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12·25H2O","Ca_6_Fe^3+^_2_(SO_4_)_2.5_[B(OH)_4_](OH)_12_·25H_2_O","Ca_6_Fe^3+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2.5_[B(OH)_4_](OH)_12_·25H_2_O","Ca Fe S O B H","IMA1981-011"," ",4243,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P31c","Ca Fe^3+ S^6+ O B H","Strm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Orange brown.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#b16002"
"Stützite","Stutzite","Ag4.64-4.76Te3","Ag5-xTe3 (x = 0.24-0.36)","Ag_5-x_Te_3_ (x = 0.24-0.36)","Ag_4.64-4.76_Te_3_","Ag Te","IMA1964 s.p."," ",4244," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm, P6","Ag Te","Stz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Suanite","Suanite","Mg2B2O5","Mg2B2O5","Mg_2_B_2_O_5_","Mg_2_B_2_O_5_","Mg B O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4245," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mg B O","Sua","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Gray white, White.","#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Sudburyite","Sudburyite","PdSb","PdSb","PdSb","PdSb","Pd Sb","IMA1973-048"," ",4246,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc","Pd Sb","Sdb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Sudoite","Sudoite","Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10(OH)8","Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10(OH)8","Mg_2_Al_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_8_","Mg_2_Al_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_8_","Mg Al Si O H","IMA1966-027"," ",4247,"Chlorite, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m, C2/c","Mg Al Si O H","Sud","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Sudovikovite","Sudovikovite","PtSe2","PtSe2","PtSe_2_","PtSe_2_","Pt Se","IMA1995-009"," ",4248,"Melonite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pt Se","Svi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, White.","#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Suenoite","Suenoite","☐Mn2+2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","☐Mn2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Mn_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Mn^2+^_2_Mg_5_Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Mn Mg Si O H","IMA2019-075"," ",6960,"Amphibole","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ Mg Si O H","Sue","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","pale greenish-yellow to colorless","#cdfd02,#afafaf"
"Suessite","Suessite","Fe3Si","Fe3Si","Fe_3_Si","Fe_3_Si","Fe Si","IMA1979-056"," ",4249," ","cubic","Im3m","Fe Si","Sss","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Sugakiite","Sugakiite","Cu(Fe,Ni)8S8","Cu(Fe,Ni)8S8","Cu(Fe,Ni)_8_S_8_","Cu(Fe,Ni)_8_S_8_","Cu Fe Ni S","IMA2005-033"," ",5546,"Pentlandite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Cu Fe Ni S","Sgk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Reddish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Sugarwhiteite","Sugarwhiteite","Pb2+2Te4+5O12","Pb2Te5O12","Pb_2_Te_5_O_12_","Pb^2+^_2_Te^4+^_5_O_12_","Pb Te O","IMA2024-079"," ",7468,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O","Sgw",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sugilite","Sugilite","KNa2Fe3+2(Li3Si12)O30","KNa2Fe3+2(Li3Si12)O30","KNa_2_Fe^3+^_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","KNa_2_Fe^3+^_2_(Li_3_Si_12_)O_30_","K Na Fe Li Si O","IMA1974-060"," ",4250,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Na Fe^3+ Li Si O","Sug","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Violet, Reddish violet, Pale pink.","#c9b003,#9a0eea,#9e0168,#efcddb"
"Suhailite","Suhailite","(N3-H4)Fe2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","(NH4)Fe2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","(NH_4_)Fe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)Fe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","N H Fe Si Al O","IMA2007-040"," ",5642,"Mica",,,"N^3- H Fe^2+ Si Al O","Suh","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Sulfatoredmondite","Sulfatoredmondite","[Pb2+8O2Zn2+(OH)6](S6+O4)4·6H2O","[Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](SO4)4·6H2O","[Pb_8_O_2_Zn(OH)_6_](SO_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_8_O_2_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_4_·6H_2_O","Pb O Zn H S","IMA2021-089"," ",7195," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ O Zn^2+ H S^6+","Srdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Sulfhydrylbystrite","Sulfhydrylbystrite","Na5K2Ca[Al6Si6O24](S5)2-(SH)1-","Na5K2Ca[Al6Si6O24](S5)2-(SH)-","Na_5_K_2_Ca[Al_6_Si_6_O_24_](S_5_)^2-^(SH)^-^","Na_5_K_2_Ca[Al_6_Si_6_O_24_](S_5_)^2-^(SH)^1-^","Na K Ca Al Si O S H","IMA2015-010"," ",6416,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P31c","Na K Ca Al Si O S H","Shbys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Yellow to orange","#ffff00,#ffa500"
"Sulfoborite","Sulfoborite","Mg3[B(OH)4]2(S6+O4)(OH,F)2","Mg3[B(OH)4]2(SO4)(OH,F)2","Mg_3_[B(OH)_4_]_2_(SO_4_)(OH,F)_2_","Mg_3_[B(OH)_4_]_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH,F)_2_","Mg B O H S F"," "," ",4251," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mg B O H S^6+ F","Sbo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Sulphohalite","Sulphohalite","Na6(S6+O4)2ClF","Na6(SO4)2ClF","Na_6_(SO_4_)_2_ClF","Na_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_ClF","Na S O Cl F"," "," ",4253," ","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Na S^6+ O Cl F","Slhl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Green yellow, Gray, Grayish yellow, Light green yellow.","#afafaf,#c6f808,#808080,#877254,#76ff7b"
"Sulphotsumoite","Sulphotsumoite","Bi3Te2S","Bi3Te2S","Bi_3_Te_2_S","Bi_3_Te_2_S","Bi Te S","IMA1980-084"," ",4254,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te S","Stsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Sulphur","Sulphur","S","S","S","S","S"," "," ",4252,"Sulphur","orthorhombic, hexagonal, monoclinic","Fddd, R3, P21/c","S","S","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere, PM44 - Anoxic microbially-mediated minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Sulvanite","Sulvanite","Cu2+3V3+S2-4","Cu3VS4","Cu_3_VS_4_","Cu^2+^_3_V^3+^S^2-^_4_","Cu V S"," "," ",4255," ","cubic","P43m","Cu^2+ V^3+ S^2-","Sul","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Steel gray.","#a87900,#43464b"
"Sundiusite","Sundiusite","Pb2+10(S6+O4)O8Cl2","Pb10(SO4)O8Cl2","Pb_10_(SO_4_)O_8_Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_10_(S^6+^O_4_)O_8_Cl_2_","Pb S O Cl","IMA1979-044"," ",4256," ","monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ S^6+ O Cl","Sun","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sunshuite","Sunshuite","Fe2+Bi3+2S2-4","FeBi2S4","FeBi_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Bi S","IMA2025-013"," ",7558,"Berthierite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Suu",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Suolunite","Suolunite","Ca2Si2O5(OH)2·H2O","Ca2Si2O5(OH)2·H2O","Ca_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4257," ","orthorhombic","Fd2d","Ca Si O H","Suo","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Honey yellow, White.","#afafaf,#ca9456,#ffffff"
"Suredaite","Suredaite","Pb2+Sn4+S2-3","PbSnS3","PbSnS_3_","Pb^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_3_","Pb Sn S","IMA1997-043"," ",4258," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Su","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish black.","#555152"
"Surinamite","Surinamite","Mg3Al3O[Si3BeAlO15]","Mg3Al3O(Si3BeAlO15)","Mg_3_Al_3_O(Si_3_BeAlO_15_)","Mg_3_Al_3_O[Si_3_BeAlO_15_]","Mg Al O Si Be","IMA1974-053"," ",4259,"Sapphirine","monoclinic","P2/n, C2/c","Mg Al O Si Be","Sum","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue, Blue green.","#0000ff,#137e6d"
"Surite","Surite","(Pb2+,Ca)3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)2(OH)3·0.3H2O","(Pb,Ca)3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)2(OH)3·0.3H2O","(Pb,Ca)_3_Al_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_3_·0.3H_2_O","(Pb^2+^,Ca)_3_Al_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_3_·0.3H_2_O","Pb Ca Al Si O C H","IMA1977-037"," ",4260," ","monoclinic","P21","Pb^2+ Ca Al Si O C H","Sur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light green.","#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Sursassite","Sursassite","Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3","Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3","Mn^2+^_2_Al_3_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_3_","Mn^2+^_2_Al_3_(SiO_4_)(Si_2_O_7_)(OH)_3_","Mn Al Si O H"," "," ",4261,"Ardennite","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Al Si O H","Ss","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Deep reddish brown, Copper red.","#bb603c,#cb6d51"
"Susannite","Susannite","Pb2+4(S6+O4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb_4_(SO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb S O C H"," "," ",4262," ","hexagonal","P3","Pb^2+ S^6+ O C H","Sus","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Greenish, Yellowish, Light greenish yellow.","#afafaf,#40a368,#faee66,#d7ddcd"
"Suseinargiuite","Suseinargiuite","(Na0.5Bi3+0.5)Mo6+O4","(Na0.5Bi0.5)(MoO4)","(Na_0.5_Bi_0.5_)(MoO_4_)","(Na_0.5_Bi^3+^_0.5_)Mo^6+^O_4_","Na Bi Mo O","IMA2014-089"," ",6387,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Na Bi^3+ Mo^6+ O","Sag","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Sussexite","Sussexite","Mn2+BO2(OH)","Mn2+BO2(OH)","Mn^2+^BO_2_(OH)","Mn^2+^BO_2_(OH)","Mn B O H"," "," ",4263," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ B O H","Ssx","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White, Pink, Straw yellow.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#f0d696"
"Suzukiite","Suzukiite","BaV4+Si2O7","BaV4+Si2O7","BaV^4+^Si_2_O_7_","BaV^4+^Si_2_O_7_","Ba V Si O","IMA1978-005"," ",4264," ","orthorhombic",,"Ba V^4+ Si O","Suz","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Svabite","Svabite","Ca5(As5+O4)3F","Ca5(AsO4)3F","Ca_5_(AsO_4_)_3_F","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_F","Ca As O F"," "," ",4265,"Apatite","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O F","Sva","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray green, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#808080,#86a17d,#e9f1d0"
"Svanbergite","Svanbergite","SrAl3(S6+O4)(PO4)(OH)6","SrAl3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6","SrAl_3_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","SrAl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Sr Al S O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4266,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m","Sr Al S^6+ O P H","Svb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow, Pink, Reddish brown.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Sveinbergeite","Sveinbergeite","(H2O)2[Ca(H2O)](Fe2+6Fe3+)Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4[OH(H2O)]","(H2O)2[Ca(H2O)](Fe2+6Fe3+)Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4[(OH)(H2O)]","(H_2_O)_2_[Ca(H_2_O)](Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^)Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_[(OH)(H_2_O)]","(H_2_O)_2_[Ca(H_2_O)](Fe^2+^_6_Fe^3+^)Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_[OH(H_2_O)]","H O Ca Fe Ti Si","IMA2010-027"," ",5861,"Astrophyllite-Devitoite","triclinic","P1","H O Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Si","Sve","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Deep green","#02590f"
"Sveite","Sveite","KAl7(N5+O3)4(OH)16Cl2·8H2O","KAl7(NO3)4(OH)16Cl2·8H2O","KAl_7_(NO_3_)_4_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·8H_2_O","KAl_7_(N^5+^O_3_)_4_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·8H_2_O","K Al N O H Cl","IMA1980-005"," ",4267," ","monoclinic",,"K Al N^5+ O H Cl","Sv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Švenekite","Svenekite","Ca(As5+O2(OH)2)2","Ca[AsO2(OH)2]2","Ca[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_2_","Ca(As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_)_2_","Ca As O H","IMA1999-007"," ",4268," ","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Švn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Sverigeite","Sverigeite","NaBe2Mn2+2Sn4+Si3O12(OH)","NaBe2Mn2+2SnSi3O12(OH)","NaBe_2_Mn^2+^_2_SnSi_3_O_12_(OH)","NaBe_2_Mn^2+^_2_Sn^4+^Si_3_O_12_(OH)","Na Be Mn Sn Si O H","IMA1983-066"," ",4269," ","orthorhombic","Imma","Na Be Mn^2+ Sn^4+ Si O H","Svg","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Svetlanaite","Svetlanaite","SnSe","SnSe","SnSe","SnSe","Sn Se","IMA2020-013"," ",7028,"Arsenolamprite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Sn Se","Svl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Svornostite-(K)","Svornostite-(K)","K2Mg(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)4·8H2O","K2Mg[(UO2)(SO4)2]2·8H2O","K_2_Mg[(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_]_2_·8H_2_O","K_2_Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·8H_2_O","K Mg U O S H","IMA2014-078, IMA2025 s.p."," ",6376,"Svornostite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","K Mg U^6+ O S^6+ H","Svo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Svornostite-(NH4)","Svornostite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)2Mg(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)4(H2O)8","(NH4)2Mg(UO2)2(SO4)4(H2O)8","(NH_4_)_2_Mg(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_8_","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(H_2_O)_8_","N H Mg U O S","IMA2024-068"," ",7529,"Svornostite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","N^3- H Mg U^6+ O S^6+","Svo-NH_4_",,"No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Svyatoslavite","Svyatoslavite","CaAl2Si2O8","Ca(Al2Si2O8)","Ca(Al_2_Si_2_O_8_)","CaAl_2_Si_2_O_8_","Ca Al Si O","IMA1988-012"," ",4270," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P21212, P21","Ca Al Si O","Svy","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Svyazhinite","Svyazhinite","MgAl(S6+O4)2F·14H2O","MgAl(SO4)2F·14H2O","MgAl(SO_4_)_2_F·14H_2_O","MgAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F·14H_2_O","Mg Al S O F H","IMA1983-045"," ",4271,"Aubertite","triclinic",,"Mg Al S^6+ O F H","Svz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray white, Yellow.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffff00"
"Swaknoite","Swaknoite","(N3-H4)2Ca(PO3OH)2·H2O","(NH4)2Ca(PO3OH)2·H2O","(NH_4_)_2_Ca(PO_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ca(PO_3_OH)_2_·H_2_O","N H Ca P O","IMA1991-021"," ",4272," ","orthorhombic",,"N^3- H Ca P O","Swk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Swamboite-(Nd)","Swamboite-(Nd)","Nd0.333[(U6+O2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)~2.5","Nd0.333[(UO2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)~2.5","Nd_0.333_[(UO_2_)(SiO_3_OH)](H_2_O)_~2.5_","Nd_0.333_[(U^6+^O_2_)(SiO_3_OH)](H_2_O)_~2.5_","Nd U O Si H","IMA1981-008, IMA2017 s.p."," ",4273," ","monoclinic",,"Nd U^6+ O Si H","Swa-Nd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep to very pale yellow","#ba8759,#927288"
"Swartzite","Swartzite","CaMg(U6+O2)(CO3)3·12H2O","CaMg(UO2)(CO3)3·12H2O","CaMg(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·12H_2_O","CaMg(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_·12H_2_O","Ca Mg U O C H"," "," ",4274," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Mg U^6+ O C H","Swz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish, Yellowish white, Light green.","#faee66,#e9f1d0,#76ff7b"
"Swedenborgite","Swedenborgite","NaBe4Sb5+O7","NaBe4Sb5+O7","NaBe_4_Sb^5+^O_7_","NaBe_4_Sb^5+^O_7_","Na Be Sb O"," "," ",4275," ","hexagonal","P63mc","Na Be Sb^5+ O","Swe","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish yellow, Colorless, Honey yellow, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#afafaf,#ca9456,#fffe7a"
"Sweetite","Sweetite","Zn2+(OH)2","Zn(OH)2","Zn(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^(OH)_2_","Zn O H","IMA1983-011"," ",4276," ","tetragonal",,"Zn^2+ O H","Sw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Swinefordite","Swinefordite","Ca0.2(Li,Al,Mg,Fe3+,Fe2+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH,F)2·nH2O","Ca0.2(Li,Al,Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH,F)2·nH2O","Ca_0.2_(Li,Al,Mg,Fe)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH,F)_2_·nH_2_O","Ca_0.2_(Li,Al,Mg,Fe^3+^,Fe^2+^)_3_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH,F)_2_·nH_2_O","Ca Li Al Mg Fe Si O H F","IMA1973-054"," ",4277,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Ca Li Al Mg Fe^3+ Fe^2+ Si O H F","Sfd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Greenish gray, Light olive green.","#96ae8d,#acbf69"
"Switzerite","Switzerite","Mn2+3(PO4)2·7H2O","Mn2+3(PO4)2·7H2O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·7H_2_O","Mn P O H","IMA1966-042"," ",4278," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ P O H","Swt","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Brown, Pink.","#653700,#ffc0cb"
"Sylvanite","Sylvanite","AgAuTe4","AgAuTe4","AgAuTe_4_","AgAuTe_4_","Ag Au Te"," "," ",4279,"Melonite","monoclinic","P2/c","Ag Au Te","Syv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellowish silver white, White.","#f8e2ca,#ffffff"
"Sylvite","Sylvite","KCl","KCl","KCl","KCl","K Cl"," "," ",4280,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m, Pm3m","K Cl","Syl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","White, Yellowish white, Reddish white, Bluish white, Brownish white.","#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#fff8d5,#e5dad4,#d1f1de"
"Symesite","Symesite","Pb2+10S6+O4O7Cl4·H2O","Pb10(SO4)O7Cl4·H2O","Pb_10_(SO_4_)O_7_Cl_4_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^_10_S^6+^O_4_O_7_Cl_4_·H_2_O","Pb S O Cl H","IMA1998-035"," ",4281," ","triclinic","B1","Pb^2+ S^6+ O Cl H","Sy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Venetian pink.","#bb8e84"
"Symplesite","Symplesite","Fe2+3(As5+O4)2·8H2O","Fe2+3(AsO4)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe As O H"," "," ",4282,"Symplesite","triclinic",,"Fe^2+ As^5+ O H","Sym","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Greenish black, Gray green, Light blue, Light green.","#0000ff,#454445,#86a17d,#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Synadelphite","Synadelphite","Mn2+9(As3+O3)(As5+O4)2(OH)9·2H2O","Mn2+9(AsO4)2(AsO3)(OH)9·2H2O","Mn^2+^_9_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_)(OH)_9_·2H_2_O","Mn^2+^_9_(As^3+^O_3_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_9_·2H_2_O","Mn As O H"," "," ",5126," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Mn^2+ As^3+ O As^5+ H","Syd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Red, Reddish brown, Dark brown, Black.","#afafaf,#ff0000,#7f2b0a,#73532a,#000000"
"Synchysite-(Ce)","Synchysite-(Ce)","CaCe3+(CO3)2F","CaCe(CO3)2F","CaCe(CO_3_)_2_F","CaCe^3+^(CO_3_)_2_F","Ca Ce C O F","IMA1982-030"," ",4283," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Ce^3+ C O F","Syn-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown, Gray, Grayish yellow, Orange.","#653700,#808080,#877254,#ffa500"
"Synchysite-(Nd)","Synchysite-(Nd)","CaNd(CO3)2F","CaNd(CO3)2F","CaNd(CO_3_)_2_F","CaNd(CO_3_)_2_F","Ca Nd C O F","IMA1982-030a"," ",4284," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Nd C O F","Syn-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light violet, Light gray blue.","#d6b4fc,#d8dcd6"
"Synchysite-(Y)","Synchysite-(Y)","CaY(CO3)2F","CaY(CO3)2F","CaY(CO_3_)_2_F","CaY(CO_3_)_2_F","Ca Y C O F","IMA1982-030b"," ",4285," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Y C O F","Syn-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Syngenite","Syngenite","K2Ca(S6+O4)2·H2O","K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O","K_2_Ca(SO_4_)_2_·H_2_O","K_2_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·H_2_O","K Ca S O H"," "," ",4286,"Syngenite","monoclinic","P21/m","K Ca S^6+ O H","Sgn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Szaibélyite","Szaibelyite","MgBO2(OH)","MgBO2(OH)","MgBO_2_(OH)","MgBO_2_(OH)","Mg B O H"," "," ",4287," ","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/a","Mg B O H","Sza","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Szenicsite","Szenicsite","Cu2+3Mo6+O4(OH)4","Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4","Cu_3_(MoO_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_3_Mo^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Cu Mo O H","IMA1993-011"," ",4288," ","orthorhombic","Pnn2, Pnnm","Cu^2+ Mo^6+ O H","Sze","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Szilagyiite","Szilagyiite","NaCa3(U6+O2)(CO3)3(Se4+O3)F(H2O)6","NaCa3(UO2)(CO3)3(SeO3)F(H2O)6","NaCa_3_(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_3_(SeO_3_)F(H_2_O)_6_","NaCa_3_(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)F(H_2_O)_6_","Na Ca U O C Se F H","IMA2024-063"," ",7517," ","hexagonal","R3c","Na Ca U^6+ O C Se^4+ F H","Szg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Szklaryite","Szklaryite","☐Al6BAs3+3O15","☐Al6BAs3+3O15","[box]Al_6_BAs^3+^_3_O_15_","[box]Al_6_BAs^3+^_3_O_15_","Al B As O","IMA2012-070"," ",6124,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Al B As^3+ O","Sky","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Szmikite","Szmikite","Mn2+S6+O4·H2O","Mn(SO4)·H2O","Mn(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Mn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Mn S O H"," "," ",4289,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ S^6+ O H","Szm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brown white, Gray white, Pink, Reddish.","#eeebe3,#d7d5cb,#ffc0cb,#c44240"
"Szomolnokite","Szomolnokite","Fe2+S6+O4·H2O","Fe(SO4)·H2O","Fe(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Fe^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Fe S O H"," "," ",4290,"Kieserite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ S^6+ O H","Szo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Bluish, Colorless, Yellow, Yellow brown, Light blue.","#2976bb,#afafaf,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#add8e6"
"Szymańskiite","Szymanskiite","Hg1+16Ni2+6(CO3)12(OH)12(H3O)8·3H2O","Hg16Ni6(CO3)12(OH)12(H3O)8·3H2O","Hg_16_Ni_6_(CO_3_)_12_(OH)_12_(H_3_O)_8_·3H_2_O","Hg^1+^_16_Ni^2+^_6_(CO_3_)_12_(OH)_12_(H_3_O)_8_·3H_2_O","Hg Ni C O H","IMA1989-045"," ",4291," ","hexagonal","P63","Hg^1+ Ni^2+ C O H","Szy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue-gray (fresh surfaces)","#b7c9e2"
"Tacharanite","Tacharanite","Ca12Al2Si18O33(OH)36","Ca12Al2Si18O33(OH)36","Ca_12_Al_2_Si_18_O_33_(OH)_36_","Ca_12_Al_2_Si_18_O_33_(OH)_36_","Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",4292," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Al Si O H","Tch","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Tachyhydrite","Tachyhydrite","CaMg2Cl6·12H2O","CaMg2Cl6·12H2O","CaMg_2_Cl_6_·12H_2_O","CaMg_2_Cl_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Mg Cl H O"," "," ",4293," ","hexagonal","R3","Ca Mg Cl H O","Thy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Yellow.","#afafaf,#ffff00"
"Tadzhikite-(Ce)","Tadzhikite-(Ce)","Ca4Ce3+2Ti4+☐(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","Ca4Ce2Ti☐(B4Si4O22)(OH)2","Ca_4_Ce_2_Ti[box](B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Ca_4_Ce^3+^_2_Ti^4+^[box](B_4_Si_4_O_22_)(OH)_2_","Ca Ce Ti B Si O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4294,"Hellandite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Ce^3+ Ti^4+ B Si O H","Tad-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Gray brown, Reddish brown.","#7f7053,#7f2b0a"
"Taenite","Taenite","(Fe,Ni)","(Ni,Fe)","(Ni,Fe)","(Fe,Ni)","Ni Fe"," "," ",4296," ","cubic",,"Fe Ni","Tae","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Grayish white, Silver white.","#d6dee9,#e7e8e3"
"Taikanite","Taikanite","BaSr2Mn3+2O2(Si4O12)","BaSr2Mn3+2O2(Si4O12)","BaSr_2_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(Si_4_O_12_)","BaSr_2_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(Si_4_O_12_)","Ba Sr Mn O Si","IMA1984-051"," ",4297," ","monoclinic","C2","Ba Sr Mn^3+ O Si","Tka","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Greenish black.","#454445"
"Taimyrite","Taimyrite","(Pd,Pt)9Cu3Sn4","(Pd,Pt)9Cu3Sn4","(Pd,Pt)_9_Cu_3_Sn_4_","(Pd,Pt)_9_Cu_3_Sn_4_","Pd Pt Cu Sn","IMA1973-065"," ",4298," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd Pt Cu Sn","Tmy-I","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Bronze gray.","#8d8752"
"Tainiolite","Tainiolite","KLiMg2Si4O10F2","KLiMg2Si4O10F2","KLiMg_2_Si_4_O_10_F_2_","KLiMg_2_Si_4_O_10_F_2_","K Li Mg Si O F"," "," ",4299,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Li Mg Si O F","Tai","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brownish, Colorless, Greenish brown.","#9c6d57,#afafaf,#696112"
"Taipingite-(CeCa)","Taipingite-(CeCa)","(Ce3+7Ca2)☐Mg(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3","(Ce7Ca2)☐Mg(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4F3","(Ce_7_Ca_2_)[box]Mg(SiO_4_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)]_4_F_3_","(Ce^3+^_7_Ca_2_)[box]Mg(SiO_4_)_3_[SiO_3_(OH)]_4_F_3_","Ce Ca Mg Si O H F","IMA2018-123a, IMA2023 s.p."," ",6906,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ce^3+ Ca Mg Si O H F","Tpg-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No"," light pink to pink or reddish","#ffd1df,#ffc0cb,#c44240"
"Takanawaite-(Y)","Takanawaite-(Y)","YTa5+O4","YTaO4","YTaO_4_","YTa^5+^O_4_","Y Ta O","IMA2011-099"," ",6044,"Fluorite","monoclinic","I2/a","Y Ta^5+ O","Tkw-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","dark brown","#73532a"
"Takanelite","Takanelite","(Mn2+,Ca)2xMn4+1-xO2·0.7H2O","(Mn2+,Ca)2x(Mn4+)1-xO2·0.7H2O","(Mn^2+^,Ca)_2x_(Mn^4+^)_1-x_O_2_·0.7H_2_O","(Mn^2+^,Ca)_2x_Mn^4+^_1-x_O_2_·0.7H_2_O","Mn Ca O H","IMA1970-034"," ",4300," ","hexagonal",,"Mn^2+ Ca Mn^4+ O H","Tkn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish gray, Black, Steel gray.","#86775f,#000000,#43464b"
"Takedaite","Takedaite","Ca3B2O6","Ca3B2O6","Ca_3_B_2_O_6_","Ca_3_B_2_O_6_","Ca B O","IMA1993-049"," ",4301," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ca B O","Tkd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White, Pale gray, Colorless.","#ffffff,#fdfdfe,#afafaf"
"Takéuchiite","Takeuchiite","Mg2Mn3+O2BO3","Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Mg_2_Mn^3+^O_2_BO_3_","Mg Mn O B","IMA1980-018"," ",4302," ","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Mg Mn^3+ O B","Tké","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Takovite","Takovite","Ni2+6Al2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Ni6Al2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O","Ni_6_Al_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_6_Al_2_(OH)_16_(CO_3_)·4H_2_O","Ni Al O H C","IMA1977 s.p."," ",4303,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Ni^2+ Al O H C","Tkv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Blue green, Yellow green.","#137e6d,#c8fd3d"
"Talc","Talc","Mg3Si4O10(OH)2","Mg3Si4O10(OH)2","Mg_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Mg_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Mg Si O H"," "," ",4304,"Clay, Talc","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, C2/c","Mg Si O H","Tlc","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM15 - Black smokers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, White, Gray white, Yellowish white, Brownish white.","#69b076,#ffffff,#d7d5cb,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Talmessite","Talmessite","Ca2Mg(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mg(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mg(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA1985 s.p."," ",4305,"Fairfieldite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Tlm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Light green.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Talnakhite","Talnakhite","Cu9Fe8S16","Cu9Fe8S16","Cu_9_Fe_8_S_16_","Cu_9_Fe_8_S_16_","Cu Fe S","IMA1967-014"," ",4306,"Chalcopyrite","cubic","I43m","Cu Fe S","Tlk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Yellow, Tarnish pink, Tarnish brown.","#ffff00,#da6d91,#bb5520"
"Tamaite","Tamaite","(Ca,K,Na)xMn2+6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·nH2O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(Ca,K,Na)xMn6(Si,Al)10O24(OH)4·nH2O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(Ca,K,Na)_x_Mn_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","(Ca,K,Na)_x_Mn^2+^_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_24_(OH)_4_·nH_2_O (x = 1-2; n = 7-11)","Ca K Na Mn Si Al O H","IMA1999-011"," ",4307," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca K Na Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Tam","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Pale yellowish brown.","#afafaf,#bdd4d1"
"Tamarugite","Tamarugite","NaAl(S6+O4)2·6H2O","NaAl(SO4)2·6H2O","NaAl(SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","NaAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Na Al S O H"," "," ",4308,"Tamarugite","monoclinic","P21/a","Na Al S^6+ O H","Tmr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tamboite","Tamboite","Fe3+3(OH)(H2O)2(S6+O4)(Te4+O3)3(Te4+O(OH)2)(H2O)3","Fe3+3(OH)(H2O)2(SO4)(Te4+O3)3[Te4+O(OH)2](H2O)3","Fe^3+^_3_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_(SO_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_[Te^4+^O(OH)_2_](H_2_O)_3_","Fe^3+^_3_(OH)(H_2_O)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_(Te^4+^O(OH)_2_)(H_2_O)_3_","Fe O H S Te","IMA2016-059"," ",6586," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ O H S^6+ Te^4+","Tmb","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","pale yellow","#eecf9e"
"Tamuraite","Tamuraite","Ir5Fe10S16","Ir5Fe10S16","Ir_5_Fe_10_S_16_","Ir_5_Fe_10_S_16_","Ir Fe S","IMA2020-098"," ",7112,"Kuvaevite","hexagonal","R3m","Ir Fe S","Tmu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","gray to brownish gray","#808080,#86775f"
"Tancaite-(Ce)","Tancaite-(Ce)","Fe3+Ce3+(Mo6+O4)3·3H2O","FeCe(MoO4)3·3H2O","FeCe(MoO_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^Ce^3+^(Mo^6+^O_4_)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe Ce Mo O H","IMA2009-097"," ",5827,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3","Fe^3+ Ce^3+ Mo^6+ O H","Tca-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red or pale brown","#ff0000,#b1916e"
"Tancoite","Tancoite","LiNa2Al(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)","LiNa2Al(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)","LiNa_2_Al(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)","LiNa_2_Al(PO_4_)(PO_3_OH)(OH)","Li Na Al P O H","IMA1979-045"," ",4309," ","orthorhombic","Pbcb","Li Na Al P O H","Tco","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Taneyamalite","Taneyamalite","(Na,Ca)Mn2+12(Si,Al)12(O,OH)44","(Na,Ca)Mn2+12(Si,Al)12(O,OH)44","(Na,Ca)Mn^2+^_12_(Si,Al)_12_(O,OH)_44_","(Na,Ca)Mn^2+^_12_(Si,Al)_12_(O,OH)_44_","Na Ca Mn Si Al O H","IMA1977-042"," ",4310," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca Mn^2+ Si Al O H","Tny","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Greenish yellow, Grayish yellow.","#cdfd02,#877254"
"Tangdanite","Tangdanite","Ca2Cu2+9(As5+O4)4(S6+O4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O","Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O","Ca_2_Cu_9_(AsO_4_)_4_(SO_4_)_0.5_(OH)_9_·9H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_9_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_0.5_(OH)_9_·9H_2_O","Ca Cu As O S H","IMA2011-096"," ",6042,"Tyrolite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Tdn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","emerald green","#046307"
"Tangeite","Tangeite","CaCu2+V5+O4(OH)","CaCu(VO4)(OH)","CaCu(VO_4_)(OH)","CaCu^2+^V^5+^O_4_(OH)","Ca Cu V O H","IMA1992 s.p."," ",4311,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Cu^2+ V^5+ O H","Tg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow green, Olive green.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#8ead2c"
"Taniajacoite","Taniajacoite","SrCaMn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","SrCaMn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O","SrCaMn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","SrCaMn^3+^_2_Si_4_O_11_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Sr Ca Mn Si O H","IMA2014-107"," ",6383,"Ruizite","triclinic","C1","Sr Ca Mn^3+ Si O H","Tjc","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brown","#653700"
"Tanohataite","Tanohataite","LiMn2+2Si3O8(OH)","LiMn2Si3O8(OH)","LiMn_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","LiMn^2+^_2_Si_3_O_8_(OH)","Li Mn Si O H","IMA2007-019"," ",5622,"Pectolite","triclinic","P1","Li Mn^2+ Si O H","Tnh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish-white, color changes to black on oxidation","#fff1fa,#77bbff,#2a272c"
"Tantalaeschynite-(Ce)","Tantalaeschynite-(Ce)","Ce3+(Ti4+Ta5+)O6","Ce(TiTa)O6","Ce(TiTa)O_6_","Ce^3+^(Ti^4+^Ta^5+^)O_6_","Ce Ti Ta O","IMA2023-058"," ",7449,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ce^3+ Ti^4+ Ta^5+ O","Taes-Ce",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tantalaeschynite-(Y)","Tantalaeschynite-(Y)","Y(Ti4+Ta5+)O6","Y(TiTa)O6","Y(TiTa)O_6_","Y(Ti^4+^Ta^5+^)O_6_","Y Ti Ta O","IMA1969-043"," ",4312,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic",,"Y Ti^4+ Ta^5+ O","Taes-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Tantalcarbide","Tantalcarbide","Ta4+C4-","TaC","TaC","Ta^4+^C^4-^","Ta C"," "," ",4313,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Ta^4+ C^4-","Tcb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Yellow gray.","#c8fd3d"
"Tantalite-(Fe)","Tantalite-(Fe)","Fe2+Ta5+2O6","Fe2+Ta2O6","Fe^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Fe^2+^Ta^5+^_2_O_6_","Fe Ta O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",1914,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Fe^2+ Ta^5+ O","Ttl-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Tantalite-(Mg)","Tantalite-(Mg)","MgTa5+2O6","MgTa2O6","MgTa_2_O_6_","MgTa^5+^_2_O_6_","Mg Ta O","IMA2002-018"," ",5045,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mg Ta^5+ O","Ttl-Mg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Tantalite-(Mn)","Tantalite-(Mn)","Mn2+Ta5+2O6","Mn2+Ta2O6","Mn^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^Ta^5+^_2_O_6_","Mn Ta O","IMA2007 s.p."," ",3014,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Mn^2+ Ta^5+ O","Ttl-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black, Brown.","#000000,#653700"
"Tantalowodginite","Tantalowodginite","(Mn2+,☐)Ta5+Ta5+2O8","(Mn,☐)TaTa2O8","(Mn,[box])TaTa_2_O_8_","(Mn^2+^,[box])Ta^5+^Ta^5+^_2_O_8_","Mn Ta O","IMA2017-095"," ",6719,"Columbite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ Ta^5+ O","Ttwdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown.","#653700"
"Tanteuxenite-(Y)","Tanteuxenite-(Y)","Y(Ta5+Ti4+)O6","Y(TaTi)O6","Y(TaTi)O_6_","Y(Ta^5+^Ti^4+^)O_6_","Y Ta Ti O","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",4314,"Columbite",,,"Y Ta^5+ Ti^4+ O","Ttx-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Tantite","Tantite","Ta2O5","Ta2O5","Ta_2_O_5_","Ta_2_O_5_","Ta O","IMA1982-066"," ",4315," ","monoclinic","I2","Ta O","Tan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tapiaite","Tapiaite","Ca5Al2(As5+O4)4(OH)4·12H2O","Ca5Al2(AsO4)4(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_5_Al_2_(AsO_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_5_Al_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Al As O H","IMA2014-024"," ",6327,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Al As^5+ O H","Tpi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Tapiolite-(Fe)","Tapiolite-(Fe)","Fe2+Ta5+2O6","Fe2+Ta2O6","Fe^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Fe^2+^Ta^5+^_2_O_6_","Fe Ta O","IMA1983-A, IMA2007 s.p."," ",1915,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Fe^2+ Ta^5+ O","Tap-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Tapiolite-(Mn)","Tapiolite-(Mn)","Mn2+Ta5+2O6","Mn2+Ta2O6","Mn^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Mn^2+^Ta^5+^_2_O_6_","Mn Ta O","IMA1983-005"," ",3015,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Mn^2+ Ta^5+ O","Tap-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown, Black brown.","#73532a,#73532a"
"Taramellite","Taramellite","Ba4(Fe3+,Ti4+)4O2[B2Si8O27]Cl0-1","Ba4(Fe3+,Ti)4O2[B2Si8O27]Clx","Ba_4_(Fe^3+^,Ti)_4_O_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl_x_","Ba_4_(Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)_4_O_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl_0-1_","Ba Fe Ti O B Si Cl"," "," ",4316," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ba Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O B Si Cl","Tmel","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Reddish brown, Bronze purple, Brownish violet.","#7f2b0a,#968db8,#4c2882"
"Taramite","Taramite","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na(NaCa)(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",4317,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Trm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Blue green, Black.","#137e6d,#000000"
"Taranakite","Taranakite","K3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·18H2O","K3Al5(PO3OH)6(PO4)2·18H2O","K_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·18H_2_O","K_3_Al_5_(PO_3_OH)_6_(PO_4_)_2_·18H_2_O","K Al P O H"," "," ",4318,"Taranakite","hexagonal","R3c","K Al P O H","Tar","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Gray white, Yellowish white, White.","#d7d5cb,#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Tarapacáite","Tarapacaite","K2Cr6+O4","K2(CrO4)","K_2_(CrO_4_)","K_2_Cr^6+^O_4_","K Cr O"," "," ",4319," ","orthorhombic","Pnam, Pmcn","K Cr^6+ O","Tpc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bright yellow, yellow-orange","#fffd01,#fcb001"
"Tarbagataite","Tarbagataite","(K☐)CaFe2+7Ti4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)5","(K☐)CaFe2+7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)5","(K[box])CaFe^2+^_7_Ti_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_5_","(K[box])CaFe^2+^_7_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_5_","K Ca Fe Ti Si O H","IMA2010-048"," ",5877,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite","triclinic","P1","K Ca Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Tbg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown to pale golden brown","#653700,#fdde6c"
"Tarbuttite","Tarbuttite","Zn2+2(PO4)(OH)","Zn2(PO4)(OH)","Zn_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Zn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Zn P O H"," "," ",4320,"Tarbuttite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ P O H","Tbt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Colorless, Green, White, Light yellow.","#653700,#afafaf,#00ff00,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Tarkianite","Tarkianite","(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8","(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8","(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)_4_S_8_","(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)_4_S_8_","Cu Fe Re Mo S","IMA2003-004"," ",5220," ","cubic","F43m","Cu Fe Re Mo S","Trk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Black.","#000000"
"Tartarosite","Tartarosite","C","C","C","C","C","IMA2019-016a"," ",7331," ","cubic","I213","C","T",,"Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tarutinoite","Tarutinoite","Ag1+3Pb2+7Bi3+7S2-19","Ag3Pb7Bi7S19","Ag_3_Pb_7_Bi_7_S_19_","Ag^1+^_3_Pb^2+^_7_Bi^3+^_7_S^2-^_19_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA2023-122"," ",7478,"Lillianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Trtn",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Taseqite","Taseqite","Na12Sr3Ca6Fe2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O73(O,OH,H2O)3Cl2","Na12Sr3Ca6Fe3Zr3NbSi25O73(O,OH,H2O)3Cl2","Na_12_Sr_3_Ca_6_Fe_3_Zr_3_NbSi_25_O_73_(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_Cl_2_","Na_12_Sr_3_Ca_6_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_73_(O,OH,H_2_O)_3_Cl_2_","Na Sr Ca Fe Zr Nb Si O H Cl","IMA2002-055"," ",4321,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Sr Ca Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H Cl","Tsq","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Clove brown, Yellowish brown, Lemon yellow.","#766051,#9b7a01,#cfff04"
"Tashelgite","Tashelgite","CaMgFe2+Al9O16(OH)","CaMgFe2+Al9O16(OH)","CaMgFe^2+^Al_9_O_16_(OH)","CaMgFe^2+^Al_9_O_16_(OH)","Ca Mg Fe Al O H","IMA2010-017"," ",5846,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Pc","Ca Mg Fe^2+ Al O H","Thg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Blue-green","#137e6d"
"Tassieite","Tassieite","NaCa2Mg3Fe2+2Fe3+(PO4)6·2H2O","NaCa2Mg3Fe2+2Fe3+(PO4)6·2H2O","NaCa_2_Mg_3_Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Mg_3_Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Mg Fe P O H","IMA2005-051"," ",5547,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pbca","Na Ca Mg Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Tas","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Tatarinovite","Tatarinovite","Ca3Al(S6+O4)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O","Ca3Al(SO4)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O","Ca_3_Al(SO_4_)[B(OH)_4_](OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)[B(OH)_4_](OH)_6_·12H_2_O","Ca Al S O B H","IMA2015-055"," ",6455,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63","Ca Al S^6+ O B H","Tat","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Tatarskite","Tatarskite","Ca6Mg2(S6+O4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4·7H2O","Ca6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4·7H2O","Ca_6_Mg_2_(SO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_Cl_4_·7H_2_O","Ca_6_Mg_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_4_Cl_4_·7H_2_O","Ca Mg S O C H Cl","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4322," ",,,"Ca Mg S^6+ O C H Cl","Tts","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Tatyanaite","Tatyanaite","(Pt,Pd,Cu)9Cu3Sn4","(Pt,Pd)9Cu3Sn4","(Pt,Pd)_9_Cu_3_Sn_4_","(Pt,Pd,Cu)_9_Cu_3_Sn_4_","Pt Pd Cu Sn","IMA1995-049"," ",4323," ","orthorhombic",,"Pt Pd Cu Sn","Tty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Tausonite","Tausonite","SrTi4+O3","SrTiO3","SrTiO_3_","SrTi^4+^O_3_","Sr Ti O","IMA1982-077"," ",4324,"Perovskite","cubic, orthorhombic, tetragonal","Pbnm, I4/mcm, Pm3m","Sr Ti^4+ O","Tau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brown red, Gray, Dark red, Red, Reddish brown.","#922b05,#808080,#840000,#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Tavagnascoite","Tavagnascoite","Bi3+4O4(S6+O4)(OH)2","Bi4O4(SO4)(OH)2","Bi_4_O_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi^3+^_4_O_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_","Bi O S H","IMA2014-099"," ",6397,"Klebelsbergite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Bi^3+ O S^6+ H","Tvg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Tavorite","Tavorite","LiFe3+PO4(OH)","LiFe3+(PO4)(OH)","LiFe^3+^(PO_4_)(OH)","LiFe^3+^PO_4_(OH)","Li Fe P O H"," "," ",4325,"Titanite-Amblygonite","triclinic","P1","Li Fe^3+ P O H","Tav","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Grass green, Greenish yellow, Yellow green, Yellow.","#419c03,#cdfd02,#c8fd3d,#ffff00"
"Tazheranite","Tazheranite","(Zr4+,Ti4+,Ca)(O,☐)2","(Zr,Ti,Ca)(O,☐)2","(Zr,Ti,Ca)(O,[box])_2_","(Zr^4+^,Ti^4+^,Ca)(O,[box])_2_","Zr Ti Ca O","IMA1969-008"," ",4326,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Ca O","Taz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow orange, Cherry red, Red, Red orange.","#fcb001,#f7022a,#ff0000,#ff3f34"
"Tazieffite","Tazieffite","Pb2+20Cd2+2(As3+,Bi3+)22S2-50Cl10","Pb20Cd2(As,Bi)22S50Cl10","Pb_20_Cd_2_(As,Bi)_22_S_50_Cl_10_","Pb^2+^_20_Cd^2+^_2_(As^3+^,Bi^3+^)_22_S^2-^_50_Cl_10_","Pb Cd As Bi S Cl","IMA2008-012"," ",5671,"Vurroite","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Cd^2+ As^3+ Bi^3+ S^2- Cl","Tzf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver-gray in color, occasionally with a magenta tint","#a8a8a4,#afafaf"
"Tazzoliite","Tazzoliite","Ba2CaSr0.5Na0.5Ti4+2Nb5+3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]0.5","Ba2CaSr0.5Na0.5Ti2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]0.5","Ba_2_CaSr_0.5_Na_0.5_Ti_2_Nb_3_SiO_17_[PO_2_(OH)_2_]_0.5_","Ba_2_CaSr_0.5_Na_0.5_Ti^4+^_2_Nb^5+^_3_SiO_17_[PO_2_(OH)_2_]_0.5_","Ba Ca Sr Na Ti Nb Si O P H","IMA2011-018"," ",5946,"Pyrochlore","orthorhombic",,"Ba Ca Sr Na Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O P H","Tzo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","pale orange","#db9c7b"
"Teallite","Teallite","PbSnS2","PbSnS2","PbSnS_2_","PbSnS_2_","Pb Sn S"," "," ",4327,"Arsenolamprite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb Sn S","Tel","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Lead gray, Grayish black, Iron gray.","#8a7963,#555152,#7c7f7c"
"Tedhadleyite","Tedhadleyite","Hg2+Hg1+10O4I1-2(Cl,Br)2","Hg2+Hg1+10O4I2(Cl,Br)2","Hg^2+^Hg^1+^_10_O_4_I_2_(Cl,Br)_2_","Hg^2+^Hg^1+^_10_O_4_I^1-^_2_(Cl,Br)_2_","Hg O I Cl Br","IMA2001-035"," ",4328," ","triclinic","A1","Hg^2+ Hg^1+ O I^1- Cl Br","Ted","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Very dark red, Black.","#3a4859,#000000"
"Teepleite","Teepleite","Na2B(OH)4Cl","Na2B(OH)4Cl","Na_2_B(OH)_4_Cl","Na_2_B(OH)_4_Cl","Na B O H Cl"," "," ",4329," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Na B O H Cl","Tee","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tegengrenite","Tegengrenite","(Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4","(Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4","(Mn^3+^_0.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)Mg_2_O_4_","(Mn^3+^_0.5_Sb^5+^_0.5_)Mg_2_O_4_","Mn Sb Mg O","IMA1999-002"," ",4330,"Spinel","hexagonal",,"Mn^3+ Sb^5+ Mg O","Teg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Teineite","Teineite","Cu2+Te4+O3·2H2O","Cu2+(Te4+O3)·2H2O","Cu^2+^(Te^4+^O_3_)·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^Te^4+^O_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Te O H"," "," ",4331,"Chalcomenite","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^2+ Te^4+ O H","Tei","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue gray, Sky blue, Dark blue.","#758da3,#9fb9e2,#315b7d"
"Telargpalite","Telargpalite","(Pd,Ag)3Te","(Pd,Ag)3Te","(Pd,Ag)_3_Te","(Pd,Ag)_3_Te","Pd Ag Te","IMA1972-030"," ",4332," ","cubic",,"Pd Ag Te","Tlp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Tellurantimony","Tellurantimony","Sb3+2Te2-3","Sb2Te3","Sb_2_Te_3_","Sb^3+^_2_Te^2-^_3_","Sb Te","IMA1972-002"," ",4333,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m","Sb^3+ Te^2-","Tea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Tellurite","Tellurite","Te4+O2","TeO2","TeO_2_","Te^4+^O_2_","Te O"," "," ",4334," ","orthorhombic","Pbca, Pcab","Te^4+ O","Tlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow orange, White, Straw yellow.","#fcb001,#ffffff,#f0d696"
"Tellurium","Tellurium","Te","Te","Te","Te","Te"," "," ",4335," ","hexagonal","P3221, P3121","Te","Te","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","Yes","White, Grayish white.","#ffffff,#d6dee9"
"Tellurobismuthite","Tellurobismuthite","Bi3+2Te2-3","Bi2Te3","Bi_2_Te_3_","Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_3_","Bi Te"," "," ",4336,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m, R3m","Bi^3+ Te^2-","Tbi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Pale gray.","#fdfdfe"
"Tellurohauchecornite","Tellurohauchecornite","Ni9BiTeS8","Ni9BiTeS8","Ni_9_BiTeS_8_","Ni_9_BiTeS_8_","Ni Bi Te S","IMA1978 s.p."," ",4337,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Ni Bi Te S","Thau","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Telluromandarinoite","Telluromandarinoite","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·6H2O","Fe3+2(Te4+O3)3·6H2O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·6H_2_O","Fe Te O H","IMA2011-013"," ",5943,"Mandarinoite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Tmda","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green","#69b076"
"Telluronevskite","Telluronevskite","Bi3TeSe2","Bi3TeSe2","Bi_3_TeSe_2_","Bi_3_TeSe_2_","Bi Te Se","IMA1993-027a"," ",4338,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te Se","Tnvk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Telluropalladinite","Telluropalladinite","Pd9Te4","Pd9Te4","Pd_9_Te_4_","Pd_9_Te_4_","Pd Te","IMA1978-078"," ",4339," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Pd Te","Tpdn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Telluroperite","Telluroperite","Pb2+3Te4+O4Cl2","Pb(Te0.5Pb0.5)O2Cl","Pb(Te_0.5_Pb_0.5_)O_2_Cl","Pb^2+^_3_Te^4+^O_4_Cl_2_","Pb Te O Cl","IMA2009-044"," ",5773,"Nadorite","orthorhombic","Bmmb","Pb^2+ Te^4+ O Cl","Tpr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","bluish-green","#10a674"
"Telyushenkoite","Telyushenkoite","CsNa6Be2Al3Si15O39F2","CsNa6Be2Al3Si15O39F2","CsNa_6_Be_2_Al_3_Si_15_O_39_F_2_","CsNa_6_Be_2_Al_3_Si_15_O_39_F_2_","Cs Na Be Al Si O F","IMA2001-012"," ",4340,"Leifite","hexagonal","P3m1","Cs Na Be Al Si O F","Tys","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Temagamite","Temagamite","Pd3HgTe3","Pd3HgTe3","Pd_3_HgTe_3_","Pd_3_HgTe_3_","Pd Hg Te","IMA1973-018"," ",4341," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd Hg Te","Tem","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Tengchongite","Tengchongite","Ca(U6+O2)6(Mo6+O4OH)2O2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca(UO2)6(MoO4OH)2O2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_6_(MoO_4_OH)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_6_(Mo^6+^O_4_OH)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca U O Mo H","IMA1984-031"," ",4342,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","C2221","Ca U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Tcg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Tengerite-(Y)","Tengerite-(Y)","Y2(CO3)3·2-3H2O","Y2(CO3)3·2-3H2O","Y_2_(CO_3_)_3_·2-3H_2_O","Y_2_(CO_3_)_3_·2-3H_2_O","Y C O H","IMA1993 s.p."," ",4343,"Tengerite","orthorhombic","Bb21m","Y C O H","Ten-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Tennantite-(Cd)","Tennantite-(Cd)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Cd2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Cd2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Cd_2)_As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cd^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Cd As S","IMA2021-083"," ",7191,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Cd^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Cd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tennantite-(Cu)","Tennantite-(Cu)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Cu2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Cu_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cu^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu As S","IMA2020-096"," ",7110,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Cu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tennantite-(Fe)","Tennantite-(Fe)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Fe2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Fe As S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",4344,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tennantite-(Hg)","Tennantite-(Hg)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Hg2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Hg2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Hg_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Hg^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Hg As S","IMA2020-063"," ",7077,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Hg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tennantite-(In)","Tennantite-(In)","Cu1+6(Cu1+5In3+)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu5In)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_5_In)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_5_In^3+^)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu In As S","IMA2023-011"," ",7366,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ In^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-In",,"No","black","#000000"
"Tennantite-(Mn)","Tennantite-(Mn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Mn2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Mn2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Mn_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Mn^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Mn As S","IMA2022-040"," ",7263,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Mn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tennantite-(Ni)","Tennantite-(Ni)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Ni2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Ni2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Ni_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Ni^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Ni As S","IMA2021-018"," ",7131,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Ni^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Ni","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","black","#000000"
"Tennantite-(Zn)","Tennantite-(Zn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)As3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)As_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Zn As S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",6918,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Tnt-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey black","#373a3a"
"Tenorite","Tenorite","Cu2+O","CuO","CuO","Cu^2+^O","Cu O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4345," ","monoclinic","Cc, C2/c","Cu^2+ O","Tnr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Black, Steel gray.","#000000,#43464b"
"Tephroite","Tephroite","Mn2+2SiO4","Mn2+2(SiO4)","Mn^2+^_2_(SiO_4_)","Mn^2+^_2_SiO_4_","Mn Si O"," "," ",4346,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm, Pnma","Mn^2+ Si O","Tep","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Gray, Olive green, Bluish green, Red, Reddish brown.","#808080,#8ead2c,#10a674,#ff0000,#7f2b0a"
"Terlinguacreekite","Terlinguacreekite","Hg2+3O2Cl2","Hg2+3O2Cl2","Hg^2+^_3_O_2_Cl_2_","Hg^2+^_3_O_2_Cl_2_","Hg O Cl","IMA2004-018"," ",5278," ","orthorhombic",,"Hg^2+ O Cl","Tck","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark orange, Reddish orange.","#c65102,#f8481c"
"Terlinguaite","Terlinguaite","Hg2OCl","Hg2OCl","Hg_2_OCl","Hg_2_OCl","Hg O Cl"," "," ",4347," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Hg O Cl","Tlg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow, Brown, Olive green.","#ffff00,#cdfd02,#653700,#8ead2c"
"Ternesite","Ternesite","Ca5(SiO4)2(S6+O4)","Ca5(SiO4)2(SO4)","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)","Ca_5_(SiO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)","Ca Si O S","IMA1995-015"," ",4348,"Ternesite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Si O S^6+","Tns","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, Bright blue.","#afafaf,#0165fc"
"Ternovite","Ternovite","MgNb5+4O11·8-12H2O","MgNb4O11·8-12H2O","MgNb_4_O_11_·8-12H_2_O","MgNb^5+^_4_O_11_·8-12H_2_O","Mg Nb O H","IMA1992-044"," ",4349," ",,,"Mg Nb^5+ O H","Tno","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Terranovaite","Terranovaite","NaCaAl3Si17O40·~8H2O","NaCaAl3Si17O40·~8H2O","NaCaAl_3_Si_17_O_40_·~8H_2_O","NaCaAl_3_Si_17_O_40_·~8H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H","IMA1995-026"," ",4350," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Na Ca Al Si O H","Tnv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, Bluish white.","#afafaf,#e5dad4"
"Terrywallaceite","Terrywallaceite","Ag1+Pb2+(Sb3+,Bi3+)3S2-6","AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6","AgPb(Sb,Bi)_3_S_6_","Ag^1+^Pb^2+^(Sb^3+^,Bi^3+^)_3_S^2-^_6_","Ag Pb Sb Bi S","IMA2011-017"," ",5874,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Twl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Terskite","Terskite","Na4Zr4+Si6O14(OH)4","Na4ZrSi6O16·2H2O","Na_4_ZrSi_6_O_16_·2H_2_O","Na_4_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_14_(OH)_4_","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1982-039"," ",4351,"Terskite","orthorhombic","Pnc2","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Ter","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light lilac.","#ffffff,#dcc6d2"
"Tertschite","Tertschite","Ca4B10O19·20H2O","Ca4B10O19·20H2O","Ca_4_B_10_O_19_·20H_2_O","Ca_4_B_10_O_19_·20H_2_O","Ca B O H"," "," ",4352," ",,,"Ca B O H","Trt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Snow white.","#eeffee"
"Teruggite","Teruggite","Ca4Mg[As5+B6O11(OH)6]2·14H2O","Ca4Mg[AsB6O11(OH)6]2·14H2O","Ca_4_Mg[AsB_6_O_11_(OH)_6_]_2_·14H_2_O","Ca_4_Mg[As^5+^B_6_O_11_(OH)_6_]_2_·14H_2_O","Ca Mg As B O H","IMA1968-007"," ",4353," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Mg As^5+ B O H","Tgg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Teschemacherite","Teschemacherite","(N3-H4)HCO3","(NH4)H(CO3)","(NH_4_)H(CO_3_)","(N^3-^H_4_)HCO_3_","N H C O"," "," ",4354," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","N^3- H C O","Tmh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish, White, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#faee66,#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Testibiopalladite","Testibiopalladite","PdSbTe","PdSbTe","PdSbTe","PdSbTe","Pd Sb Te","IMA2023 s.p., IMA2023-H"," ",4355,"Pyrite","cubic","P213","Pd Sb Te"," ",,"No","Steel gray, Yellow brown.","#43464b,#ae8b0c"
"Tetra-auricupride","Tetra-auricupride","CuAu","CuAu","CuAu","CuAu","Cu Au","IMA1982-005"," ",4356," ",,,"Cu Au","Taur","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Tetradymite","Tetradymite","Bi3+2Te2-2S2-","Bi2Te2S","Bi_2_Te_2_S","Bi^3+^_2_Te^2-^_2_S^2-^","Bi Te S"," "," ",4359,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","R3m, R3","Bi^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Ttd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Yellow gray.","#43464b,#c8fd3d"
"Tetraferriannite","Tetraferriannite","KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2","KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2","KFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_(OH)_2_","KFe^2+^_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Fe Si O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",4357,"Mica","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2/m","K Fe^2+ Si Fe^3+ O H","Tfann","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown, Brownish black.","#653700,#413936"
"Tetraferriphlogopite","Tetraferriphlogopite","KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2","KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2","KMg_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_(OH)_2_","KMg_3_(Si_3_Fe^3+^)O_10_(OH)_2_","K Mg Si Fe O H","IMA1998 s.p."," ",4358,"Mica",,,"K Mg Si Fe^3+ O H","Tfphl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Brown","#653700"
"Tetraferroplatinum","Tetraferroplatinum","PtFe","PtFe","PtFe","PtFe","Pt Fe","IMA1974-012b"," ",4360,"Potarite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pt Fe","Tfpt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Gray, Silver white.","#808080,#e7e8e3"
"Tetrahedrite-(Cd)","Tetrahedrite-(Cd)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Cd2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Cd_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cd^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Cd Sb S","IMA2022-115"," ",7337,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Cd^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Cd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tetrahedrite-(Cu)","Tetrahedrite-(Cu)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Cu2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Cu2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Cu_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Cu^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Sb S","IMA2022-078"," ",7298,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Cu",,"No","steel-grey","#43464b"
"Tetrahedrite-(Fe)","Tetrahedrite-(Fe)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Fe2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Fe_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Fe Sb S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",6919,"Tetrahedrite",,,"Cu^1+ Fe^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Fe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tetrahedrite-(Hg)","Tetrahedrite-(Hg)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Hg2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Hg_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Hg^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Hg Sb S","IMA2019-003"," ",6921,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Hg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tetrahedrite-(Mn)","Tetrahedrite-(Mn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Mn2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Mn2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Mn_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Mn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Mn Sb S","IMA2021-098"," ",7201,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Mn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Mn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tetrahedrite-(Ni)","Tetrahedrite-(Ni)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Ni2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Ni2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Ni_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Ni^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Ni Sb S","IMA2021-031"," ",7141,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Ni^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Ni","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tetrahedrite-(Zn)","Tetrahedrite-(Zn)","Cu1+6(Cu1+4Zn2+2)Sb3+4S2-13","Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S13","Cu_6_(Cu_4_Zn_2_)Sb_4_S_13_","Cu^1+^_6_(Cu^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Cu Zn Sb S","IMA2019 s.p."," ",4361,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Cu^1+ Zn^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Ttr-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tetrarooseveltite","Tetrarooseveltite","Bi3+As5+O4","Bi(AsO4)","Bi(AsO_4_)","Bi^3+^As^5+^O_4_","Bi As O","IMA1993-006"," ",4362,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Bi^3+ As^5+ O","Troo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish white, White.","#e9f1d0,#ffffff"
"Tetrataenite","Tetrataenite","FeNi","FeNi","FeNi","FeNi","Fe Ni","IMA1979-076"," ",4363," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P4/mmm, Pm","Fe Ni","Ttae","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Gray white, Silver white.","#d7d5cb,#e7e8e3"
"Tetrawickmanite","Tetrawickmanite","Mn2+Sn4+(OH)6","Mn2+Sn4+(OH)6","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Mn Sn O H","IMA1971-018"," ",4364,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P42/n","Mn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Twm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown orange, Honey yellow.","#b96902,#ca9456"
"Tewite","Tewite","(K1.5☐0.5)(Te4+1.25W6+0.25☐0.5)2W6+5O19","(K1.5☐0.5)(Te1.25W0.25☐0.5)2W5O19","(K_1.5_[box]_0.5_)(Te_1.25_W_0.25_[box]_0.5_)_2_W_5_O_19_","(K_1.5_[box]_0.5_)(Te^4+^_1.25_W^6+^_0.25_[box]_0.5_)_2_W^6+^_5_O_19_","K Te W O","IMA2014-053"," ",6350,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pban","K Te^4+ W^6+ O","Tw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Thadeuite","Thadeuite","CaMg3(PO4)2(OH,F)2","CaMg3(PO4)2(OH,F)2","CaMg_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,F)_2_","CaMg_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH,F)_2_","Ca Mg P O H F","IMA1978-001"," ",4365," ","orthorhombic","C2221","Ca Mg P O H F","Thd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Thalcusite","Thalcusite","Tl1+2(Cu1+,Cu2+,Fe2+)4S2-4","(Cu,Fe)4Tl2S4","(Cu,Fe)_4_Tl_2_S_4_","Tl^1+^_2_(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^,Fe^2+^)_4_S^2-^_4_","Cu Fe Tl S","IMA1975-023"," ",4366,"Bukovite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Tl^1+ Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Fe^2+ S^2-","Thl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Black.","#a87900,#000000"
"Thalénite-(Y)","Thalenite-(Y)","Y3Si3O10F","Y3Si3O10F","Y_3_Si_3_O_10_F","Y_3_Si_3_O_10_F","Y Si O F","IMA2014 s.p."," ",4367," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Y Si O F","Tlé-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Thalfenisite","Thalfenisite","Tl6(Fe,Ni)25S26Cl","Tl6(Fe,Ni)25S26Cl","Tl_6_(Fe,Ni)_25_S_26_Cl","Tl_6_(Fe,Ni)_25_S_26_Cl","Tl Fe Ni S Cl","IMA1979-018"," ",4368,"Djerfisherite","cubic",,"Tl Fe Ni S Cl","Tfn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bronze brown, Greenish brown.","#825e2f,#696112"
"Thalhammerite","Thalhammerite","Pd9Ag2Bi2S4","Pd9Ag2Bi2S4","Pd_9_Ag_2_Bi_2_S_4_","Pd_9_Ag_2_Bi_2_S_4_","Pd Ag Bi S","IMA2017-111"," ",6737,"Thalhammerite","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pd Ag Bi S","Tha","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light-yellow to yellowish-brown","#fffe7a,#9b7a01"
"Thalliomelane","Thalliomelane","Tl1+Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5O16","TlMn4+7.5Cu2+0.5O16","TlMn^4+^_7.5_Cu^2+^_0.5_O_16_","Tl^1+^Mn^4+^_7.5_Cu^2+^_0.5_O_16_","Tl Mn Cu O","IMA2019-055"," ",6943,"Coronadite","tetragonal","I4/m","Tl^1+ Mn^4+ Cu^2+ O","Tml","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Thalliumpharmacosiderite","Thalliumpharmacosiderite","Tl1+Fe3+4[(As5+O4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","TlFe4[(AsO4)3(OH)4]·4H2O","TlFe_4_[(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Tl^1+^Fe^3+^_4_[(As^5+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_4_]·4H_2_O","Tl Fe As O H","IMA2013-124"," ",6293,"Pharmacosiderite","cubic","P43m","Tl^1+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Tpsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Thaumasite","Thaumasite","Ca3Si(OH)6(S6+O4)(CO3)·12H2O","Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O","Ca_3_Si(OH)_6_(CO_3_)(SO_4_)·12H_2_O","Ca_3_Si(OH)_6_(S^6+^O_4_)(CO_3_)·12H_2_O","Ca Si O H C S"," "," ",4369,"Ettringite","hexagonal","P63/m, P63","Ca Si O H S^6+ C","Tma","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Thebaite-(NH4)","Thebaite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)3Al((C2)6+O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)","(NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)","(NH_4_)_3_Al(C_2_O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_Al((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(PO_3_OH)_2_(H_2_O)","N H Al C O P","IMA2020-072"," ",7088,"Not in a structural group, Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","N^3- H Al C O P","Thb-NH4","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Theisite","Theisite","Cu2+5Zn2+5As5+2O8(OH)14","Cu5Zn5(AsO4)2(OH)14","Cu_5_Zn_5_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_14_","Cu^2+^_5_Zn^2+^_5_As^5+^_2_O_8_(OH)_14_","Cu Zn As O H","IMA1980-040"," ",4370," ","orthorhombic, hexagonal",,"Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Ths","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Green.","#137e6d,#00ff00"
"Thénardite","Thenardite","Na2S6+O4","Na2(SO4)","Na_2_(SO_4_)","Na_2_S^6+^O_4_","Na S O","IMA2014 s.p."," ",4371," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Na S^6+ O","Thn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, white, light-blue, greenish, yellowish, grayish or brownish,","#afafaf,#ffffff,#add8e6,#40a368,#faee66,#cfcac7,#9c6d57"
"Theoparacelsite","Theoparacelsite","Cu2+3(OH)2As5+2O7(OH)2","Cu3(OH)2As2O7","Cu_3_(OH)_2_As_2_O_7_","Cu^2+^_3_(OH)_2_As^5+^_2_O_7_(OH)_2_","Cu O H As","IMA1998-012"," ",4372," ","orthorhombic","Pmma","Cu^2+ O H As^5+","Thp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark pistachio green.","#e3e7d1"
"Theophrastite","Theophrastite","Ni2+(OH)2","Ni(OH)2","Ni(OH)_2_","Ni^2+^(OH)_2_","Ni O H","IMA1980-059"," ",4373,"Brucite","hexagonal","P3m1","Ni^2+ O H","Tph","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Therasiaite","Therasiaite","(N3-H4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(S6+O4)3Cl5","(NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5","(NH_4_)_3_KNa_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_3_Cl_5_","(N^3-^H_4_)_3_KNa_2_Fe^2+^Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_3_Cl_5_","N H K Na Fe S O Cl","IMA2013-050"," ",6214,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cc","N^3- H K Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O Cl","The","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown to dark brown","#653700,#73532a"
"Thérèsemagnanite","Theresemagnanite","NaCo2+4(S6+O4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O","NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl·6H2O","NaCo_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","NaCo^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_6_Cl·6H_2_O","Na Co S O H Cl","IMA1991-026"," ",4374,"Ktenasite","hexagonal",,"Na Co^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Tmg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink to light pink","#ffc0cb,#ffd1df"
"Thermaerogenite","Thermaerogenite","Cu2+Al2O4","CuAl2O4","CuAl_2_O_4_","Cu^2+^Al_2_O_4_","Cu Al O","IMA2018-021"," ",6766,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^2+ Al O","Tag","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown, yellow-brown, red-brown, brown-yellow, brown-red","#653700,#ae8b0c,#a52a2f,#dd9966,#922b05"
"Thermessaite","Thermessaite","K2AlF3(S6+O4)","K2AlF3(SO4)","K_2_AlF_3_(SO_4_)","K_2_AlF_3_(S^6+^O_4_)","K Al F S O","IMA2007-030"," ",5631,"Thermessaite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","K Al F S^6+ O","Tms","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Thermessaite-(NH4)","Thermessaite-(NH4)","(N3-H4)2AlF3(S6+O4)","(NH4)2AlF3(SO4)","(NH_4_)_2_AlF_3_(SO_4_)","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_AlF_3_(S^6+^O_4_)","N H Al F S O","IMA2011-077"," ",6025,"Thermessaite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","N^3- H Al F S^6+ O","Tms-NH4","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colourless to white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Thermonatrite","Thermonatrite","Na2CO3·H2O","Na2(CO3)·H2O","Na_2_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na_2_CO_3_·H_2_O","Na C O H"," "," ",4375," ","orthorhombic","P21ab, Pca21","Na C O H","Tnat","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Grayish yellow, Grayish, Yellowish, White.","#afafaf,#877254,#cfcac7,#faee66,#ffffff"
"Theuerdankite","Theuerdankite","Ag1+3(As5+O4)","Ag3(AsO4)","Ag_3_(AsO_4_)","Ag^1+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)","Ag As O","IMA2023-009"," ",7364,"Not in a structural group","cubic","P43n","Ag^1+ As^5+ O","Td",,"No","Dark violet, changing to reddish and black when exposed to the air and light.","#34013f,#82badf,#fe2c54,#c2d5d8"
"Thionasilite","Thionasilite","Na2Si2S2-2O3","Na2Si2S2O3","Na_2_Si_2_S_2_O_3_","Na_2_Si_2_S^2-^_2_O_3_","Na Si S O","IMA2025-021"," ",7580,"Apophyllite","orthorhombic","Aba2","Na Si S^2- O","Thio",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Thomasclarkite-(Y)","Thomasclarkite-(Y)","NaY(HCO3)(OH)3·4H2O","NaY(HCO3)(OH)3·4H2O","NaY(HCO_3_)(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","NaY(HCO_3_)(OH)_3_·4H_2_O","Na Y H C O","IMA1997-047"," ",4376," ","monoclinic","P2","Na Y H C O","Tcl-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Yellow.","#ffffff,#ffff00"
"Thometzekite","Thometzekite","Pb2+Cu2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","PbCu2+2(AsO4)2·2H2O","PbCu^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Cu As O H","IMA1982-103"," ",4377,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Tmz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green, Green.","#10a674,#00ff00"
"Thomsenolite","Thomsenolite","NaCaAlF6·H2O","NaCaAlF6·H2O","NaCaAlF_6_·H_2_O","NaCaAlF_6_·H_2_O","Na Ca Al F H O"," "," ",4378," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca Al F H O","Tse","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colorless, White, Reddish, Brownish.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#c44240,#9c6d57"
"Thomsonite-Ca","Thomsonite-Ca","NaCa2(Al5Si5)O20·6H2O","NaCa2(Al5Si5)O20·6H2O","NaCa_2_(Al_5_Si_5_)O_20_·6H_2_O","NaCa_2_(Al_5_Si_5_)O_20_·6H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4379,"Thomsonite","orthorhombic","Pncn, Pbmn","Na Ca Al Si O H","Thm-Ca","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, Greenish, Yellow, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#40a368,#ffff00,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Thomsonite-Sr","Thomsonite-Sr","NaSr2Al5Si5O20·6-7H2O","NaSr2(Al5Si5)O20·6-7H2O","NaSr_2_(Al_5_Si_5_)O_20_·6-7H_2_O","NaSr_2_Al_5_Si_5_O_20_·6-7H_2_O","Na Sr Al Si O H","IMA2000-025"," ",4380,"Thomsonite","orthorhombic","Pcnn","Na Sr Al Si O H","Thm-Sr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Thorasphite","Thorasphite","Th4+2H(As5+O4)2(PO4)·6H2O","Th2H(AsO4)2(PO4)·6H2O","Th_2_H(AsO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)·6H_2_O","Th^4+^_2_H(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(PO_4_)·6H_2_O","Th H As O P","IMA2017-085"," ",6713,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Th^4+ H As^5+ O P","Tp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","brownish pink to salmon pink","#c27e79,#ff91a4"
"Thorbastnäsite","Thorbastnasite","Th4+Ca(CO3)2F2·3H2O","ThCa(CO3)2F2·3H2O","ThCa(CO_3_)_2_F_2_·3H_2_O","Th^4+^Ca(CO_3_)_2_F_2_·3H_2_O","Th Ca C O F H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4381,"Bastnäsite","hexagonal","P62c","Th^4+ Ca C O F H","Tbsn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown","#653700"
"Thoreaulite","Thoreaulite","Sn2+Ta2O6","Sn2+Ta2O6","Sn^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Sn^2+^Ta_2_O_6_","Sn Ta O"," "," ",4382," ","monoclinic","C2/c, Cc","Sn^2+ Ta O","Tre","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Yellowish, Yellow brown, Resin brown.","#653700,#faee66,#ae8b0c,#935848"
"Thorianite","Thorianite","Th4+O2","ThO2","ThO_2_","Th^4+^O_2_","Th O"," "," ",4383,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Th^4+ O","Tho","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Brownish black, Green, Green black, Gray green, Yellow.","#413936,#00ff00,#373a3a,#86a17d,#ffff00"
"Thorikosite","Thorikosite","Pb2+3O3Sb3+(OH)Cl2","Pb3O3Sb3+(OH)Cl2","Pb_3_O_3_Sb^3+^(OH)Cl_2_","Pb^2+^_3_O_3_Sb^3+^(OH)Cl_2_","Pb O Sb H Cl","IMA1984-013"," ",4384," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pb^2+ O Sb^3+ H Cl","Thk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Thorite","Thorite","Th4+SiO4","Th(SiO4)","Th(SiO_4_)","Th^4+^SiO_4_","Th Si O"," "," ",4385,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Th^4+ Si O","Thr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish yellow, Brownish black, Yellow, Dark brown, Orange.","#c9b003,#413936,#ffff00,#73532a,#ffa500"
"Thornasite","Thornasite","Na12Th4+3(Si8O19)4·18H2O","Na12Th3(Si8O19)4·18H2O","Na_12_Th_3_(Si_8_O_19_)_4_·18H_2_O","Na_12_Th^4+^_3_(Si_8_O_19_)_4_·18H_2_O","Na Th Si O H","IMA1985-050"," ",4386," ","hexagonal","R3c","Na Th^4+ Si O H","Tna","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale green.","#afafaf,#69b076"
"Thorneite","Thorneite","Pb2+6(Te6+2O10)(CO3)Cl2(H2O)","Pb6(Te2O10)(CO3)Cl2(H2O)","Pb_6_(Te_2_O_10_)(CO_3_)Cl_2_(H_2_O)","Pb^2+^_6_(Te^6+^_2_O_10_)(CO_3_)Cl_2_(H_2_O)","Pb Te O C Cl H","IMA2009-023"," ",5751,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Te^6+ O C Cl H","Tne","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Medium leaf-green","#3cb371"
"Thorosteenstrupine","Thorosteenstrupine","(Ca,Th4+,Mn2+,Mn3+)3Si4O11F·6H2O","(Ca,Th,Mn)3Si4O11F·6H2O","(Ca,Th,Mn)_3_Si_4_O_11_F·6H_2_O","(Ca,Th^4+^,Mn^2+^,Mn^3+^)_3_Si_4_O_11_F·6H_2_O","Ca Th Mn Si O F H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4388," ",,,"Ca Th^4+ Mn^2+ Mn^3+ Si O F H","Tssp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Black, Black brown.","#73532a,#000000,#73532a"
"Thortveitite","Thortveitite","Sc2Si2O7","Sc2Si2O7","Sc_2_Si_2_O_7_","Sc_2_Si_2_O_7_","Sc Si O"," "," ",4389,"Thortveitite","monoclinic","C2/m","Sc Si O","Tvt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Grayish black, Black, Grayish green.","#653700,#555152,#000000,#82a67d"
"Thorutite","Thorutite","(Th4+,U4+,Ca)Ti4+2(O,OH)6","(Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6","(Th,U,Ca)Ti_2_(O,OH)_6_","(Th^4+^,U^4+^,Ca)Ti^4+^_2_(O,OH)_6_","Th U Ca Ti O H"," "," ",4390,"Brannerite","monoclinic","C2/m","Th^4+ U^4+ Ca Ti^4+ O H","Thu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Dark brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Threadgoldite","Threadgoldite","Al(U6+O2)2(PO4)2(OH)·8H2O","Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH)·8H2O","Al(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·8H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·8H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1978-066"," ",4391," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Al U^6+ O P H","Tdg","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Thunderbayite","Thunderbayite","TlAg3Au3Sb7S6","TlAg3Au3Sb7S6","TlAg_3_Au_3_Sb_7_S_6_","TlAg_3_Au_3_Sb_7_S_6_","Tl Ag Au Sb S","IMA2020-042"," ",7050," ","triclinic","P1","Tl Ag Au Sb S","Tby","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","black","#000000"
"Tianhongqiite","Tianhongqiite","Cr3+Ti4+O3(OH)","CrTiO3(OH)","CrTiO_3_(OH)","Cr^3+^Ti^4+^O_3_(OH)","Cr Ti O H","IMA2021-006b"," ",7253,"Tivanite","monoclinic","P21/n","Cr^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Thq","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tianhuixinite","Tianhuixinite","(Mo6+O3)3·H2O","(MoO3)3·H2O","(MoO_3_)_3_·H_2_O","(Mo^6+^O_3_)_3_·H_2_O","Mo O H","IMA2022-081"," ",7301," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Mo^6+ O H","Thx",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tiberiobardiite","Tiberiobardiite","{Cu2+9Al[SiO3(OH)]2(OH)12(H2O)6}(S6+O4)1.5·10H2O","{Cu9Al[SiO3(OH)]2(OH)12(H2O)6}(SO4)1.5·10H2O","{Cu_9_Al[SiO_3_(OH)]_2_(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_6_}(SO_4_)_1.5_·10H_2_O","{Cu^2+^_9_Al[SiO_3_(OH)]_2_(OH)_12_(H_2_O)_6_}(S^6+^O_4_)_1.5_·10H_2_O","Cu Al Si O H S","IMA2016-096"," ",6623,"Chalcophyllite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^2+ Al Si O H S^6+","Tbd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light greenish blue","#d7ddcd"
"Tiemannite","Tiemannite","Hg2+Se2-","HgSe","HgSe","Hg^2+^Se^2-^","Hg Se"," "," ",4392,"Diamond-Sphalerite","cubic","F43m","Hg^2+ Se^2-","Tmn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Reddish brown, Black.","#808080,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Tienshanite","Tienshanite","K(Na,K,☐)9Ca2Ba6Mn2+6Ti4+6B12Si36O114(O,OH,F)11","K(Na,K,☐)9Ca2Ba6Mn2+6Ti6B12Si36O114(O,OH,F)11","K(Na,K,[box])_9_Ca_2_Ba_6_Mn^2+^_6_Ti_6_B_12_Si_36_O_114_(O,OH,F)_11_","K(Na,K,[box])_9_Ca_2_Ba_6_Mn^2+^_6_Ti^4+^_6_B_12_Si_36_O_114_(O,OH,F)_11_","K Na Ca Ba Mn Ti B Si O H F","IMA1967-028"," ",4393," ","hexagonal","P6/m","K Na Ca Ba Mn^2+ Ti^4+ B Si O H F","Tsh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pistachio green.","#a9d39e"
"Tiettaite","Tiettaite","K4Na12Fe3+2Si16O41(OH)4·2H2O","K4Na12Fe3+2Si16O41(OH)4·2H2O","K_4_Na_12_Fe^3+^_2_Si_16_O_41_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K_4_Na_12_Fe^3+^_2_Si_16_O_41_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","K Na Fe Si O H","IMA1991-013, IMA2021 s.p."," ",4394," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","K Na Fe^3+ Si O H","Tie","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Grayish white, Dark gray.","#afafaf,#d6dee9,#363737"
"Tikhonenkovite","Tikhonenkovite","SrAlF4(OH)·H2O","SrAlF4(OH)·H2O","SrAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","SrAlF_4_(OH)·H_2_O","Sr Al F O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4395,"Tikhonenkovite","monoclinic","P21/c","Sr Al F O H","Tik","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Tilasite","Tilasite","CaMgAs5+O4F","CaMg(AsO4)F","CaMg(AsO_4_)F","CaMgAs^5+^O_4_F","Ca Mg As O F"," "," ",4396,"Titanite","monoclinic","Cc, C2/c","Ca Mg As^5+ O F","Til","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Violet gray, Green, Gray, Pink brown.","#8c6897,#00ff00,#808080,#67594c"
"Tilkerodeite","Tilkerodeite","Pd2HgSe3","Pd2HgSe3","Pd_2_HgSe_3_","Pd_2_HgSe_3_","Pd Hg Se","IMA2019-111"," ",6992,"Jacutingaite","hexagonal","P3m1","Pd Hg Se","Tkr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black or gray","#000000,#808080"
"Tilleyite","Tilleyite","Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2","Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2","Ca_5_Si_2_O_7_(CO_3_)_2_","Ca_5_Si_2_O_7_(CO_3_)_2_","Ca Si O C"," "," ",4397," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Ca Si O C","Tly","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tillmannsite","Tillmannsite","(HgAg3)3+V5+O4","HgAg3(VO4)","HgAg_3_(VO_4_)","(HgAg_3_)^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Hg Ag V O","IMA2001-010"," ",4398," ","tetragonal","I4","Hg Ag V^5+ O","Till","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red, Brownish red.","#ff0000,#9e3623"
"Timroseite","Timroseite","Pb2+2Cu2+5(Te6+O6)2(OH)2","Pb2Cu5(TeO6)2(OH)2","Pb_2_Cu_5_(TeO_6_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^_5_(Te^6+^O_6_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu Te O H","IMA2009-064"," ",5792,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P21nm","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Tim","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Vibrant ""neon"" green, lime green","#0add08,#8ead2c"
"Tin","Tin","Sn","Sn","Sn","Sn","Sn"," "," ",4399," ","tetragonal, cubic","I41/amd, Fm3m","Sn","Sn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","Yes","Grayish white, Tin white.","#d6dee9,#cfd5db"
"Tinaksite","Tinaksite","K2NaCa2Ti4+Si7O18(OH)O","K2NaCa2TiSi7O18(OH)O","K_2_NaCa_2_TiSi_7_O_18_(OH)O","K_2_NaCa_2_Ti^4+^Si_7_O_18_(OH)O","K Na Ca Ti Si O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4400," ","triclinic","P1","K Na Ca Ti^4+ Si O H","Tnk","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pink, Pale yellow, Light brown.","#ffc0cb,#eecf9e,#b5651d"
"Tincalconite","Tincalconite","Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O","Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O","Na_2_B_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Na_2_B_4_O_5_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Na B O H"," "," ",4401," ","hexagonal","R32","Na B O H","Tnc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Tinnunculite","Tinnunculite","C5H4N4O3·2H2O","C5H4N4O3·2H2O","C_5_H_4_N_4_O_3_·2H_2_O","C_5_H_4_N_4_O_3_·2H_2_O","C H N O","IMA2015-021a"," ",6489," ","monoclinic","P21/c","C H N O","Tnn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Tinsleyite","Tinsleyite","KAl2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","KAl2(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","KAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","KAl_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","K Al P O H","IMA1983-004"," ",4402,"Leucophosphite","monoclinic","P21/n","K Al P O H","Tin","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Tinticite","Tinticite","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·3H2O","Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·3H2O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·3H_2_O","Fe P O H"," "," ",4403," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ P O H","Ttc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","White, Light brown, Pale yellowish green.","#ffffff,#b5651d,#bdd4d1"
"Tintinaite","Tintinaite","Pb2+10Cu1+2Sb3+16S2-35","Pb10Cu2Sb16S35","Pb_10_Cu_2_Sb_16_S_35_","Pb^2+^_10_Cu^1+^_2_Sb^3+^_16_S^2-^_35_","Pb Cu Sb S","IMA1967-010"," ",4404,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Tti","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Tinzenite","Tinzenite","Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca2Mn2+4Al4[B2Si8O30](OH)2","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_4_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_4_Al_4_[B_2_Si_8_O_30_](OH)_2_","Ca Mn Al B Si O H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",4405,"Axinite","triclinic","P1","Ca Mn^2+ Al B Si O H","Tnz","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow, Orange red.","#ffff00,#fe4401"
"Tiptopite","Tiptopite","K2(Li,Na,Ca)6(Be6P6)O24(OH)2·1.3H2O","K2(Li,Na,Ca)6(Be6P6)O24(OH)2·1.3H2O","K_2_(Li,Na,Ca)_6_(Be_6_P_6_)O_24_(OH)_2_·1.3H_2_O","K_2_(Li,Na,Ca)_6_(Be_6_P_6_)O_24_(OH)_2_·1.3H_2_O","K Li Na Ca Be P O H","IMA1983-007"," ",4406,"Cancrinite, Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P63","K Li Na Ca Be P O H","Tpt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tiragalloite","Tiragalloite","Mn2+4As5+Si3O12(OH)","Mn2+4As5+Si3O12(OH)","Mn^2+^_4_As^5+^Si_3_O_12_(OH)","Mn^2+^_4_As^5+^Si_3_O_12_(OH)","Mn As Si O H","IMA1979-061"," ",4407," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Mn^2+ As^5+ Si O H","Tga","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Tischendorfite","Tischendorfite","Pd8Hg3Se9","Pd8Hg3Se9","Pd_8_Hg_3_Se_9_","Pd_8_Hg_3_Se_9_","Pd Hg Se","IMA2001-061"," ",4409," ","orthorhombic",,"Pd Hg Se","Tdf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Beige.","#e6daa6"
"Tisinalite","Tisinalite","Na3Mn2+Ti4+Si6O15(OH)3","Na3Mn2+TiSi6O15(OH)3","Na_3_Mn^2+^TiSi_6_O_15_(OH)_3_","Na_3_Mn^2+^Ti^4+^Si_6_O_15_(OH)_3_","Na Mn Ti Si O H","IMA1979-052"," ",4410,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","hexagonal","P3","Na Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Tis","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow orange.","#fcb001"
"Tissintite","Tissintite","(Ca,Na,☐)AlSi2O6","(Ca,Na,☐)AlSi2O6","(Ca,Na,[box])AlSi_2_O_6_","(Ca,Na,[box])AlSi_2_O_6_","Ca Na Al Si O","IMA2013-027"," ",6188,"Pyroxene","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca Na Al Si O","Tss","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tistarite","Tistarite","Ti3+2O3","Ti2O3","Ti_2_O_3_","Ti^3+^_2_O_3_","Ti O","IMA2008-016"," ",5675,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3c","Ti^3+ O","Tta","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Titanite","Titanite","CaTi4+SiO5","CaTi(SiO4)O","CaTi(SiO_4_)O","CaTi^4+^SiO_5_","Ca Ti Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4411,"Titanite","monoclinic","P21/a, A2/a, P21, C2/c","Ca Ti^4+ Si O","Ttn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Reddish brown, Gray, Yellow, Green, Red.","#7f2b0a,#808080,#ffff00,#00ff00,#ff0000"
"Titanium","Titanium","Ti","Ti","Ti","Ti","Ti","IMA2010-044"," ",5350," ","hexagonal, cubic","P63/mmc, Im3m","Ti","Ti","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","Yes","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Titanoholtite","Titanoholtite","(Ti4+0.75☐0.25)Al6BSi3O18","(Ti0.75☐0.25)Al6BSi3O18","(Ti_0.75_[box]_0.25_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","(Ti^4+^_0.75_[box]_0.25_)Al_6_BSi_3_O_18_","Ti Al B Si O","IMA2012-069"," ",6123,"Dumortierite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ti^4+ Al B Si O","Thlt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Titanomaghemite","Titanomaghemite","(Ti4+0.5☐0.5)Fe3+2O4","(Ti0.5☐0.5)Fe3+2O4","(Ti_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","(Ti^4+^_0.5_[box]_0.5_)Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Ti Fe O"," "," ",5510,"Spinel","cubic","P4332","Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O","Tmgh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Titanowodginite","Titanowodginite","Mn2+Ti4+Ta5+2O8","Mn2+TiTa2O8","Mn^2+^TiTa_2_O_8_","Mn^2+^Ti^4+^Ta^5+^_2_O_8_","Mn Ti Ta O","IMA1984-008"," ",4412,"Columbite","monoclinic",,"Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Ta^5+ O","Twdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Titantaramellite","Titantaramellite","Ba4(Ti4+,Fe3+,Mg)4(O,OH)2[B2Si8O27]Clx","Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Mg)4(O,OH)2[B2Si8O27]Clx","Ba_4_(Ti,Fe^3+^,Mg)_4_(O,OH)_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl_x_","Ba_4_(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Mg)_4_(O,OH)_2_[B_2_Si_8_O_27_]Cl_x_","Ba Ti Fe Mg O H B Si Cl","IMA1977-046"," ",4413," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Ba Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Mg O H B Si Cl","Ttmel","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bronze brown, Purple red.","#825e2f,#990147"
"Tivanite","Tivanite","Ti4+V3+O3(OH)","TiV3+O3(OH)","TiV^3+^O_3_(OH)","Ti^4+^V^3+^O_3_(OH)","Ti V O H","IMA1980-035"," ",4414,"Tivanite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ti^4+ V^3+ O H","Tiv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Tlalocite","Tlalocite","Cu2+10Zn2+6(Te4+O3)(Te6+O4)2Cl(OH)25·27H2O","Cu10Zn6(Te4+O3)(Te6+O4)2Cl(OH)25·27H2O","Cu_10_Zn_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)(Te^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl(OH)_25_·27H_2_O","Cu^2+^_10_Zn^2+^_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)(Te^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl(OH)_25_·27H_2_O","Cu Zn Te O Cl H","IMA1974-047"," ",4415," ",,,"Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Te^4+ O Te^6+ Cl H","Tla","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Capri blue.","#0000ff,#005171"
"Tlapallite","Tlapallite","(Ca,Pb2+)3CaCu2+6[Te4+3Te6+O12]2(Te4+O3)2(S6+O4)2·3H2O","(Ca,Pb)3CaCu6[Te4+3Te6+O12]2(Te4+O3)2(SO4)2·3H2O","(Ca,Pb)_3_CaCu_6_[Te^4+^_3_Te^6+^O_12_]_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","(Ca,Pb^2+^)_3_CaCu^2+^_6_[Te^4+^_3_Te^6+^O_12_]_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca Pb Cu Te O S H","IMA1977-044"," ",4416," ","monoclinic, hexagonal","P321","Ca Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^4+ Te^6+ O S^6+ H","Tpl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Cyprus green.","#00ff00,#699a88"
"Tobelite","Tobelite","(N3-H4)Al2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","(NH4)Al2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2","(NH_4_)Al_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","(N^3-^H_4_)Al_2_(Si_3_Al)O_10_(OH)_2_","N H Al Si O","IMA1981-021"," ",4417,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c","N^3- H Al Si O","Tbl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Yellowish green, Pearly white.","#b0dd16,#feefd3"
"Tobermorite","Tobermorite","Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·nH2O","Ca4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)","Ca_4_Si_6_O_17_(H_2_O)_2_·(Ca·3H_2_O)","Ca_5_Si_6_O_16_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Ca Si O H","IMA2014 s.p."," ",4418,"Tobermorite","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, Bm","Ca Si O H","Tbm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","White, Light pink white, Reddish white.","#ffffff,#ffd1df,#fff8d5"
"Tochilinite","Tochilinite","6(Fe2+0.9S2-)·5[(Mg,Fe2+)(OH)2]","6(Fe0.9S)·5[(Mg,Fe)(OH)2]","6(Fe_0.9_S)·5[(Mg,Fe)(OH)_2_]","6(Fe^2+^_0.9_S^2-^)·5[(Mg,Fe^2+^)(OH)_2_]","Fe S Mg O H","IMA1971-002"," ",4419,"Tochilinite","triclinic","C1, P1","Fe^2+ S^2- Mg O H","Thi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Bronze black.","#3a4856"
"Tocornalite","Tocornalite","(Ag1+,Hg1+)I1-","(Ag,Hg)I (?)","(Ag,Hg)I (?)","(Ag^1+^,Hg^1+^)I^1-^","Ag Hg I"," "," ",5490," ",,,"Ag^1+ Hg^1+ I^1-","Toc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Yellow, Bright yellow, Gray green, Black.","#ffff00,#fffd01,#86a17d,#000000"
"Todorokite","Todorokite","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn4+,Mn3+,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x_(Mn,Mg,Al)_6_O_12_·3-4H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^,Mg,Al)_6_O_12_·3-4H_2_O","Na Ca K Ba Sr Mn Mg Al O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4420," ","monoclinic","P2/m","Na Ca K Ba Sr Mn^4+ Mn^3+ Mg Al O H","Tdr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Brownish black, Gray, Grayish black, Dark brown, Black.","#413936,#808080,#555152,#73532a,#000000"
"Tokkoite","Tokkoite","K2Ca4Si7O18(OH)F","K2Ca4Si7O18(OH)F","K_2_Ca_4_Si_7_O_18_(OH)F","K_2_Ca_4_Si_7_O_18_(OH)F","K Ca Si O H F","IMA1985-009"," ",4421," ","triclinic","P1","K Ca Si O H F","Tok","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brownish yellow, Colorless, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Tokyoite","Tokyoite","Ba2Mn3+(V5+O4)2(OH)","Ba2Mn3+(VO4)2OH","Ba_2_Mn^3+^(VO_4_)_2_OH","Ba_2_Mn^3+^(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)","Ba Mn V O H","IMA2003-036"," ",5242,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ba Mn^3+ V^5+ O H","Tky","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Reddish black.","#433635"
"Tolbachite","Tolbachite","Cu2+Cl2","CuCl2","CuCl_2_","Cu^2+^Cl_2_","Cu Cl","IMA1982-067"," ",4422," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Cl","Tbc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Golden brown.","#653700,#b27a01"
"Toledoite","Toledoite","TiFeSi","TiFeSi","TiFeSi","TiFeSi","Ti Fe Si","IMA2022-036"," ",7260," ","orthorhombic","Ima2","Ti Fe Si","Tld","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Black","#000000"
"Tolovkite","Tolovkite","IrSbS","IrSbS","IrSbS","IrSbS","Ir Sb S","IMA1980-055"," ",4423,"Cobaltite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Ir Sb S","Tol","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Tolstykhite","Tolstykhite","Au3S4Te6","Au3S4Te6","Au_3_S_4_Te_6_","Au_3_S_4_Te_6_","Au S Te","IMA2022-007"," ",7231,"Maletoyvayamite","triclinic","P1","Au S Te","Tls","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tomamaeite","Tomamaeite","Cu3Pt","Cu3Pt","Cu_3_Pt","Cu_3_Pt","Cu Pt","IMA2019-129"," ",7012,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Cu Pt","Tmm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tombstoneite","Tombstoneite","(Ca0.5Pb2+0.5)Pb2+3Cu2+6Te6+2O6(Te4+O3)6(Se4+O3)2(S6+O4)2·3H2O","(Ca0.5Pb0.5)Pb3Cu2+6Te6+2O6(Te4+O3)6(Se4+O3)2(SO4)2·3H2O","(Ca_0.5_Pb_0.5_)Pb_3_Cu^2+^_6_Te^6+^_2_O_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)_6_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","(Ca_0.5_Pb^2+^_0.5_)Pb^2+^_3_Cu^2+^_6_Te^6+^_2_O_6_(Te^4+^O_3_)_6_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca Pb Cu Te O Se S H","IMA2021-053"," ",7159,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P321","Ca Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Te^6+ O Te^4+ Se^4+ S^6+ H","Tbs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green","#00ff00"
"Tomcampbellite","Tomcampbellite","[KCl][Fe2+14(OH)6(PO4)6(PO3OH)2]","[KCl][Fe2+14(OH)6(PO4)6(PO3OH)2]","[KCl][Fe^2+^_14_(OH)_6_(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)_2_]","[KCl][Fe^2+^_14_(OH)_6_(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)_2_]","K Cl Fe O H P","IMA2024-072"," ",7467,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","K Cl Fe^2+ O H P","Tcp",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tomichite","Tomichite","V3+4Ti4+3As3+O13(OH)","V3+4Ti4+3As3+O13(OH)","V^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_3_As^3+^O_13_(OH)","V^3+^_4_Ti^4+^_3_As^3+^O_13_(OH)","V Ti As O H","IMA1978-074"," ",4425," ","monoclinic","A2/m, P21/m","V^3+ Ti^4+ As^3+ O H","Tom","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Black.","#000000"
"Tomiolloite","Tomiolloite","Al12(Te4+O3)5[(S4+O3)0.5(S6+O4)0.5](OH)24","Al12(Te4+O3)5[(SO3)0.5(SO4)0.5](OH)24","Al_12_(Te^4+^O_3_)_5_[(SO_3_)_0.5_(SO_4_)_0.5_](OH)_24_","Al_12_(Te^4+^O_3_)_5_[(S^4+^O_3_)_0.5_(S^6+^O_4_)_0.5_](OH)_24_","Al Te O S H","IMA2021-019"," ",7132,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/m","Al Te^4+ O S^4+ S^6+ H","Toi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White","#ffffff"
"Tomsquarryite","Tomsquarryite","NaMgAl3(PO4)2(OH)6·8H2O","NaMgAl3(PO4)2(OH)6·8H2O","NaMgAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","NaMgAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·8H_2_O","Na Mg Al P O H","IMA2022-018"," ",7246,"Alunite-crandallite",,,"Na Mg Al P O H","Tqy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Tondiite","Tondiite","Cu2+3MgCl2(OH)6","Cu3MgCl2(OH)6","Cu_3_MgCl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu^2+^_3_MgCl_2_(OH)_6_","Cu Mg Cl O H","IMA2013-077"," ",6236,"Atacamite","hexagonal","R3m","Cu^2+ Mg Cl O H","Ton","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green to bright green","#046307,#66ff00"
"Tongbaite","Tongbaite","Cr3C2","Cr3C2","Cr_3_C_2_","Cr_3_C_2_","Cr C","IMA1982-003"," ",4426," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cr C","Tgb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Light brownish yellow.","#b5651d"
"Tooeleite","Tooeleite","Fe3+6(As3+O3)4S6+O4(OH)4·4H2O","Fe3+6(AsO3)4(SO4)(OH)4·4H2O","Fe^3+^_6_(AsO_3_)_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Fe^3+^_6_(As^3+^O_3_)_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Fe As O S H","IMA1990-010"," ",4427," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ As^3+ O S^6+ H","Toe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brown orange, Yellow orange.","#b96902,#fcb001"
"Topaz","Topaz","Al2SiO4F2","Al2SiO4F2","Al_2_SiO_4_F_2_","Al_2_SiO_4_F_2_","Al Si O F"," "," ",4428,"Topaz","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Al Si O F","Tpz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless, Pale blue, Yellow, Yellowish brown, Red.","#afafaf,#d0fefe,#ffff00,#9b7a01,#ff0000"
"Topsøeite","Topsoeite","Fe3+F3(H2O)3","FeF3(H2O)3","FeF_3_(H_2_O)_3_","Fe^3+^F_3_(H_2_O)_3_","Fe F H O","IMA2016-113"," ",6640,"Rosenbergite","tetragonal","P4/n","Fe^3+ F H O","Top","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Torbernite","Torbernite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·12H2O","Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·12H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Cu U O P H","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4429," ","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Cu^2+ U^6+ O P H","Tor","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Grass green, Leek green, Apple green, Siskin green.","#00ff00,#419c03,#979c84,#69b076,#c8c76f"
"Törnebohmite-(Ce)","Tornebohmite-(Ce)","Ce3+2Al(SiO4)2(OH)","Ce2Al(SiO4)2(OH)","Ce_2_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ce^3+^_2_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","Ce Al Si O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",4430,"Fornacite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ce^3+ Al Si O H","Tbh-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Olive-green, brown","#8ead2c,#653700"
"Törnebohmite-(La)","Tornebohmite-(La)","La2Al(SiO4)2(OH)","La2Al(SiO4)2(OH)","La_2_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","La_2_Al(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)","La Al Si O H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",4431,"Fornacite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","La Al Si O H","Tbh-La","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Green, olive-green","#00ff00,#8ead2c"
"Törnroosite","Tornroosite","Pd11As2Te2","Pd11As2Te2","Pd_11_As_2_Te_2_","Pd_11_As_2_Te_2_","Pd As Te","IMA2010-043"," ",5873,"Isomertieite","cubic","Fd3m","Pd As Te","Trs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Black","#000000"
"Torrecillasite","Torrecillasite","Na(As3+,Sb3+)4O6Cl","Na(As,Sb)3+4O6Cl","Na(As,Sb)^3+^_4_O_6_Cl","Na(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_4_O_6_Cl","Na As Sb O Cl","IMA2013-112"," ",6270,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Na As^3+ Sb^3+ O Cl","Trc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Torreyite","Torreyite","Mg9Zn2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)22·8H2O","Mg9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22·8H2O","Mg_9_Zn_4_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_22_·8H_2_O","Mg_9_Zn^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_22_·8H_2_O","Mg Zn S O H"," "," ",4432," ",,,"Mg Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Try","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Bluish white.","#e5dad4"
"Torryweiserite","Torryweiserite","Rh5Ni10S16","Rh5Ni10S16","Rh_5_Ni_10_S_16_","Rh_5_Ni_10_S_16_","Rh Ni S","IMA2020-048"," ",7063,"Kuvaevite","hexagonal","R3m","Rh Ni S","Tyw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","gray to brownish gray","#808080,#86775f"
"Tosudite","Tosudite","Na0.5(Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)8O18(OH)12·5H2O","Na0.5(Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)8O18(OH)12·5H2O","Na_0.5_(Al,Mg)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_18_(OH)_12_·5H_2_O","Na_0.5_(Al,Mg)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_18_(OH)_12_·5H_2_O","Na Al Mg Si O H"," "," ",4433,"Corrensite, Clay",,,"Na Al Mg Si O H","Tos","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Azure, Blue white, Green, Yellow, White.","#007fff,#dae7e9,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Toturite","Toturite","Ca3Sn4+2(Fe3+2Si)O12","Ca3Sn2(SiFe3+2)O12","Ca_3_Sn_2_(SiFe^3+^_2_)O_12_","Ca_3_Sn^4+^_2_(Fe^3+^_2_Si)O_12_","Ca Sn Si Fe O","IMA2009-033"," ",5760,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Sn^4+ Fe^3+ Si O","Tot","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tounkite","Tounkite","(Na,Ca,K)8(Si6Al6)O24(S6+O4)2Cl·0.5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)8(Si6Al6)O24(SO4)2Cl·0.5H2O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(SO_4_)_2_Cl·0.5H_2_O","(Na,Ca,K)_8_(Si_6_Al_6_)O_24_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_Cl·0.5H_2_O","Na Ca K Si Al O S Cl H","IMA1990-009"," ",4434,"Cancrinite-sodalite","hexagonal","P6222","Na Ca K Si Al O S^6+ Cl H","Tou","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bottle green, Yellow green.","#006a4e,#c8fd3d"
"Touretite","Touretite","LiAl4Be4(B11Be)O28","LiAl4Be4(B11Be)O28","LiAl_4_Be_4_(B_11_Be)O_28_","LiAl_4_Be_4_(B_11_Be)O_28_","Li Al Be B O","IMA2023-003a"," ",7489,"Rhodizite","cubic","P43m","Li Al Be B O","Tte",,"No","white to pinkish","#ffffff,#d46a7e"
"Townendite","Townendite","Na8Zr4+Si6O18","Na8ZrSi6O18","Na_8_ZrSi_6_O_18_","Na_8_Zr^4+^Si_6_O_18_","Na Zr Si O","IMA2009-066"," ",5795,"Lovozerite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Zr^4+ Si O","Twn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Toyohaite","Toyohaite","Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S2-4","Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4","Ag^1+^(Fe^2+^_0.5_Sn^4+^_1.5_)S_4_","Ag^1+^(Fe^2+^_0.5_Sn^4+^_1.5_)S^2-^_4_","Ag Fe Sn S","IMA1989-007"," ",4435,"Spinel","tetragonal","I41/a","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","To","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Trabzonite","Trabzonite","Ca4Si3O9(OH)2","Ca4[Si3O9(OH)](OH)","Ca_4_[Si_3_O_9_(OH)](OH)","Ca_4_Si_3_O_9_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H","IMA1983-071a"," ",4436," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic","Ama2","Ca Si O H","Trb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tranquillityite","Tranquillityite","Fe2+8Ti4+3Zr4+2Si3O24","Fe2+8Ti3Zr2Si3O24","Fe^2+^_8_Ti_3_Zr_2_Si_3_O_24_","Fe^2+^_8_Ti^4+^_3_Zr^4+^_2_Si_3_O_24_","Fe Ti Zr Si O","IMA1971-013"," ",4437,"Braunite","hexagonal",,"Fe^2+ Ti^4+ Zr^4+ Si O","Trq","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Transjordanite","Transjordanite","Ni2P","Ni2P","Ni_2_P","Ni_2_P","Ni P","IMA2013-106"," ",6265,"Barringerite","hexagonal","P62m","Ni P","Tjrd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Traskite","Traskite","Ba21Ca(Fe2+,Mn2+,Ti4+)4(Ti4+,Fe2+,Mg)12(Si12O36)(Si2O7)6(O,OH)30Cl6·14H2O","Ba21Ca(Fe2+,Mn,Ti)4(Ti,Fe,Mg)12(Si12O36)(Si2O7)6(O,OH)30Cl6·14H2O","Ba_21_Ca(Fe^2+^,Mn,Ti)_4_(Ti,Fe,Mg)_12_(Si_12_O_36_)(Si_2_O_7_)_6_(O,OH)_30_Cl_6_·14H_2_O","Ba_21_Ca(Fe^2+^,Mn^2+^,Ti^4+^)_4_(Ti^4+^,Fe^2+^,Mg)_12_(Si_12_O_36_)(Si_2_O_7_)_6_(O,OH)_30_Cl_6_·14H_2_O","Ba Ca Fe Mn Ti Mg Si O H Cl","IMA1964-014"," ",4438," ","hexagonal","P6m2","Ba Ca Fe^2+ Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Mg Si O H Cl","Tsk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish red.","#9e3623"
"Trattnerite","Trattnerite","Fe3+2(Mg3Si12)O30","Fe3+2(Mg3Si12)O30","Fe^3+^_2_(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","Fe^3+^_2_(Mg_3_Si_12_)O_30_","Fe Mg Si O","IMA2002-002"," ",5187,"Milarite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","Fe^3+ Mg Si O","Tra","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Deep blue, Yellowish green.","#040273,#b0dd16"
"Treasurite","Treasurite","Ag7Pb6Bi15S30","Ag7Pb6Bi15S30","Ag_7_Pb_6_Bi_15_S_30_","Ag_7_Pb_6_Bi_15_S_30_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1976-008"," ",4439,"Lillianite","monoclinic",,"Ag Pb Bi S","Tsur","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Trébeurdenite","Trebeurdenite","Fe2+2Fe3+4O2(OH)10(CO3)·3H2O","Fe2+2Fe3+4O2(OH)10(CO3)·3H2O","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_4_O_2_(OH)_10_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_4_O_2_(OH)_10_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Fe O H C","IMA2012 s.p."," ",6256,"Hydrotalcite",,,"Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O H C","Tré","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","grey-green","#86a17d"
"Trebiskyite","Trebiskyite","Na3Mg2[(Ti4+V5+9)O28]·22H2O","Na3Mg2[TiV9O28]·22H2O","Na_3_Mg_2_[TiV_9_O_28_]·22H_2_O","Na_3_Mg_2_[(Ti^4+^V^5+^_9_)O_28_]·22H_2_O","Na Mg Ti V O H","IMA2019-131"," ",7014,"Pascoite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Mg Ti^4+ V^5+ O H","Tbk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","translucent yellow","#ffeeaa"
"Trechmannite","Trechmannite","Ag1+As3+S2-2","AgAsS2","AgAsS_2_","Ag^1+^As^3+^S^2-^_2_","Ag As S"," "," ",4440," ","hexagonal","R3","Ag^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Trh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Scarlet red.","#b63e36"
"Tredouxite","Tredouxite","Ni2+Sb5+2O6","NiSb2O6","NiSb_2_O_6_","Ni^2+^Sb^5+^_2_O_6_","Ni Sb O","IMA2017-061"," ",6695,"Tapiolite","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Ni^2+ Sb^5+ O","Tdx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light gray","#d8dcd6"
"Trembathite","Trembathite","Mg3B7O13Cl","Mg3B7O13Cl","Mg_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mg_3_B_7_O_13_Cl","Mg B O Cl","IMA1991-018"," ",4441,"Boracite","hexagonal","R3c","Mg B O Cl","Tba","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light blue.","#afafaf,#add8e6"
"Tremolite","Tremolite","☐Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_5.0-4.5_Fe^2+^_0.0-0.5_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_5.0-4.5_Fe^2+^_0.0-0.5_)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Mg Fe Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",4442,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m, I2/m","Ca Mg Fe^2+ Si O H","Tr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown, Colorless, Gray, White, Light green.","#653700,#afafaf,#808080,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Trevorite","Trevorite","Ni2+Fe3+2O4","NiFe3+2O4","NiFe^3+^_2_O_4_","Ni^2+^Fe^3+^_2_O_4_","Ni Fe O"," "," ",4443,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Ni^2+ Fe^3+ O","Trv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Triangulite","Triangulite","Al3(U6+O2)4(PO4)4(OH)5·5H2O","Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5·5H2O","Al_3_(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·5H_2_O","Al_3_(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·5H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1981-056"," ",4444," ","triclinic",,"Al U^6+ O P H","Tri","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Bright yellow.","#ffff00,#fffd01"
"Triazolite","Triazolite","NaCu2+2(N3C2H2)1-2(N3-H3)2Cl3·4H2O","NaCu2(N3C2H2)2(NH3)2Cl3·4H2O","NaCu_2_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)_2_(NH_3_)_2_Cl_3_·4H_2_O","NaCu^2+^_2_(N_3_C_2_H_2_)^1-^_2_(N^3-^H_3_)_2_Cl_3_·4H_2_O","Na Cu N C H Cl O","IMA2017-025"," ",6665," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Na Cu^2+ N C H N^3- Cl O","Tzl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Deep blue","#040273"
"Tridymite","Tridymite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O"," "," ",4445,"Tridymite","monoclinic, orthorhombic, triclinic","Cc, C2221, Aa, C1, F1","Si O","Trd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM20 - Acidic volcanic rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, White, Yellowish white, Gray.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#e9f1d0,#808080"
"Trigodomeykite","Trigodomeykite","Cu3As","Cu3As","Cu_3_As","Cu_3_As","Cu As"," "," ",5094,"Fluocerite","hexagonal","P3c1","Cu As","Do-β","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Trigonite","Trigonite","Pb2+3Mn2+(As3+O3)2(As3+O2OH)","Pb3Mn2+(AsO3)2(AsO2OH)","Pb_3_Mn^2+^(AsO_3_)_2_(AsO_2_OH)","Pb^2+^_3_Mn^2+^(As^3+^O_3_)_2_(As^3+^O_2_OH)","Pb Mn As O H"," "," ",4446," ","monoclinic","Pn","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ As^3+ O H","Tgn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Yellow, Yellow brown, Sulfur yellow.","#653700,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ccc050"
"Trikalsilite","Trikalsilite","K2Na(AlSiO4)3","K2Na(AlSiO4)3","K_2_Na(AlSiO_4_)_3_","K_2_Na(AlSiO_4_)_3_","K Na Al Si O"," "," ",4447,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P63","K Na Al Si O","Tks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Trilithionite","Trilithionite","KLi1.5Al1.5(Si3Al)O10F2","KLi1.5Al1.5(Si3Al)O10F2","KLi_1.5_Al_1.5_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","KLi_1.5_Al_1.5_(Si_3_Al)O_10_F_2_","K Li Al Si O F","IMA1998 s.p."," ",4448,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c, C2/m","K Li Al Si O F","Tln","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Trimerite","Trimerite","CaMn2+2(BeSiO4)3","CaBe3Mn2+2(SiO4)3","CaBe_3_Mn^2+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","CaMn^2+^_2_(BeSiO_4_)_3_","Ca Be Mn Si O"," "," ",4449,"Beryllonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Mn^2+ Be Si O","Tme","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, Yellowish red, Pink.","#afafaf,#edeeda,#ffc0cb"
"Trimounsite-(Y)","Trimounsite-(Y)","Y2Ti4+2SiO9","Y2Ti2SiO9","Y_2_Ti_2_SiO_9_","Y_2_Ti^4+^_2_SiO_9_","Y Ti Si O","IMA1989-042"," ",4450," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Y Ti^4+ Si O","Tmo-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Trinepheline","Trinepheline","NaAlSiO4","NaAlSiO4","NaAlSiO_4_","NaAlSiO_4_","Na Al Si O","IMA2012-024"," ",6083," ","hexagonal, monoclinic","P61, P21","Na Al Si O","Tnph","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","White to pale yellow","#ffffff,#eecf9e"
"Triphylite","Triphylite","LiFe2+PO4","LiFe2+(PO4)","LiFe^2+^(PO_4_)","LiFe^2+^PO_4_","Li Fe P O"," "," ",4451,"Olivine","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Li Fe^2+ P O","Trp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Gray, Bluish gray, Brownish, Blackish.","#808080,#748b97,#9c6d57,#5b5c61"
"Triplite","Triplite","Mn2+2(PO4)F","Mn2+2(PO4)F","Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)F","Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)F","Mn P O F"," "," ",4452,"Triplite","monoclinic","C2/c, I2/a","Mn^2+ P O F","Trl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown, Dark brown, Salmon pink, Brownish black, Black.","#653700,#73532a,#ff91a4,#413936,#000000"
"Triploidite","Triploidite","Mn2+2(PO4)(OH)","Mn2+2(PO4)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Mn^2+^_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Mn P O H"," "," ",4453,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ P O H","Tpd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish, Yellow, Yellow brown, Pink, Reddish brown.","#40a368,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffc0cb,#7f2b0a"
"Trippkeite","Trippkeite","Cu2+As3+2O4","Cu2+As3+2O4","Cu^2+^As^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu^2+^As^3+^_2_O_4_","Cu As O"," "," ",4454,"Minium","tetragonal","P42/mbc","Cu^2+ As^3+ O","Tpk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Tripuhyite","Tripuhyite","Fe3+Sb5+O4","Fe3+Sb5+O4","Fe^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Fe^3+^Sb^5+^O_4_","Fe Sb O","IMA1987-022, IMA2002 s.p."," ",4455,"Rutile","tetragonal","P42/mnm","Fe^3+ Sb^5+ O","Tpy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Greenish yellow, Yellow, Dark brown.","#413936,#cdfd02,#ffff00,#73532a"
"Tristramite","Tristramite","(Ca,U4+,Fe3+)(PO4,S6+O4)·2H2O","(Ca,U4+,Fe3+)(PO4,SO4)·2H2O","(Ca,U^4+^,Fe^3+^)(PO_4_,SO_4_)·2H_2_O","(Ca,U^4+^,Fe^3+^)(PO_4_,S^6+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","Ca U Fe P O S H","IMA1982-037"," ",4456,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal",,"Ca U^4+ Fe^3+ P O S^6+ H","Ttm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green yellow, Light yellow.","#c6f808,#fffe7a"
"Tritomite-(Ce)","Tritomite-(Ce)","Ce3+5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)","Ce5(SiO4,BO4)3(OH,O)","Ce_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(OH,O)","Ce^3+^_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(OH,O)","Ce Si O B H","IMA1966 s.p."," ",4457,"Apatite",,,"Ce^3+ Si O B H","Tto-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown.","#73532a"
"Tritomite-(Y)","Tritomite-(Y)","Y5(SiO4,BO4)3(O,OH,F)","Y5(SiO4,BO4)3(O,OH,F)","Y_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(O,OH,F)","Y_5_(SiO_4_,BO_4_)_3_(O,OH,F)","Y Si O B H F","IMA1966 s.p."," ",5169,"Apatite",,,"Y Si O B H F","Tto-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Greenish black, Dark green black, Reddish brown.","#454445,#033500,#7f2b0a"
"Trögerite","Trogerite","(H3O)(U6+O2)(As5+O4)·3H2O","(H3O)(UO2)(AsO4)·3H2O","(H_3_O)(UO_2_)(AsO_4_)·3H_2_O","(H_3_O)(U^6+^O_2_)(As^5+^O_4_)·3H_2_O","H O U As"," "," ",4458,"Natroautunite",,,"H O U^6+ As^5+","Tge","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon-yellow, to deep yellow","#cfff04,#755139"
"Trogtalite","Trogtalite","Co2+(Se2)2-","CoSe2","CoSe_2_","Co^2+^(Se_2_)^2-^","Co Se"," "," ",4459,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Co^2+ Se","Trg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Pink violet.","#747b9f"
"Troilite","Troilite","Fe2+S2-","FeS","FeS","Fe^2+^S^2-^","Fe S"," "," ",4460," ","hexagonal","P62c, P63/mmc","Fe^2+ S^2-","Tro","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 0: Pre-terrestrial Ur-minerals, PM1 - Stellar atmosphere condensates, Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Bronze brown, Gray brown.","#825e2f,#7f7053"
"Trolleite","Trolleite","Al4(PO4)3(OH)3","Al4(PO4)3(OH)3","Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_","Al P O H"," "," ",4461," ","monoclinic","I2/c","Al P O H","Tll","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light blue, Light green.","#add8e6,#76ff7b"
"Trona","Trona","Na3(HCO3)(CO3)·2H2O","Na3(HCO3)(CO3)·2H2O","Na_3_(HCO_3_)(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","Na_3_(HCO_3_)(CO_3_)·2H_2_O","Na H C O"," "," ",4462," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na H C O","Tn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Gray white, Grayish, Yellowish, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#cfcac7,#faee66,#e9f1d0"
"Truscottite","Truscottite","Ca14Si24O58(OH)8·2H2O","Ca14Si24O58(OH)8·2H2O","Ca_14_Si_24_O_58_(OH)_8_·2H_2_O","Ca_14_Si_24_O_58_(OH)_8_·2H_2_O","Ca Si O H"," "," ",4463,"Gyrolite","hexagonal",,"Ca Si O H","Tst","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Trüstedtite","Trustedtite","Ni2+Ni3+2Se2-4","Ni2+Ni3+2Se4","Ni^2+^Ni^3+^_2_Se_4_","Ni^2+^Ni^3+^_2_Se^2-^_4_","Ni Se","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4464,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Ni^2+ Ni^3+ Se^2-","Trü","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Creamy-yellow (reflected light)","#afafaf"
"Tsangpoite","Tsangpoite","Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4)","Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4)","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)","Ca_5_(PO_4_)_2_(SiO_4_)","Ca P O Si","IMA2014-110"," ",6414," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca P O Si","Tpo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tsaregorodtsevite","Tsaregorodtsevite","(N(CH3)4)1+Si4(SiAl)O12","N(CH3)4Si4(SiAl)O12","N(CH_3_)_4_Si_4_(SiAl)O_12_","(N(CH_3_)_4_)^1+^Si_4_(SiAl)O_12_","N C H Si Al O","IMA1991-042"," ",4465,"Sodalite, Cancrinite-sodalite","cubic, orthorhombic","I432, I222","N C H Si Al O","Tsa","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Yellow, White.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Tschaunerite","Tschaunerite","(Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4","(Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4","(Fe^2+^)(Fe^2+^Ti^4+^)O_4_","(Fe^2+^)(Fe^2+^Ti^4+^)O_4_","Fe Ti O","IMA2017-032a"," ",6835,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Tsc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Black","#000000"
"Tschermakite","Tschermakite","☐Ca2(Mg3Al2)Si6Al2O22(OH)2","☐Ca2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]Ca_2_(Mg_3_Al_2_)Si_6_Al_2_O_22_(OH)_2_","Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",4466,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Al Si O H","Tsr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green, Dark green, Black.","#00ff00,#033500,#000000"
"Tschermigite","Tschermigite","N3-H4Al(S6+O4)2·12H2O","(NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O","(NH_4_)Al(SO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","N^3-^H_4_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","N H Al S O"," "," ",4467,"Alum","cubic","Pa3","N^3- H Al S^6+ O","Tmi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Tschernichite","Tschernichite","CaAl2Si6O16·8H2O","CaAl2Si6O16·8H2O","CaAl_2_Si_6_O_16_·8H_2_O","CaAl_2_Si_6_O_16_·8H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1989-037"," ",4468," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P4122, C2/c","Ca Al Si O H","Tni","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless, Milky white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd"
"Tschörtnerite","Tschortnerite","Ca4(K,Ca,Sr,Ba)3Cu2+3Al12Si12O48(OH)8·20H2O","Ca4(K,Ca,Sr,Ba)3Cu3Al12Si12O48(OH)8·20H2O","Ca_4_(K,Ca,Sr,Ba)_3_Cu_3_Al_12_Si_12_O_48_(OH)_8_·20H_2_O","Ca_4_(K,Ca,Sr,Ba)_3_Cu^2+^_3_Al_12_Si_12_O_48_(OH)_8_·20H_2_O","Ca K Sr Ba Cu Al Si O H","IMA1995-051"," ",4469," ","cubic","Fm3m","Ca K Sr Ba Cu^2+ Al Si O H","Tht","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue","#add8e6"
"Tsepinite-Ca","Tsepinite-Ca","(Ca,K,Na)2-x(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Si4O12(OH,O)2·4H2O","(Ca,K,Na)2-x(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·4H2O","(Ca,K,Na)_2-x_(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·4H_2_O","(Ca,K,Na)_2-x_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH,O)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca K Na Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2002-020"," ",5101,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca K Na Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Tsp-Ca","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Pale brownish white.","#ffffff,#b1916e"
"Tsepinite-K","Tsepinite-K","(K,Ba,Na)2(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Si4O12(OH,O)2·3H2O","(K,Ba,Na)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·3H2O","(K,Ba,Na)_2_(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","(K,Ba,Na)_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","K Ba Na Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2002-005"," ",5102,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","K Ba Na Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Tsp-K","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, White, Colorless.","#b5651d,#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Tsepinite-Na","Tsepinite-Na","(Na,H3O,K,Sr,Ba,☐)2(Ti4+,Nb5+)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·3H2O","(Na,H3O,K,Sr,Ba,☐)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·3H2O","(Na,H_3_O,K,Sr,Ba,[box])_2_(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","(Na,H_3_O,K,Sr,Ba,[box])_2_(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","Na H O K Sr Ba Ti Nb Si","IMA2000-046"," ",4470,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","Na H O K Sr Ba Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si","Tsp-Na","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White, Light brown.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Tsepinite-Sr","Tsepinite-Sr","(Sr,Ba,K)(Ti4+,Nb5+)2Si4O12(OH,O)2·3H2O","(Sr,Ba,K)(Ti,Nb)2(Si4O12)(OH,O)2·3H2O","(Sr,Ba,K)(Ti,Nb)_2_(Si_4_O_12_)(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","(Sr,Ba,K)(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH,O)_2_·3H_2_O","Sr Ba K Ti Nb Si O H","IMA2004-008"," ",5492,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic","Cm","Sr Ba K Ti^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H","Tsp-Sr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tsikourasite","Tsikourasite","Mo3Ni2P1+x (x < 0.25)","Mo3Ni2P1+x (x < 0.25)","Mo_3_Ni_2_P_1+x_ (x < 0.25)","Mo_3_Ni_2_P_1+x_ (x < 0.25)","Mo Ni P","IMA2018-156"," ",6881," ","cubic","F43m","Mo Ni P","Tsi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Light yellow in plane-polarized light","#fffe7a"
"Tsilaisite","Tsilaisite","NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","NaMn^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","NaMn^2+^_3_Al_6_(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Na Mn Al Si O B H","IMA2011-047"," ",5975,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na Mn^2+ Al Si O B H","Tsl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish yellow","#cdfd02"
"Tsnigriite","Tsnigriite","Ag9SbTe3S3","Ag9SbTe3S3","Ag_9_SbTe_3_S_3_","Ag_9_SbTe_3_S_3_","Ag Sb Te S","IMA1991-051"," ",4471," ","monoclinic",,"Ag Sb Te S","Tng","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Tsugaruite","Tsugaruite","Pb2+28As3+15S2-50Cl","Pb28As15S50Cl","Pb_28_As_15_S_50_Cl","Pb^2+^_28_As^3+^_15_S^2-^_50_Cl","Pb As S Cl","IMA1997-010, IMA2019 s.p."," ",4472," ","orthorhombic",,"Pb^2+ As^3+ S^2- Cl","Tsg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silvery lead gray.","#9db7a5"
"Tsumcorite","Tsumcorite","Pb2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2·2H2O","PbZn2(AsO4)2·2H2O","PbZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Pb Zn As O H","IMA1969-047"," ",4473,"Natrochalcite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Tmc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow brown, Reddish brown, Lemon.","#ae8b0c,#7f2b0a,#fff700"
"Tsumebite","Tsumebite","Pb2+2Cu2+(PO4)(S6+O4)(OH)","Pb2Cu(PO4)(SO4)(OH)","Pb_2_Cu(PO_4_)(SO_4_)(OH)","Pb^2+^_2_Cu^2+^(PO_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)","Pb Cu P O S H"," "," ",4474,"Brackebuschite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ P O S^6+ H","Tsu","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Tsumgallite","Tsumgallite","GaOOH","GaO(OH)","GaO(OH)","GaOOH","Ga O H","IMA2002-011"," ",5174,"Diaspore","orthorhombic","Pbnm","Ga O H","Tgl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish yellow, Biege.","#69b076,#f1ba55"
"Tsumoite","Tsumoite","BiTe","BiTe","BiTe","BiTe","Bi Te","IMA1972-010a"," ",4475,"Tetradymite","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Te","Tsm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Tsygankoite","Tsygankoite","Mn2+8Tl1+8Hg2+2(Sb3+21Pb2+2Tl1+)S2-48","Mn8Tl8Hg2(Sb21Pb2Tl)S48","Mn_8_Tl_8_Hg_2_(Sb_21_Pb_2_Tl)S_48_","Mn^2+^_8_Tl^1+^_8_Hg^2+^_2_(Sb^3+^_21_Pb^2+^_2_Tl^1+^)S^2-^_48_","Mn Tl Hg Sb Pb S","IMA2017-088"," ",6715,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ Tl^1+ Hg^2+ Sb^3+ Pb^2+ S^2-","Tsy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tubulite","Tubulite","Ag1+2Pb2+22Sb3+20S2-53","Ag2Pb22Sb20S53","Ag_2_Pb_22_Sb_20_S_53_","Ag^1+^_2_Pb^2+^_22_Sb^3+^_20_S^2-^_53_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA2011-109"," ",6053," ","monoclinic",,"Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Tub","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Tučekite","Tucekite","Ni9Sb2S8","Ni9Sb2S8","Ni_9_Sb_2_S_8_","Ni_9_Sb_2_S_8_","Ni Sb S","IMA1975-022"," ",4476,"Hauchecornite","tetragonal",,"Ni Sb S","Tuč","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tugarinovite","Tugarinovite","Mo4+O2","MoO2","MoO_2_","Mo^4+^O_2_","Mo O","IMA1979-072"," ",4477,"Rutile","monoclinic","P21/c","Mo^4+ O","Tug","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Violet brown.","#674403"
"Tugtupite","Tugtupite","Na4BeAlSi4O12Cl","Na4BeAlSi4O12Cl","Na_4_BeAlSi_4_O_12_Cl","Na_4_BeAlSi_4_O_12_Cl","Na Be Al Si O Cl","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4478,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","tetragonal","I4","Na Be Al Si O Cl","Ttp","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Pink, Crimson, Blue, Green.","#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#8c000f,#0000ff,#00ff00"
"Tuhualite","Tuhualite","NaFe2+Fe3+Si6O15","NaFe2+Fe3+Si6O15","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_6_O_15_","NaFe^2+^Fe^3+^Si_6_O_15_","Na Fe Si O"," "," ",4479," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O","Tuh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Blue violet, Dark blue, Black.","#4e32b2,#315b7d,#000000"
"Tuite","Tuite","Ca3(PO4)2","Ca3(PO4)2","Ca_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Ca P O","IMA2001-070"," ",5175,"Palmierite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca P O","Tu","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","White, Yellowish gray.","#ffffff,#edeeda"
"Tulameenite","Tulameenite","Pt2CuFe","Pt2CuFe","Pt_2_CuFe","Pt_2_CuFe","Pt Cu Fe","IMA1972-016"," ",4480,"Potarite","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pt Cu Fe","Tul","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Tuliokite","Tuliokite","Na6BaTh4+(CO3)6·6H2O","Na6BaTh(CO3)6·6H2O","Na_6_BaTh(CO_3_)_6_·6H_2_O","Na_6_BaTh^4+^(CO_3_)_6_·6H_2_O","Na Ba Th C O H","IMA1988-041"," ",4481," ","hexagonal","R3","Na Ba Th^4+ C O H","Tli","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown, Light gray.","#b5651d,#d8dcd6"
"Tululite","Tululite","Ca14(Fe3+,Al)(Al,Zn2+,Fe3+,Si,P,Mn3+,Mg)15O36","Ca14(Fe3+,Al)(Al,Zn,Fe3+,Si,P,Mn,Mg)15O36","Ca_14_(Fe^3+^,Al)(Al,Zn,Fe^3+^,Si,P,Mn,Mg)_15_O_36_","Ca_14_(Fe^3+^,Al)(Al,Zn^2+^,Fe^3+^,Si,P,Mn^3+^,Mg)_15_O_36_","Ca Fe Al Zn Si P Mn Mg O","IMA2014-065"," ",6364,"Not in a structural group","cubic","F23","Ca Fe^3+ Al Zn^2+ Si P Mn^3+ Mg O","Tlu","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Yellow with greenish tint","#fdf4bb"
"Tumchaite","Tumchaite","Na2Zr4+Si4O11·2H2O","Na2ZrSi4O11·2H2O","Na_2_ZrSi_4_O_11_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_4_O_11_·2H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA1999-041"," ",4482," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Tum","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tundrite-(Ce)","Tundrite-(Ce)","Na2Ce3+2Ti4+O2SiO4(CO3)2","Na2Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(CO3)2","Na_2_Ce_2_TiO_2_(SiO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Ce^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_2_SiO_4_(CO_3_)_2_","Na Ce Ti O Si C","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4483,"Tundrite","triclinic","P1","Na Ce^3+ Ti^4+ O Si C","Tnd-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow.","#c9b003,#cdfd02"
"Tundrite-(Nd)","Tundrite-(Nd)","Na2Nd2Ti4+O2(SiO4)(CO3)2","Na2Nd2TiO2(SiO4)(CO3)2","Na_2_Nd_2_TiO_2_(SiO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Nd_2_Ti^4+^O_2_(SiO_4_)(CO_3_)_2_","Na Nd Ti O Si C","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4484,"Tundrite","triclinic",,"Na Nd Ti^4+ O Si C","Tnd-Nd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Greenish yellow.","#ffff00,#cdfd02"
"Tunellite","Tunellite","SrB6O9(OH)2·3H2O","SrB6O9(OH)2·3H2O","SrB_6_O_9_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","SrB_6_O_9_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Sr B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4485," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Sr B O H","Tnl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tungsten","Tungsten","W","W","W","W","W","IMA2011-004"," ",5351,"Iron","cubic","Im3m, Pm3n","W","W","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Tungstenite","Tungstenite","W4+S2-2","WS2","WS_2_","W^4+^S^2-^_2_","W S"," "," ",4486,"Molybdenite","hexagonal","R3m, P63/mmc","W^4+ S^2-","Tgt","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Tungstibite","Tungstibite","Sb3+2W6+O6","Sb2WO6","Sb_2_WO_6_","Sb^3+^_2_W^6+^O_6_","Sb W O","IMA1993-059"," ",4487," ","orthorhombic",,"Sb^3+ W^6+ O","Tsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Green, Dark green.","#00ff00,#033500"
"Tungstite","Tungstite","W6+O3·H2O","WO3·H2O","WO_3_·H_2_O","W^6+^O_3_·H_2_O","W O H"," "," ",4488,"Tungstite","orthorhombic","Pmnb","W^6+ O H","Tgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow green, Yellow green, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#c8fd3d,#fffe7a"
"Tungusite","Tungusite","Ca14Fe2+9Si24O60(OH)22","Ca14Fe2+9Si24O60(OH)22","Ca_14_Fe^2+^_9_Si_24_O_60_(OH)_22_","Ca_14_Fe^2+^_9_Si_24_O_60_(OH)_22_","Ca Fe Si O H","IMA1966-029"," ",4489,"Gyrolite","triclinic","P1","Ca Fe^2+ Si O H","Tgu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Grass green, Yellow green.","#419c03,#c8fd3d"
"Tunisite","Tunisite","NaCa2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8Cl","NaCa2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8Cl","NaCa_2_Al_4_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_8_Cl","NaCa_2_Al_4_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_8_Cl","Na Ca Al C O H Cl","IMA1967-038"," ",4490," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Na Ca Al C O H Cl","Tun","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tuperssuatsiaite","Tuperssuatsiaite","Na2(Fe3+,Mn2+)3Si8O20(OH)2·4H2O","Na2(Fe3+,Mn2+)3Si8O20(OH)2·4H2O","Na_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_3_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_3_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Fe Mn Si O H","IMA1984-002"," ",4491,"Palygorskite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Fe^3+ Mn^2+ Si O H","Tup","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Reddish brown.","#7f2b0a"
"Turanite","Turanite","Cu2+5(V5+O4)2(OH)4","Cu2+5(VO4)2(OH)4","Cu^2+^_5_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_","Cu V O H"," "," ",4492," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ V^5+ O H","Trn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Olive green.","#8ead2c"
"Turkestanite","Turkestanite","(K,☐)(Ca,Na)2Th4+Si8O20·nH2O","(K,☐)(Ca,Na)2ThSi8O20·nH2O","(K,[box])(Ca,Na)_2_ThSi_8_O_20_·nH_2_O","(K,[box])(Ca,Na)_2_Th^4+^Si_8_O_20_·nH_2_O","K Ca Na Th Si O H","IMA1996-036"," ",4493,"Steacyite","tetragonal","P4/mcc","K Ca Na Th^4+ Si O H","Tkt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Apple green, Dark green, Brown.","#69b076,#033500,#653700"
"Turneaureite","Turneaureite","Ca5(As5+O4)3Cl","Ca5(AsO4)3Cl","Ca_5_(AsO_4_)_3_Cl","Ca_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Ca As O Cl","IMA1983-063"," ",4494,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca As^5+ O Cl","Trr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Gray white.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb"
"Turquoise","Turquoise","Cu2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O","CuAl_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^Al_6_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·4H_2_O","Cu Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4495,"Turquoise","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ Al P O H","Tqu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue green, Green, Green gray, Light blue.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#00ff00,#7ea07a,#add8e6"
"Turtmannite","Turtmannite","Mn2+25O5(V5+O4)3(SiO4)3(OH)20","Mn25O5(VO4)3(SiO4)3(OH)20","Mn_25_O_5_(VO_4_)_3_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_20_","Mn^2+^_25_O_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_(SiO_4_)_3_(OH)_20_","Mn O V Si H","IMA2000-007"," ",4496,"Hematolite","hexagonal","R3c","Mn^2+ O V^5+ Si H","Tt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bright yellow, Orange.","#fffd01,#ffa500"
"Tuscanite","Tuscanite","KCa6(Si,Al)10O22(S6+O4,CO3)2(OH)·H2O","KCa6(Si,Al)10O22(SO4,CO3)2(OH)·H2O","KCa_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_22_(SO_4_,CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","KCa_6_(Si,Al)_10_O_22_(S^6+^O_4_,CO_3_)_2_(OH)·H_2_O","K Ca Si Al O S C H","IMA1976-031"," ",4497," ","monoclinic","P21/a","K Ca Si Al O S^6+ C H","Tus","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Tusionite","Tusionite","Mn2+Sn4+(BO3)2","Mn2+Sn(BO3)2","Mn^2+^Sn(BO_3_)_2_","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^(BO_3_)_2_","Mn Sn B O","IMA1982-090"," ",4498,"Calcite-Dolomite","hexagonal","R3","Mn^2+ Sn^4+ B O","Tsn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Yellow brown, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#ae8b0c,#fffe7a"
"Tuzlaite","Tuzlaite","NaCaB5O8(OH)2·3H2O","NaCaB5O8(OH)2·3H2O","NaCaB_5_O_8_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","NaCaB_5_O_8_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Na Ca B O H","IMA1993-022"," ",4499," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca B O H","Tuz","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tvalchrelidzeite","Tvalchrelidzeite","Hg2+3Sb3+As3-S2-3","Hg3SbAsS3","Hg_3_SbAsS_3_","Hg^2+^_3_Sb^3+^As^3-^S^2-^_3_","Hg Sb As S","IMA1974-052"," ",4500," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Hg^2+ Sb^3+ As^3- S^2-","Tva","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Tvedalite","Tvedalite","Ca4Be3Si6O17(OH)4·3H2O","Ca4Be3Si6O17(OH)4·3H2O","Ca_4_Be_3_Si_6_O_17_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ca_4_Be_3_Si_6_O_17_(OH)_4_·3H_2_O","Ca Be Si O H","IMA1990-027"," ",4501," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Be Si O H","Tve","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Pale gray, Beige.","#ffffff,#fdfdfe,#e6daa6"
"Tveitite-(Y)","Tveitite-(Y)","(Y,Na)6(Ca,Na,Y,REE)12(Ca,Na)F42","(Y,Na)6(Ca,Na,REE)12(Ca,Na)F42","(Y,Na)_6_(Ca,Na,REE)_12_(Ca,Na)F_42_","(Y,Na)_6_(Ca,Na,Y,REE)_12_(Ca,Na)F_42_","Y Na Ca REE F","IMA1975-033, IMA1987 s.p."," ",4502," ","hexagonal","R3","Y Na Ca REE F","Ttt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","White, Light yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a"
"Tvrdýite","Tvrdyite","Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4·2H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4·2H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_Al_3_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_(H_2_O)_4_·2H_2_O","Fe Al P O H","IMA2014-082"," ",6380,"Beraunite","monoclinic","C2/c","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al P O H","Tvr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Silvery to olive-greyish-green","#c0c0c0,#82a67d"
"Tweddillite","Tweddillite","CaSrMn3+2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSrMn3+2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaSrMn^3+^_2_Al(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaSrMn^3+^_2_Al(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Sr Mn Al Si O H","IMA2001-014"," ",4503,"Clinozoisite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Sr Mn^3+ Al Si O H","Twe","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Deep red","#9a0200"
"Twinnite","Twinnite","Pb2+Sb3+As3+S2-4","PbSbAsS4","PbSbAsS_4_","Pb^2+^Sb^3+^As^3+^S^2-^_4_","Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-017"," ",4504,"Sartorite","monoclinic","P21/n","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Twi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Tychite","Tychite","Na6Mg2(CO3)4(S6+O4)","Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)","Na_6_Mg_2_(CO_3_)_4_(SO_4_)","Na_6_Mg_2_(CO_3_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)","Na Mg C O S"," "," ",4505,"Northupite","cubic","Fd3, Fd3m, Fd3m","Na Mg C O S^6+","Tyc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Tyretskite","Tyretskite","Ca2B5O9(OH)·H2O","Ca2B5O9(OH)·H2O","Ca_2_B_5_O_9_(OH)·H_2_O","Ca_2_B_5_O_9_(OH)·H_2_O","Ca B O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4506,"Hilgardite","triclinic",,"Ca B O H","Tyr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Brownish, Brownish white, White.","#9c6d57,#d1f1de,#ffffff"
"Tyrolite","Tyrolite","Ca2Cu2+9(As5+O4)4(CO3)(OH)8·11H2O","Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(CO3)(OH)8·11H2O","Ca_2_Cu_9_(AsO_4_)_4_(CO_3_)(OH)_8_·11H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^_9_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(CO_3_)(OH)_8_·11H_2_O","Ca Cu As O C H"," "," ",4507,"Tyrolite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","P2/c, C2/c","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O C H","Tyl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Blue green, Green blue, Light green.","#0000ff,#137e6d,#42b395,#76ff7b"
"Tyrrellite","Tyrrellite","Cu2+(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se2-4","Cu(Co,Ni)2Se4","Cu(Co,Ni)_2_Se_4_","Cu^2+^(Co^3+^,Ni^3+^)_2_Se^2-^_4_","Cu Co Ni Se"," "," ",4508,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Cu^2+ Co^3+ Ni^3+ Se^2-","Ty","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze.","#a87900"
"Tyuyamunite","Tyuyamunite","Ca(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2·5-8H2O","Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2·5-8H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_·5-8H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_·5-8H_2_O","Ca U O V H"," "," ",4509," ","orthorhombic, tetragonal",,"Ca U^6+ O V^5+ H","Tyu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow.","#cdfd02,#ffff00"
"Tzeferisite","Tzeferisite","CaZn2+8(S6+O4)2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)9","CaZn8(SO4)2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)9","CaZn_8_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_9_","CaZn^2+^_8_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_12_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_9_","Ca Zn S O H Cl","IMA2022-094"," ",7319," ","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Zn^2+ S^6+ O H Cl","Tze","Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals","No","white, colorless","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Uakitite","Uakitite","V3+N3-","VN","VN","V^3+^N^3-^","V N","IMA2018-003"," ",6748,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","V^3+ N^3-","Uak","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Uchucchacuaite","Uchucchacuaite","Ag1+Mn2+Pb2+3Sb3+5S2-12","AgMnPb3Sb5S12","AgMnPb_3_Sb_5_S_12_","Ag^1+^Mn^2+^Pb^2+^_3_Sb^3+^_5_S^2-^_12_","Ag Mn Pb Sb S","IMA1981-007"," ",4510,"Lillianite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ag^1+ Mn^2+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Uch","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Udinaite","Udinaite","NaMg4(V5+O4)3","NaMg4(VO4)3","NaMg_4_(VO_4_)_3_","NaMg_4_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_","Na Mg V O","IMA2018-066"," ",6798,"Jeffbenite","tetragonal","I42d","Na Mg V^5+ O","Udn","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Uduminelite","Uduminelite","Ca3Al8(PO4)2O12·2H2O","Ca3Al8(PO4)2O12·2H2O","Ca_3_Al_8_(PO_4_)_2_O_12_·2H_2_O","Ca_3_Al_8_(PO_4_)_2_O_12_·2H_2_O","Ca Al P O H"," "," ",5494," ",,,"Ca Al P O H","Udm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Uedaite-(Ce)","Uedaite-(Ce)","Mn2+Ce3+Al2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Mn2+CeAl2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Mn^2+^CeAl_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce^3+^Al_2_Fe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Mn Ce Al Fe Si O H","IMA2006-022"," ",5548,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Ued-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black, Dark brown.","#000000,#73532a"
"Uklonskovite","Uklonskovite","NaMg(S6+O4)F·2H2O","NaMg(SO4)F·2H2O","NaMg(SO_4_)F·2H_2_O","NaMg(S^6+^O_4_)F·2H_2_O","Na Mg S O F H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",4512," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Mg S^6+ O F H","Ukl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Ulexite","Ulexite","NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O","NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O","NaCaB_5_O_6_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","NaCaB_5_O_6_(OH)_6_·5H_2_O","Na Ca B O H"," "," ",4513," ","triclinic","P1","Na Ca B O H","Ulx","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Ulfanderssonite-(Ce)","Ulfanderssonite-(Ce)","(Ce3+15Ca)Mg2(SiO4)10(SiO3OH)(OH,F)5Cl3","(Ce15Ca)Σ16Mg2(SiO4)10(SiO3OH)(OH,F)5Cl3","(Ce_15_Ca)_Σ16_Mg_2_(SiO_4_)_10_(SiO_3_OH)(OH,F)_5_Cl_3_","(Ce^3+^_15_Ca)Mg_2_(SiO_4_)_10_(SiO_3_OH)(OH,F)_5_Cl_3_","Ce Ca Mg Si O H F Cl","IMA2016-107"," ",6634,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","Cm","Ce^3+ Ca Mg Si O H F Cl","Ulf-Ce","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pinkish","#d46a7e"
"Ullmannite","Ullmannite","Ni3+(SbS)3-","NiSbS","NiSbS","Ni^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Ni Sb S"," "," ",4514,"Ullmannite","cubic, triclinic","P213, P1","Ni^3+ Sb S","Ull","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Silver white, Tin white.","#43464b,#e7e8e3,#cfd5db"
"Ulrichite","Ulrichite","CaCu2+(U6+O2)(PO4)2·4H2O","CaCu(UO2)(PO4)2·4H2O","CaCu(UO_2_)(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","CaCu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Cu U O P H","IMA1988-006"," ",4515," ","monoclinic","P21/c, C2/m","Ca Cu^2+ U^6+ O P H","Ulr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Green, Lime green.","#00ff00,#8ead2c"
"Ulvöspinel","Ulvospinel","Fe2+2Ti4+O4","Fe2+2TiO4","Fe^2+^_2_TiO_4_","Fe^2+^_2_Ti^4+^O_4_","Fe Ti O"," "," ",4516,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Uspl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Umangite","Umangite","Cu3Se2","Cu3Se2","Cu_3_Se_2_","Cu_3_Se_2_","Cu Se"," "," ",4517," ","tetragonal","P421m","Cu Se","Um","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Blue black, Brownish black, Red violet.","#24313d,#413936,#9e0168"
"Umbite","Umbite","K2Zr4+Si3O9·H2O","K2ZrSi3O9·H2O","K_2_ZrSi_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_·H_2_O","K Zr Si O H","IMA1982-006"," ",4518,"Umbite","orthorhombic","P212121","K Zr^4+ Si O H","Umb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Umbozerite","Umbozerite","Na3Sr4Th4+Si8O23(OH)","Na3Sr4ThSi8(O,OH)24","Na_3_Sr_4_ThSi_8_(O,OH)_24_","Na_3_Sr_4_Th^4+^Si_8_O_23_(OH)","Na Sr Th Si O H","IMA1973-039"," ",4519," ",,,"Na Sr Th^4+ Si O H","Ubz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Bottle green, Greenish brown.","#006a4e,#696112"
"Umbrianite","Umbrianite","K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2","K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2","K_7_Na_2_Ca_2_[Al_3_Si_10_O_29_]F_2_Cl_2_","K_7_Na_2_Ca_2_[Al_3_Si_10_O_29_]F_2_Cl_2_","K Na Ca Al Si O F Cl","IMA2011-074"," ",6017,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmmn","K Na Ca Al Si O F Cl","Ubn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Umohoite","Umohoite","(U6+O2)Mo6+O4·2H2O","(UO2)(MoO4)·2H2O","(UO_2_)(MoO_4_)·2H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)Mo^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","U O Mo H"," "," ",4520," ","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, P21/c","U^6+ O Mo^6+ H","Umo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish black, Dark green, Black.","#413f44,#033500,#000000"
"Ungavaite","Ungavaite","Pd4Sb3","Pd4Sb3","Pd_4_Sb_3_","Pd_4_Sb_3_","Pd Sb","IMA2004-020"," ",5279," ","tetragonal",,"Pd Sb","Ugv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Dark gray.","#363737"
"Ungemachite","Ungemachite","K3Na8Fe3+(S6+O4)6(N5+O3)2·6H2O","K3Na8Fe3+(SO4)6(NO3)2·6H2O","K_3_Na_8_Fe^3+^(SO_4_)_6_(NO_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","K_3_Na_8_Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(N^5+^O_3_)_2_·6H_2_O","K Na Fe S O N H"," "," ",4522," ","hexagonal","R3","K Na Fe^3+ S^6+ O N^5+ H","Ugm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Light yellow.","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Upalite","Upalite","Al(U6+O2)3(PO4)2O(OH)·7H2O","Al(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)·7H2O","Al(UO_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)·7H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_O(OH)·7H_2_O","Al U O P H","IMA1978-045"," ",4523," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Al U^6+ O P H","Upa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Uralborite","Uralborite","CaB2O2(OH)4","CaB2O2(OH)4","CaB_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","CaB_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","Ca B O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4524," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca B O H","Ubo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Uralolite","Uralolite","Ca2Be4(PO4)3(OH)3·5H2O","Ca2Be4(PO4)3(OH)3·5H2O","Ca_2_Be_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Ca_2_Be_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Ca Be P O H"," "," ",4525," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca Be P O H","Url","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Brownish white.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#d1f1de"
"Uramarsite","Uramarsite","N3-H4(U6+O2)As5+O4·3H2O","(NH4)(UO2)(AsO4)·3H2O","(NH_4_)(UO_2_)(AsO_4_)·3H_2_O","N^3-^H_4_(U^6+^O_2_)As^5+^O_4_·3H_2_O","N H U O As","IMA2005-043"," ",5326,"Meta-autunite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H U^6+ O As^5+","Uaa","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green.","#69b076"
"Uramphite","Uramphite","N3-H4(U6+O2)PO4·3H2O","(NH4)(UO2)(PO4)·3H2O","(NH_4_)(UO_2_)(PO_4_)·3H_2_O","N^3-^H_4_(U^6+^O_2_)PO_4_·3H_2_O","N H U O P"," "," ",4526,"Natroautunite","tetragonal, triclinic","P4/nmm, P4/ncc, P1","N^3- H U^6+ O P","Uap","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Bottle green, Light green.","#006a4e,#76ff7b"
"Urancalcarite","Urancalcarite","Ca(U6+O2)3CO3(OH)6·3H2O","Ca(UO2)3(CO3)(OH)6·3H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_3_(CO_3_)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_3_CO_3_(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA1983-052"," ",4527," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca U^6+ O C H","Uca","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright yellow.","#fffd01"
"Uraninite","Uraninite","U4+O2","UO2","UO_2_","U^4+^O_2_","U O"," "," ",4528,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","U^4+ O","Urn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish black, Gray, Grayish black, Black.","#413936,#808080,#555152,#000000"
"Uranocircite","Uranocircite","Ba(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·10H2O","Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2·10H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ba U O P H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",5495," ","tetragonal, monoclinic","P4/nmm, P21","Ba U^6+ O P H","Urc-II","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Yellow green.","#ffff00,#c8fd3d"
"Uranoclite","Uranoclite","(U6+O2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4","(UO2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4","(UO_2_)_2_(OH)_2_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_4_","(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(OH)_2_Cl_2_(H_2_O)_4_","U O H Cl","IMA2020-074"," ",7090,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","U^6+ O H Cl","Uro","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Uranophane","Uranophane","Ca(U6+O2)2(SiO3OH)2·5H2O","Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·5H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(SiO_3_OH)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca U O Si H","IMA2022 s.p."," ",4531," ","monoclinic","P21","Ca U^6+ O Si H","Urp-α","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Yellow, Yellow brown, Yellow green, Yellow orange, Light yellow.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#c8fd3d,#fcb001,#fffe7a"
"Uranopilite","Uranopilite","(U6+O2)6S6+O4O2(OH)6·14H2O","(UO2)6(SO4)O2(OH)6·14H2O","(UO_2_)_6_(SO_4_)O_2_(OH)_6_·14H_2_O","(U^6+^O_2_)_6_S^6+^O_4_O_2_(OH)_6_·14H_2_O","U O S H"," "," ",4533," ","triclinic","P1","U^6+ O S^6+ H","Up","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Lemon, Straw yellow.","#fff700,#f0d696"
"Uranopolycrase","Uranopolycrase","U4+Ti4+2O6","UTi2O6","UTi_2_O_6_","U^4+^Ti^4+^_2_O_6_","U Ti O","IMA1990-046, IMA2022 s.p."," ",4534,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","U^4+ Ti^4+ O","Uplc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brown red.","#922b05"
"Uranosilite","Uranosilite","(U6+O2)Si7O15","(UO2)Si7O15","(UO_2_)Si_7_O_15_","(U^6+^O_2_)Si_7_O_15_","U O Si","IMA1981-066"," ",4535," ","orthorhombic",,"U^6+ O Si","Usi","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish white.","#e9f1d0"
"Uranospathite","Uranospathite","(Al,☐)(U6+O2)2F(PO4)2·20(H2O,F)","(Al,☐)(UO2)2F(PO4)2·20H2O","(Al,[box])(UO_2_)_2_F(PO_4_)_2_·20H_2_O","(Al,[box])(U^6+^O_2_)_2_F(PO_4_)_2_·20(H_2_O,F)","Al U O F P H"," "," ",4536," ","orthorhombic","Pnn2","Al U^6+ O F P H","Ush","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish green, Yellow, Light green.","#10a674,#ffff00,#76ff7b"
"Uranosphaerite","Uranosphaerite","Bi3+(U6+O2)O2(OH)","Bi(UO2)O2(OH)","Bi(UO_2_)O_2_(OH)","Bi^3+^(U^6+^O_2_)O_2_(OH)","Bi U O H"," "," ",4537," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Bi^3+ U^6+ O H","Us","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange, Red orange, Brick red.","#ffa500,#ff3f34,#8f1402"
"Uranospinite","Uranospinite","Ca(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·10H2O","Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2·10H2O","Ca(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·10H_2_O","Ca U O As H"," "," ",4538," ",,,"Ca U^6+ O As^5+ H","Usp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Siskin green, Lemon yellow, Yellow green.","#c8c76f,#cfff04,#c8fd3d"
"Uranotungstite","Uranotungstite","Ba(U6+O2)2W6+2O8(OH)2·H2O","Ba(UO2)2W2O8(OH)2·H2O","Ba(UO_2_)_2_W_2_O_8_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ba(U^6+^O_2_)_2_W^6+^_2_O_8_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ba U O W H","IMA1984-005"," ",4539,"Uranotungstite","orthorhombic",,"Ba U^6+ O W^6+ H","Utgs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish, Yellow, Yellow brown, Orange.","#9c6d57,#ffff00,#ae8b0c,#ffa500"
"Urea","Urea","CO(N3-H2)2","CO(NH2)2","CO(NH_2_)_2_","CO(N^3-^H_2_)_2_","C O N H","IMA1972-031"," ",4541," ","tetragonal","P421m","C O N^3- H","Ur","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Light brown, Light yellow.","#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Uricite","Uricite","C5H4N4O3","C5H4N4O3","C_5_H_4_N_4_O_3_","C_5_H_4_N_4_O_3_","C H N O","IMA1973-055"," ",4542," ","monoclinic","P21/a","C H N O","Uri","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless, Yellowish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Uroxite","Uroxite","[(U6+O2)2((C2)6+O4)(OH)2(H2O)2]·H2O","[(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2]·H2O","[(UO_2_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_]·H_2_O","[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_2_]·H_2_O","U O C H","IMA2018-100"," ",6829,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","U^6+ O C H","Urx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Urusovite","Urusovite","Cu2+AlO(As5+O4)","CuAlO(AsO4)","CuAlO(AsO_4_)","Cu^2+^AlO(As^5+^O_4_)","Cu Al O As","IMA1998-067"," ",4543," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Cu^2+ Al O As^5+","Uusv","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Urvantsevite","Urvantsevite","Pd(Bi,Pb)2","Pd(Bi,Pb)2","Pd(Bi,Pb)_2_","Pd(Bi,Pb)_2_","Pd Bi Pb","IMA1976-025"," ",4544," ","tetragonal","I4/mmm","Pd Bi Pb","Urv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Ushkovite","Ushkovite","MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O","MgFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","MgFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mg Fe P O H","IMA1982-014"," ",4545,"Laueite","triclinic","P1","Mg Fe^3+ P O H","Ukv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Light yellow, Orange.","#653700,#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Usovite","Usovite","Ba2CaMgAl2F14","Ba2CaMgAl2F14","Ba_2_CaMgAl_2_F_14_","Ba_2_CaMgAl_2_F_14_","Ba Ca Mg Al F","IMA1966-038"," ",4546," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ba Ca Mg Al F","Usv","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Brown, Dark brown, Yellowish brown.","#653700,#73532a,#9b7a01"
"Ussingite","Ussingite","Na2AlSi3O8(OH)","Na2AlSi3O8(OH)","Na_2_AlSi_3_O_8_(OH)","Na_2_AlSi_3_O_8_(OH)","Na Al Si O H"," "," ",4547," ","triclinic","P1","Na Al Si O H","Usg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light violet red, Dark violet red, Pink, Reddish violet.","#ffffff,#d6b4fc,#34013f,#ffc0cb,#9e0168"
"Ustarasite","Ustarasite","Pb2+(Bi3+,Sb3+)6S2-10","Pb(Bi,Sb)6S10","Pb(Bi,Sb)_6_S_10_","Pb^2+^(Bi^3+^,Sb^3+^)_6_S^2-^_10_","Pb Bi Sb S"," "," ",4548," ",,,"Pb^2+ Bi^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Utr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Silver gray.","#808080,#a8a8a4"
"Usturite","Usturite","Ca3Zr4+Sb5+Fe3+3O12","Ca3(SbZr)(FeO4)3","Ca_3_(SbZr)(FeO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Zr^4+^Sb^5+^Fe^3+^_3_O_12_","Ca Sb Zr Fe O","IMA2009-053"," ",5782,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d","Ca Zr^4+ Sb^5+ Fe^3+ O","Ust","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Utahite","Utahite","MgCu2+4Zn2+2Te6+3O14(OH)4·6H2O","MgCu2+4Zn2Te6+3O14(OH)4·6H2O","MgCu^2+^_4_Zn_2_Te^6+^_3_O_14_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","MgCu^2+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_Te^6+^_3_O_14_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Mg Cu Zn Te O H","IMA1995-039"," ",4549," ","triclinic",,"Mg Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Te^6+ O H","Uta","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale blue, Greenish blue.","#d0fefe,#0b8b87"
"Uvanite","Uvanite","U6+2V5+6O21·15H2O","(UO2)2V5+6O17·15H2O (?)","(UO_2_)_2_V^5+^_6_O_17_·15H_2_O (?)","U^6+^_2_V^5+^_6_O_21_·15H_2_O","U O V H"," "," ",4550," ",,,"U^6+ V^5+ O H","Uvn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Uvarovite","Uvarovite","Ca3Cr3+2(SiO4)3","Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3","Ca_3_Cr_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Cr^3+^_2_(SiO_4_)_3_","Ca Cr Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4551,"Garnet","cubic, triclinic, orthorhombic","Ia3d, I1, Ia3d, Fddd","Ca Cr^3+ Si O","Uv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Green.","#00ff00"
"Uvite","Uvite","CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH","CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)","CaMg_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_(OH)","CaMg_3_(Al_5_Mg)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_OH","Ca Mg Al Si O B H","IMA2000-030a, IMA2019-113"," ",6021,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Mg Al Si O B H","Uvt","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellowish brown, Brown, Blackish brown, Bluish black.","#9b7a01,#653700,#453b32,#413f44"
"Uytenbogaardtite","Uytenbogaardtite","Ag3AuS2","Ag3AuS2","Ag_3_AuS_2_","Ag_3_AuS_2_","Ag Au S","IMA1977-018"," ",4553,"Uytenbogaardtite","cubic","P4132","Ag Au S","Uyt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray white.","#d7d5cb"
"Uzonite","Uzonite","As4S5","As4S5","As_4_S_5_","As_4_S_5_","As S","IMA1984-027"," ",4554," ","monoclinic","P21/m","As S","Uzn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Vadlazarenkovite","Vadlazarenkovite","Pd8Bi1.5Te1.25As0.25","Pd8Bi1.5Te1.25As0.25","Pd_8_Bi_1.5_Te_1.25_As_0.25_","Pd_8_Bi_1.5_Te_1.25_As_0.25_","Pd Bi Te As","IMA2023-040"," ",7393,"Stillwaterite","hexagonal","R3c","Pd Bi Te As","Vlz",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Vaesite","Vaesite","Ni2+(S2)2-","NiS2","NiS_2_","Ni^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Ni S"," "," ",4555,"Pyrite","cubic","Pa3","Ni^2+ S","Va","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Black, Steel gray, Tin white.","#000000,#43464b,#cfd5db"
"Vajdakite","Vajdakite","(Mo6+O2)2As3+2O5·3H2O","(Mo6+O2)2As3+2O5·3H2O","(Mo^6+^O_2_)_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_·3H_2_O","(Mo^6+^O_2_)_2_As^3+^_2_O_5_·3H_2_O","Mo O As H","IMA1998-031"," ",4556," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mo^6+ O As^3+ H","Vaj","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish gray.","#00ff00,#96ae8d"
"Vakhrushevaite","Vakhrushevaite","Mg5Cr3+(AlSi3O10)(OH)8","Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8","Mg_5_Cr(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mg_5_Cr^3+^(AlSi_3_O_10_)(OH)_8_","Mg Cr Al Si O H","IMA2025-024"," ",7582,"Chlorite, Clay","triclinic","C1","Mg Cr^3+ Al Si O H","Vkr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Valentinite","Valentinite","Sb3+2O3","Sb2O3","Sb_2_O_3_","Sb^3+^_2_O_3_","Sb O","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4557," ","orthorhombic","Pccn","Sb^3+ O","Vln","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Brownish reddish, Colorless, Gray white, Grayish, Yellowish.","#9e3623,#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#cfcac7,#faee66"
"Valleriite","Valleriite","2[(Fe3+,Cu1+)S2-]·1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Cu)S]·1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)2]","2[(Fe,Cu)S]·1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)_2_]","2[(Fe^3+^,Cu^1+^)S^2-^]·1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)_2_]","Fe Cu S Mg Al O H"," "," ",4558,"Valleriite","hexagonal, orthorhombic","R3m, Pmma","Fe^3+ Cu^1+ S^2- Mg Al O H","Val","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Gray.","#a87900,#808080"
"Valleyite","Valleyite","Ca4Fe3+6O13","Ca4Fe6O13","Ca_4_Fe_6_O_13_","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_6_O_13_","Ca Fe O","IMA2017-026"," ",6666,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Sodalite","cubic","I43m","Ca Fe^3+ O","Vly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vallouiseite","Vallouiseite","Ag1+3Tl1+21.5Pb2+Sb3+63As3+41.5S2-170","Ag3Tl21.5PbSb63As41.5S170","Ag_3_Tl_21.5_PbSb_63_As_41.5_S_170_","Ag^1+^_3_Tl^1+^_21.5_Pb^2+^Sb^3+^_63_As^3+^_41.5_S^2-^_170_","Ag Tl Pb Sb As S","IMA2023-051"," ",7399,"Chabournéite","triclinic","P1","Ag^1+ Tl^1+ Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Vli",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanackerite","Vanackerite","Pb2+4Cd2+(As5+O4)3Cl","Pb4Cd(AsO4)3Cl","Pb_4_Cd(AsO_4_)_3_Cl","Pb^2+^_4_Cd^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Pb Cd As O Cl","IMA2011-114"," ",6057,"Apatite","hexagonal","P3","Pb^2+ Cd^2+ As^5+ O Cl","Vnk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow","#fffe7a"
"Vanadinite","Vanadinite","Pb2+5(V5+O4)3Cl","Pb5(VO4)3Cl","Pb_5_(VO_4_)_3_Cl","Pb^2+^_5_(V^5+^O_4_)_3_Cl","Pb V O Cl"," "," ",4559,"Apatite","hexagonal","P63/m","Pb^2+ V^5+ O Cl","Vna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish yellow, Brown red, Colorless, Yellow.","#653700,#c9b003,#922b05,#afafaf,#ffff00"
"Vanadiocarpholite","Vanadiocarpholite","Mn2+V3+AlSi2O6(OH)4","Mn2+V3+AlSi2O6(OH)4","Mn^2+^V^3+^AlSi_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Mn^2+^V^3+^AlSi_2_O_6_(OH)_4_","Mn V Al Si O H","IMA2003-055"," ",4904,"Carpholite","orthorhombic","Ccca","Mn^2+ V^3+ Al Si O H","Vcar","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pale straw yellow, Brown.","#fee3c5,#653700"
"Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite","Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite","NaV3+3(Cr3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV_3_(Cr_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaV^3+^_3_(Cr^3+^_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na V Cr Mg Si O B H","IMA2012-034"," ",6092,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na V^3+ Cr^3+ Mg Si O B H","Vocdrv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Emerald green","#046307"
"Vanadio-oxy-dravite","Vanadio-oxy-dravite","NaV3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O","NaV_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","NaV^3+^_3_(Al_4_Mg_2_)(Si_6_O_18_)(BO_3_)_3_(OH)_3_O","Na V Al Mg Si O B H","IMA2012-074"," ",6127,"Tourmaline","hexagonal","R3m","Na V^3+ Al Mg Si O B H","Vodrv","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanadio-pargasite","Vanadio-pargasite","NaCa2(Mg4V3+)[Si6Al2]O22(OH)2","NaCa2(Mg4V)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_V)(Si_6_Al_2_)O_22_(OH)_2_","NaCa_2_(Mg_4_V^3+^)[Si_6_Al_2_]O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg V Si Al O H","IMA2017-019"," ",6660,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg V^3+ Si Al O H","Vprg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","bright green to emerald green","#66ff00,#046307"
"Vanadium","Vanadium","V","V","V","V","V","IMA2012-021a"," ",6140,"Iron","cubic","Im3m","V","V","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","Yes",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanadoakasakaite-(Ce)","Vanadoakasakaite-(Ce)","CaCe3+(V3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe3+(V3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaCe^3+^(V^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaCe^3+^(V^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Ce V Al Mn Si O H","IMA2024-044"," ",7500,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca Ce^3+ V^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Vak-Ce",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanadoakasakaite-(La)","Vanadoakasakaite-(La)","CaLa(V3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(V3+AlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa(V^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaLa(V^3+^AlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La V Al Mn Si O H","IMA2025-003"," ",7570,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La V^3+ Al Mn^2+ Si O H","Vak-La",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanadoallanite-(La)","Vanadoallanite-(La)","CaLa3+V3+AlFe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa3+V3+AlFe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","CaLa^3+^V^3+^AlFe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","CaLa^3+^V^3+^AlFe^2+^(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca La V Al Fe Si O H","IMA2012-095"," ",6159,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La^3+ V^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Valn-La","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanadoandrosite-(Ce)","Vanadoandrosite-(Ce)","Mn2+Ce3+V3+AlMn2+O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)","MnCe(V3+AlMn2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","MnCe(V^3+^AlMn^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce^3+^V^3+^AlMn^2+^O(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)(OH)","Mn Ce V Al Si O H","IMA2004-015"," ",5275,"Allanite, Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ V^3+ Al O Si H","Vda-Ce","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark brown, Black.","#73532a,#000000"
"Vanadomalayaite","Vanadomalayaite","CaV4+OSiO4","CaVO(SiO4)","CaVO(SiO_4_)","CaV^4+^OSiO_4_","Ca V O Si","IMA1993-032"," ",4561,"Titanite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca V^4+ O Si","Vmly","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Deep red.","#9a0200"
"Vanalite","Vanalite","NaAl8V5+10O38·30H2O","NaAl8V10O38·30H2O","NaAl_8_V_10_O_38_·30H_2_O","NaAl_8_V^5+^_10_O_38_·30H_2_O","Na Al V O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4562," ","monoclinic",,"Na Al V^5+ O H","Vnl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow, Orange.","#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Vanarsite","Vanarsite","NaCa12(As3+V5+8.5V4+3.5As5+6O51)2·78H2O","NaCa12(As3+V5+8.5V4+3.5As5+6O51)2·78H2O","NaCa_12_(As^3+^V^5+^_8.5_V^4+^_3.5_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·78H_2_O","NaCa_12_(As^3+^V^5+^_8.5_V^4+^_3.5_As^5+^_6_O_51_)_2_·78H_2_O","Na Ca As V O H","IMA2014-031"," ",6319,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Ca As^3+ V^5+ V^4+ As^5+ O H","Vns","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Very dark blue","#3a4859"
"Vandenbrandeite","Vandenbrandeite","Cu2+U6+O2(OH)4","Cu(UO2)(OH)4","Cu(UO_2_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^U^6+^O_2_(OH)_4_","Cu U O H"," "," ",4563," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ U^6+ O H","Vbd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark green, Black green.","#033500,#384e49"
"Vandendriesscheite","Vandendriesscheite","Pb2+1.6(U6+O2)10O6(OH)11·11H2O","Pb1.6(UO2)10O6(OH)11·11H2O","Pb_1.6_(UO_2_)_10_O_6_(OH)_11_·11H_2_O","Pb^2+^_1.6_(U^6+^O_2_)_10_O_6_(OH)_11_·11H_2_O","Pb U O H"," "," ",4564," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Vdd","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM27 - Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow orange.","#c9b003,#fcb001"
"Vanderheydenite","Vanderheydenite","Zn2+6(PO4)2(S6+O4)(OH)4·7H2O","Zn6(PO4)2(SO4)(OH)4·7H2O","Zn_6_(PO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Zn^2+^_6_(PO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_·7H_2_O","Zn P O S H","IMA2014-076"," ",6374,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ P O S^6+ H","Vhy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Vandermeerscheite","Vandermeerscheite","K2[(U6+O2)2V5+2O8]·2H2O","K2[(UO2)2V2O8]·2H2O","K_2_[(UO_2_)_2_V_2_O_8_]·2H_2_O","K_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_V^5+^_2_O_8_]·2H_2_O","K U O V H","IMA2017-104"," ",6730,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","K U^6+ O V^5+ H","Vme","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow","#ffff00"
"Vaniniite","Vaniniite","Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(As5+O4)4·2H2O","Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4·2H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(AsO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_Mn^3+^_2_O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","Ca Mn O As H","IMA2017-116"," ",6743,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mn^2+ Mn^3+ O As^5+ H","Vnn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vanmeersscheite","Vanmeersscheite","U6+(U6+O2)3(PO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","U(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6·4H2O","U(UO_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","U^6+^(U^6+^O_2_)_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_·4H_2_O","U O P H","IMA1981-009"," ",4565," ","orthorhombic","P21mn","U^6+ O P H","Vms","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow.","#f1f1e6"
"Vanoxite","Vanoxite","V4+4V5+2O13·8H2O","V6O13·8H2O (?)","V_6_O_13_·8H_2_O (?)","V^4+^_4_V^5+^_2_O_13_·8H_2_O","V O H"," "," ",5086," ",,,"V^4+ V^5+ O H","Vnx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Brownish black, Black.","#413936,#000000"
"Vanpeltite","Vanpeltite","(Mo6+2O5)(S4+O3)·4H2O","(Mo2O5)(S4+O3)·4H2O","(Mo_2_O_5_)(S^4+^O_3_)·4H_2_O","(Mo^6+^_2_O_5_)(S^4+^O_3_)·4H_2_O","Mo O S H","IMA2023-078"," ",7389,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/m","Mo^6+ O S^4+ H"," ",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vantasselite","Vantasselite","Al4(PO4)3(OH)3·9H2O","Al4(PO4)3(OH)3·9H2O","Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_·9H_2_O","Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_·9H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1986-016"," ",4566,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmam","Al P O H","Vts","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pearl white.","#f3f2ed"
"Vanthoffite","Vanthoffite","Na6Mg(S6+O4)4","Na6Mg(SO4)4","Na_6_Mg(SO_4_)_4_","Na_6_Mg(S^6+^O_4_)_4_","Na Mg S O"," "," ",4567," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Mg S^6+ O","Vhf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Vanuralite","Vanuralite","Al(U6+O2)2(V5+O4)2(OH)·8.5H2O","Al(UO2)2(VO4)2(OH)·8.5H2O","Al(UO_2_)_2_(VO_4_)_2_(OH)·8.5H_2_O","Al(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·8.5H_2_O","Al U O V H","IIMA1967 s.p."," ",4568," ","monoclinic","A2/a","Al U^6+ O V^5+ H","Vnr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Lemon.","#fff700"
"Vapnikite","Vapnikite","Ca3U6+O6","Ca2CaUO6","Ca_2_CaUO_6_","Ca_3_U^6+^O_6_","Ca U O","IMA2013-082"," ",6241,"Perovskite","monoclinic","P21/n","Ca U^6+ O","Vpn","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Yellow-brown","#ae8b0c"
"Varennesite","Varennesite","Na8Mn2+2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2·12H2O","Na8Mn2Si10O25(OH,Cl)2·12H2O","Na_8_Mn_2_Si_10_O_25_(OH,Cl)_2_·12H_2_O","Na_8_Mn^2+^_2_Si_10_O_25_(OH,Cl)_2_·12H_2_O","Na Mn Si O H Cl","IMA1994-017"," ",4569," ","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Na Mn^2+ Si O H Cl","Vrn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale brownish yellow, Orange.","#b1916e,#ffa500"
"Vargite","Vargite","Mn2+Cu2+2Mn2+2(As5+O4)2(OH)4(H2O)4","MnCu2Mn2(AsO4)2(OH)4(H2O)4","MnCu_2_Mn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn^2+^Cu^2+^_2_Mn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_4_","Mn Cu As O H","IMA2020-051"," ",7064,"Akrochordite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Vg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright green","#66ff00"
"Variscite","Variscite","AlPO4·2H2O","Al(PO4)·2H2O","Al(PO_4_)·2H_2_O","AlPO_4_·2H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4570," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","Al P O H","Var","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Blue green, Colorless, Green, Light green.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#00ff00,#76ff7b"
"Varlamoffite","Varlamoffite","(Sn4+,Fe3+)(O,OH)2","(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2","(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)_2_","(Sn^4+^,Fe^3+^)(O,OH)_2_","Sn Fe O H"," "," ",5496,"Rutile",,,"Sn^4+ Fe^3+ O H","Vlm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Orange red.","#ffff00,#fe4401"
"Varulite","Varulite","Na2Mn2+(Mn2+Fe3+)(PO4)3","Na2Mn(MnFe3+)(PO4)3","Na_2_Mn(MnFe^3+^)(PO_4_)_3_","Na_2_Mn^2+^(Mn^2+^Fe^3+^)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Fe P O","IMA2019 s.p."," ",4571,"Alluaudite","monoclinic",,"Na Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Vr","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow green, Olive green.","#c8fd3d,#8ead2c"
"Vashegyite","Vashegyite","Al11(PO4)9(OH)6·38H2O","Al11(PO4)9(OH)6·38H2O","Al_11_(PO_4_)_9_(OH)_6_·38H_2_O","Al_11_(PO_4_)_9_(OH)_6_·38H_2_O","Al P O H"," "," ",4572," ","orthorhombic",,"Al P O H","Vhg","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish, Brownish yellow, Yellow, White, Light green.","#9c6d57,#c9b003,#ffff00,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Vasilite","Vasilite","(Pd,Cu)16(S,Te)7","(Pd,Cu)16(S,Te)7","(Pd,Cu)_16_(S,Te)_7_","(Pd,Cu)_16_(S,Te)_7_","Pd Cu S Te","IMA1989-044"," ",4573," ","cubic","I43m","Pd Cu S Te","Vs","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Vasilseverginite","Vasilseverginite","Cu2+9O4(As5+O4)2(S6+O4)2","Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2","Cu_9_O_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_","Cu^2+^_9_O_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Cu O As S","IMA2015-083"," ",6481,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ O As^5+ S^6+","Vas","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bright green","#66ff00"
"Vasilyevite","Vasilyevite","(Hg2)2+10O6I1-3Br2Cl(CO3)","(Hg2)2+10O6I3Br2Cl(CO3)","(Hg_2_)^2+^_10_O_6_I_3_Br_2_Cl(CO_3_)","(Hg_2_)^2+^_10_O_6_I^1-^_3_Br_2_Cl(CO_3_)","Hg O I Br Cl C","IMA2003-016"," ",5170," ","triclinic","P1","Hg O I^1- Br Cl C","Vsy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Silvery gray, Black, Dark reddish black.","#a8a8a4,#000000,#840000"
"Västmanlandite-(Ce)","Vastmanlandite-(Ce)","Ce3+3CaMg2Al2Si5O19(OH)2F","Ce3CaMg2Al2Si5O19(OH)2F","Ce_3_CaMg_2_Al_2_Si_5_O_19_(OH)_2_F","Ce^3+^_3_CaMg_2_Al_2_Si_5_O_19_(OH)_2_F","Ce Ca Mg Al Si O H F","IMA2002-025"," ",5195,"Gatelite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ce^3+ Ca Mg Al Si O H F","Vml-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vaterite","Vaterite","CaCO3","Ca(CO3)","Ca(CO_3_)","CaCO_3_","Ca C O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4574," ","hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic","P6522, P63/mmc, Ama2, C2/c, Pbnm, C1, C2, Cc, P65, P3221, P212121","Ca C O","Vtr","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Vaughanite","Vaughanite","Tl1+Hg1+Sb3+4S2-7","TlHgSb4S7","TlHgSb_4_S_7_","Tl^1+^Hg^1+^Sb^3+^_4_S^2-^_7_","Tl Hg Sb S","IMA1987-055"," ",4575," ","triclinic",,"Tl^1+ Hg^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Vgh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Vauquelinite","Vauquelinite","Cu2+Pb2+2(Cr6+O4)(PO4)(OH)","CuPb2(CrO4)(PO4)(OH)","CuPb_2_(CrO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^Pb^2+^_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)","Cu Pb Cr O P H"," "," ",4576," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Cu^2+ Pb^2+ Cr^6+ O P H","Vql","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Brownish green, Brownish black, Green, Black.","#653700,#6a6e09,#413936,#00ff00,#000000"
"Vauxite","Vauxite","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe^2+^Al_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6H_2_O","Fe Al P O H"," "," ",4577," ","triclinic","P1","Fe^2+ Al P O H","Vx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Sky blue, Dark blue.","#9fb9e2,#315b7d"
"Vavřínite","Vavrinite","Ni2SbTe2","Ni2SbTe2","Ni_2_SbTe_2_","Ni_2_SbTe_2_","Ni Sb Te","IMA2005-045"," ",5549,"Covellite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ni Sb Te","Vav","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silvery grey","#a8a8a4"
"Väyrynenite","Vayrynenite","Mn2+Be(PO4)OH","BeMn2+(PO4)(OH)","BeMn^2+^(PO_4_)(OH)","Mn^2+^Be(PO_4_)OH","Be Mn P O H"," "," ",4871," ","monoclinic","P21/a","Mn^2+ Be P O H","Väy","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Light pink to rose-red, salmon pink, pale gray, brown","#ffd1df,#c92351,#ff91a4,#fdfdfe,#653700"
"Veatchite","Veatchite","Sr2B11O16(OH)5·H2O","Sr2B11O16(OH)5·H2O","Sr_2_B_11_O_16_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Sr_2_B_11_O_16_(OH)_5_·H_2_O","Sr B O H"," "," ",4579,"Veatchite","monoclinic, triclinic","Aa, P21, P1, Cc","Sr B O H","Vea","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Pearl white.","#afafaf,#f3f2ed"
"Veblenite","Veblenite","K2☐2Na(Fe2+5Fe3+4Mn2+7☐)Nb5+3Ti4+(Si2O7)2(Si8O22)2O6(OH)10·3H2O","K2☐2Na(Fe2+5Fe3+4Mn7☐)Nb3Ti(Si2O7)2(Si8O22)2O6(OH)10(H2O)3","K_2_[box]_2_Na(Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_4_Mn_7_[box])Nb_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_8_O_22_)_2_O_6_(OH)_10_(H_2_O)_3_","K_2_[box]_2_Na(Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_4_Mn^2+^_7_[box])Nb^5+^_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(Si_8_O_22_)_2_O_6_(OH)_10_·3H_2_O","K Na Fe Mn Nb Ti Si O H","IMA2010-050"," ",5880,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","K Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Veb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","red-brown","#a52a2f"
"Veenite","Veenite","Pb2+2(Sb3+,As3+)2S2-5","Pb2(Sb,As)2S5","Pb_2_(Sb,As)_2_S_5_","Pb^2+^_2_(Sb^3+^,As^3+^)_2_S^2-^_5_","Pb Sb As S","IMA1966-016"," ",4582," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic",,"Pb^2+ Sb^3+ As^3+ S^2-","Vee","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Vegrandisite","Vegrandisite","BaCl2","BaCl2","BaCl_2_","BaCl_2_","Ba Cl","IMA2023-045a"," ",7490,"Cotunnite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ba Cl","Veg",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Velikite","Velikite","Cu1+2Hg2+Sn4+S2-4","Cu2HgSnS4","Cu_2_HgSnS_4_","Cu^1+^_2_Hg^2+^Sn^4+^S^2-^_4_","Cu Hg Sn S","IMA1996-052"," ",4583,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ Sn^4+ S^2-","Vel","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Gray, Greenish gray, Light gray.","#808080,#96ae8d,#d8dcd6"
"Vendidaite","Vendidaite","Al2(S6+O4)(OH)3 Cl·6H2O","Al2(SO4)(OH)3Cl·6H2O","Al_2_(SO_4_)(OH)_3_Cl·6H_2_O","Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_3_ Cl·6H_2_O","Al S O H Cl","IMA2012-089"," ",6152,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Al S^6+ O H Cl","Ven","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Verbeekite","Verbeekite","PdSe2","PdSe2","PdSe_2_","PdSe_2_","Pd Se","IMA2001-005"," ",4584," ","monoclinic",,"Pd Se","Vbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Verbierite","Verbierite","BeCr3+2Ti4+O6","BeCr3+2TiO6","BeCr^3+^_2_TiO_6_","BeCr^3+^_2_Ti^4+^O_6_","Be Cr Ti O","IMA2015-089"," ",6500,"Humite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Be Cr^3+ Ti^4+ O","Vbr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vergasovaite","Vergasovaite","Cu2+3O(Mo6+O4)(S6+O4)","Cu3O(MoO4)(SO4)","Cu_3_O(MoO_4_)(SO_4_)","Cu^2+^_3_O(Mo^6+^O_4_)(S^6+^O_4_)","Cu O Mo S","IMA1998-009"," ",4585,"Vergasovaite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Cu^2+ O Mo^6+ S^6+","Vgs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Olive green.","#8ead2c"
"Vermiculite","Vermiculite","Mg0.7(Mg,Fe3+,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·8H2O","Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·8H2O","Mg_0.7_(Mg,Fe,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·8H_2_O","Mg_0.7_(Mg,Fe^3+^,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH)_4_·8H_2_O","Mg Fe Al Si O H"," "," ",4586,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite","monoclinic, triclinic","Cc, C2, C2/c, C2/m, P1","Mg Fe^3+ Al Si O H","Vrm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless, Green, Gray white, Yellow brown.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#d7d5cb,#ae8b0c"
"Vernadite","Vernadite","(Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2·nH2O","(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2·nH2O","(Mn,Fe,Ca,Na)(O,OH)_2_·nH_2_O","(Mn^4+^,Fe^3+^,Ca,Na)(O,OH)_2_·nH_2_O","Mn Fe Ca Na O H"," "," ",4587," ",,,"Mn^4+ Fe^3+ Ca Na O H","Vnd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization","No","Black, Chocolate brown.","#000000,#714f29"
"Verneite","Verneite","Na2Ca3Al2F14","Na2Ca3Al2F14","Na_2_Ca_3_Al_2_F_14_","Na_2_Ca_3_Al_2_F_14_","Na Ca Al F","IMA2016-112"," ",6639," ","cubic","I213","Na Ca Al F","Ver","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Verplanckite","Verplanckite","Ba4Mn2+2Si4O12(OH,H2O)3Cl3","Ba4Mn2+2Si4O12(OH,H2O)3Cl3","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH,H_2_O)_3_Cl_3_","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_2_Si_4_O_12_(OH,H_2_O)_3_Cl_3_","Ba Mn Si O H Cl","IMA1964-011"," ",4588," ","hexagonal","P6/mmm","Ba Mn^2+ Si O H Cl","Vpk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Brownish yellow, Brownish orange.","#c9b003,#cb7723"
"Versiliaite","Versiliaite","(Fe2+2Fe3+2)(Fe3+2Sb3+6)O16S2-","(Fe2+2Fe3+2)(Fe3+2Sb3+6)O16S","(Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_)(Fe^3+^_2_Sb^3+^_6_)O_16_S","(Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^_2_)(Fe^3+^_2_Sb^3+^_6_)O_16_S^2-^","Fe Sb O S","IMA1978-068"," ",4589," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^3+ O S^2-","Vsl","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black.","#000000"
"Vertumnite","Vertumnite","Ca4Al4Si4O6(OH)24·3H2O","Ca4Al4Si4O6(OH)24·3H2O","Ca_4_Al_4_Si_4_O_6_(OH)_24_·3H_2_O","Ca_4_Al_4_Si_4_O_6_(OH)_24_·3H_2_O","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1975-043"," ",4590," ","hexagonal","P63/m","Ca Al Si O H","Vtn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Veselovskýite","Veselovskyite","Zn2+Cu2+4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·9H2O","ZnCu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2O","ZnCu_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Zn^2+^Cu^2+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·9H_2_O","Zn Cu As O H","IMA2005-053"," ",5608,"Lindackerite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Vlv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colourless to greyish white (with a slight greenish tint)","#afafaf,#d6dee9"
"Vésigniéite","Vesignieite","Cu2+3Ba(V5+O4)2(OH)2","Cu3Ba(VO4)2(OH)2","Cu_3_Ba(VO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu^2+^_3_Ba(V^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Cu Ba V O H"," "," ",4869," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Cu^2+ Ba V^5+ O H","Vsg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow-green, dark olive-green","#c8fd3d,#7ebd01"
"Vestaite","Vestaite","(Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9","(Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9","(Ti^4+^Fe^2+^)Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","(Ti^4+^Fe^2+^)Ti^4+^_3_O_9_","Ti Fe O","IMA2017-068"," ",6701,"Schreyerite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ti^4+ Fe^2+ O","Vst","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vesuvianite","Vesuvianite","(Ca,Na)19(Al,Mg,Fe3+)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH,F,O)10","(Ca,Na)19(Al,Mg,Fe)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH,F,O)10","(Ca,Na)_19_(Al,Mg,Fe)_13_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH,F,O)_10_","(Ca,Na)_19_(Al,Mg,Fe^3+^)_13_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(OH,F,O)_10_","Ca Na Al Mg Fe Si O H F","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4592,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc, P4/n, P4nc","Ca Na Al Mg Fe^3+ Si O H F","Ves","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Blue, Brown, Green, Yellow, White.","#0000ff,#653700,#00ff00,#ffff00,#ffffff"
"Veszelyite","Veszelyite","(Cu2+,Zn2+)2Zn2+(PO4)(OH)3·2H2O","(Cu,Zn)2Zn(PO4)(OH)3·2H2O","(Cu,Zn)_2_Zn(PO_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","(Cu^2+^,Zn^2+^)_2_Zn^2+^(PO_4_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Zn P O H"," "," ",4593,"Veszelyite","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ P O H","Vsz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Blue green, Green, Dark blue.","#137e6d,#00ff00,#315b7d"
"Viaeneite","Viaeneite","(Fe2+,Pb2+)4((S2)2-,S6+)8O","(Fe,Pb)4S8O","(Fe,Pb)_4_S_8_O","(Fe^2+^,Pb^2+^)_4_((S_2_)^2-^,S^6+^)_8_O","Fe Pb S O","IMA1993-051"," ",4594,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic",,"Fe^2+ Pb^2+ S S^6+ O","Via","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Vicanite-(Ce)","Vicanite-(Ce)","(Ca,Ce3+,La3+,Th4+)15As5+(As3+,Na)0.5Fe3+0.7Si6B4(O,F)47","(Ca,Ce,La,Th)15As5+(As3+,Na)0.5Fe3+0.7Si6B4(O,F)47","(Ca,Ce,La,Th)_15_As^5+^(As^3+^,Na)_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.7_Si_6_B_4_(O,F)_47_","(Ca,Ce^3+^,La^3+^,Th^4+^)_15_As^5+^(As^3+^,Na)_0.5_Fe^3+^_0.7_Si_6_B_4_(O,F)_47_","Ca Ce La Th As Na Fe Si B O F","IMA1991-050"," ",4595,"Okanoganite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Ce^3+ La^3+ Th^4+ As^5+ As^3+ Na Fe^3+ Si B O F","Vic-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Yellow green, Green.","#c8fd3d,#00ff00"
"Vielleaureite-(Ce)","Vielleaureite-(Ce)","Mn2+Ce3+(MgAlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)F(OH)","Mn2+Ce(MgAlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)F(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce(MgAlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)F(OH)","Mn^2+^Ce^3+^(MgAlMn^2+^)(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)F(OH)","Mn Ce Mg Al Si O F H","IMA2022-134"," ",7347,"Epidote","monoclinic","P21/m","Mn^2+ Ce^3+ Mg Al Si O F H","Vlr-Ce",,"No","dark reddish brown","#840000"
"Vigezzite","Vigezzite","CaNb5+2O6","CaNb2O6","CaNb_2_O_6_","CaNb^5+^_2_O_6_","Ca Nb O","IMA1977-008"," ",4596,"Aeschynite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Nb^5+ O","Vgz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Orange, Bright yellow orange.","#ffa500,#fffd01"
"Vigrishinite","Vigrishinite","Zn2+☐Ti4+2Na☐Ti4+2(Si2O7)2O2O(OH)(H2O)4","Zn☐Ti2Na☐Ti2(Si2O7)2O2O(OH)(H2O)4","Zn[box]Ti_2_Na[box]Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_O(OH)(H_2_O)_4_","Zn^2+^[box]Ti^4+^_2_Na[box]Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_O(OH)(H_2_O)_4_","Zn Ti Na Si O H","IMA2011-073"," ",6016,"Seidozerite-Murmanite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Na Si O H","Vig","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pale pink, yellowish-pinkish, соlогless","#efcddb,#fcfc81,#afafaf"
"Vihorlatite","Vihorlatite","Bi24Se17Te4","Bi24Se17Te4","Bi_24_Se_17_Te_4_","Bi_24_Se_17_Te_4_","Bi Se Te","IMA1988-047"," ",5550," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Bi Se Te","Vih","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Viitaniemiite","Viitaniemiite","NaCaAlPO4F3","NaCaAl(PO4)F3","NaCaAl(PO_4_)F_3_","NaCaAlPO_4_F_3_","Na Ca Al P O F","IMA1977-043"," ",4597,"Viitaniemiite","monoclinic","P21/m","Na Ca Al P O F","Vtm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#ffffff"
"Vikingite","Vikingite","Ag1+5Pb2+8Bi3+13S2-30","Ag5Pb8Bi13S30","Ag_5_Pb_8_Bi_13_S_30_","Ag^1+^_5_Pb^2+^_8_Bi^3+^_13_S^2-^_30_","Ag Pb Bi S","IMA1976-006"," ",4598,"Lillianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Vkg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Villamanínite","Villamaninite","Cu2+(S2)2-","CuS2","CuS_2_","Cu^2+^(S_2_)^2-^","Cu S","IMA1989 s.p."," ",4599,"Pyrite","cubic, monoclinic","Pa3, P21","Cu^2+ S","Vil","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Iron-black to greenish black","#263145,#454445"
"Villiaumite","Villiaumite","NaF","NaF","NaF","NaF","Na F"," "," ",4600,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m","Na F","Vll","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Dark red, Orange brown, Pink.","#afafaf,#840000,#b16002,#ffc0cb"
"Villyaellenite","Villyaellenite","(Mn2+,Ca)Mn2+2Ca2(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)2·4H2O","(Mn,Ca)Mn2Ca2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2·4H2O","(Mn,Ca)Mn_2_Ca_2_(AsO_3_OH)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","(Mn^2+^,Ca)Mn^2+^_2_Ca_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Mn Ca As O H","IMA1983-008a"," ",4601,"Hureaulite","monoclinic","C2/c","Mn^2+ Ca As^5+ O H","Vy","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffd1df"
"Vimsite","Vimsite","CaB2O2(OH)4","CaB2O2(OH)4","CaB_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","CaB_2_O_2_(OH)_4_","Ca B O H","IMA1968-034"," ",4602," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Ca B O H","Vim","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Vincentite","Vincentite","Pd3As","Pd3As","Pd_3_As","Pd_3_As","Pd As","IMA1973-051"," ",4603," ","monoclinic",,"Pd As","Vin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Vinciennite","Vinciennite","Cu10Fe4SnAsS16","Cu10Fe4SnAsS16","Cu_10_Fe_4_SnAsS_16_","Cu_10_Fe_4_SnAsS_16_","Cu Fe Sn As S","IMA1983-031"," ",4604," ","tetragonal",,"Cu Fe Sn As S","Vcn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Vinogradovite","Vinogradovite","Na4Ti4+4(Si2O6)2[(Si,Al)4O10]O4·(H2O,Na,K)3","Na4Ti4(Si2O6)2[(Si,Al)4O10]O4·(H2O,Na,K)3","Na_4_Ti_4_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_[(Si,Al)_4_O_10_]O_4_·(H_2_O,Na,K)_3_","Na_4_Ti^4+^_4_(Si_2_O_6_)_2_[(Si,Al)_4_O_10_]O_4_·(H_2_O,Na,K)_3_","Na Ti Si O Al H K"," "," ",4605," ","monoclinic","C2/c, A2/a","Na Ti^4+ Si O Al H K","Vgd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Violarite","Violarite","Fe2+Ni3+2S2-4","FeNi2S4","FeNi_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Ni^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Ni S"," "," ",4606,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Fe^2+ Ni^3+ S^2-","Vio","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Violet gray, Copper red, Light gray, Steel gray.","#8c6897,#cb6d51,#d8dcd6,#43464b"
"Virgilite","Virgilite","LiAlSi2O6","LiAlSi2O6","LiAlSi_2_O_6_","LiAlSi_2_O_6_","Li Al Si O","IMA1977-009"," ",4607,"Quartz","hexagonal","P6222","Li Al Si O","Vir","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Virgilluethite","Virgilluethite","Mo6+O3·H2O","MoO3·H2O","MoO_3_·H_2_O","Mo^6+^O_3_·H_2_O","Mo O H","IMA2023-006"," ",7313,"Tungstite","monoclinic","P21/c","Mo^6+ O H","Vlh",,"No","pale yellow-green","#bea932"
"Vishnevite","Vishnevite","Na8(Al6Si6)O24(S6+O4)·2H2O","Na8(Al6Si6)O24(SO4)·2H2O","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(SO_4_)·2H_2_O","Na_8_(Al_6_Si_6_)O_24_(S^6+^O_4_)·2H_2_O","Na Al Si O S H"," "," ",4608,"Cancrinite-sodalite, Cancrinite","hexagonal","P63","Na Al Si O S^6+ H","Vhn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellow, White, Light blue, Light gray.","#afafaf,#ffff00,#ffffff,#add8e6,#d8dcd6"
"Viskontite","Viskontite","Pb2+5Cu2+2(S6+O4)3(Se4+O3)(OH)6","Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6","Pb_5_Cu_2_(SO_4_)_3_(SeO_3_)(OH)_6_","Pb^2+^_5_Cu^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(Se^4+^O_3_)(OH)_6_","Pb Cu S O Se H","IMA2023-029"," ",7385,"Caledonite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O Se^4+ H","Vkt",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vismirnovite","Vismirnovite","Zn2+Sn4+(OH)6","ZnSn(OH)6","ZnSn(OH)_6_","Zn^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Zn Sn O H","IMA1980-029"," ",4609,"Perovskite","cubic","Pn3m, Pn3","Zn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Vis","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Vistepite","Vistepite","Mn2+4Sn4+B2O2(Si2O7)2(OH)2","Mn4SnB2O2(Si2O7)2(OH)2","Mn_4_SnB_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_4_Sn^4+^B_2_O_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(OH)_2_","Mn Sn B O Si H","IMA1991-012"," ",4610," ","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Sn^4+ B O Si H","Vtp","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellowish orange.","#ffab0f"
"Viteite","Viteite","Pd5InAs","Pd5InAs","Pd_5_InAs","Pd_5_InAs","Pd In As","IMA2019-040"," ",6928," ","tetragonal","P4/mmm","Pd In As","Vit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","bright pinkish white","#6f00fe"
"Vitimite","Vitimite","Ca6B14O19(S6+O4)(OH)14·5H2O","Ca6B14O19(SO4)(OH)14·5H2O","Ca_6_B_14_O_19_(SO_4_)(OH)_14_·5H_2_O","Ca_6_B_14_O_19_(S^6+^O_4_)(OH)_14_·5H_2_O","Ca B O S H","IMA2001-057"," ",4611," ","monoclinic",,"Ca B O S^6+ H","Vti","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Vittinkiite","Vittinkiite","Mn2+Mn2+3Mn2+Si5O15","MnMn3MnSi5O15","MnMn_3_MnSi_5_O_15_","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_3_Mn^2+^Si_5_O_15_","Mn Si O","IMA2017-082a"," ",6931,"Rhodonite","triclinic","P1","Mn^2+ Si O","Vtk",,"No","Pink to light pink","#ffc0cb,#ffd1df"
"Vitusite-(Ce)","Vitusite-(Ce)","Na3Ce3+(PO4)2","Na3Ce(PO4)2","Na_3_Ce(PO_4_)_2_","Na_3_Ce^3+^(PO_4_)_2_","Na Ce P O","IMA1976-055, IMA1987 s.p."," ",4612," ","orthorhombic","Pc21b","Na Ce^3+ P O","Vtu-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Light green, Light pink.","#ffffff,#76ff7b,#ffd1df"
"Vivianite","Vivianite","Fe2+3(PO4)2·8H2O","Fe2+3(PO4)2·8H2O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe P O H"," "," ",4613,"Vivianite","monoclinic","C2/m, I2/m","Fe^2+ P O H","Viv","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Green, Blue, Dark green, Dark bluish green.","#afafaf,#00ff00,#0000ff,#033500,#315b7d"
"Vladimirite","Vladimirite","Ca4(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)·4H2O","Ca4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)·4H2O","Ca_4_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Ca_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)·4H_2_O","Ca As O H","IMA1964 s.p."," ",4614," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca As^5+ O H","Vld","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Vladimirivanovite","Vladimirivanovite","Na6Ca2[Al6Si6O24](S6+O4,(S3)2-,(S2)2-,Cl)2·H2O","Na6Ca2[Al6Si6O24](SO4,S3,S2,Cl)2·H2O","Na_6_Ca_2_[Al_6_Si_6_O_24_](SO_4_,S_3_,S_2_,Cl)_2_·H_2_O","Na_6_Ca_2_[Al_6_Si_6_O_24_](S^6+^O_4_,(S_3_)^2-^,(S_2_)^2-^,Cl)_2_·H_2_O","Na Ca Al Si O S Cl H","IMA2010-070"," ",5909,"Sodalite, Cancrinite-sodalite","orthorhombic","Pnaa","Na Ca Al Si O S^6+ S Cl H","Vla","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark blue to ink-blue, light blue or greenish-blue to white","#315b7d,#0c5a77,#add8e6,#0b8b87,#ffffff"
"Vladkrivovichevite","Vladkrivovichevite","[Pb2+32O18][Pb2+4Mn2+2O]Cl14(BO3)8·2H2O","[Pb32O18][Pb4Mn2O]Cl14(BO3)8·2H2O","[Pb_32_O_18_][Pb_4_Mn_2_O]Cl_14_(BO_3_)_8_·2H_2_O","[Pb^2+^_32_O_18_][Pb^2+^_4_Mn^2+^_2_O]Cl_14_(BO_3_)_8_·2H_2_O","Pb O Mn Cl B H","IMA2011-020"," ",5948,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Pb^2+ O Mn^2+ Cl B H","Vkv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale greenish yellow","#69b076"
"Vladkuzminite","Vladkuzminite","K4Cu2+Zn2+3(As5+O4)4","K4CuZn3(AsO4)4","K_4_CuZn_3_(AsO_4_)_4_","K_4_Cu^2+^Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","K Cu Zn As O","IMA2023-106"," ",7454,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/n","K Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O","Vkz",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vladykinite","Vladykinite","Na3Sr4(Fe2+Fe3+)Si8O24","Na3Sr4(Fe2+Fe3+)Si8O24","Na_3_Sr_4_(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_24_","Na_3_Sr_4_(Fe^2+^Fe^3+^)Si_8_O_24_","Na Sr Fe Si O","IMA2011-052"," ",5980,"Vladykinite","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Sr Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Si O","Vdy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Pinkish to grayish brown, colorless in thin section","#d46a7e,#7a6a4f,#afafaf"
"Vlasovite","Vlasovite","Na2Zr4+Si4O11","Na2ZrSi4O11","Na_2_ZrSi_4_O_11_","Na_2_Zr^4+^Si_4_O_11_","Na Zr Si O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4615," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Zr^4+ Si O","Vsv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Vlodavetsite","Vlodavetsite","Ca2Al(S6+O4)2F2Cl·4H2O","Ca2Al(SO4)2F2Cl·4H2O","Ca_2_Al(SO_4_)_2_F_2_Cl·4H_2_O","Ca_2_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F_2_Cl·4H_2_O","Ca Al S O F Cl H","IMA1993-023"," ",4616," ","tetragonal","I4/m","Ca Al S^6+ O F Cl H","Vlo","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless, Yellow white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0"
"Vochtenite","Vochtenite","Fe2+Fe3+(U6+O2)4(PO4)4(OH)·12-13H2O","Fe2+Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)·12-13H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)·12-13H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)·12-13H_2_O","Fe U O P H","IMA1987-047"," ",4617," ","monoclinic",,"Fe^2+ Fe^3+ U^6+ O P H","Voc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze brown.","#825e2f"
"Voggite","Voggite","Na2Zr4+(PO4)(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","Na2Zr(PO4)(CO3)(OH)·2H2O","Na_2_Zr(PO_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Na_2_Zr^4+^(PO_4_)(CO_3_)(OH)·2H_2_O","Na Zr P O C H","IMA1988-037"," ",4618," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Na Zr^4+ P O C H","Vog","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Voglite","Voglite","Ca2Cu2+(U6+O2)(CO3)4·6H2O","Ca2Cu(UO2)(CO3)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Cu(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Cu U O C H"," "," ",4619," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Cu^2+ U^6+ O C H","Vgl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green, Bright grass green.","#046307,#bbdd00"
"Volaschioite","Volaschioite","Fe3+4(S6+O4)O2(OH)6·2H2O","Fe4(SO4)O2(OH)6·2H2O","Fe_4_(SO_4_)O_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Fe S O H","IMA2010-005"," ",5832,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Vsh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellowish orange","#ffab0f"
"Volborthite","Volborthite","Cu2+3V5+2O7(OH)2·2H2O","Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O","Cu_3_V_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_V^5+^_2_O_7_(OH)_2_·2H_2_O","Cu V O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4620,"Volborthite","monoclinic","C2/m, Ia, C2/c","Cu^2+ V^5+ O H","Vbo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Brownish yellow, Greenish yellow, Yellow, Yellow green, Light brown.","#c9b003,#cdfd02,#ffff00,#c8fd3d,#b5651d"
"Volkonskoite","Volkonskoite","Ca0.3(Cr3+,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Ca0.3(Cr,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Ca_0.3_(Cr,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca_0.3_(Cr^3+^,Mg)_2_(Si,Al)_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Cr Mg Si Al O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4621,"Clay, Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Ca Cr^3+ Mg Si Al O H","Vkn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Yellow, Olive green, Bright green.","#ffff00,#8ead2c,#66ff00"
"Volkovskite","Volkovskite","KCa4[B5O8(OH)]4[B(OH)3]2Cl·4H2O","KCa4B22O32(OH)10Cl·4H2O","KCa_4_B_22_O_32_(OH)_10_Cl·4H_2_O","KCa_4_[B_5_O_8_(OH)]_4_[B(OH)_3_]_2_Cl·4H_2_O","K Ca B O H Cl","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4622," ","triclinic","P1","K Ca B O H Cl","Vlk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, Light orange, Pink.","#afafaf,#ff7034,#ffc0cb"
"Voloshinite","Voloshinite","Rb(LiAl1.5☐0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2","Rb(LiAl1.5☐0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2","Rb(LiAl_1.5_[box]_0.5_)(Al_0.5_Si_3.5_)O_10_F_2_","Rb(LiAl_1.5_[box]_0.5_)(Al_0.5_Si_3.5_)O_10_F_2_","Rb Li Al Si O F","IMA2007-052"," ",5652,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/c","Rb Li Al Si O F","Vls","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Voltaite","Voltaite","K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(S6+O4)12·18H2O","K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2O","K_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K_2_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K Fe Al S O H"," "," ",4623,"Voltaite","cubic","Fd3c","K Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O H","Vlt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greenish black, Dark green, Olive green, Black.","#454445,#033500,#8ead2c,#000000"
"Volynskite","Volynskite","AgBiTe2","AgBiTe2","AgBiTe_2_","AgBiTe_2_","Ag Bi Te","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4624," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Ag Bi Te","Vol","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Vonbezingite","Vonbezingite","Ca6Cu2+3(S6+O4)3(OH)12·2H2O","Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12·2H2O","Ca_6_Cu_3_(SO_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Ca_6_Cu^2+^_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_(OH)_12_·2H_2_O","Ca Cu S O H","IMA1991-031"," ",4625," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Vbz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Azure.","#007fff"
"Vonsenite","Vonsenite","Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Fe^2+^_2_Fe^3+^O_2_(BO_3_)","Fe O B"," "," ",4626,"Ludwigite","orthorhombic","Pbam","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O B","Von","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Greenish black, Black.","#454445,#000000"
"Vorlanite","Vorlanite","CaU6+O4","CaUO4","CaUO_4_","CaU^6+^O_4_","Ca U O","IMA2009-032"," ",5759,"Fluorite","cubic","Fm3m","Ca U^6+ O","Vrl","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Voronkovite","Voronkovite","Na15(Na,Ca,Ce3+)3(Mn2+,Ca)3Fe2+3Zr4+3Si26O72(OH,O)4Cl·H2O","Na15(Na,Ca,Ce)3(Mn,Ca)3Fe3Zr3Si26O72(OH,O)4Cl·H2O","Na_15_(Na,Ca,Ce)_3_(Mn,Ca)_3_Fe_3_Zr_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH,O)_4_Cl·H_2_O","Na_15_(Na,Ca,Ce^3+^)_3_(Mn^2+^,Ca)_3_Fe^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Si_26_O_72_(OH,O)_4_Cl·H_2_O","Na Ca Ce Mn Fe Zr Si O H Cl","IMA2007-023"," ",5625,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3","Na Ca Ce^3+ Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H Cl","Vrk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light brown.","#b5651d"
"Vorontsovite","Vorontsovite","(Hg2+5Cu1+)Tl1+As3+4S2-12","(Hg5Cu)TlAs4S12","(Hg_5_Cu)TlAs_4_S_12_","(Hg^2+^_5_Cu^1+^)Tl^1+^As^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Hg Cu Tl As S","IMA2016-076"," ",6602,"Galkhaite, Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Hg^2+ Cu^1+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Vor","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black","#000000"
"Voudourisite","Voudourisite","Cd2+S6+O4·H2O","Cd(SO4)·H2O","Cd(SO_4_)·H_2_O","Cd^2+^S^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Cd S O H","IMA2012-042"," ",6095,"Kieserite","monoclinic","P21/c, P21/n","Cd^2+ S^6+ O H","Vou","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Vozhminite","Vozhminite","Ni4AsS2","Ni4AsS2","Ni_4_AsS_2_","Ni_4_AsS_2_","Ni As S","IMA1981-040"," ",4627," ","hexagonal",,"Ni As S","Voz","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish yellow, Light pink orange.","#c9b003,#ffd1df"
"Vránaite","Vranaite","Al16B4Si4O38","Al16B4Si4O38","Al_16_B_4_Si_4_O_38_","Al_16_B_4_Si_4_O_38_","Al B Si O","IMA2015-084"," ",6484,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","I2/m","Al B Si O","Vrá","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Vrančiceite","Vranciceite","Cu1+10Hg2+3S2-8","Cu10Hg3S8","Cu_10_Hg_3_S_8_","Cu^1+^_10_Hg^2+^_3_S^2-^_8_","Cu Hg S","IMA2022-114"," ",7336,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^1+ Hg^2+ S^2-","Vrc",,"No","black","#000000"
"Vrbaite","Vrbaite","Hg2+3Tl1+4As3+8Sb3+2S2-20","Hg3Tl4As8Sb2S20","Hg_3_Tl_4_As_8_Sb_2_S_20_","Hg^2+^_3_Tl^1+^_4_As^3+^_8_Sb^3+^_2_S^2-^_20_","Hg Tl As Sb S"," "," ",4628," ","orthorhombic","Aba2","Hg^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Vrb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray black, Dark red.","#373a3a,#840000"
"Vuagnatite","Vuagnatite","CaAlSiO4(OH)","CaAlSiO4(OH)","CaAlSiO_4_(OH)","CaAlSiO_4_(OH)","Ca Al Si O H","IMA1975-007"," ",4629,"Adelite","orthorhombic","P212121","Ca Al Si O H","Vgn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization","No","Colorless, White, Light pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffd1df"
"Vulcanite","Vulcanite","CuTe","CuTe","CuTe","CuTe","Cu Te","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4630," ","orthorhombic","Pmmn","Cu Te","Vul","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bronze, Light bronze.","#a87900,#a05822"
"Vuonnemite","Vuonnemite","Na6Na2Nb5+2Na3Ti4+(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OF)","Na6Na2Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OF)","Na_6_Na_2_Nb_2_Na_3_Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OF)","Na_6_Na_2_Nb^5+^_2_Na_3_Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OF)","Na Nb Ti Si O P F","IMA1973-015"," ",4631,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Na Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O P F","Vn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Light yellow, Lemon yellow, Greenish yellow.","#fffe7a,#cfff04,#cdfd02"
"Vuorelainenite","Vuorelainenite","Mn2+V3+2O4","Mn2+V3+2O4","Mn^2+^V^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn^2+^V^3+^_2_O_4_","Mn V O","IMA1980-048"," ",4632,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m","Mn^2+ V^3+ O","Vuo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brown gray, Grayish black.","#8d8468,#555152"
"Vuoriyarvite-K","Vuoriyarvite-K","(K,Na,☐)12Nb5+8(Si4O12)4O8·12-16H2O","(K,Na,☐)12Nb8(Si4O12)4O8·12-16H2O","(K,Na,[box])_12_Nb_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_O_8_·12-16H_2_O","(K,Na,[box])_12_Nb^5+^_8_(Si_4_O_12_)_4_O_8_·12-16H_2_O","K Na Nb Si O H","IMA1995-031"," ",4633,"Labuntsovite","monoclinic",,"K Na Nb^5+ Si O H","Vyv-K","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Vurroite","Vurroite","Pb2+20Sn4+2(Bi3+,As3+)22S2-54Cl6","Pb20Sn2(Bi,As)22S54Cl6","Pb_20_Sn_2_(Bi,As)_22_S_54_Cl_6_","Pb^2+^_20_Sn^4+^_2_(Bi^3+^,As^3+^)_22_S^2-^_54_Cl_6_","Pb Sn Bi As S Cl","IMA2003-027"," ",5236,"Vurroite","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Sn^4+ Bi^3+ As^3+ S^2- Cl","Vur","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Silvery gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Vyacheslavite","Vyacheslavite","U4+(PO4)(OH)","U4+(PO4)(OH)","U^4+^(PO_4_)(OH)","U^4+^(PO_4_)(OH)","U P O H","IMA1983-017"," ",4634," ","orthorhombic",,"U^4+ P O H","Vya","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Dark green.","#00ff00,#033500"
"Vyalsovite","Vyalsovite","CaFe2+AlS2-(OH)5","CaFeAlS(OH)5","CaFeAlS(OH)_5_","CaFe^2+^AlS^2-^(OH)_5_","Ca Fe Al S O H","IMA1989-004"," ",4635," ","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Cm","Ca Fe^2+ Al S^2- O H","Vyl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Red.","#ff0000"
"Vymazalováite","Vymazalovaite","Pd3Bi2S2","Pd3Bi2S2","Pd_3_Bi_2_S_2_","Pd_3_Bi_2_S_2_","Pd Bi S","IMA2016-105"," ",6632," ","cubic","I213","Pd Bi S","Vym","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Vysokýite","Vysokyite","U4+[As5+O2(OH)2]4·4H2O","U4+[AsO2(OH)2]4·4H2O","U^4+^[AsO_2_(OH)_2_]_4_·4H_2_O","U^4+^[As^5+^O_2_(OH)_2_]_4_·4H_2_O","U As O H","IMA2012-067"," ",6131,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","U^4+ As^5+ O H","Vys","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light-green","#76ff7b"
"Vysotskite","Vysotskite","Pd2+S2-","PdS","PdS","Pd^2+^S^2-^","Pd S","IMA2022 s.p."," ",4636," ","tetragonal","P42/m","Pd^2+ S^2-","Vsk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Silver gray.","#a8a8a4"
"Vyuntspakhkite-(Y)","Vyuntspakhkite-(Y)","Y(Al,Si)(SiO4)(OH,O)2","Y(Al,Si)(SiO4)(OH,O)2","Y(Al,Si)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_","Y(Al,Si)(SiO_4_)(OH,O)_2_","Y Al Si O H","IMA1982-040, IMA1987 s.p."," ",4637," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Y Al Si O H","Vyu-Y","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless, Orange.","#afafaf,#ffa500"
"Wadalite","Wadalite","Ca6Al5Si2O16Cl3","Ca6Al5Si2O16Cl3","Ca_6_Al_5_Si_2_O_16_Cl_3_","Ca_6_Al_5_Si_2_O_16_Cl_3_","Ca Al Si O Cl","IMA1987-045"," ",4638,"Mayenite","cubic","I43d","Ca Al Si O Cl","Wdl","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless, Colorless.","#afafaf,#afafaf"
"Wadeite","Wadeite","K2Zr4+Si3O9","K2ZrSi3O9","K_2_ZrSi_3_O_9_","K_2_Zr^4+^Si_3_O_9_","K Zr Si O"," "," ",4639," ","hexagonal","P63/m","K Zr^4+ Si O","Wad","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Violet, Light lilac, Pink.","#afafaf,#9a0eea,#dcc6d2,#ffc0cb"
"Wadsleyite","Wadsleyite","Mg2SiO4","Mg2SiO4","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Mg_2_SiO_4_","Mg Si O","IMA1982-012"," ",4640,"Wadsleyite","orthorhombic, monoclinic","Imma, Ibmm, I2/m","Mg Si O","Wds","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Wagnerite","Wagnerite","Mg2PO4F","Mg2(PO4)F","Mg_2_(PO_4_)F","Mg_2_PO_4_F","Mg P O F","IMA2003 s.p."," ",4641,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/c, Ia, I2/a","Mg P O F","Wag","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Greenish, Gray white, Grayish, Yellow, Reddish brown.","#40a368,#d7d5cb,#cfcac7,#ffff00,#7f2b0a"
"Waimirite-(Y)","Waimirite-(Y)","YF3","YF3","YF_3_","YF_3_","Y F","IMA2013-108"," ",6267," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Y F","Wai-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Pale pink, colorless","#efcddb,#afafaf"
"Waipouaite","Waipouaite","Ca3(V4+4.5V5+0.5)O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O","Ca3(V4+4.5V5+0.5)O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O","Ca_3_(V^4+^_4.5_V^5+^_0.5_)O_9_[(Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_][Si_3_O_7.5_(OH)_1.5_]·11H_2_O","Ca_3_(V^4+^_4.5_V^5+^_0.5_)O_9_[(Si_2_O_5_(OH)_2_][Si_3_O_7.5_(OH)_1.5_]·11H_2_O","Ca V O Si H","IMA2019-095"," ",6980,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca V^4+ V^5+ O Si H","Wpo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Dark olive green to black","#373e02,#000000"
"Wairakite","Wairakite","Ca(Si4Al2)O12·2H2O","Ca(Si4Al2)O12·2H2O","Ca(Si_4_Al_2_)O_12_·2H_2_O","Ca(Si_4_Al_2_)O_12_·2H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4642,"Analcime","monoclinic","I2/a","Ca Si Al O H","Wrk","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, PM17 - Marine authigenic Hadean minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Wairauite","Wairauite","CoFe","CoFe","CoFe","CoFe","Co Fe","IMA1964-015"," ",4643,"Iron","cubic","Pm3m","Co Fe","Wra","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM13 - Hadean serpentinization, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Wakabayashilite","Wakabayashilite","(As,Sb)6As4S14","(As,Sb)6As4S14","(As,Sb)_6_As_4_S_14_","(As,Sb)_6_As_4_S_14_","As Sb S","IMA1969-024"," ",4644," ","orthorhombic","Pna21","As Sb S","Wak","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Golden yellow, Lemon.","#ffdf00,#fff700"
"Wakefieldite-(Ce)","Wakefieldite-(Ce)","Ce3+V5+O4","CeVO4","CeVO_4_","Ce^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Ce V O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4645,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Ce^3+ V^5+ O","Wf-Ce","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark red, Black.","#840000,#000000"
"Wakefieldite-(La)","Wakefieldite-(La)","La3+V5+O4","LaVO4","LaVO_4_","La^3+^V^5+^O_4_","La V O","IMA1989-035a"," ",5640,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","La^3+ V^5+ O","Wf-La","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light pink, Brown.","#ffd1df,#653700"
"Wakefieldite-(Nd)","Wakefieldite-(Nd)","NdV5+O4","NdVO4","NdVO_4_","NdV^5+^O_4_","Nd V O","IMA2008-031"," ",5691,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Nd V^5+ O","Wf-Nd","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless or slightly reddish pink in thin section","#afafaf,#e6cfce"
"Wakefieldite-(Y)","Wakefieldite-(Y)","YV5+O4","YVO4","YVO_4_","YV^5+^O_4_","Y V O","IMA1969-012, IMA1987 s.p."," ",4646,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Y V^5+ O","Wf-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, Light brown, Light yellow brown.","#ffff00,#b5651d,#fffe7a"
"Walentaite","Walentaite","[Mn2+(H2O)6][☐As3+3Fe3+3(PO4)2O7]","[Mn(H2O)6][☐As3+3Fe3+3(PO4)2O7]","[Mn(H_2_O)_6_][[box]As^3+^_3_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_O_7_]","[Mn^2+^(H_2_O)_6_][[box]As^3+^_3_Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_O_7_]","Mn H O As Fe P","IMA1983-047, IMA2020 s.p."," ",4647,"Walentaite","orthorhombic","Imma","Mn^2+ H O As^3+ Fe^3+ P","Wlt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow green, Bright yellow.","#cdfd02,#c8fd3d,#fffd01"
"Walfordite","Walfordite","(Fe3+,Te6+,Ti4+,Mg)Te4+3O8","(Fe3+,Te6+,Ti4+,Mg)Te4+3O8","(Fe^3+^,Te^6+^,Ti^4+^,Mg)Te^4+^_3_O_8_","(Fe^3+^,Te^6+^,Ti^4+^,Mg)Te^4+^_3_O_8_","Fe Te Ti Mg O","IMA1996-003"," ",4648," ","cubic","I21/a3","Fe^3+ Te^6+ Ti^4+ Mg Te^4+ O","Wfd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange.","#ffa500"
"Walkerite","Walkerite","Ca16(Mg,Li)2[B13O17(OH)12]4Cl6·28H2O","Ca16(Mg,Li)2[B13O17(OH)12]4Cl6·28H2O","Ca_16_(Mg,Li)_2_[B_13_O_17_(OH)_12_]_4_Cl_6_·28H_2_O","Ca_16_(Mg,Li)_2_[B_13_O_17_(OH)_12_]_4_Cl_6_·28H_2_O","Ca Mg Li B O H Cl","IMA2001-051"," ",4649," ","orthorhombic","Pba2","Ca Mg Li B O H Cl","Wk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Wallisite","Wallisite","Cu1+Pb2+Tl1+As3+2S2-5","CuPbTlAs2S5","CuPbTlAs_2_S_5_","Cu^1+^Pb^2+^Tl^1+^As^3+^_2_S^2-^_5_","Cu Pb Tl As S","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4650," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^1+ Pb^2+ Tl^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Wal","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Black.","#8a7963,#000000"
"Wallkilldellite","Wallkilldellite","Ca4Mn2+6(As5+O4)4(OH)8·18H2O","Ca2Mn2+3(AsO4)2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca_2_Mn^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_(OH)_8_·18H_2_O","Ca Mn As O H","IMA1982-084"," ",4651," ",,,"Ca Mn^2+ As^5+ O H","Wlk","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Dark red.","#840000"
"Wallkilldellite-(Fe)","Wallkilldellite-(Fe)","Ca2Fe2+3(As5+O4)2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca2Fe2+3(AsO4)2(OH)4·9H2O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^_3_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·9H_2_O","Ca Fe As O H","IMA1997-032"," ",4652," ","hexagonal",,"Ca Fe^2+ As^5+ O H","Wlk-Fe","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Walpurgite","Walpurgite","Bi3+4O4(U6+O2)(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Bi4O4(UO2)(AsO4)2·2H2O","Bi_4_O_4_(UO_2_)(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Bi^3+^_4_O_4_(U^6+^O_2_)(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Bi O U As H"," "," ",4653," ","triclinic","P1","Bi^3+ O U^6+ As^5+ H","Wpg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Straw yellow, Wax yellow.","#afafaf,#f0d696,#eae8a0"
"Walstromite","Walstromite","BaCa2Si3O9","BaCa2Si3O9","BaCa_2_Si_3_O_9_","BaCa_2_Si_3_O_9_","Ba Ca Si O","IMA1964-009"," ",4654,"Margarosanite","triclinic","P1","Ba Ca Si O","Ws","Abiotic, Biotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Walthierite","Walthierite","Ba0.5Al3(S6+O4)2(OH)6","Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6","Ba_0.5_Al_3_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ba_0.5_Al_3_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Ba Al S O H","IMA1991-008"," ",4655,"Alunite-Alunite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Al S^6+ O H","Wtr","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","White, Yellowish.","#ffffff,#faee66"
"Wampenite","Wampenite","C18H16","C18H16","C_18_H_16_","C_18_H_16_","C H","IMA2015-061"," ",6463,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/a","C H","Wpn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Pale amber","#c9bfa8"
"Wangdaodeite","Wangdaodeite","Fe2+Ti4+O3","FeTiO3","FeTiO_3_","Fe^2+^Ti^4+^O_3_","Fe Ti O","IMA2016-007"," ",6519,"Corundum","hexagonal","R3","Fe^2+ Ti^4+ O","Wdd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","Gray (in reflected polarized light)","#c3909b"
"Wangkuirenite","Wangkuirenite","Pb2+3Cl2(Se4+O3)2","Pb3Cl2(SeO3)2","Pb_3_Cl_2_(SeO_3_)_2_","Pb^2+^_3_Cl_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_","Pb Cl Se O","IMA2023-030"," ",7369," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Cl Se^4+ O"," ",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wangpuite","Wangpuite","K3(PO4)(Mo6+12O36)","K3(PO4)(Mo12O36)","K_3_(PO_4_)(Mo_12_O_36_)","K_3_(PO_4_)(Mo^6+^_12_O_36_)","K P O Mo","IMA2022-111"," ",7329," ","cubic","Pn3m","K P O Mo^6+","Wpu",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wangxibinite","Wangxibinite","TiFe","TiFe","TiFe","TiFe","Ti Fe","IMA2023-081c"," ",7595," ","cubic","Im3m","Ti Fe","Wxb",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wangyanite","Wangyanite","PdNi8S8","PdNi8S8","PdNi_8_S_8_","PdNi_8_S_8_","Pd Ni S","IMA2024-008a"," ",7498,"Pentlandite","cubic","Fm3m","Pd Ni S","Wyn",,"No","yellowish brown","#9b7a01"
"Wardite","Wardite","NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2H2O","NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2H2O","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","NaAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_4_·2H_2_O","Na Al P O H"," "," ",4656,"Wardite","tetragonal","P41212","Na Al P O H","Wd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Colorless, White, Light green.","#137e6d,#afafaf,#ffffff,#76ff7b"
"Wardsmithite","Wardsmithite","Ca5Mg(B4O7)6·30H2O","Ca5Mg(B4O7)6·30H2O","Ca_5_Mg(B_4_O_7_)_6_·30H_2_O","Ca_5_Mg(B_4_O_7_)_6_·30H_2_O","Ca Mg B O H","IMA1967-030"," ",4657," ",,,"Ca Mg B O H","Wsm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Warikahnite","Warikahnite","Zn2+3(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Zn3(AsO4)2·2H2O","Zn_3_(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Zn As O H","IMA1978-038"," ",4658," ","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","War","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Honey yellow, Light yellow, Orange.","#afafaf,#ca9456,#fffe7a,#ffa500"
"Warkite","Warkite","Ca2Sc6Al6O20","Ca2Sc6Al6O20","Ca_2_Sc_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca_2_Sc_6_Al_6_O_20_","Ca Sc Al O","IMA2013-129"," ",6288,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Sc Al O","Wki","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Warwickite","Warwickite","(Mg,Ti4+,Fe3+,Cr3+,Al)2O(BO3)","(Mg,Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)2O(BO3)","(Mg,Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)_2_O(BO_3_)","(Mg,Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^,Cr^3+^,Al)_2_O(BO_3_)","Mg Ti Fe Cr Al O B"," "," ",4659,"Warwickite","orthorhombic","Pnma, Pnam","Mg Ti^4+ Fe^3+ Cr^3+ Al O B","Wwk","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brown, Black.","#653700,#000000"
"Wassonite","Wassonite","Ti2+S2-","TiS","TiS","Ti^2+^S^2-^","Ti S","IMA2010-074"," ",5914," ","hexagonal","R3m","Ti^2+ S^2-","Was","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No"," Dark bronze to brown","#b5485d,#653700"
"Watanabeite","Watanabeite","Cu1+4(As3+,Sb3+)2S2-5","Cu4(As,Sb)2S5","Cu_4_(As,Sb)_2_S_5_","Cu^1+^_4_(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_2_S^2-^_5_","Cu As Sb S","IMA1991-025"," ",4660," ","orthorhombic","Amm2","Cu^1+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Wa","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Silver gray.","#8a7963,#a8a8a4"
"Watatsumiite","Watatsumiite","KNa2LiMn2+2V4+2Si8O24","LiNa2KMn2V2Si8O24","LiNa_2_KMn_2_V_2_Si_8_O_24_","KNa_2_LiMn^2+^_2_V^4+^_2_Si_8_O_24_","Li Na K Mn V Si O","IMA2001-043"," ",5083,"Neptunite","monoclinic","Cc","K Na Li Mn^2+ V^4+ Si O","Wts","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Waterhouseite","Waterhouseite","Mn2+7(PO4)2(OH)8","Mn7(PO4)2(OH)8","Mn_7_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn^2+^_7_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_8_","Mn P O H","IMA2004-035"," ",5287," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ P O H","Whs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Resinous orange brown, Dark clove brown.","#ffdfbf,#4c3d31"
"Watkinsonite","Watkinsonite","Pb2+Cu1+2Bi3+4(Se2-,S2-)8","PbCu2Bi4(Se,S)8","PbCu_2_Bi_4_(Se,S)_8_","Pb^2+^Cu^1+^_2_Bi^3+^_4_(Se^2-^,S^2-^)_8_","Pb Cu Bi Se S","IMA1985-024"," ",4661,"Watkinsonite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ Cu^1+ Bi^3+ Se^2- S^2-","Wat","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black.","#000000"
"Wattersite","Wattersite","Hg1+4Hg2+O2(Cr6+O4)","Hg1+4Hg2+O2(CrO4)","Hg^1+^_4_Hg^2+^O_2_(CrO_4_)","Hg^1+^_4_Hg^2+^O_2_(Cr^6+^O_4_)","Hg O Cr","IMA1987-030"," ",4662," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Hg^1+ Hg^2+ O Cr^6+","Wte","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bronze, Reddish brown, Black.","#a87900,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Wattevilleite","Wattevilleite","Na2Ca(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Na2Ca(SO4)2·4H2O (?)","Na_2_Ca(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O (?)","Na_2_Ca(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Na Ca S O H"," "," ",5084," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Ca S^6+ O H","Wtv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Wavellite","Wavellite","Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_3_·5H_2_O","Al P O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4860,"Wavellite","orthorhombic","Pcmn","Al P O H","Wav","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue, Brown, Brownish black, Colorless, Green.","#0000ff,#653700,#413936,#afafaf,#00ff00"
"Wawayandaite","Wawayandaite","Ca6Be9Mn2+2BSi6O23(OH,Cl)15","Ca6Be9Mn2+2BSi6O23(OH,Cl)15","Ca_6_Be_9_Mn^2+^_2_BSi_6_O_23_(OH,Cl)_15_","Ca_6_Be_9_Mn^2+^_2_BSi_6_O_23_(OH,Cl)_15_","Ca Be Mn B Si O H Cl","IMA1988-043"," ",4663," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Be Mn^2+ B Si O H Cl","Waw","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Waylandite","Waylandite","Bi3+Al3(PO4)2(OH)6","BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6","BiAl_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Bi^3+^Al_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Bi Al P O H","IMA1962-003"," ",4664,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi^3+ Al P O H","Way","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light brown.","#ffffff,#b5651d"
"Wayneburnhamite","Wayneburnhamite","Pb2+9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3","Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3","Pb_9_Ca_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_(SiO_4_)_3_","Pb^2+^_9_Ca_6_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_(SiO_4_)_3_","Pb Ca Si O","IMA2015-124"," ",6525,"Ganomalite","hexagonal","P6","Pb^2+ Ca Si O","Wbh","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","sky-blue","#9fb9e2"
"Weberite","Weberite","Na2MgAlF7","Na2MgAlF7","Na_2_MgAlF_7_","Na_2_MgAlF_7_","Na Mg Al F"," "," ",4665,"Weberite","orthorhombic","Imma, Imm2, I212121, I2mb","Na Mg Al F","Web","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Greenish, Gray, Grayish white, White.","#40a368,#808080,#d6dee9,#ffffff"
"Weddellite","Weddellite","Ca(C2)6+O4·2H2O","Ca(C2O4)·2H2O","Ca(C_2_O_4_)·2H_2_O","Ca(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·2H_2_O","Ca C O H"," "," ",4666,"Oxalate","tetragonal","I4/m","Ca C O H","Wed","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM24 - Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Colorless, Tan, White, Yellowish brown, Brown.","#afafaf,#d1b26f,#ffffff,#9b7a01,#653700"
"Weeksite","Weeksite","K2(U6+O2)2(Si5O13)·4H2O","(K)2(UO2)2(Si5O13)·4H2O","(K)_2_(UO_2_)_2_(Si_5_O_13_)·4H_2_O","K_2_(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(Si_5_O_13_)·4H_2_O","K U O Si H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4667," ","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/m, Amm2, Cmmb, Cmmm","K U^6+ O Si H","Wks","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Wegscheiderite","Wegscheiderite","Na5H3(CO3)4","Na5H3(CO3)4","Na_5_H_3_(CO_3_)_4_","Na_5_H_3_(CO_3_)_4_","Na H C O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4668," ","triclinic","P1","Na H C O","Weg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Weibullite","Weibullite","Ag1+0.3Pb2+5.3Bi3+8.3(S2-,Se2-)18","Ag0.33Pb5.33Bi8.33(S,Se)18","Ag_0.33_Pb_5.33_Bi_8.33_(S,Se)_18_","Ag^1+^_0.3_Pb^2+^_5.3_Bi^3+^_8.3_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_18_","Ag Pb Bi S Se","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4669,"Kobellite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ag^1+ Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Wbl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Weilerite","Weilerite","BaAl3(S6+O4)(As5+O4)(OH)6","BaAl3(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6","BaAl_3_(SO_4_)(AsO_4_)(OH)_6_","BaAl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(As^5+^O_4_)(OH)_6_","Ba Al S O As H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",5171,"Alunite-beudantite",,,"Ba Al S^6+ O As^5+ H","Wlr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Weilite","Weilite","Ca(As5+O3OH)","Ca(AsO3OH)","Ca(AsO_3_OH)","Ca(As^5+^O_3_OH)","Ca As O H","IMA1963-006"," ",4670," ","triclinic","P1","Ca As^5+ O H","Wei","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Weinebeneite","Weinebeneite","CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","CaBe_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","CaBe_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Ca Be P O H","IMA1990-049"," ",4671," ","monoclinic","Cc","Ca Be P O H","Wbn","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Weishanite","Weishanite","(Au,Ag,Hg)","(Au,Ag,Hg)","(Au,Ag,Hg)","(Au,Ag,Hg)","Au Ag Hg","IMA1982-076"," ",4672," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Au Ag Hg","Whn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Weissbergite","Weissbergite","Tl1+Sb3+S2-2","TlSbS2","TlSbS_2_","Tl^1+^Sb^3+^S^2-^_2_","Tl Sb S","IMA1975-040"," ",4673,"Weissbergite","triclinic","P1","Tl^1+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Wsb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Weissite","Weissite","Cu2-xTe","Cu2-xTe","Cu_2-x_Te","Cu_2-x_Te","Cu Te"," "," ",4674," ","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu Te","Wst","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Bluish black, Dark blue black, Black.","#413f44,#315b7d,#000000"
"Welinite","Welinite","Mn2+6(W6+☐)(SiO4)2O4(OH)2","Mn2+6(W6+☐)(SiO4)2O4(OH)2","Mn^2+^_6_(W^6+^[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_2_","Mn^2+^_6_(W^6+^[box])(SiO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_2_","Mn W Si O H","IMA1966-002"," ",4675,"Welinite","hexagonal","P63","Mn^2+ W^6+ Si O H","Wln","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","orange-red, deep red brown to reddish black","#fe4401,#9a0200,#433635"
"Weloganite","Weloganite","Na2Sr3Zr4+(CO3)6·3H2O","Na2Sr3Zr(CO3)6·3H2O","Na_2_Sr_3_Zr(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na_2_Sr_3_Zr^4+^(CO_3_)_6_·3H_2_O","Na Sr Zr C O H","IMA1967-042"," ",4677,"Mckelveyite","triclinic","P1","Na Sr Zr^4+ C O H","Wlg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","White, Lemon yellow, Amber, Colorless.","#ffffff,#cfff04,#ffbf00,#afafaf"
"Welshite","Welshite","Ca4(Mg9Sb5+3)O4[Si6Be3AlFe3+2O36]","Ca4[Mg9Sb5+3]O4[Si6Be3AlFe3+2O36]","Ca_4_[Mg_9_Sb^5+^_3_]O_4_[Si_6_Be_3_AlFe^3+^_2_O_36_]","Ca_4_(Mg_9_Sb^5+^_3_)O_4_[Si_6_Be_3_AlFe^3+^_2_O_36_]","Ca Mg Sb O Si Be Al Fe","IMA1973-019"," ",4678,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Ca Mg Sb^5+ O Si Be Al Fe^3+","Wel","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Brown, Reddish black, Orange brown, Deep tan.","#653700,#433635,#b16002,#726751"
"Wendwilsonite","Wendwilsonite","Ca2Mg(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Mg(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Mg(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Mg As O H","IMA1985-047"," ",4679,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Mg As^5+ O H","Wdw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light pink, Dark pink, Red.","#ffd1df,#cb416b,#ff0000"
"Wenjiite","Wenjiite","Ti10SixPy; x>y, 6≤(x+y)≤7","Ti10SixPy; x>y, 6≤(x+y)≤7","Ti_10_Si_x_P_y_; x>y, 6≤(x+y)≤7","Ti_10_Si_x_P_y_; x>y, 6≤(x+y)≤7","Ti Si P","IMA2019-107c"," ",7118,"Xifengite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Ti Si P","Wnj","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Silver gray (synthetic)","#a8a8a4"
"Wenkite","Wenkite","Ba4Ca6(Si,Al)20O41(OH)2(S6+O4)3·H2O","Ba4Ca6(Si,Al)20O41(OH)2(SO4)3·H2O","Ba_4_Ca_6_(Si,Al)_20_O_41_(OH)_2_(SO_4_)_3_·H_2_O","Ba_4_Ca_6_(Si,Al)_20_O_41_(OH)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_3_·H_2_O","Ba Ca Si Al O H S","IMA1967 s.p."," ",5014," ","hexagonal","P62m","Ba Ca Si Al O H S^6+","Wen","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Light gray.","#d8dcd6"
"Wenlanzhangite-(Y)","Wenlanzhangite-(Y)","Y2V3+2V4+2(SiO4)2O4(OH)4","Y2V3+2V4+2(SiO4)2O4(OH)4","Y_2_V^3+^_2_V^4+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_4_","Y_2_V^3+^_2_V^4+^_2_(SiO_4_)_2_O_4_(OH)_4_","Y V Si O H","IMA2022-142"," ",7353,"Jingwenite","triclinic","P1","Y V^3+ V^4+ Si O H","Wlz-Y",,"No","dark brown","#73532a"
"Wenqingite","Wenqingite","Pb5(AsS3)2(Ge2S6)","Pb5(AsS3)2(Ge2S6)","Pb_5_(AsS_3_)_2_(Ge_2_S_6_)","Pb_5_(AsS_3_)_2_(Ge_2_S_6_)","Pb As S Ge","IMA2024-098"," ",7565,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Pb As S Ge","Wq",,"No","greenish gray","#96ae8d"
"Werdingite","Werdingite","Mg2Al14Si4B4O37","Mg2Al14Si4B4O37","Mg_2_Al_14_Si_4_B_4_O_37_","Mg_2_Al_14_Si_4_B_4_O_37_","Mg Al Si B O","IMA1988-023"," ",4680," ","triclinic","P1","Mg Al Si B O","Wrd","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Brownish yellow.","#c9b003"
"Wermlandite","Wermlandite","Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6](S6+O4)2·6H2O","Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O","Mg_7_Al_2_(OH)_18_[Ca(H_2_O)_6_](SO_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg_7_Al_2_(OH)_18_[Ca(H_2_O)_6_](S^6+^O_4_)_2_·6H_2_O","Mg Al O H Ca S","IMA1970-007"," ",4681,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3c1","Mg Al O H Ca S^6+","Wld","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish, Greenish gray.","#2976bb,#96ae8d"
"Wernerbaurite","Wernerbaurite","(N3-H4)2Ca2[V5+10O28]·16H2O","{(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28}","{(NH_4_)_2_[Ca_2_(H_2_O)_14_](H_2_O)_2_}{V_10_O_28_}","(N^3-^H_4_)_2_Ca_2_[V^5+^_10_O_28_]·16H_2_O","N H Ca O V","IMA2012-064, IMA2015 s.p."," ",6119,"Pascoite","triclinic","P1","N^3- H Ca V^5+ O","Wbr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow-orange","#fcb001"
"Wernerkrauseite","Wernerkrauseite","CaFe3+2Mn4+O6","CaFe3+2Mn4+O6","CaFe^3+^_2_Mn^4+^O_6_","CaFe^3+^_2_Mn^4+^O_6_","Ca Fe Mn O","IMA2014-008"," ",6301,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Fe^3+ Mn^4+ O","Wkr","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Wesselsite","Wesselsite","SrCu2+Si4O10","SrCuSi4O10","SrCuSi_4_O_10_","SrCu^2+^Si_4_O_10_","Sr Cu Si O","IMA1994-055"," ",4682,"Gillespite","tetragonal","P4/ncc","Sr Cu^2+ Si O","Wes","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Westerveldite","Westerveldite","FeAs","FeAs","FeAs","FeAs","Fe As","IMA1971-017"," ",4683,"Modderite","orthorhombic","Pna21, Pnam, Pbnm","Fe As","Wvd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Brownish white, Gray.","#d1f1de,#808080"
"Wetherillite","Wetherillite","Na2Mg(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)4·18H2O","Na2Mg(UO2)2(SO4)4·18H2O","Na_2_Mg(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)_4_·18H_2_O","Na_2_Mg(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·18H_2_O","Na Mg U O S H","IMA2014-044"," ",6340,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Mg U^6+ O S^6+ H","Wet","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Pale greenish-yellow","#cdfd02"
"Wheatleyite","Wheatleyite","Na2Cu2+((C2)6+O4)2·2H2O","Na2Cu(C2O4)2·2H2O","Na_2_Cu(C_2_O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Cu^2+^((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Na Cu C O H","IMA1984-040"," ",4684,"Oxalate","triclinic","P1","Na Cu^2+ C O H","Wty","Biotic; Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue.","#0000ff"
"Whelanite","Whelanite","Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3·2H2O","Cu2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3(H2O)2","Cu_2_Ca_6_[Si_6_O_17_(OH)](CO_3_)(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_2_","Cu^2+^_2_Ca_6_[Si_6_O_17_(OH)](CO_3_)(OH)_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Ca Si O H C","IMA1977-006"," ",4863," ","orthorhombic","Pn2n","Cu^2+ Ca Si O H C","Wla","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Pale blue, greenish blue","#d0fefe,#0b8b87"
"Wherryite","Wherryite","Pb2+7Cu2+2(S6+O4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2","Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2","Pb_7_Cu_2_(SO_4_)_4_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_7_Cu^2+^_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_(SiO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Cu S O Si H"," "," ",4685," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ S^6+ O Si H","Whr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow green, Light green, Light yellow.","#c8fd3d,#76ff7b,#fffe7a"
"Whewellite","Whewellite","Ca(C2)6+O4·H2O","Ca(C2O4)·H2O","Ca(C_2_O_4_)·H_2_O","Ca(C_2_)^6+^O_4_·H_2_O","Ca C O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4686,"Oxalate","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca C O H","Whe","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Brownish, Colorless, Gray, Yellow, Yellow brown.","#9c6d57,#afafaf,#808080,#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Whitecapsite","Whitecapsite","H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(As5+O4)18O16·120H2O","H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16·120H2O","H_16_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_14_Sb^3+^_6_(AsO_4_)_18_O_16_·120H_2_O","H_16_Fe^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_14_Sb^3+^_6_(As^5+^O_4_)_18_O_16_·120H_2_O","H Fe Sb As O","IMA2012-030"," ",6087,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/m","H Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Sb^3+ As^5+ O","Wcp","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright orange to golden-brownish orange","#ff7034,#cb7723"
"Whiteite-(CaFeMg)","Whiteite-(CaFeMg)","CaFe2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaFe2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaFe^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaFe^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Fe Mg Al P O H","IMA1975-001"," ",4687,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Fe^2+ Mg Al P O H","Wt-CaFeMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Yellow, Yellow brown.","#ffff00,#ae8b0c"
"Whiteite-(CaMgMg)","Whiteite-(CaMgMg)","CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMg_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMg_3_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mg Al P O H","IMA2016-001"," ",6530,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mg Al P O H","Wt-CaMgMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Whiteite-(CaMnFe)","Whiteite-(CaMnFe)","CaMn2+Fe2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMnFe_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Fe^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe Al P O H","IMA2022-072"," ",7293,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Al P O H","Wt-CaMnFe",,"No","Colourless to light brown to pale yellow","#afafaf,#b5651d,#eecf9e"
"Whiteite-(CaMnMg)","Whiteite-(CaMnMg)","CaMn2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Mg Al P O H","IMA1986-012"," ",4688,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Mg Al P O H","Wt-CaMnMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Greenish yellow, Yellow, Light lilac, Pink.","#cdfd02,#ffff00,#dcc6d2,#ffc0cb"
"Whiteite-(CaMnMn)","Whiteite-(CaMnMn)","CaMn2+Mn2+2Al2[PO4]4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","CaMn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Al_2_[PO_4_]_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Ca Mn Al P O H","IMA2011-002"," ",5933,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Ca Mn^2+ Al P O H","Wt-CaMnMn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless to pale yellow","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Whiteite-(MnFeMg)","Whiteite-(MnFeMg)","Mn2+Fe2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Fe2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Fe^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Fe^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Fe Mg Al P O H","IMA1978 s.p."," ",4689,"Jahnsite",,,"Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Mg Al P O H","Wt-MnFeMg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Chocolate brown.","#714f29"
"Whiteite-(MnMnMg)","Whiteite-(MnMnMg)","Mn2+Mn2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mg_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Mg Al P O H","IMA2015-092"," ",6491,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Mg Al P O H","Wt-MnMnMg","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","reddish orange","#f8481c"
"Whiteite-(MnMnMn)","Whiteite-(MnMnMn)","Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8H2O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn^2+^Mn^2+^Mn^2+^_2_Al_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Mn Al P O H","IMA2021-049"," ",7148,"Jahnsite","monoclinic","P2/a","Mn^2+ Al P O H","Wt-MnMnMn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","colourless to very pale brown","#afafaf,#927288"
"Whiterockite","Whiterockite","CaMgMn3+3O2(PO4)2(CO3)F·5H2O","CaMgMn3+3O2(PO4)2(CO3)F·5H2O","CaMgMn^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)F·5H_2_O","CaMgMn^3+^_3_O_2_(PO_4_)_2_(CO_3_)F·5H_2_O","Ca Mg Mn O P C F H","IMA2020-044"," ",7062,"Jorgkellerite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Mg Mn^3+ O P C F H","Wrc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","dark red","#840000"
"Whitlockite","Whitlockite","Ca9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)","Ca9Mg(PO3OH)(PO4)6","Ca_9_Mg(PO_3_OH)(PO_4_)_6_","Ca_9_Mg(PO_4_)_6_(PO_3_OH)","Ca Mg P O H"," "," ",4690,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Mg P O H","Wht","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM57 - Other minerals formed by human processes","No","Colorless, Gray, Gray white, Yellowish, White.","#afafaf,#808080,#d7d5cb,#faee66,#ffffff"
"Whitmoreite","Whitmoreite","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Fe P O H","IMA1974-009"," ",4691,"Arthurite","monoclinic","P21/c","Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Whm","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Greenish brown, Light yellow brown, Dark brown.","#653700,#696112,#fffe7a,#73532a"
"Wickenburgite","Wickenburgite","Pb2+3CaAl2Si10O27·4H2O","Pb3CaAl2Si10O27·4H2O","Pb_3_CaAl_2_Si_10_O_27_·4H_2_O","Pb^2+^_3_CaAl_2_Si_10_O_27_·4H_2_O","Pb Ca Al Si O H","IMA1968-006"," ",4692,"Wickenburgite","hexagonal","P31c","Pb^2+ Ca Al Si O H","Wbu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb"
"Wickmanite","Wickmanite","Mn2+Sn4+(OH)6","Mn2+Sn4+(OH)6","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^(OH)_6_","Mn Sn O H","IMA1965-024"," ",4693,"Perovskite","cubic","Pn3, Pn3m","Mn^2+ Sn^4+ O H","Wm","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Orange brown, Yellow orange, Colorless.","#ffff00,#b16002,#fcb001,#afafaf"
"Wicksite","Wicksite","NaCa2Fe2+2(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)4(PO4)6·2H2O","NaCa2Fe2+2(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)4(PO4)6·2H2O","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_4_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","NaCa_2_Fe^2+^_2_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^,Fe^2+^)_4_(PO_4_)_6_·2H_2_O","Na Ca Fe Mn P O H","IMA1979-019"," ",4694,"Wicksite","orthorhombic","Pcab","Na Ca Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ P O H","Wic","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish black, Dark blue, Black.","#413f44,#315b7d,#000000"
"Widenmannite","Widenmannite","Pb2+2U6+O2(CO3)2(OH)2","Pb2(OH)2[(UO2)(CO3)2]","Pb_2_(OH)_2_[(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_2_]","Pb^2+^_2_U^6+^O_2_(CO_3_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb O H U C","IMA1974-008"," ",4695," ","orthorhombic","Pnmm, Pmmn","Pb^2+ U^6+ O C H","Wdm","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow.","#fffe7a"
"Widgiemoolthalite","Widgiemoolthalite","Ni2+5(CO3)4(OH)2·4-5H2O","Ni5(CO3)4(OH)2·4-5H2O","Ni_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·4-5H_2_O","Ni^2+^_5_(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_2_·4-5H_2_O","Ni C O H","IMA1992-006"," ",4696," ","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ C O H","Wmo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Blue green, Green.","#137e6d,#00ff00"
"Wightmanite","Wightmanite","Mg5O(BO3)(OH)5·2H2O","Mg5O(BO3)(OH)5·2H2O","Mg_5_O(BO_3_)(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Mg_5_O(BO_3_)(OH)_5_·2H_2_O","Mg O B H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4697," ","monoclinic","I2/m","Mg O B H","Wmn","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","Colorless, Light green.","#afafaf,#76ff7b"
"Wiklundite","Wiklundite","Pb2+2(Mn2+,Zn2+)3(Fe3+,Mn2+)2(Mn2+,Mg)19(As3+O3)2(Si,As5+O4)6(OH)18Cl6","Pb2(Mn2+,Zn)3(Fe3+,Mn2+)2(Mn2+,Mg)19(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]6(OH)18Cl6","Pb_2_(Mn^2+^,Zn)_3_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_2_(Mn^2+^,Mg)_19_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_[(Si,As^5+^)O_4_]_6_(OH)_18_Cl_6_","Pb^2+^_2_(Mn^2+^,Zn^2+^)_3_(Fe^3+^,Mn^2+^)_2_(Mn^2+^,Mg)_19_(As^3+^O_3_)_2_(Si,As^5+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_18_Cl_6_","Pb Mn Zn Fe Mg As O Si H Cl","IMA2015-057"," ",6457,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","R3c","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Mg As^3+ O Si As^5+ H Cl","Wik","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish-red, reddish-brown to dark brown","#9e3623,#7f2b0a,#73532a"
"Wilancookite","Wilancookite","(Ba5Li2☐)Ba6Be24P24O96·26H2O","(Ba5Li2☐)Ba6Be24P24O96·26H2O","(Ba_5_Li_2_[box])Ba_6_Be_24_P_24_O_96_·26H_2_O","(Ba_5_Li_2_[box])Ba_6_Be_24_P_24_O_96_·26H_2_O","Ba Li Be P O H","IMA2015-034"," ",6442," ","cubic","I23","Ba Li Be P O H","Wck","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colourless","#afafaf"
"Wilcoxite","Wilcoxite","MgAl(S6+O4)2F·18H2O","MgAl(SO4)2F·17H2O","MgAl(SO_4_)_2_F·17H_2_O","MgAl(S^6+^O_4_)_2_F·18H_2_O","Mg Al S O F H","IMA1979-070"," ",4698,"Aubertite","triclinic","P1","Mg Al S^6+ O F H","Wcx","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Wildcatite","Wildcatite","CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH)","CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH)","CaFe^3+^Te^6+^O_5_(OH)","CaFe^3+^Te^6+^O_5_(OH)","Ca Fe Te O H","IMA2020-019"," ",7030,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P31m","Ca Fe^3+ Te^6+ O H","Wct","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange to brown, red-brown, white","#ffa500,#653700,#a52a2f,#ffffff"
"Wildenauerite","Wildenauerite","Zn2+(Fe3+0.5Mn2+0.5)2Mn2+Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)3(H2O)8","Zn(Fe3+0.5Mn2+0.5)2Mn2+Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)3(H2O)8","Zn(Fe^3+^_0.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_)_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_8_","Zn^2+^(Fe^3+^_0.5_Mn^2+^_0.5_)_2_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_3_(H_2_O)_8_","Zn Fe Mn P O H","IMA2017-058"," ",6696,"Calcioferrite","orthorhombic","Pmab","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^2+ P O H","Wda","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange to red brown","#ffa500,#a52a2f"
"Wilhelmgümbelite","Wilhelmgumbelite","Zn2+Fe2+Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)5·2H2O","[ZnFe2+Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)4(H2O)5]·2H2O","[ZnFe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_5_]·2H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^2+^Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_(H_2_O)_5_·2H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2015-072"," ",6483,"Calcioferrite-Schoonerite","orthorhombic","Pmab","Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Wgü","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light yellow-brown to orange-red","#9dff00,#fe4401"
"Wilhelmkleinite","Wilhelmkleinite","Zn2+Fe3+2(As5+O4)2(OH)2","ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2","ZnFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Zn Fe As O H","IMA1997-034"," ",4699," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Wkl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blackish green.","#5d6161"
"Wilhelmramsayite","Wilhelmramsayite","Cu3FeS3·2H2O","Cu3FeS3·2H2O","Cu_3_FeS_3_·2H_2_O","Cu_3_FeS_3_·2H_2_O","Cu Fe S H O","IMA2004-033"," ",5286," ","orthorhombic","Pmmm","Cu Fe S H O","Wrm","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark lead gray, Iron black.","#840000,#263145"
"Wilhelmvierlingite","Wilhelmvierlingite","CaMn2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","CaMn2+Fe3+(PO4)2(OH)·2H2O","CaMn^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","CaMn^2+^Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)·2H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1982-025"," ",4700,"Overite","orthorhombic",,"Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Wvl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Yellow.","#c9b003,#ffff00"
"Wilkinsonite","Wilkinsonite","Na4(Fe2+8Fe3+4)O4[Si12O36]","Na4[Fe2+8Fe3+4]O4[Si12O36]","Na_4_[Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^_4_]O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na_4_(Fe^2+^_8_Fe^3+^_4_)O_4_[Si_12_O_36_]","Na Fe O Si","IMA1988-053"," ",4701,"Sapphirine","triclinic","P1","Na Fe^2+ Fe^3+ O Si","Wkn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Black.","#000000"
"Wilkmanite","Wilkmanite","Ni3Se4","Ni3Se4","Ni_3_Se_4_","Ni_3_Se_4_","Ni Se","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4702,"Wilkmanite","monoclinic","C2/m, I2/m","Ni Se","Wkm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grayish yellow.","#877254"
"Willemite","Willemite","Zn2+2SiO4","Zn2SiO4","Zn_2_SiO_4_","Zn^2+^_2_SiO_4_","Zn Si O"," "," ",4703,"Phenakite","hexagonal, tetragonal","R3, I42d","Zn^2+ Si O","Wlm","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Yellow, Green, Reddish brown, Black.","#ffffff,#ffff00,#00ff00,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Willemseite","Willemseite","Ni2+3Si4O10(OH)2","Ni3Si4O10(OH)2","Ni_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Ni^2+^_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_","Ni Si O H","IMA1971 s.p."," ",4704,"Clay, Talc","monoclinic",,"Ni^2+ Si O H","Wls","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Willhendersonite","Willhendersonite","KCa(Si3Al3)O12·5H2O","KCa(Si3Al3)O12·5H2O","KCa(Si_3_Al_3_)O_12_·5H_2_O","KCa(Si_3_Al_3_)O_12_·5H_2_O","K Ca Si Al O H","IMA1981-030"," ",4705,"Chabazite","triclinic","P1","K Ca Si Al O H","Whd","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Willyamite","Willyamite","Co3+(SbS)3-","CoSbS","CoSbS","Co^3+^(SbS)^3-^","Co Sb S","IMA1969-001a, IMA1970 s.p."," ",4706,"Cobaltite","orthorhombic","Pca21","Co^3+ Sb S","Wly","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray, Silver white.","#43464b,#e7e8e3"
"Wiluite","Wiluite","Ca19(Al,Mg)13(B,☐,Al)5(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(O,OH)10","Ca19(Al,Mg)13(B,☐,Al)5(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(O,OH)10","Ca_19_(Al,Mg)_13_(B,[box],Al)_5_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(O,OH)_10_","Ca_19_(Al,Mg)_13_(B,[box],Al)_5_(SiO_4_)_10_(Si_2_O_7_)_4_(O,OH)_10_","Ca Al Mg B Si O H","IMA1997-026"," ",4707,"Vesuvianite","tetragonal","P4/nnc","Ca Al Mg B Si O H","Wil","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Dark green.","#033500"
"Winchite","Winchite","☐NaCa(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2","☐(NaCa)(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2","[box](NaCa)(Mg_4_Al)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","[box]NaCa(Mg_4_Al)Si_8_O_22_(OH)_2_","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","IMA2012 s.p."," ",4708,"Amphibole","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Ca Mg Al Si O H","Wnc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","Cobalt blue, Violet blue.","#28589c,#510ac9"
"Windhoekite","Windhoekite","Ca2Fe3+2.67(Si8O20)(OH)4·10H2O","Ca2Fe3+3-x[Si8O20](OH)4·10H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3-x_[Si_8_O_20_](OH)_4_·10H_2_O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_2.67_(Si_8_O_20_)(OH)_4_·10H_2_O","Ca Fe Si O H","IMA2010-083"," ",5926,"Palygorskite","monoclinic","C2/m","Ca Fe^3+ Si O H","Whk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown to yellowish brown","#653700,#9b7a01"
"Windmountainite","Windmountainite","☐Fe3+2Mg2Si8O20(OH)2·8H2O","☐Fe3+2Mg2Si8O20(OH)2·8H2O","[box]Fe^3+^_2_Mg_2_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","[box]Fe^3+^_2_Mg_2_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·8H_2_O","Fe Mg Si O H","IMA2018-130a"," ",6932,"Clay, Palygorskite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^3+ Mg Si O H","Wmt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange-brown","#b16002"
"Winstanleyite","Winstanleyite","Ti4+Te4+3O8","TiTe4+3O8","TiTe^4+^_3_O_8_","Ti^4+^Te^4+^_3_O_8_","Ti Te O","IMA1979-001"," ",4709," ","cubic","I21/a3","Ti^4+ Te^4+ O","Wsn","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Yellow, Light brown.","#ffff00,#b5651d"
"Wiperamingaite","Wiperamingaite","NaCaFe3+Al(PO4)F5(OH)·H2O","NaCaFe3+Al(PO4)F5(OH)·H2O","NaCaFe^3+^Al(PO_4_)F_5_(OH)·H_2_O","NaCaFe^3+^Al(PO_4_)F_5_(OH)·H_2_O","Na Ca Fe Al P O F H","IMA2023-023"," ",7378,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","P212121","Na Ca Fe^3+ Al P O F H","Wip",,"No"," brownish-orange to brownish-pink","#cb7723,#c27e79"
"Wiserite","Wiserite","Mn2+14(B2O5)4(OH)8·(Si,Mg)(O,OH)4Cl","Mn2+14(B2O5)4(OH)8·(Si,Mg)(O,OH)4Cl","Mn^2+^_14_(B_2_O_5_)_4_(OH)_8_·(Si,Mg)(O,OH)_4_Cl","Mn^2+^_14_(B_2_O_5_)_4_(OH)_8_·(Si,Mg)(O,OH)_4_Cl","Mn B O H Si Mg Cl"," "," ",4710," ","tetragonal","P4/n","Mn^2+ B O H Si Mg Cl","Wis","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Brownish, Reddish, Pinkish brown.","#ffffff,#9c6d57,#c44240,#b17261"
"Witherite","Witherite","BaCO3","Ba(CO3)","Ba(CO_3_)","BaCO_3_","Ba C O"," "," ",4711,"Aragonite","orthorhombic","Pmcn","Ba C O","Wth","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, Milky white, Grayish white, Pale yellowish white, Pale brownish white.","#afafaf,#dcd9cd,#d6dee9,#bdd4d1,#b1916e"
"Wittichenite","Wittichenite","Cu1+3Bi3+S2-3","Cu3BiS3","Cu_3_BiS_3_","Cu^1+^_3_Bi^3+^S^2-^_3_","Cu Bi S"," "," ",4712," ","orthorhombic","P212121","Cu^1+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Wtc","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Lead gray, Bronze, Steel gray, Tin white.","#8a7963,#a87900,#43464b,#cfd5db"
"Wittite","Wittite","Pb2+8Bi3+10(S2-,Se2-)23","Pb8Bi10(S,Se)23","Pb_8_Bi_10_(S,Se)_23_","Pb^2+^_8_Bi^3+^_10_(S^2-^,Se^2-^)_23_","Pb Bi S Se"," "," ",4713," ","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2- Se^2-","Wit","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Light lead gray.","#ff7f7f"
"Witzkeite","Witzkeite","Na4K4Ca(N5+O3)2(S6+O4)4·2H2O","Na4K4Ca(NO3)2(SO4)4·2H2O","Na_4_K_4_Ca(NO_3_)_2_(SO_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","Na_4_K_4_Ca(N^5+^O_3_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·2H_2_O","Na K Ca N O S H","IMA2011-084"," ",6027,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Na K Ca N^5+ O S^6+ H","Wzk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM52 - Guano- and urine-derived minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Wodegongjieite","Wodegongjieite","KCa3(Al7Si9)O32","KCa3(Al7Si9)O32","KCa_3_(Al_7_Si_9_)O_32_","KCa_3_(Al_7_Si_9_)O_32_","K Ca Al Si O","IMA2020-036b"," ",7229,"Cymrite","hexagonal","P6/mcc","K Ca Al Si O","Wgj","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No"," whitish to colourless","#fefffc,#afafaf"
"Wodginite","Wodginite","Mn2+Sn4+Ta5+2O8","Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^Ta_2_O_8_","Mn^2+^Sn^4+^Ta^5+^_2_O_8_","Mn Sn Ta O","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4714,"Columbite","monoclinic","C2/c, Cc","Mn^2+ Sn^4+ Ta^5+ O","Wdg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown, Reddish brown, Black, Black brown.","#73532a,#7f2b0a,#000000,#73532a"
"Wöhlerite","Wohlerite","Na2Ca4Zr4+(Nb5+,Ti4+)(Si2O7)2(O,F)4","Na2Ca4Zr(Nb,Ti)(Si2O7)2(O,F)4","Na_2_Ca_4_Zr(Nb,Ti)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(O,F)_4_","Na_2_Ca_4_Zr^4+^(Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(O,F)_4_","Na Ca Zr Nb Ti Si O F"," "," ",4882,"Wöhlerite","monoclinic","P21","Na Ca Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ Si O F","Wöh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wolfeite","Wolfeite","Fe2+2PO4(OH)","Fe2+2(PO4)(OH)","Fe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)(OH)","Fe^2+^_2_PO_4_(OH)","Fe P O H"," "," ",4716,"Wagnerite","monoclinic","P21/a","Fe^2+ P O H","Wol","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish, Dark brown, Reddish brown.","#40a368,#73532a,#7f2b0a"
"Wolfsriedite","Wolfsriedite","Pb2+[(U6+O2)2(W6+Fe3+)O7(OH)](H2O)3","Pb[(UO2)2(W6+Fe3+)O7(OH)](H2O)3","Pb[(UO_2_)_2_(W^6+^Fe^3+^)O_7_(OH)](H_2_O)_3_","Pb^2+^[(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(W^6+^Fe^3+^)O_7_(OH)](H_2_O)_3_","Pb U O W Fe H","IMA2022-048a"," ",7566,"Uranotungstite","monoclinic","P21/m","Pb^2+ U^6+ O W^6+ Fe^3+ H","Wfr",,"No","Dark olive-green, blackish","#7ebd01,#5b5c61"
"Wollastonite","Wollastonite","CaSiO3","CaSiO3","CaSiO_3_","CaSiO_3_","Ca Si O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4717,"Wollastonite","monoclinic, triclinic","P21/a, C1, P1","Ca Si O","Wo","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wölsendorfite","Wolsendorfite","Pb2+7(U6+O2)14O19(OH)4·12H2O","Pb7(UO2)14O19(OH)4·12H2O","Pb_7_(UO_2_)_14_O_19_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Pb^2+^_7_(U^6+^O_2_)_14_O_19_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Pb U O H"," "," ",4718,"Wölsendorfite","orthorhombic","Cmcm","Pb^2+ U^6+ O H","Wsd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange-red, bright carmine-red","#fe4401,#d70041"
"Wonesite","Wonesite","(Na,K,☐)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4","(Na,K,☐)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4","(Na,K,[box])(Mg,Fe,Al)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH,F)_4_","(Na,K,[box])(Mg,Fe^2+^,Al,Fe^3+^)_6_(Si,Al)_8_O_20_(OH,F)_4_","Na K Mg Fe Al Si O H F","IMA1979-007a"," ",4719,"Mica, Clay","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/m, C1","Na K Mg Fe^2+ Al Fe^3+ Si O H F","Wns","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Yellow brown, Dark brown.","#ae8b0c,#73532a"
"Woodallite","Woodallite","Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O","Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O","Mg_6_Cr_2_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg_6_Cr^3+^_2_(OH)_16_Cl_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Cr O H Cl","IMA2000-042"," ",4720,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","R3m","Mg Cr^3+ O H Cl","Wod","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Deep magenta, Purple.","#a0025c,#800080"
"Woodhouseite","Woodhouseite","CaAl3(S6+O4)(PO4)(OH)6","CaAl3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6","CaAl_3_(SO_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","CaAl_3_(S^6+^O_4_)(PO_4_)(OH)_6_","Ca Al S O P H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4721,"Alunite-beudantite","hexagonal","R3m","Ca Al S^6+ O P H","Wdh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM21 - Chemical precipitation, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White, Pink, Pale orange.","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ffc0cb,#db9c7b"
"Woodruffite","Woodruffite","Zn2+2Mn4+5O12·4H2O","Zn2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10·4H2O","Zn_2_(Mn^4+^,Mn^3+^)_5_O_10_·4H_2_O","Zn^2+^_2_Mn^4+^_5_O_12_·4H_2_O","Zn Mn O H"," "," ",4722," ",,,"Zn^2+ Mn^4+ O H","Wdr","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brown, Iron black, Black brown.","#653700,#263145,#73532a"
"Woodwardite","Woodwardite","(Cu2+,Al)9(S6+O4)2(OH)18·nH2O","(Cu1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Cu_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Cu^2+^,Al)_9_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_18_·nH_2_O","Cu Al S O H"," "," ",4723,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite",,,"Cu^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Wwd","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue, Turquoise.","#0b8b87,#06c2ac"
"Wooldridgeite","Wooldridgeite","Na2CaCu2+2(P2O7)2·10H2O","Na2CaCu2+2(P2O7)2·10H2O","Na_2_CaCu^2+^_2_(P_2_O_7_)_2_·10H_2_O","Na_2_CaCu^2+^_2_(P_2_O_7_)_2_·10H_2_O","Na Ca Cu P O H","IMA1997-037"," ",4724," ","orthorhombic","Fdd2","Na Ca Cu^2+ P O H","Woo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish blue.","#0b8b87"
"Wopmayite","Wopmayite","Ca6Na3☐Mn2+(PO4)3(PO3OH)4","Ca6Na3☐Mn(PO4)3(PO3OH)4","Ca_6_Na_3_[box]Mn(PO_4_)_3_(PO_3_OH)_4_","Ca_6_Na_3_[box]Mn^2+^(PO_4_)_3_(PO_3_OH)_4_","Ca Na Mn P O H","IMA2011-093"," ",6034,"Cerite","hexagonal","R3c","Ca Na Mn^2+ P O H","Wop","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless to white to pale pink","#afafaf,#ffffff,#efcddb"
"Wortupaite","Wortupaite","MgNi2+2(Te4+O3)3·3H2O","MgNi2+2(Te4+O3)3·3H2O","MgNi^2+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·3H_2_O","MgNi^2+^_2_(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·3H_2_O","Mg Ni Te O H","IMA2022-107"," ",7327,"Zemannite","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg Ni^2+ Te^4+ O H","Wor",,"No"," pale yellowish green","#bdd4d1"
"Wrightite","Wrightite","K2Al2O(As5+O4)2","K2Al2O(AsO4)2","K_2_Al_2_O(AsO_4_)_2_","K_2_Al_2_O(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","K Al O As","IMA2015-120"," ",6521,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","K Al O As^5+","Wgh","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colorless to light yellow","#afafaf,#fffe7a"
"Wroewolfeite","Wroewolfeite","Cu2+4S6+O4(OH)6·2H2O","Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·2H2O","Cu_4_(SO_4_)(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^_4_S^6+^O_4_(OH)_6_·2H_2_O","Cu S O H","IMA1973-064"," ",4725," ","monoclinic","Pc","Cu^2+ S^6+ O H","Wwf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Greenish blue, Dark greenish blue.","#0b8b87,#033500"
"Wulfenite","Wulfenite","Pb2+Mo6+O4","PbMoO4","PbMoO_4_","Pb^2+^Mo^6+^O_4_","Pb Mo O"," "," ",4726,"Scheelite","tetragonal","I41/a","Pb^2+ Mo^6+ O","Wul","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange yellow, Waxy yellow, Yellowish gray, Olive green, Brown.","#fdb915,#eae8a0,#edeeda,#8ead2c,#653700"
"Wulffite","Wulffite","K3NaCu2+4(S6+O4)4O2","K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4","K_3_NaCu_4_O_2_(SO_4_)_4_","K_3_NaCu^2+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_O_2_","K Na Cu O S","IMA2013-035"," ",6200,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pn21a","K Na Cu^2+ S^6+ O","Wlf","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Dark green or deep emerald-green","#033500,#4c574b"
"Wülfingite","Wulfingite","Zn2+(OH)2","Zn(OH)2","Zn(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^(OH)_2_","Zn O H","IMA1983-070"," ",4727,"Cristobalite","orthorhombic","P212121","Zn^2+ O H","Wfg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colourless, white","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Wumuite","Wumuite","KAl0.33W6+2.67O9","KAl0.33W2.67O9","KAl_0.33_W_2.67_O_9_","KAl_0.33_W^6+^_2.67_O_9_","K Al W O","IMA2017-067a"," ",6773,"Wumuite","hexagonal","P6/mmm","K Al W^6+ O","Wum","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light green","#76ff7b"
"Wupatkiite","Wupatkiite","Co2+Al2(S6+O4)4·22H2O","CoAl2(SO4)4·22H2O","CoAl_2_(SO_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Co^2+^Al_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_4_·22H_2_O","Co Al S O H","IMA1994-019"," ",4728,"Halotrichite","monoclinic","P21/c","Co^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Wup","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Light pink, Pink.","#ffd1df,#ffc0cb"
"Wurtzite","Wurtzite","Zn2+S2+","ZnS","ZnS","Zn^2+^S^2+^","Zn S"," "," ",4729,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ S^2+","Wur","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), PM31 - Contact metamorphism, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM49 - Oxic cellular biomineralization, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Brownish black, Orange brown, Reddish brown, Black.","#413936,#b16002,#7f2b0a,#000000"
"Wüstite","Wustite","Fe2+O","FeO","FeO","Fe^2+^O","Fe O"," "," ",4730,"Rocksalt","cubic","Fm3m, Fm3m","Fe^2+ O","Wüs","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, PM42 - Sea-floor Mn nodules","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Wuyanzhiite","Wuyanzhiite","Cu2S","Cu2S","Cu_2_S","Cu_2_S","Cu S","IMA2017-081"," ",6711," ","tetragonal","P43212","Cu S","Wuy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","dark gray","#363737"
"Wyartite","Wyartite","CaU5+(U6+O2)2(CO3)O4(OH)·7H2O","CaU5+(UO2)2(CO3)O4(OH)·7H2O","CaU^5+^(UO_2_)_2_(CO_3_)O_4_(OH)·7H_2_O","CaU^5+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(CO_3_)O_4_(OH)·7H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4731," ","orthorhombic","P212121, Pmcn","Ca U^5+ U^6+ O C H","Wya","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish black, Black, Black violet.","#454445,#000000,#2b2c42"
"Wycheproofite","Wycheproofite","NaAlZr4+(PO4)2(OH)2·H2O","NaAlZr(PO4)2(OH)2·H2O","NaAlZr(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","NaAlZr^4+^(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Na Al Zr P O H","IMA1993-024"," ",4732," ","triclinic","P1","Na Al Zr^4+ P O H","Wyc","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Pale pinkish orange, Pale brownish orange.","#efcddb,#b1916e"
"Wyllieite","Wyllieite","NaNaMn2+(Fe2+Al)(PO4)3","NaNaMn(Fe2+Al)(PO4)3","NaNaMn(Fe^2+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","NaNaMn^2+^(Fe^2+^Al)(PO_4_)_3_","Na Mn Fe Al P O","IMA1972-015"," ",4733,"Alluaudite-Wyllieite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Fe^2+ Al P O","Wyl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Bluish green, Greenish black, Gray green, Dark green.","#10a674,#454445,#86a17d,#033500"
"Xanthiosite","Xanthiosite","Ni2+3☐(As5+O4)2","Ni3(AsO4)2","Ni_3_(AsO_4_)_2_","Ni^2+^_3_[box](As^5+^O_4_)_2_","Ni As O","IMA1965 s.p."," ",4734,"Olivine-Sarcopside","monoclinic","P21/c","Ni^2+ As^5+ O","Xth","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Xanthoconite","Xanthoconite","Ag1+3As3+S2-3","Ag3AsS3","Ag_3_AsS_3_","Ag^1+^_3_As^3+^S^2-^_3_","Ag As S"," "," ",4735,"Xanthoconite","monoclinic","C2/c","Ag^1+ As^3+ S^2-","Xcn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Dark crimson red, Dark orange, Brown, Lemon yellow.","#843c41,#c65102,#653700,#cfff04"
"Xanthoxenite","Xanthoxenite","Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·3H2O","Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2·3H2O","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca_4_Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca Fe P O H","IMA1975-004a"," ",4736," ",,,"Ca Fe^3+ P O H","Xox","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish yellow, Light yellow.","#c9b003,#fffe7a"
"Xenophyllite","Xenophyllite","Na4Fe2+7(PO4)6","Na4Fe7(PO4)6","Na_4_Fe_7_(PO_4_)_6_","Na_4_Fe^2+^_7_(PO_4_)_6_","Na Fe P O","IMA2006-006"," ",5609," ",,,"Na Fe^2+ P O","Xp","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM30 - Terrestrial impact minerals","No","Bluish-green to grey-green","#10a674,#86a17d"
"Xenotime-(Gd)","Xenotime-(Gd)","Gd(PO4)","Gd(PO4)","Gd(PO_4_)","Gd(PO_4_)","Gd P O","IMA2023-091"," ",7429,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Gd P O","Xtm-Gd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Xenotime-(Y)","Xenotime-(Y)","YPO4","Y(PO4)","Y(PO_4_)","YPO_4_","Y P O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4737,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Y P O","Xtm-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellowish brown, Greenish brown, Gray, Reddish brown, Brown.","#9b7a01,#696112,#808080,#7f2b0a,#653700"
"Xenotime-(Yb)","Xenotime-(Yb)","Yb3+PO4","Yb(PO4)","Yb(PO_4_)","Yb^3+^PO_4_","Yb P O","IMA1998-049"," ",4738,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Yb^3+ P O","Xtm-Yb","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Yellowish white, Brownish white.","#afafaf,#e9f1d0,#d1f1de"
"Xiangjiangite","Xiangjiangite","Fe3+(U6+O2)4(PO4)2(S6+O4)2(OH)·22H2O","Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH)·22H2O","Fe^3+^(UO_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·22H_2_O","Fe^3+^(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(PO_4_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·22H_2_O","Fe U O P S H","IMA1982 s.p."," ",4739," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^3+ U^6+ O P S^6+ H","Xjg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Bright yellow.","#ffff00,#fffd01"
"Xianhuaite-(Ce)","Xianhuaite-(Ce)","K2Ce3+Nb5+5O15","K2CeNb5O15","K_2_CeNb_5_O_15_","K_2_Ce^3+^Nb^5+^_5_O_15_","K Ce Nb O","IMA2024-091"," ",7539,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P4/mbm","K Ce^3+ Nb^5+ O","Xhu-Ce",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Xieite","Xieite","Fe2+Cr3+2O4","FeCr2O4","FeCr_2_O_4_","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Fe Cr O","IMA2007-056"," ",5598,"Spinel-Post-spinel","orthorhombic","Bbmm, Cmcm","Fe^2+ Cr^3+ O","Xi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Xiexiandeite","Xiexiandeite","SiO2","SiO2","SiO_2_","SiO_2_","Si O","IMA2025-006"," ",7573," ","monoclinic","P21/c","Si O","Xd",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Xifengite","Xifengite","Fe5Si3","Fe5Si3","Fe_5_Si_3_","Fe_5_Si_3_","Fe Si","IMA1983-086"," ",4740,"Xifengite","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Fe Si","Xif","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Xilingolite","Xilingolite","Pb2+3Bi3+2S2-6","Pb3Bi2S6","Pb_3_Bi_2_S_6_","Pb^2+^_3_Bi^3+^_2_S^2-^_6_","Pb Bi S","IMA1982-024"," ",4741,"Lillianite","monoclinic","C2/m","Pb^2+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Xil","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No","Lead gray.","#8a7963"
"Ximengite","Ximengite","Bi3+PO4","Bi(PO4)","Bi(PO_4_)","Bi^3+^PO_4_","Bi P O","IMA1985-004"," ",4742,"Rhabdophane","hexagonal","P3121","Bi^3+ P O","Xim","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Xingzhongite","Xingzhongite","Pb2+Ir3+2S2-4","Pb2+Ir3+2S4","Pb^2+^Ir^3+^_2_S_4_","Pb^2+^Ir^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Pb Ir S","IMA1980 s.p."," ",4743,"Spinel","cubic",,"Pb^2+ Ir^3+ S^2-","Xin","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Xitieshanite","Xitieshanite","Fe3+S6+O4Cl·6H2O","Fe3+(SO4)Cl·6H2O","Fe^3+^(SO_4_)Cl·6H_2_O","Fe^3+^S^6+^O_4_Cl·6H_2_O","Fe S O Cl H","IMA1982-044"," ",4744," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Fe^3+ S^6+ O Cl H","Xit","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Green, Yellow green.","#00ff00,#c8fd3d"
"Xocolatlite","Xocolatlite","Ca2Mn4+2Te6+2O12·H2O","Ca2Mn4+2Te6+2O12·H2O","Ca_2_Mn^4+^_2_Te^6+^_2_O_12_·H_2_O","Ca_2_Mn^4+^_2_Te^6+^_2_O_12_·H_2_O","Ca Mn Te O H","IMA2007-020"," ",5623," ","monoclinic",,"Ca Mn^4+ Te^6+ O H","Xoc","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Chocolate brown.","#714f29"
"Xocomecatlite","Xocomecatlite","Cu2+3Te6+O4(OH)4","Cu3(Te6+O4)(OH)4","Cu_3_(Te^6+^O_4_)(OH)_4_","Cu^2+^_3_Te^6+^O_4_(OH)_4_","Cu Te O H","IMA1974-048"," ",4745," ",,,"Cu^2+ Te^6+ O H","Xco","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Emerald green.","#00ff00,#046307"
"Xonotlite","Xonotlite","Ca6Si6O17(OH)2","Ca6Si6O17(OH)2","Ca_6_Si_6_O_17_(OH)_2_","Ca_6_Si_6_O_17_(OH)_2_","Ca Si O H"," "," ",4746," ","triclinic, monoclinic","P1, A2/a, P2/a, A1","Ca Si O H","Xon","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Colorless, Gray, Lemon white, Light gray, Pink.","#afafaf,#808080,#fbf6e0,#d8dcd6,#ffc0cb"
"Xuite","Xuite","Ca3Fe3+2[AlO3(OH)]3","Ca3Fe2[AlO3(OH)]3","Ca_3_Fe_2_[AlO_3_(OH)]_3_","Ca_3_Fe^3+^_2_[AlO_3_(OH)]_3_","Ca Fe Al O H","IMA2018-135a"," ",7081,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, Ia3d","Ca Fe^3+ Al O H","Xu","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Xuwenyuanite","Xuwenyuanite","Ag1+9Fe3+Te2-2S2-4","Ag9Fe3+Te2S4","Ag_9_Fe^3+^Te_2_S_4_","Ag^1+^_9_Fe^3+^Te^2-^_2_S^2-^_4_","Ag Fe Te S","IMA2021-080"," ",7186," ","cubic","F43m","Ag^1+ Fe^3+ Te^2- S^2-","Xuw","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Yafsoanite","Yafsoanite","Ca3Te6+2Zn2+3O12","Ca3Te6+2(ZnO4)3","Ca_3_Te^6+^_2_(ZnO_4_)_3_","Ca_3_Te^6+^_2_Zn^2+^_3_O_12_","Ca Te Zn O","IMA1981-022"," ",4747,"Garnet","cubic","Ia3d, I4132","Ca Te^6+ Zn^2+ O","Yaf","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Dark brown.","#b5651d,#73532a"
"Yagiite","Yagiite","NaMg2(AlMg2Si12)O30","NaMg2(AlMg2Si12)O30","NaMg_2_(AlMg_2_Si_12_)O_30_","NaMg_2_(AlMg_2_Si_12_)O_30_","Na Mg Al Si O","IMA1968-020"," ",4748,"Milarite","hexagonal",,"Na Mg Al Si O","Yag","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Yakhontovite","Yakhontovite","(Ca,Na,K)0.2(Cu2+,Fe3+,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·3H2O","(Ca,Na,K)0.2(Cu,Fe,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·3H2O","(Ca,Na,K)_0.2_(Cu,Fe,Mg)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","(Ca,Na,K)_0.2_(Cu^2+^,Fe^3+^,Mg)_2_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·3H_2_O","Ca Na K Cu Fe Mg Si O H","IMA1984-032a"," ",4749,"Smectite-vermiculite, Clay","monoclinic",,"Ca Na K Cu^2+ Fe^3+ Mg Si O H","Ykh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pistachio green.","#a9d39e"
"Yakovenchukite-(Y)","Yakovenchukite-(Y)","K3NaCaY2Si12O30·4H2O","K3NaCaY2Si12O30·4H2O","K_3_NaCaY_2_Si_12_O_30_·4H_2_O","K_3_NaCaY_2_Si_12_O_30_·4H_2_O","K Na Ca Y Si O H","IMA2006-002"," ",5552," ","orthorhombic","Pcca","K Na Ca Y Si O H","Yak-Y","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Creamy, Colorless.","#efe8db,#afafaf"
"Yakubovichite","Yakubovichite","CaNi2+2Fe3+(PO4)3","CaNi2Fe3+(PO4)3","CaNi_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","CaNi^2+^_2_Fe^3+^(PO_4_)_3_","Ca Ni Fe P O","IMA2020-094"," ",7109,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Imma","Ca Ni^2+ Fe^3+ P O","Ybv","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","deep yellow to lemon-yellow","#feff32,#cfff04"
"Yamhamelachite","Yamhamelachite","KCr3+P2O7","KCrP2O7","KCrP_2_O_7_","KCr^3+^P_2_O_7_","K Cr P O","IMA2023-103"," ",7451," ","monoclinic","P21/c","K Cr^3+ P O","Ymm",,"No","green","#00ff00"
"Yancowinnaite","Yancowinnaite","Pb2+Cu2+Al(As5+O4)2OH·H2O","PbCuAl(AsO4)2OH·H2O","PbCuAl(AsO_4_)_2_OH·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^Al(As^5+^O_4_)_2_OH·H_2_O","Pb Cu Al As O H","IMA2010-030"," ",5857,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ Al As^5+ O H","Ycw","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellowish-green to green","#b0dd16,#00ff00"
"Yangite","Yangite","Pb2+Mn2+Si3O8·H2O","PbMnSi3O8·H2O","PbMnSi_3_O_8_·H_2_O","Pb^2+^Mn^2+^Si_3_O_8_·H_2_O","Pb Mn Si O H","IMA2012-052"," ",6108,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Mn^2+ Si O H","Ygi","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Dark brown","#73532a"
"Yangzhumingite","Yangzhumingite","KMg2.5Si4O10F2","KMg2.5Si4O10F2","KMg_2.5_Si_4_O_10_F_2_","KMg_2.5_Si_4_O_10_F_2_","K Mg Si O F","IMA2009-017"," ",5746,"Mica","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mg Si O F","Yzh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Yanomamite","Yanomamite","In3+As5+O4·2H2O","In(AsO4)·2H2O","In(AsO_4_)·2H_2_O","In^3+^As^5+^O_4_·2H_2_O","In As O H","IMA1990-052"," ",4750," ","orthorhombic","Pbca","In^3+ As^5+ O H","Yan","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Blue green, Light green, Light yellow green.","#137e6d,#76ff7b,#fffe7a"
"Yarlongite","Yarlongite","Cr4Fe4NiC4","(Cr4Fe4Ni)C4","(Cr_4_Fe_4_Ni)C_4_","Cr_4_Fe_4_NiC_4_","Cr Fe Ni C","IMA2007-035"," ",5635," ","hexagonal","P63mc, P63/m","Cr Fe Ni C","Ylg","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Yaroshevskite","Yaroshevskite","Cu2+9O2(V5+O4)4Cl2","Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2","Cu_9_O_2_(VO_4_)_4_Cl_2_","Cu^2+^_9_O_2_(V^5+^O_4_)_4_Cl_2_","Cu O V Cl","IMA2012-003"," ",6060,"Not in a structural group","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ O V^5+ Cl","Yro","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black","#000000"
"Yaroslavite","Yaroslavite","Ca3Al2F10(OH)2·H2O","Ca3Al2F10(OH)2·H2O","Ca_3_Al_2_F_10_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca_3_Al_2_F_10_(OH)_2_·H_2_O","Ca Al F O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4751," ","orthorhombic",,"Ca Al F O H","Ysl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Yarrowite","Yarrowite","Cu9S8","Cu9S8","Cu_9_S_8_","Cu_9_S_8_","Cu S","IMA1978-022"," ",4752," ","hexagonal",,"Cu S","Yar","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, PM15 - Black smokers, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Black, Blue.","#000000,#0000ff"
"Yarzhemskiite","Yarzhemskiite","K[B5O7(OH)2]·H2O","K[B5O7(OH)2]·H2O","K[B_5_O_7_(OH)_2_]·H_2_O","K[B_5_O_7_(OH)_2_]·H_2_O","K B O H","IMA2018-019"," ",6764,"Larderellite","monoclinic","P21/c","K B O H","Yzm","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Yavapaiite","Yavapaiite","KFe3+(S6+O4)2","KFe3+(SO4)2","KFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_","KFe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","K Fe S O","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4753," ","monoclinic","C2/m","K Fe^3+ S^6+ O","Yav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Light pink.","#ffd1df"
"Yazganite","Yazganite","☐NaMgFe3+2(As5+O4)3·H2O","☐NaMgFe3+2(AsO4)3·H2O","[box]NaMgFe^3+^_2_(AsO_4_)_3_·H_2_O","[box]NaMgFe^3+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_·H_2_O","Na Mg Fe As O H","IMA2003-033"," ",4902,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Mg Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Yaz","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Brown, Brownish black.","#653700,#413936"
"Yeatmanite","Yeatmanite","Zn2+6Mn2+9Sb5+2O12(SiO4)4","Zn6Mn2+9Sb5+2O12(SiO4)4","Zn_6_Mn^2+^_9_Sb^5+^_2_O_12_(SiO_4_)_4_","Zn^2+^_6_Mn^2+^_9_Sb^5+^_2_O_12_(SiO_4_)_4_","Zn Mn Sb O Si"," "," ",4754,"Katoptrite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Mn^2+ Sb^5+ O Si","Ytm","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Clove brown.","#766051"
"Yecoraite","Yecoraite","Fe3+3Bi3+5O9(Te4+O3)(Te6+O4)2·9H2O","Fe3+3Bi5O9(Te4+O3)(Te6+O4)2·9H2O","Fe^3+^_3_Bi_5_O_9_(Te^4+^O_3_)(Te^6+^O_4_)_2_·9H_2_O","Fe^3+^_3_Bi^3+^_5_O_9_(Te^4+^O_3_)(Te^6+^O_4_)_2_·9H_2_O","Fe Bi O Te H","IMA1983-062"," ",4755," ",,,"Fe^3+ Bi^3+ O Te^4+ Te^6+ H","Yec","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Resin yellow, Orange.","#ffff00,#ffdf22,#ffa500"
"Yedlinite","Yedlinite","Pb2+6Cr3+Cl6O(OH)7","Pb6Cr(Cl,OH)6(OH,O)8","Pb_6_Cr(Cl,OH)_6_(OH,O)_8_","Pb^2+^_6_Cr^3+^Cl_6_O(OH)_7_","Pb Cr Cl O H","IMA1974-001"," ",4756," ","hexagonal","R3","Pb^2+ Cr^3+ Cl O H","Yed","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Red violet.","#9e0168"
"Ye'elimite","Yeelimite","Ca4Al6O12S6+O4","Ca4Al6O12(SO4)","Ca_4_Al_6_O_12_(SO_4_)","Ca_4_Al_6_O_12_S^6+^O_4_","Ca Al O S","IMA1984-052"," ",4757,"Sodalite","cubic","I43m","Ca Al O S^6+","Ye","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Colourless.","#afafaf"
"Yegorovite","Yegorovite","Na4[Si4O8(OH)4]·7H2O","Na4[Si2O4(OH)2]2·7H2O","Na_4_[Si_2_O_4_(OH)_2_]_2_·7H_2_O","Na_4_[Si_4_O_8_(OH)_4_]·7H_2_O","Na Si O H","IMA2008-033"," ",5693,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","P21/c","Na Si O H","Yeg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Yeite","Yeite","TiSi","TiSi","TiSi","TiSi","Ti Si","IMA2022-079"," ",7299," ","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ti Si","Yei",,"No","Colourless (internal); ochre-yellow (surfaces)","#afafaf,#afafaf"
"Yellowcatite","Yellowcatite","KNaFe3+2(Se4+O3)2(V5+2O7)·7H2O","KNaFe3+2(Se4+O3)2(V5+2O7)·7H2O","KNaFe^3+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)·7H_2_O","KNaFe^3+^_2_(Se^4+^O_3_)_2_(V^5+^_2_O_7_)·7H_2_O","K Na Fe Se O V H","IMA2024-030"," ",7544,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P6m2","K Na Fe^3+ Se^4+ O V^5+ H","Yel",,"No","yellow","#ffff00"
"Yeomanite","Yeomanite","Pb2+2O(OH)Cl","Pb2O(OH)Cl","Pb_2_O(OH)Cl","Pb^2+^_2_O(OH)Cl","Pb O H Cl","IMA2013-024"," ",6146,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pnma","Pb^2+ O H Cl","Yeo","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Grey","#ffffff,#808080"
"Yimengite","Yimengite","K[Ti4+3Cr3+5Fe3+2Mg2]O19","K[Ti3Cr5Fe3+2Mg2]O19","K[Ti_3_Cr_5_Fe^3+^_2_Mg_2_]O_19_","K[Ti^4+^_3_Cr^3+^_5_Fe^3+^_2_Mg_2_]O_19_","K Ti Cr Fe Mg O","IMA1982-046, IMA2020 s.p."," ",4758,"Magnetoplumbite","hexagonal","P63/mmc","K Ti^4+ Cr^3+ Fe^3+ Mg O","Yim","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Yingjiangite","Yingjiangite","K2Ca(U6+O2)7(PO4)4(OH)6·6H2O","K2Ca(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)6·6H2O","K_2_Ca(UO_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","K_2_Ca(U^6+^O_2_)_7_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","K Ca U O P H","IMA1989-001"," ",4759,"Phosphuranylite","orthorhombic","C2221","K Ca U^6+ O P H","Yin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Golden yellow.","#ffff00,#ffdf00"
"Yixunite","Yixunite","Pt3In","Pt3In","Pt_3_In","Pt_3_In","Pt In","IMA1995-042"," ",4760,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Fm3m, Pm3m","Pt In","Yix","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks","No","Bright white.","#f6f2f1"
"Yoderite","Yoderite","(MgAl3)(MgAl)Al2O2(SiO4)4(OH)2","(MgAl3)(MgAl)Al2O2(SiO4)4(OH)2","(MgAl_3_)(MgAl)Al_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","(MgAl_3_)(MgAl)Al_2_O_2_(SiO_4_)_4_(OH)_2_","Mg Al O Si H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",4761," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Mg Al O Si H","Yod","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Purple red, Deep blue, Emerald green, Yellow.","#990147,#040273,#046307,#ffff00"
"Yofortierite","Yofortierite","Mn2+5Si8O20(OH)2·7H2O","Mn2+5Si8O20(OH)2·7H2O","Mn^2+^_5_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Mn^2+^_5_Si_8_O_20_(OH)_2_·7H_2_O","Mn Si O H","IMA1974-045"," ",4762,"Palygorskite, Clay","monoclinic","C2/m","Mn^2+ Si O H","Yof","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Violet brown, Light violet, Pink.","#674403,#d6b4fc,#ffc0cb"
"Yoshimuraite","Yoshimuraite","Ba4Mn2+4Ti4+2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2","Ba4Mn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_4_Ti_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_4_Ti^4+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba Mn Ti Si O P H","IMA2016 s.p."," ",4763,"Seidozerite-Bafertisite","triclinic","P1","Ba Mn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O P H","Ysh","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Orange brown.","#b16002"
"Yoshiokaite","Yoshiokaite","Ca1-x(Al,Si)2O4","Ca1-x(Al,Si)2O4","Ca_1-x_(Al,Si)_2_O_4_","Ca_1-x_(Al,Si)_2_O_4_","Ca Al Si O","IMA1989-043"," ",4764,"Tridymite-Nepheline","hexagonal","P3","Ca Al Si O","Yos","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Yttriaite-(Y)","Yttriaite-(Y)","Y2O3","Y2O3","Y_2_O_3_","Y_2_O_3_","Y O","IMA2010-039"," ",5869,"Bixbyite","cubic","Ia3, I213","Y O","Yt-Y","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals","No","White","#ffffff"
"Yttrialite-(Y)","Yttrialite-(Y)","Y2Si2O7","Y2Si2O7","Y_2_Si_2_O_7_","Y_2_Si_2_O_7_","Y Si O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4765," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Y Si O","Ytt-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Green, Orangish yellow.","#00ff00,#fdb915"
"Yttrocolumbite-(Y)","Yttrocolumbite-(Y)","(Y,U6+,Fe2+)(Nb5+,Ta5+)O4","(Y,U,Fe2+)(Nb,Ta)O4","(Y,U,Fe^2+^)(Nb,Ta)O_4_","(Y,U^6+^,Fe^2+^)(Nb^5+^,Ta^5+^)O_4_","Y U Fe Nb Ta O","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4767,"Columbite",,,"Y U^6+ Fe^2+ Nb^5+ Ta^5+ O","Yclb-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Yttrocrasite-(Y)","Yttrocrasite-(Y)","(Y,Th4+,Ca,U6+,U4+)(Ti4+,Fe3+)2(O,OH)6","(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)2(O,OH)6","(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)_2_(O,OH)_6_","(Y,Th^4+^,Ca,U^6+^,U^4+^)(Ti^4+^,Fe^3+^)_2_(O,OH)_6_","Y Th Ca U Ti Fe O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4768,"Columbite","orthorhombic","Pbcn","Y Th^4+ Ca U^6+ U^4+ Ti^4+ Fe^3+ O H","Ycr-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Yttrotantalite-(Y)","Yttrotantalite-(Y)","(Y,U6+,Fe2+)(Ta5+,Nb5+)2(O,OH)4","(Y,U,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)(O,OH)4","(Y,U,Fe^2+^)(Ta,Nb)(O,OH)_4_","(Y,U^6+^,Fe^2+^)(Ta^5+^,Nb^5+^)_2_(O,OH)_4_","Y U Fe Ta Nb O H","IMA1987 s.p., IMA2022 s.p."," ",4770,"Columbite",,,"Y U^6+ Fe^2+ Ta^5+ Nb^5+ O H","Yttl-Y","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish black, Yellowish brown, Yellow.","#413936,#9b7a01,#ffff00"
"Yttrotungstite-(Ce)","Yttrotungstite-(Ce)","Ce3+W6+2O6(OH)3","CeW2O6(OH)3","CeW_2_O_6_(OH)_3_","Ce^3+^W^6+^_2_O_6_(OH)_3_","Ce W O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4771,"Yttrotungstite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ce^3+ W^6+ O H","Ytgs-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow.","#ffff00"
"Yttrotungstite-(Nd)","Yttrotungstite-(Nd)","NdW6+2O7(OH)·H2O","NdW2O7(OH)·H2O","NdW_2_O_7_(OH)·H_2_O","NdW^6+^_2_O_7_(OH)·H_2_O","Nd W O H","IMA2023-064"," ",7408,"Yttrotungstite","monoclinic","P21/m","Nd W^6+ O H","Ytgs-Nd",,"No","Greenish yellow, brown-orange","#cdfd02,#b96902"
"Yttrotungstite-(Y)","Yttrotungstite-(Y)","Y(W6+,Fe3+,Si,Al,Ti4+)2(O,OH,H2O)9","Y(W,Fe,Si,Al,Ti)2(O,OH,H2O)9","Y(W,Fe,Si,Al,Ti)_2_(O,OH,H_2_O)_9_","Y(W^6+^,Fe^3+^,Si,Al,Ti^4+^)_2_(O,OH,H_2_O)_9_","Y W Fe Si Al Ti O H","IMA1987 s.p."," ",4772,"Yttrotungstite","monoclinic","P21/m","Y W^6+ Fe^3+ Si Al Ti^4+ O H","Ytgs-Y","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Canary yellow, Light yellow.","#f1f1e6,#fffe7a"
"Yuanfuliite","Yuanfuliite","Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3)","Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3)","Mg(Fe^3+^,Al)O(BO_3_)","Mg(Fe^3+^,Al)O(BO_3_)","Mg Fe Al O B","IMA1994-001"," ",4773,"Warwickite","orthorhombic","Pnam, Pnma","Mg Fe^3+ Al O B","Yfl","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black.","#000000"
"Yuanjiangite","Yuanjiangite","AuSn","AuSn","AuSn","AuSn","Au Sn","IMA1993-028"," ",4774,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P63mc","Au Sn","Yjg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Yuchuanite-(Y)","Yuchuanite-(Y)","Y2(CO3)3·H2O","Y2(CO3)3·H2O","Y_2_(CO_3_)_3_·H_2_O","Y_2_(CO_3_)_3_·H_2_O","Y C O H","IMA2022-120"," ",7339," ","triclinic","P1","Y C O H","Ych-Y",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Yugawaralite","Yugawaralite","Ca(Si6Al2)O16·4H2O","Ca(Si6Al2)O16·4H2O","Ca(Si_6_Al_2_)O_16_·4H_2_O","Ca(Si_6_Al_2_)O_16_·4H_2_O","Ca Si Al O H","IMA1997 s.p."," ",4775," ","monoclinic","Pc","Ca Si Al O H","Yug","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Yukonite","Yukonite","Ca7Fe3+15(As5+O4)9O16·25H2O","Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4·4H2O","Ca_2_Fe^3+^_3_(AsO_4_)_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ca_7_Fe^3+^_15_(As^5+^O_4_)_9_O_16_·25H_2_O","Ca Fe As O H"," "," ",4776," ",,,"Ca Fe^3+ As^5+ O H","Yuk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Brownish black, Dark red, Reddish brown.","#413936,#840000,#7f2b0a"
"Yuksporite","Yuksporite","K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(☐,Mn2+,Fe3+)(Ti4+,Nb5+)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3","K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(☐,Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3","K_4_(Ca,Na)_14_(Sr,Ba)_2_([box],Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)_4_(O,OH)_4_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_(H_2_O,OH)_3_","K_4_(Ca,Na)_14_(Sr,Ba)_2_([box],Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)(Ti^4+^,Nb^5+^)_4_(O,OH)_4_(Si_6_O_17_)_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_3_(H_2_O,OH)_3_","K Ca Na Sr Ba Mn Fe Ti Nb O H Si"," "," ",4777," ","monoclinic","P21/m","K Ca Na Sr Ba Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Nb^5+ O H Si","Yks","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Brown pink, Pink.","#f2aeb1,#ffc0cb"
"Yunhaoite","Yunhaoite","K2(Mo6+O4)","K2(MoO4)","K_2_(MoO_4_)","K_2_(Mo^6+^O_4_)","K Mo O","IMA2025-040"," ",7592,"Arcanite","monoclinic","C2/m","K Mo^6+ O","Yun",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Yurgensonite","Yurgensonite","K2Sn4+Ti4+O2(As5+O4)2","K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2","K_2_SnTiO_2_(AsO_4_)_2_","K_2_Sn^4+^Ti^4+^O_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_","K Sn Ti O As","IMA2019-059"," ",6947,"Katiarsite","orthorhombic","Pna21","K Sn^4+ Ti^4+ O As^5+","Ygs","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, white, pale beige","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ccc7b1"
"Yurmarinite","Yurmarinite","Na7(Fe3+,Mg,Cu2+)4(As5+O4)6","Na7(Fe3+,Mg,Cu)4(AsO4)6","Na_7_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Cu)_4_(AsO_4_)_6_","Na_7_(Fe^3+^,Mg,Cu^2+^)_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_6_","Na Fe Mg Cu As O","IMA2013-033"," ",6194,"Yurmarinite","hexagonal","R3c","Na Fe^3+ Mg Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Ymr","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Pale green or pale yellowish green to colourless","#69b076,#bdd4d1,#afafaf"
"Yushkinite","Yushkinite","(Mg,Al)(OH)2V3.6+S2-2","(Mg,Al)(OH)2VS2","(Mg,Al)(OH)_2_VS_2_","(Mg,Al)(OH)_2_V^3.6+^S^2-^_2_","Mg Al O H V S","IMA1983-050"," ",4778,"Valleriite",,,"Mg Al O H V S^2-","Yus","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Violet, Red lilac, Pinkish gray.","#9a0eea,#dfd9e4,#c8aca9"
"Yusupovite","Yusupovite","Na2Zr4+(Si6O15)·3H2O","Na2Zr(Si6O15)(H2O)3","Na_2_Zr(Si_6_O_15_)(H_2_O)_3_","Na_2_Zr^4+^(Si_6_O_15_)·3H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA2014-022"," ",6329,"Elpidite","monoclinic","C2/m","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Ypv","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Yuzuxiangite","Yuzuxiangite","Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH)·3H2O","Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH)·3H2O","Sr_3_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Sr_3_Fe^3+^(Si_2_O_6_)_2_(OH)·3H_2_O","Sr Fe Si O H","IMA2020-084"," ",7099,"Ohmilite","monoclinic","P21/m","Sr Fe^3+ Si O H","Yuz","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Yvonite","Yvonite","Cu2+(As5+O3OH)·2H2O","Cu(AsO3OH)·2H2O","Cu(AsO_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Cu^2+^(As^5+^O_3_OH)·2H_2_O","Cu As O H","IMA1995-012"," ",4779," ","triclinic","P1","Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Yv","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Turquoise blue.","#00ffef"
"Żabińskiite","Zabinskiite","Ca[Al0.5(Ta5+,Nb5+)0.5](SiO4)O","Ca[Al0.5(Ta,Nb)0.5)](SiO4)O","Ca[Al_0.5_(Ta,Nb)_0.5_)](SiO_4_)O","Ca[Al_0.5_(Ta^5+^,Nb^5+^)_0.5_](SiO_4_)O","Ca Al Ta Nb Si O","IMA2015-033"," ",6435,"Titanite","triclinic","A1","Ca Al Ta^5+ Nb^5+ Si O","Żbk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Brownish","#9c6d57"
"Zabuyelite","Zabuyelite","Li2CO3","Li2(CO3)","Li_2_(CO_3_)","Li_2_CO_3_","Li C O","IMA1985-018"," ",4780," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Li C O","Zab","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zaccagnaite","Zaccagnaite","Zn2+4Al2(CO3)(OH)12·3H2O","Zn4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O","Zn_4_Al_2_(OH)_12_(CO_3_)·3H_2_O","Zn^2+^_4_Al_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_12_·3H_2_O","Zn Al O H C","IMA1997-019"," ",4781,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P63/mmc, R3m","Zn^2+ Al C O H","Zac","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration","No","White, Colorless.","#ffffff,#afafaf"
"Zaccariniite","Zaccariniite","RhNiAs","RhNiAs","RhNiAs","RhNiAs","Rh Ni As","IMA2011-086"," ",6029," ","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Rh Ni As","Zcr","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Grey","#808080"
"Zadovite","Zadovite","BaCa6[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)2F","BaCa6[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4)2F","BaCa_6_[(SiO_4_)(PO_4_)](PO_4_)_2_F","BaCa_6_[(SiO_4_)(PO_4_)](PO_4_)_2_F","Ba Ca Si O P F","IMA2013-031"," ",6192,"Zadovite","hexagonal","R3m","Ba Ca Si O P F","Zad","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Zagamiite","Zagamiite","CaAl2Si3.5O11","CaAl2Si3.5O11","CaAl_2_Si_3.5_O_11_","CaAl_2_Si_3.5_O_11_","Ca Al Si O","IMA2015-022a"," ",6641,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Ca Al Si O","Zag","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism","No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Zaherite","Zaherite","Al12(S6+O4)5(OH)26·20H2O","Al12(SO4)5(OH)26·20H2O","Al_12_(SO_4_)_5_(OH)_26_·20H_2_O","Al_12_(S^6+^O_4_)_5_(OH)_26_·20H_2_O","Al S O H","IMA1977-002"," ",4782," ","triclinic",,"Al S^6+ O H","Zah","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, Light bluish green.","#ffffff,#e9c4cc"
"Zaïrite","Zairite","Bi3+Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6","BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6","BiFe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Bi^3+^Fe^3+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_6_","Bi Fe P O H","IMA1975-018"," ",4783,"Alunite-crandallite","hexagonal","R3m","Bi^3+ Fe^3+ P O H","Zaï","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zakharovite","Zakharovite","Na4Mn2+5Si10O24(OH)6·6H2O","Na4Mn2+5Si10O24(OH)6·6H2O","Na_4_Mn^2+^_5_Si_10_O_24_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Na_4_Mn^2+^_5_Si_10_O_24_(OH)_6_·6H_2_O","Na Mn Si O H","IMA1981-049"," ",4785," ","hexagonal",,"Na Mn^2+ Si O H","Zak","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Yellow, Bright yellow.","#ffff00,#fffd01"
"Zálesíite","Zalesiite","Cu2+6Ca(As5+O4)2(As5+O3OH)(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu6(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)(OH)6·3H2O","CaCu_6_(AsO_4_)_2_(AsO_3_OH)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Cu^2+^_6_Ca(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(As^5+^O_3_OH)(OH)_6_·3H_2_O","Ca Cu As O H","IMA1997-009"," ",4786,"Mixite","hexagonal","P63/m","Cu^2+ Ca As^5+ O H","Zál","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale green, grass-green, pale bluish green","#69b076,#419c03,#dfafa4"
"Zanazziite","Zanazziite","Ca2Mg5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca2Be4Mg5(PO4)6(OH)4·6H2O","Ca_2_Be_4_Mg_5_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca_2_Mg_5_Be_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·6H_2_O","Ca Be Mg P O H","IMA1986-054"," ",4787,"Roscherite","triclinic, monoclinic","C1, C2/c","Ca Mg Be P O H","Zan","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Pale olive green, Dark olive green.","#d3c7a1,#373e02"
"Zanelliite","Zanelliite","Pb2+Cu2+9[As5+O3.5(OH)0.5]2(As5+O4)2(OH)9(H2O)3","PbCu9[AsO3.5(OH)0.5]2(AsO4)2(OH)9(H2O)3","PbCu_9_[AsO_3.5_(OH)_0.5_]_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_3_","Pb^2+^Cu^2+^_9_[As^5+^O_3.5_(OH)_0.5_]_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_9_(H_2_O)_3_","Pb Cu As O H","IMA2024-061"," ",7513,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2/c","Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O H","Znl",,"No","turquoise-green","#04f489"
"Zangboite","Zangboite","TiFeSi2","TiFeSi2","TiFeSi_2_","TiFeSi_2_","Ti Fe Si","IMA2007-036"," ",5636," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Ti Fe Si","Zgb","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Steel grey","#43464b"
"Zapatalite","Zapatalite","Cu2+3Al4(PO4)3(OH)9·4H2O","Cu3Al4(PO4)3(OH)9·4H2O","Cu_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_·4H_2_O","Cu^2+^_3_Al_4_(PO_4_)_3_(OH)_9_·4H_2_O","Cu Al P O H","IMA1971-023"," ",4788," ","tetragonal",,"Cu^2+ Al P O H","Zap","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light blue.","#add8e6"
"Zaratite","Zaratite","Ni2+3CO3(OH)4·4H2O","Ni3(CO3)(OH)4·4H2O","Ni_3_(CO_3_)(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ni^2+^_3_CO_3_(OH)_4_·4H_2_O","Ni C O H"," "," ",4789,"Amorphous",,,"Ni^2+ C O H","Zar","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Emerald green.","#046307"
"Zavalíaite","Zavaliaite","Mn2+3☐(PO4)2","Mn2+3(PO4)2","Mn^2+^_3_(PO_4_)_2_","Mn^2+^_3_[box](PO_4_)_2_","Mn P O","IMA2011-012"," ",5942,"Olivine-Sarcopside","monoclinic","P21/c","Mn^2+ P O","Zvl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless","#afafaf"
"Zavaritskite","Zavaritskite","Bi3+OF","BiOF","BiOF","Bi^3+^OF","Bi O F","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4790,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Bi^3+ O F","Zav","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray, Colorless.","#808080,#afafaf"
"Zavyalovite","Zavyalovite","Ag1+2Te4+S2-3","Ag2TeS3","Ag_2_TeS_3_","Ag^1+^_2_Te^4+^S^2-^_3_","Ag Te S","IMA2024-096"," ",7563,"Diamond-Sphalerite","monoclinic","Cc","Ag^1+ Te^4+ S^2-","Zvv",,"No","dark red","#840000"
"Zaykovite","Zaykovite","Rh3Se4","Rh3Se4","Rh_3_Se_4_","Rh_3_Se_4_","Rh Se","IMA2019-084"," ",6996,"Kingstonite","monoclinic","C2/m","Rh Se","Zay","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zdenĕkite","Zdenekite","NaPb2+Cu2+5(As5+O4)4Cl·5H2O","NaPbCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O","NaPbCu_5_(AsO_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","NaPb^2+^Cu^2+^_5_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_Cl·5H_2_O","Na Pb Cu As O Cl H","IMA1992-037"," ",4791," ","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Pb^2+ Cu^2+ As^5+ O Cl H","Zde","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Intense blue","#682d63"
"Zektzerite","Zektzerite","NaLiZr4+Si6O15","NaLiZrSi6O15","NaLiZrSi_6_O_15_","NaLiZr^4+^Si_6_O_15_","Na Li Zr Si O","IMA1976-034"," ",4792," ","orthorhombic","Cmca","Na Li Zr^4+ Si O","Zek","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks","No","Colorless, Pink.","#afafaf,#ffc0cb"
"Zellerite","Zellerite","Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)2·5H2O","Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·5H2O","Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_2_·5H_2_O","Ca U O C H","IMA1965-031"," ",4793," ","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Ca U^6+ O C H","Zel","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White yellow, Lemon.","#d7c485,#fff700"
"Zemannite","Zemannite","Mg0.5Zn2+Fe3+(Te4+O3)3·nH2O (3≤n≤4.5)","Mg0.5ZnFe3+(Te4+O3)3·nH2O (3≤n≤4.5)","Mg_0.5_ZnFe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·nH_2_O (3≤n≤4.5)","Mg_0.5_Zn^2+^Fe^3+^(Te^4+^O_3_)_3_·nH_2_O (3≤n≤4.5)","Mg Zn Fe Te O H","IMA1968-009"," ",4794,"Zemannite","hexagonal","P63/m","Mg Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Te^4+ O H","Zem","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brown, Dark brown.","#b5651d,#73532a"
"Zemkorite","Zemkorite","Na2Ca(CO3)2","Na2Ca(CO3)2","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","Na_2_Ca(CO_3_)_2_","Na Ca C O","IMA1985-041"," ",4795," ","hexagonal",,"Na Ca C O","Zmk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zenzénite","Zenzenite","Pb2+3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15","Pb3Fe3+4Mn4+3O15","Pb_3_Fe^3+^_4_Mn^4+^_3_O_15_","Pb^2+^_3_Fe^3+^_4_Mn^4+^_3_O_15_","Pb Fe Mn O","IMA1990-031"," ",4796," ","hexagonal","P63/mcm","Pb^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^4+ O","Zen","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Black","#000000"
"Zeophyllite","Zeophyllite","Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8·6H2O","Ca13Si10O28(OH)2F8·6H2O","Ca_13_Si_10_O_28_(OH)_2_F_8_·6H_2_O","Ca_13_Si_10_O_28_(OH)_2_F_8_·6H_2_O","Ca Si O H F"," "," ",4797," ","hexagonal","R3","Ca Si O H F","Zp","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM9 - Lava/xenolith minerals, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","White.","#ffffff"
"Zeravshanite","Zeravshanite","Na2Cs4Zr4+3Si18O45·2H2O","Na2Cs4Zr3Si18O45·2H2O","Na_2_Cs_4_Zr_3_Si_18_O_45_·2H_2_O","Na_2_Cs_4_Zr^4+^_3_Si_18_O_45_·2H_2_O","Na Cs Zr Si O H","IMA2003-034"," ",5240," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Cs Zr^4+ Si O H","Zer","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zeunerite","Zeunerite","Cu2+(U6+O2)2(As5+O4)2·12H2O","Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·12H2O","Cu(UO_2_)_2_(AsO_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Cu^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·12H_2_O","Cu U O As H"," "," ",4798,"Autunite","tetragonal","P4/nnc, I4/mmm","Cu^2+ U^6+ O As^5+ H","Zeu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Green, Emerald green.","#00ff00,#00ff00,#046307"
"Zhanghengite","Zhanghengite","CuZn","CuZn","CuZn","CuZn","Cu Zn","IMA1985-049"," ",4799,"Iron","cubic","Im3m","Cu Zn","Zhg","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM7 - Ultramafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Golden yellow.","#ffdf00"
"Zhanghuifenite","Zhanghuifenite","Na3Mn2+4Mg2Al(PO4)6","Na3Mn2+4Mg2Al(PO4)6","Na_3_Mn^2+^_4_Mg_2_Al(PO_4_)_6_","Na_3_Mn^2+^_4_Mg_2_Al(PO_4_)_6_","Na Mn Mg Al P O","IMA2016-074"," ",6562,"Alluaudite-Bobfergusonite","monoclinic","P21/n","Na Mn^2+ Mg Al P O","Zhf","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","deep green","#02590f"
"Zhangpeishanite","Zhangpeishanite","BaFCl","BaFCl","BaFCl","BaFCl","Ba F Cl","IMA2006-045"," ",5567,"Matlockite","tetragonal","P4/nmm","Ba F Cl","Zph","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM54 - Coal and other mine fire minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zharchikhite","Zharchikhite","Al(OH)2F","Al(OH)2F","Al(OH)_2_F","Al(OH)_2_F","Al O H F","IMA1986-059"," ",4800," ","monoclinic","P21/a, P21/c","Al O H F","Zha","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM10 - Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zhemchuzhnikovite","Zhemchuzhnikovite","NaMgAl((C2)6+O4)3·9H2O","NaMgAl(C2O4)3·9H2O","NaMgAl(C_2_O_4_)_3_·9H_2_O","NaMgAl((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)_3_·9H_2_O","Na Mg Al C O H","IMA1967 s.p."," ",4801,"Stepanovite, Oxalate","hexagonal",,"Na Mg Al C O H","Zhe","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM50 - Coal and/or oil shale minerals","No","Gray green, Violet.","#86a17d,#9a0eea"
"Zhengminghuaite","Zhengminghuaite","Cu1+6Fe2+3As3+4S2-12","Cu6Fe3As4S12","Cu_6_Fe_3_As_4_S_12_","Cu^1+^_6_Fe^2+^_3_As^3+^_4_S^2-^_12_","Cu Fe As S","IMA2022-047"," ",7267,"Nowackiite","hexagonal","R3","Cu^1+ Fe^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Zmh",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zhenruite","Zhenruite","(Mo6+O3)2·H2O","(MoO3)2·H2O","(MoO_3_)_2_·H_2_O","(Mo^6+^O_3_)_2_·H_2_O","Mo O H","IMA2022-050"," ",7270," ","monoclinic","P21/m","Mo^6+ O H","Zhr",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zheshengite","Zheshengite","Pb2+4Zn2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2(PO4)2(OH)2","Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2","Pb_4_ZnZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_Zn^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Pb Zn As O P H","IMA2022-011"," ",7235,"Dongchuanite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O P H","Zh","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","apple green to greenish blue","#69b076,#0b8b87"
"Zhiqinite","Zhiqinite","TiSi2","TiSi2","TiSi_2_","TiSi_2_","Ti Si","IMA2019-077"," ",6962," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Ti Si","Zhi","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zhonghongite","Zhonghongite","Cu1+28Cu2+(As3+,Sb3+)12S2-33","Cu29(As,Sb)12S33","Cu_29_(As,Sb)_12_S_33_","Cu^1+^_28_Cu^2+^(As^3+^,Sb^3+^)_12_S^2-^_33_","Cu As Sb S","IMA2023-046"," ",7420,"Tetrahedrite","orthorhombic","F2mm","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ As^3+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Zhh",,"No","grey","#808080"
"Ziesite","Ziesite","Cu2+2V5+2O7","Cu2V5+2O7","Cu_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Cu^2+^_2_V^5+^_2_O_7_","Cu V O","IMA1979-055"," ",4803," ","monoclinic, triclinic","C2/c, P1","Cu^2+ V^5+ O","Zie","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Black.","#000000"
"Zigrasite","Zigrasite","MgZr4+(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZr(PO4)2·4H2O","MgZr(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","MgZr^4+^(PO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Mg Zr P O H","IMA2008-046"," ",5702,"Malhmoodite","triclinic","P1","Mg Zr^4+ P O H","Zig","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zilbermintsite-(La)","Zilbermintsite-(La)","(CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3","(CaLa_5_)(Fe^3+^Al_3_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","(CaLa_5_)(Fe^3+^Al_3_Fe^2+^)[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]_5_O(OH)_3_","Ca La Fe Al Si O H","IMA2023-063"," ",7407,"Radekškodaite","monoclinic","P21/m","Ca La Fe^3+ Al Fe^2+ Si O H","Zlb-La",,"No","light brown","#b5651d"
"Zimbabweite","Zimbabweite","Na(Pb2+,Na,K)2(Ta5+,Nb5+,Ti4+)4As3+4O18","Na(Pb,Na,K)2(Ta,Nb,Ti)4As4O18","Na(Pb,Na,K)_2_(Ta,Nb,Ti)_4_As_4_O_18_","Na(Pb^2+^,Na,K)_2_(Ta^5+^,Nb^5+^,Ti^4+^)_4_As^3+^_4_O_18_","Na Pb K Ta Nb Ti As O","IMA1984-034"," ",4804," ","orthorhombic","Ccmb","Na Pb^2+ K Ta^5+ Nb^5+ Ti^4+ As^3+ O","Zbb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Yellow brown, Honey yellow.","#ae8b0c,#ca9456"
"Ziminaite","Ziminaite","Fe3+V5+O4","Fe3+(VO4)","Fe^3+^(VO_4_)","Fe^3+^V^5+^O_4_","Fe V O","IMA2014-062"," ",6361,"Howardevansite","triclinic","P1","Fe^3+ V^5+ O","Zim","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Yellowish-brown","#9b7a01"
"Zinc","Zinc","Zn","Zn","Zn","Zn","Zn"," "," ",4805," ","hexagonal","P63/mmc","Zn","Zn","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","Yes","Blue gray.","#758da3"
"Zincalstibite","Zincalstibite","Zn2+2AlSb5+(OH)12","Zn2Al(OH)6[Sb(OH)6]","Zn_2_Al(OH)_6_[Sb(OH)_6_]","Zn^2+^_2_AlSb^5+^(OH)_12_","Zn Al O H Sb","IMA1998-033"," ",4808,"Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3, R3","Zn^2+ Al Sb^5+ O H","Zas","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zincaluminite","Zincaluminite","(Zn2+,Al)9(S6+O4)2(OH)18·nH2O","(Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Zn_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)","(Zn^2+^,Al)_9_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)_18_·nH_2_O","Zn Al S O H"," "," ",4809,"Woodwardite",,,"Zn^2+ Al S^6+ O H","Zna","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Bluish white, White, Light blue.","#e5dad4,#ffffff,#add8e6"
"Zincgartrellite","Zincgartrellite","Pb2+Zn2+2(As5+O4)2(H2O,OH)2","PbZn2(AsO4)2(H2O,OH)2","PbZn_2_(AsO_4_)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_2_","Pb^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(As^5+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O,OH)_2_","Pb Zn As O H","IMA1998-014"," ",4810,"Natrochalcite-Helmutwinklerite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Zgtl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Greenish yellow.","#cdfd02"
"Zincite","Zincite","Zn2+O","ZnO","ZnO","Zn^2+^O","Zn O"," "," ",4811,"Wurtzite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ O","Znc","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Yellow, Dark yellow, Dark red, Orange.","#ffff00,#e7bf8e,#840000,#ffa500"
"Zinclipscombite","Zinclipscombite","Zn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2","ZnFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2006-008"," ",5364," ","tetragonal",,"Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Zlcb","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Dark green, Brown.","#033500,#653700"
"Zincmelanterite","Zincmelanterite","Zn2+S6+O4·7H2O","Zn(SO4)·7H2O","Zn(SO_4_)·7H_2_O","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_·7H_2_O","Zn S O H","IMA2007 s.p."," ",4806,"Melanterite","monoclinic",,"Zn^2+ S^6+ O H","Zmln","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Yellowish green, Apple green.","#00ff00,#b0dd16,#69b076"
"Zincoberaunite","Zincoberaunite","Zn2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5·6H2O","ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5·6H2O","ZnFe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·6H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_5_(PO_4_)_4_(OH)_5_·6H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2015-117"," ",6516,"Beraunite","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Zbru","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale olive green to black","#d3c7a1,#000000"
"Zincobotryogen","Zincobotryogen","Zn2+Fe3+(S6+O4)2(OH)·7H2O","ZnFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·7H2O","ZnFe^3+^(SO_4_)_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(OH)·7H_2_O","Zn Fe S O H","IMA2015-107"," ",4812,"Botryogen","monoclinic","P21/n","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Zbyg","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Orange red.","#fe4401"
"Zincobradaczekite","Zincobradaczekite","NaCu2+Cu2+Zn2+2(AsO4)3","NaCuCuZn2(AsO4)3","NaCuCuZn_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","NaCu^2+^Cu^2+^Zn^2+^_2_(AsO_4_)_3_","Na Cu Zn As O","IMA2016-041"," ",6569,"Alluaudite","monoclinic","C2/c","Na Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As O","Zbdc","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Blue, greenish-blue, grey-blue or bluish-grey","#0000ff,#0b8b87,#77a1b5,#748b97"
"Zincobriartite","Zincobriartite","(Cu1+,Cu2+)2(Zn2+,Fe2+)(Ge4+,Ga3+)S2-4","Cu2(Zn,Fe)(Ge,Ga)S4","Cu_2_(Zn,Fe)(Ge,Ga)S_4_","(Cu^1+^,Cu^2+^)_2_(Zn^2+^,Fe^2+^)(Ge^4+^,Ga^3+^)S^2-^_4_","Cu Zn Fe Ge Ga S","IMA2015-094"," ",6493,"Stannite, Diamond-Sphalerite","tetragonal","I42m","Cu^1+ Cu^2+ Zn^2+ Fe^2+ Ge^4+ Ga^3+ S^2-","Zbtt","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zincochenite","Zincochenite","Pb2+4Zn2+(OH)6(S6+O4)2","Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2","Pb_4_Zn(OH)_6_(SO_4_)_2_","Pb^2+^_4_Zn^2+^(OH)_6_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_","Pb Zn O H S","IMA2022-025"," ",7252,"Chenite","triclinic","P1","Pb^2+ Zn^2+ O H S^6+","Zche","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","light blue","#add8e6"
"Zincochromite","Zincochromite","Zn2+Cr3+2O4","ZnCr2O4","ZnCr_2_O_4_","Zn^2+^Cr^3+^_2_O_4_","Zn Cr O","IMA1986-015"," ",4813,"Spinel","cubic","Fd3m, Fd3m","Zn^2+ Cr^3+ O","Zchr","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","Brownish black.","#413936"
"Zincocopiapite","Zincocopiapite","Zn2+Fe3+4(S6+O4)6(OH)2·20H2O","ZnFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O","ZnFe^3+^_4_(SO_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_6_(OH)_2_·20H_2_O","Zn Fe S O H"," "," ",4814,"Copiapite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ S^6+ O H","Zcpi","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM14 - Hot springs & geysers, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow green.","#c8fd3d"
"Zincohögbomite-2N2S","Zincohogbomite-2N2S","(Zn2+,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti4+)8O15(OH)","(Zn,Al,Fe)3(Al,Fe,Ti)8O15(OH)","(Zn,Al,Fe)_3_(Al,Fe,Ti)_8_O_15_(OH)","(Zn^2+^,Al,Fe^2+^)_3_(Al,Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Zn Al Fe Ti O H","IMA1994-016"," ",4815,"Hogbömite-Zincohögbomite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ Al Fe^2+ Fe^3+ Ti^4+ O H","Zhög-2N2S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Deep brown to black","#342a2a,#000000"
"Zincohögbomite-2N6S","Zincohogbomite-2N6S","(Zn2+,Al)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti4+,Mg)16O31(OH)","(Zn,Al)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti,Mg)16O31(OH)","(Zn,Al)_7_(Al,Fe^3+^,Ti,Mg)_16_O_31_(OH)","(Zn^2+^,Al)_7_(Al,Fe^3+^,Ti^4+^,Mg)_16_O_31_(OH)","Zn Al Fe Ti Mg O H","IMA2001 s.p."," ",5046,"Hogbömite-Zincohögbomite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ Al Fe^3+ Ti^4+ Mg O H","Zhög-2N6S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Orange","#ffa500"
"Zincolibethenite","Zincolibethenite","Cu2+Zn2+PO4(OH)","CuZn(PO4)(OH)","CuZn(PO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^PO_4_(OH)","Cu Zn P O H","IMA2003-010"," ",5224,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ P O H","Zlib","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bright green.","#66ff00"
"Zincolivenite","Zincolivenite","Cu2+Zn2+As5+O4(OH)","CuZn(AsO4)(OH)","CuZn(AsO_4_)(OH)","Cu^2+^Zn^2+^As^5+^O_4_(OH)","Cu Zn As O H","IMA2006-047"," ",5577,"Andalusite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Cu^2+ Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Zoli","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish blue.","#00ff00,#0b8b87"
"Zincomenite","Zincomenite","Zn2+Se4+O3","ZnSeO3","ZnSeO_3_","Zn^2+^Se^4+^O_3_","Zn Se O","IMA2014-014"," ",6309,"Not in a structural group","orthorhombic","Pbca","Zn^2+ Se^4+ O","Znm","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Colourless, white or pale beige","#afafaf,#ffffff,#ccc7b1"
"Zinconigerite-2N1S","Zinconigerite-2N1S","Zn2+Sn4+2Al12O22(OH)2","ZnSn2Al12O22(OH)2","ZnSn_2_Al_12_O_22_(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^Sn^4+^_2_Al_12_O_22_(OH)_2_","Zn Sn Al O H","IMA2018-037"," ",6779,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","P3m1","Zn^2+ Sn^4+ Al O H","Zng-2N1S","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zinconigerite-6N6S","Zinconigerite-6N6S","Zn2+3Sn4+2Al16O30(OH)2","Zn3Sn2Al16O30(OH)2","Zn_3_Sn_2_Al_16_O_30_(OH)_2_","Zn^2+^_3_Sn^4+^_2_Al_16_O_30_(OH)_2_","Zn Sn Al O H","IMA2018-122a"," ",5500,"Hogbömite-Nigerite","hexagonal","R3m","Zn^2+ Sn^4+ Al O H","Zng-6N6S","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zincorietveldite","Zincorietveldite","Zn2+(U6+O2)(S6+O4)2(H2O)5","Zn(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)5","Zn(UO_2_)(SO_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Zn^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)(S^6+^O_4_)_2_(H_2_O)_5_","Zn U O S H","IMA2022-070"," ",7292,"Svornostite","orthorhombic","Pmn21","Zn^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Zrvd",,"No","Yellow to orange-yellow","#ffff00,#fdb915"
"Zincorinmanite-(Zn)","Zincorinmanite-(Zn)","Zn2+Sb5+(Fe3+2Zn2+)O7(OH)","ZnSb5+(Fe3+2Zn)O7(OH)","ZnSb^5+^(Fe^3+^_2_Zn)O_7_(OH)","Zn^2+^Sb^5+^(Fe^3+^_2_Zn^2+^)O_7_(OH)","Zn Sb Fe O H","IMA2023-107"," ",7455,"Nolanite","hexagonal","P63mc","Zn^2+ Sb^5+ Fe^3+ O H","Rnm-Zn",,"No","black","#000000"
"Zincospiroffite","Zincospiroffite","Zn2+2Te4+3O8","Zn2Te3O8","Zn_2_Te_3_O_8_","Zn^2+^_2_Te^4+^_3_O_8_","Zn Te O","IMA2002-047"," ",5201," ","monoclinic","C2/c","Zn^2+ Te^4+ O","Zspf","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Gray.","#808080"
"Zincostaurolite","Zincostaurolite","Zn2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)","Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH)","Zn_2_Al_9_Si_4_O_23_(OH)","Zn^2+^_2_Al_9_Si_4_O_23_(OH)","Zn Al Si O H","IMA1992-036"," ",5047,"Staurolite","monoclinic","C2/m","Zn^2+ Al Si O H","Zst","Abiotic, Biotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM48 - Soil leaching zone minerals","No","Colorless.","#afafaf"
"Zincostottite","Zincostottite","Zn2+Ge(OH)6","ZnGe(OH)6","ZnGe(OH)_6_","Zn^2+^Ge(OH)_6_","Zn Ge O H","IMA2024-024"," ",7541,"Perovskite","tetragonal","P42/n","Zn^2+ Ge O H","Zsto",,"No","colorless","#afafaf"
"Zincostrunzite","Zincostrunzite","Zn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6.5H2O","ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2·6.5H2O","ZnFe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6.5H_2_O","Zn^2+^Fe^3+^_2_(PO_4_)_2_(OH)_2_·6.5H_2_O","Zn Fe P O H","IMA2016-023"," ",6551,"Strunzite","triclinic","P1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Zstz","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Light brownish yellow; silvery white","#b5651d,#e7e8e3"
"Zincovelesite-6N6S","Zincovelesite-6N6S","Zn2+3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti4+)8O15(OH)","Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH)","Zn_3_(Fe^3+^,Mn^3+^,Al,Ti)_8_O_15_(OH)","Zn^2+^_3_(Fe^3+^,Mn^3+^,Al,Ti^4+^)_8_O_15_(OH)","Zn Fe Mn Al Ti O H","IMA2017-034"," ",6671,"Hogbömite","hexagonal","P3m1","Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Mn^3+ Al Ti^4+ O H","Zcv-6N6S","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM40 - Regional metamorphism","No","Black","#000000"
"Zincovoltaite","Zincovoltaite","K2Zn2+5Fe3+3Al(S6+O4)12·18H2O","K2Zn5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2O","K_2_Zn_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(SO_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K_2_Zn^2+^_5_Fe^3+^_3_Al(S^6+^O_4_)_12_·18H_2_O","K Zn Fe Al S O H","IMA1985-059"," ",4816,"Voltaite","cubic","Fd3c","K Zn^2+ Fe^3+ Al S^6+ O H","Zvlt","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Green, Greenish black, Black.","#00ff00,#454445,#000000"
"Zincowoodwardite","Zincowoodwardite","Zn2+1-xAlx(OH)2(S6+O4)x/2·nH2O (x=0.32-0.50)","(Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","(Zn_1-x_Al_x_)(SO_4_)_x/2_(OH)_2_·nH_2_O (x < 0.5, n < 3x/2)","Zn^2+^_1-x_Al_x_(OH)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_x/2_·nH_2_O (x=0.32-0.50)","Zn Al S O H","IMA1998-026"," ",4819,"Woodwardite, Hydrotalcite","hexagonal","P3","Zn^2+ Al O H S^6+","Zwwd","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pale blue, Bluish white.","#d0fefe,#e5dad4"
"Zincrosasite","Zincrosasite","(Zn2+,Cu2+)2(CO3)(OH)2","(Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2","(Zn,Cu)_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","(Zn^2+^,Cu^2+^)_2_(CO_3_)(OH)_2_","Zn Cu C O H"," "," ",4820,"Malachite",,,"Zn^2+ Cu^2+ C O H","Zrss","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","White, White green, Light green.","#ffffff,#d6e9ca,#76ff7b"
"Zincroselite","Zincroselite","Ca2Zn2+(As5+O4)2·2H2O","Ca2Zn(AsO4)2·2H2O","Ca_2_Zn(AsO_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca_2_Zn^2+^(As^5+^O_4_)_2_·2H_2_O","Ca Zn As O H","IMA1985-055"," ",4821,"Roselite","monoclinic","P21/c","Ca Zn^2+ As^5+ O H","Zrsl","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Zincsilite","Zincsilite","Zn2+3Si4O10(OH)2·4H2O","Zn3Si4O10(OH)2·4H2O (?)","Zn_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O (?)","Zn^2+^_3_Si_4_O_10_(OH)_2_·4H_2_O","Zn Si O H","IMA1962 s.p."," ",5048,"Smectite-vermiculite",,,"Zn^2+ Si O H","Zs","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Bluish white, White, Greenish white.","#e5dad4,#ffffff,#d1f1de"
"Zinczippeite","Zinczippeite","Zn2+(U6+O2)2(S6+O4)O2·3.5H2O","Zn(UO2)2(SO4)O2·3.5H2O","Zn(UO_2_)_2_(SO_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Zn^2+^(U^6+^O_2_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)O_2_·3.5H_2_O","Zn U O S H","IMA1971-008"," ",4807,"Zippeite","monoclinic","C2/m","Zn^2+ U^6+ O S^6+ H","Zzip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, orange, red-brown","#ffff00,#ffa500,#a52a2f"
"Zinkenite","Zinkenite","Pb2+9Sb3+22S2-42","Pb9Sb22S42","Pb_9_Sb_22_S_42_","Pb^2+^_9_Sb^3+^_22_S^2-^_42_","Pb Sb S"," "," ",4822,"Zinkenite","hexagonal","P63","Pb^2+ Sb^3+ S^2-","Zkn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Gray, Steel gray.","#808080,#43464b"
"Zinkgruvanite","Zinkgruvanite","Ba4Mn2+4Fe3+2(Si2O7)2(S6+O4)2O2(OH)2","Ba4Mn2+4Fe3+2(Si2O7)2(SO4)2O2(OH)2","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(SO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba_4_Mn^2+^_4_Fe^3+^_2_(Si_2_O_7_)_2_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_","Ba Mn Fe Si O S H","IMA2020-031"," ",7040,"Ericssonite",,,"Ba Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si O S^6+ H","Zgv","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","almost black; reddish-black in thin fragments","#c2ebd1,#433635"
"Zinkosite","Zinkosite","Zn2+S6+O4","Zn(SO4)","Zn(SO_4_)","Zn^2+^S^6+^O_4_","Zn S O"," "," ",5365,"Zinkosite","orthorhombic","Pnma","Zn^2+ S^6+ O","Zin","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zippeite","Zippeite","K2[(U6+O2)4(S6+O4)2O2(OH)2](H2O)4","K2[(UO2)4(SO4)2O2(OH)2](H2O)4","K_2_[(UO_2_)_4_(SO_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_](H_2_O)_4_","K_2_[(U^6+^O_2_)_4_(S^6+^O_4_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_](H_2_O)_4_","K U O S H","IMA1971-029a"," ",4824,"Zippeite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/c, C2, C2/m, Cmca","K U^6+ O S^6+ H","Zip","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Yellow, Golden yellow, Orange red, Reddish brown.","#ffff00,#ffdf00,#fe4401,#7f2b0a"
"Zipserite","Zipserite","Bi5S4","Bi5S4","Bi_5_S_4_","Bi_5_S_4_","Bi S","IMA2022-075"," ",7296,"Not in a structural group","hexagonal",,"Bi S","Zps",,"No","silvery","#c0c0c0"
"Zircarsite","Zircarsite","Na18Cu2+12Zr4+O8(As5+O4)8Cl6","Na18Cu12ZrO8(AsO4)8Cl6","Na_18_Cu_12_ZrO_8_(AsO_4_)_8_Cl_6_","Na_18_Cu^2+^_12_Zr^4+^O_8_(As^5+^O_4_)_8_Cl_6_","Na Cu Zr O As Cl","IMA2024-037"," ",7552,"Arsmirandite","cubic",,"Na Cu^2+ Zr^4+ O As^5+ Cl","Zca",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zircon","Zircon","Zr4+SiO4","Zr(SiO4)","Zr(SiO_4_)","Zr^4+^SiO_4_","Zr Si O"," "," ",4825,"Zircon","tetragonal","I41/amd","Zr^4+ Si O","Zrn","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM5 - Primary asteroid phases, Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM8 - Mafic igneous rocks, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM19 - Granitic intrusive rocks, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM29 - Lightning-generated minerals, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM38 - Ophiolites","No","Brown, Reddish brown, Colorless, Gray, Green.","#653700,#7f2b0a,#afafaf,#808080,#00ff00"
"Zirconolite","Zirconolite","(Ca,Y)Zr4+(Ti4+,Mg,Al)2O7","(Ca,Y)Zr(Ti,Mg,Al)2O7","(Ca,Y)Zr(Ti,Mg,Al)_2_O_7_","(Ca,Y)Zr^4+^(Ti^4+^,Mg,Al)_2_O_7_","Ca Y Zr Ti Mg Al O","IMA1989 s.p."," ",4827,"Zirconolite","monoclinic, orthorhombic","C2/c, Acam","Ca Y Zr^4+ Ti^4+ Mg Al O","Zrc","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites","No","Black, Brown.","#000000,#653700"
"Zircophyllite","Zircophyllite","K2NaFe2+7Zr4+2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K2NaFe2+7Zr2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Zr_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K_2_NaFe^2+^_7_Zr^4+^_2_(Si_4_O_12_)_2_O_2_(OH)_4_F","K Na Fe Zr Si O H F","IMA1971-047"," ",4830,"Astrophyllite-Astrophyllite",,,"K Na Fe^2+ Zr^4+ Si O H F","Zcp","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Dark brown, Black, Black brown.","#73532a,#000000,#73532a"
"Zircosulfate","Zircosulfate","Zr4+(S6+O4)2·4H2O","Zr(SO4)2·4H2O","Zr(SO_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zr^4+^(S^6+^O_4_)_2_·4H_2_O","Zr S O H","IMA1968 s.p."," ",4831," ","orthorhombic","Fddd","Zr^4+ S^6+ O H","Zrs","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM46 - Near-surface hydrothermal alterations","No","Colorless, White.","#afafaf,#ffffff"
"Zirkelite","Zirkelite","(Ti4+,Ca,Zr4+)O2-x","(Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x","(Ti,Ca,Zr)O_2-x_","(Ti^4+^,Ca,Zr^4+^)O_2-x_","Ti Ca Zr O","IMA1989 s.p."," ",4832,"Fluorite","monoclinic, hexagonal","C2/c, P3121","Ti^4+ Ca Zr^4+ O","Zke","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM3 - Solar nebular condensates, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM36 - Carbonatites & kimberlites, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Black, Reddish brown.","#000000,#7f2b0a"
"Zirklerite","Zirklerite","(Fe2+,Mg)9Al4Cl18(OH)12·14H2O","(Fe,Mg)9Al4Cl18(OH)12·14H2O (?)","(Fe,Mg)_9_Al_4_Cl_18_(OH)_12_·14H_2_O (?)","(Fe^2+^,Mg)_9_Al_4_Cl_18_(OH)_12_·14H_2_O","Fe Mg Al Cl O H"," "," ",5366," ",,,"Fe^2+ Mg Al Cl O H","Zkl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic)","No","White, Light gray.","#ffffff,#d8dcd6"
"Ziroite","Ziroite","Zr4+O2","ZrO2","ZrO_2_","Zr^4+^O_2_","Zr O","IMA2022-013"," ",7241,"Not in a structural group","tetragonal","P42/nmc","Zr^4+ O","Zro","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","brownish black tint","#413936"
"Zirsilite-(Ce)","Zirsilite-(Ce)","(Na,☐)12(Ce3+,Na)3Ca6Mn2+3Zr4+3Nb5+Si25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","(Na,☐)12(Ce,Na)3Ca6Mn3Zr3NbSi25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O","(Na,[box])_12_(Ce,Na)_3_Ca_6_Mn_3_Zr_3_NbSi_25_O_73_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","(Na,[box])_12_(Ce^3+^,Na)_3_Ca_6_Mn^2+^_3_Zr^4+^_3_Nb^5+^Si_25_O_73_(OH)_3_(CO_3_)·H_2_O","Na Ce Ca Mn Zr Nb Si O H C","IMA2002-057"," ",4833,"Eudialyte","hexagonal","R3m","Na Ce^3+ Ca Mn^2+ Zr^4+ Nb^5+ Si O H C","Zir-Ce","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Cream.","#ffffc2"
"Zirsinalite","Zirsinalite","Na6CaZr4+Si6O18","Na6CaZrSi6O18","Na_6_CaZrSi_6_O_18_","Na_6_CaZr^4+^Si_6_O_18_","Na Ca Zr Si O","IMA1973-025"," ",4834,"Lovozerite-Zirsinalite–Lovozerite","hexagonal","R3c","Na Ca Zr^4+ Si O","Zsl","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colorless, Pale yellow gray.","#afafaf,#eecf9e"
"Zlatogorite","Zlatogorite","CuNiSb2","CuNiSb2","CuNiSb_2_","CuNiSb_2_","Cu Ni Sb","IMA1994-014"," ",4835,"Nickeline","hexagonal","P3m1","Cu Ni Sb","Zla","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM56 - Slag and smelter minerals","No","Silver white.","#e7e8e3"
"Znamenskyite","Znamenskyite","Pb2+4In3+2Bi3+4S2-13","Pb4In2Bi4S13","Pb_4_In_2_Bi_4_S_13_","Pb^2+^_4_In^3+^_2_Bi^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Pb In Bi S","IMA2014-026"," ",6324," ","orthorhombic","Pbam","Pb^2+ In^3+ Bi^3+ S^2-","Zms","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 3a: Earth's earliest Hadean crust, PM11 - Volcanic fumarole minerals","No","Lead-grey","#8a7963"
"Znucalite","Znucalite","Zn2+10Ca(U6+O2)(CO3)4(OH)16(H2O)5","Zn10Ca(UO2)(CO3)4(OH)16(H2O)5","Zn_10_Ca(UO_2_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_16_(H_2_O)_5_","Zn^2+^_10_Ca(U^6+^O_2_)(CO_3_)_4_(OH)_16_(H_2_O)_5_","Zn Ca U O C H","IMA1989-033"," ",4836," ","triclinic, orthorhombic, monoclinic","P1, P21/m","Zn^2+ Ca U^6+ O C H","Znu","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","White, Light yellow, Grayish yellow.","#ffffff,#fffe7a,#877254"
"Zodacite","Zodacite","Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca_4_Mn^2+^Fe^3+^_4_(PO_4_)_6_(OH)_4_·12H_2_O","Ca Mn Fe P O H","IMA1987-014"," ",4837,"Calcioferrite","monoclinic",,"Ca Mn^2+ Fe^3+ P O H","Zod","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Light yellow, Medium yellow, Colorless.","#fffe7a,#fff600,#afafaf"
"Zoharite","Zoharite","(Ba,K)6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S27","(Ba,K)6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S27","(Ba,K)_6_(Fe,Cu,Ni)_25_S_27_","(Ba,K)_6_(Fe,Cu,Ni)_25_S_27_","Ba K Fe Cu Ni S","IMA2017-049"," ",6697,"Djerfisherite","cubic","Pm3m","Ba K Fe Cu Ni S","Zoh","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No","bronze","#a87900"
"Zoisite","Zoisite","Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)","Ca2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","Ca_2_Al_3_[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca_2_Al_3_(Si_2_O_7_)(SiO_4_)O(OH)","Ca Al Si O H"," "," ",4838,"Epidote","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Al Si O H","Zo","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM31 - Contact metamorphism, Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics, PM39 - High-P metamorphism, PM40 - Regional metamorphism, PM41 - Mantle metasomatism","No","Gray, Apple green, Brown, Blue, Rose red.","#808080,#69b076,#653700,#0000ff,#c92351"
"Zoisite-(Pb)","Zoisite-(Pb)","CaPb2+Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaPbAl3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)","CaPbAl_3_[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","CaPb^2+^Al_3_[Si_2_O_7_][SiO_4_]O(OH)","Ca Pb Al Si O H","IMA2021-025"," ",7136,"Epidote","orthorhombic","Pnma","Ca Pb^2+ Al Si O H","Zo-Pb","Abiotic; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM32 - Ba-Mn-Pb-Zn metamorphics","No","Pale pink","#efcddb"
"Zolenskyite","Zolenskyite","Fe2+Cr3+2S2-4","FeCr2S4","FeCr_2_S_4_","Fe^2+^Cr^3+^_2_S^2-^_4_","Fe Cr S","IMA2020-070"," ",7086,"Wilkmanite","monoclinic","C2/m","Fe^2+ Cr^3+ S^2-","Zsk","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 1: Primary nebular phases, PM4 - Primary chondrule phases","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zolotarevite","Zolotarevite","Na5Zr4+[Si6O15(OH)3]·3H2O","Na5Zr[Si6O15(OH)3]·3H2O","Na_5_Zr[Si_6_O_15_(OH)_3_]·3H_2_O","Na_5_Zr^4+^[Si_6_O_15_(OH)_3_]·3H_2_O","Na Zr Si O H","IMA2020-076"," ",7092,"Lovozerite","hexagonal","R3m","Na Zr^4+ Si O H","Zlo","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Cherry red","#f7022a"
"Zoltaiite","Zoltaiite","BaV4+2V3+12Si2O27","BaV4+2V3+12Si2O27","BaV^4+^_2_V^3+^_12_Si_2_O_27_","BaV^4+^_2_V^3+^_12_Si_2_O_27_","Ba V Si O","IMA2003-006"," ",5221," ","hexagonal","P3","Ba V^4+ V^3+ Si O","Zol","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM53 - Other minerals with taphonomic origins","No","Steel gray, Black.","#43464b,#000000"
"Zorite","Zorite","Na6Ti4+5Si12O34(O,OH)5·11H2O","Na6Ti5Si12O34(O,OH)5·11H2O","Na_6_Ti_5_Si_12_O_34_(O,OH)_5_·11H_2_O","Na_6_Ti^4+^_5_Si_12_O_34_(O,OH)_5_·11H_2_O","Na Ti Si O H","IMA1972-011"," ",4839,"Zorite","orthorhombic","Cmmm","Na Ti^4+ Si O H","Zor","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks, Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink.","#ffc0cb"
"Zoubekite","Zoubekite","AgPb4Sb4S10","AgPb4Sb4S10","AgPb_4_Sb_4_S_10_","AgPb_4_Sb_4_S_10_","Ag Pb Sb S","IMA1983-032"," ",4840," ","orthorhombic",,"Ag Pb Sb S","Zou","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Steel gray.","#43464b"
"Zoyashlyukovaite","Zoyashlyukovaite","Mo4+C4-","MoC","MoC","Mo^4+^C^4-^","Mo C","IMA2025-026"," ",7584,"Qusongite","hexagonal","P6m2","Mo^4+ C^4-","MoC",,"No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zubkovaite","Zubkovaite","Ca3Cu2+3(As5+O4)4","Ca3Cu3(AsO4)4","Ca_3_Cu_3_(AsO_4_)_4_","Ca_3_Cu^2+^_3_(As^5+^O_4_)_4_","Ca Cu As O","IMA2018-008"," ",6752,"Not in a structural group","monoclinic","C2","Ca Cu^2+ As^5+ O","Zub","Biotic; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM45 - Oxidized fumarolic minerals","No","Bright sky-blue, turquoise or light bluish-green","#02ccfe,#06c2ac,#61e160"
"Zugshunstite-(Ce)","Zugshunstite-(Ce)","Ce3+Al(S6+O4)2((C2)6+O4)·12H2O","CeAl(SO4)2(C2O4)·12H2O","CeAl(SO_4_)_2_(C_2_O_4_)·12H_2_O","Ce^3+^Al(S^6+^O_4_)_2_((C_2_)^6+^O_4_)·12H_2_O","Ce Al S O C H","IMA1996-055"," ",4841,"Oxalate","monoclinic","C2/c","Ce^3+ Al S^6+ O C H","Zug-Ce","Abiotic, Biotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM25 - Evaporites (prebiotic), Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering","No","Pink, Very pale blue.","#ffc0cb,#927288"
"Zuktamrurite","Zuktamrurite","FeP2","FeP2","FeP_2_","FeP_2_","Fe P","IMA2013-107"," ",6266,"Marcasite","orthorhombic","Pnnm","Fe P","Zuk","Biotic; Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere, PM51 - Pyrometamorphic minerals","No",,"#fdfdfe"
"Zunyite","Zunyite","Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl","Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl","Al_13_Si_5_O_20_(OH,F)_18_Cl","Al_13_Si_5_O_20_(OH,F)_18_Cl","Al Si O H F Cl"," "," ",4842," ","cubic","F43m","Al Si O H F Cl","Zun","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM16 - Low-T aqueous alteration, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM22 - Near-surface hydration","No","Colorless, Gray white, Pink, Reddish white.","#afafaf,#d7d5cb,#ffc0cb,#fff8d5"
"Zussmanite","Zussmanite","K(Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+,Fe3+)13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14","K(Fe,Mg,Mn)13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14","K(Fe,Mg,Mn)_13_(Si,Al)_18_O_42_(OH)_14_","K(Fe^2+^,Mg,Mn^2+^,Fe^3+^)_13_(Si,Al)_18_O_42_(OH)_14_","K Fe Mg Mn Si Al O H","IMA1964-018"," ",4843,"Clay","hexagonal","R3","K Fe^2+ Mg Mn^2+ Fe^3+ Si Al O H","Zus","Abiotic, Secondary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM23 - Subaerial alteration, PM31 - Contact metamorphism","No","Light green.","#76ff7b"
"Zvĕstovite-(Fe)","Zvestovite-(Fe)","Ag1+6(Ag1+4Fe2+2)As3+4S2-13","Ag6(Ag4Fe2)As4S13","Ag_6_(Ag_4_Fe_2_)As_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Ag^1+^_4_Fe^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Fe As S","IMA2022-092"," ",7311,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Fe^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Zvĕ-Fe",,"No","iron black","#263145"
"Zvĕstovite-(Zn)","Zvestovite-(Zn)","Ag1+6(Ag1+4Zn2+2)As3+4S2-13","Ag6(Ag4Zn2)As4S13","Ag_6_(Ag_4_Zn_2_)As_4_S_13_","Ag^1+^_6_(Ag^1+^_4_Zn^2+^_2_)As^3+^_4_S^2-^_13_","Ag Zn As S","IMA2020-061"," ",7075,"Tetrahedrite","cubic","I43m","Ag^1+ Zn^2+ As^3+ S^2-","Zvĕ-Zn","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits","No","Grey","#808080"
"Zvyaginite","Zvyaginite","Na☐Nb5+2NaZn2+☐Ti4+(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","Na☐Nb2NaZn☐Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4","Na[box]Nb_2_NaZn[box]Ti(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Na[box]Nb^5+^_2_NaZn^2+^[box]Ti^4+^(Si_2_O_7_)_2_O_2_(OH)_2_(H_2_O)_4_","Na Nb Zn Ti Si O H","IMA2013-071"," ",6232,"Seidozerite-Lamprophyllite","triclinic","P1","Na Nb^5+ Zn^2+ Ti^4+ Si O H","Zvy","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM35 - Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks","No","Colourless, pearly-white, yellowish-brownish, pale pink or lilac-pink","#afafaf,#feefd3,#9b7a01,#efcddb,#c09dc8"
"Zvyagintsevite","Zvyagintsevite","Pd3Pb","Pd3Pb","Pd_3_Pb","Pd_3_Pb","Pd Pb","IMA1966-006"," ",4844,"Auricupride, Perovskite","cubic","Pm3m","Pd Pb","Zv","Abiotic, Primary, Secondary; Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation & alteration, PM6 - Secondary asteroid phases, Stage 3b: Earth's earliest hydrosphere, PM12 - Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits, Stage 4a: Earth's earliest continental crust, PM26 - Hadean detrital minerals, PM33 - Hydrothermal metal deposits, Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM37 - Layered igneous formations","No","Tin white.","#cfd5db"
"Zwieselite","Zwieselite","Fe2+2PO4F","Fe2+2(PO4)F","Fe^2+^_2_(PO_4_)F","Fe^2+^_2_PO_4_F","Fe P O F","IMA2003 s.p."," ",4845,"Triplite","monoclinic","I2/a","Fe^2+ P O F","Zwi","Abiotic, Primary; Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks, PM34 - Complex granite pegmatites","No","Dark brown, Black, Black brown.","#73532a,#000000,#73532a"
"Zýkaite","Zykaite","Fe3+4(As5+O4)3S6+O4(OH)·15H2O","Fe3+4(AsO4)3(SO4)(OH)·15H2O","Fe^3+^_4_(AsO_4_)_3_(SO_4_)(OH)·15H_2_O","Fe^3+^_4_(As^5+^O_4_)_3_S^6+^O_4_(OH)·15H_2_O","Fe As O S H","IMA1976-039"," ",4846," ","orthorhombic",,"Fe^3+ As^5+ O S^6+ H","Zýk","Biotic, Secondary; Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event, PM47 - Low-T subaerial oxidative hydration/weathering, Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals, PM55 - Anthropogenic mine minerals","No","Greyish white, light yellow, light green","#d6dee9,#fffe7a,#76ff7b"
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